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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


i  '  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inttituta  for  Historical  IMicroroproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


1980 


k 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  beiow. 


n 


D 


n 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelllculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


n 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Enci'e 


de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autrec  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reiiure  serr6e  peut  causer  da  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  dune  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  iorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  AtA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographit|Ue.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pellicultes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  dAcoiordes.  tachet^es  ou  piqu6es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I — I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I — I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  d6tach6es 


fY; 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 
D 


Qualitd  in^gale  de  I'impression 

ipplementary  materii 

du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comp"» 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  it6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

V^ 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmad  hare  hat  b««n  raproducsd  thanks 
to  the  generoeity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'sMamplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
giniroslt*  da: 

La  bibliothique  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  ere  the  best  quslity 
possible  considering  the  condition  end  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantas  ont  *t6  reproduites  svec  le 
plus  grsnd  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  le  nettetA  de  I'exempleire  filmi.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  ere  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  eech  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivarcts  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas.:  le  symbols  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  Isrge  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  Soft  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  fiimA  A  partir 
de  i'angle  supArieur  geuche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

t 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

s 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCKOFT. 


VOLUME  IX. 


HISTORY  OF  ]\rEXlCO. 


Vol.  I.     IJIG-I02I. 


SAX  FRAXCISCO : 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMP.VXY.  PUBLISHERS. 

1883. 


KiUd.il  aiti.nliiiB  to  Act  of  Coiigrcns  in  llii>  Your  ISXii,  l.y 

HUHKKT  H.  BANCROFT, 

111  till'  Ulllr.'  of  tlie  I.lbriu-ian  of  C'oiigro»»,  iit  WiiKliiiislo'i. 


AH  Jihjhls  Jieserred. 


PREFACE. 


As  the  tliird  n^rcatost  of  the  world's  ropubllrs, 
wherein  soeiety  and  civiUzation  are  tlisj)layed  uikKt 
somewhat  abnormal  aspects,  under  aspects  at  least 
widely  different  from  those  present  in  other  than 
Spanish -speaking  connnunities,  conlln'urations  and 
climates,  races  and  race  intermixtures,  civil  and  re- 
ligious polities,  and  the  whole  range  of  mental  and 
physical  environment  being  in  so  many  res[)ects  ex- 
ceptional and  individual,  Mexico  i)resents  a  study 
one  of  the  most  interesting  and  prolitable  of  any 
among  the  nations  of  to-day. 

A  brilliant  though  unjust  and  merciless  conquest 
was  followed  by  the  enforcement  of  Spain's  institu- 
tions upon  the  survivors,  who  were  themselves  so  far 
advanced  in  arts,  industries,  and  intellectual  cultin-o 
as  to  render  such  metamorphosis  most  tlisnstrous. 
After  the  awful  success  of  Cortes,  Spain  neither  ex- 
terminated the  natives,  like  the  United  States,  nor  left 
them  in  their  aboriginal  independence,  like  the  fur- 
magnates  of  British  America.  Aiming  at  the  utmc^t 
kintlness,  the  Spanish  government  fastened  on  body 
and  soul  the  iron  fetters  of  tyramiy  and  superstition; 
ainnng  at  liberty  and  humanity,  slavery  and  wrong 
were  permitted.    With  grants  of  land,  grants  of  men 


ivj 


Ti  PREFACE. 

niul  women  were  made.  The  church  fought  valiantly 
against  the  evils  of  the  cnconiienda  system,  and 
against  the  cruelty  and  injustice  imposed  by  the  colo- 
nists upon  the  natives.  There  was  here  little  of  that 
wholesome  indifference  to  the  welfare  of  her  colonii-s 
later  manifested  by  England  with  regard  to  her  settle- 
ments in  America.  Spain's  American  possessions  be- 
longed not  to  the  Spanish  people  but  to  the  Spanish 
sovereign;  the  lands  and  the  people  were  the  king's, 
to  bo  held  or  disposed  of  as  he  should  direct,  ilonco 
among  the  people  were  encouraged  dividing  castes; 
commerce  was  placed  under  the  severest  restrictions, 
and  in  many  ways  it  became  clear  that  provinces  wero 
held  and  governed  almost  exclusively  I'or  the  benefit 
of  the  crown.  And  so  tliey  remained,  Europeans  and 
Americans  intcrminfilinjj  their  loves  and  hates  for 
three  hundred  vears,  which  was  indeed  Mexico's  dark 
age,  two  civilizations  being  well  nigh  crushed  therein. 
Light  at  last  breaking  in  upon  the  people,  the  three 
centuries  of  viceregal  rule  were  brought  to  a  close  by 
their  taking  a  stand  for  independence,  such  as  their 
Anglo-American  neighbor  had  so  recently  achieved. 
And  now  during  these  latter  days  of  swift  })rogression 
ISIexico  is  happily  aroused  from  her  lethargy,  and  is 
taking  her  pro[)cr  place  among  the  enlightened  nations 
of  the  earth,  to  the  heart-felt  joy  of  all. 

The  first  of  the  five  great  periods  of  INfcxioan  his- 
tory, embracing  the  aboriginal  annals  of  Anilhuac,,  lias 
been  exhaustively  treated  in  the  fifth  volume  of  my 
Native  Iktccs.  The  second  is  that  of  the  conquest  by 
Cortc^s;  the  third  covers  nearly  three  centuries  of  vice- 
regal rule  in  New  Spain ;  the  fourth  comprises  the  strug- 
gle for  independence  and  the  founding  of  the  republic; 


PREFACE. 


tU 


and  the  fifth  oxtonda  tlioncc  to  tlio  prosont  tlino, 
inchuHnij  as  saUcnt  tuaturos  a  series  of  internal  revo- 
hitions,  the  war  witli  tlio  United  States,  tlie  ini|)erial 
experinient  of  ^EaxiniiUan,  and  the  peaceful  develoj)- 
ment  of  national  industries  and  power  in  recent  years. 
It  is  my  purj)osc  to  present  on  a  national  scrale,  and 
in  a  s[)acc  sj'uiuictrically  proportioned  to  the  impor- 
tance of  each,  the  record  of  the  lour  successive  |>eriods. 
The  conquest  of  Mexico,  liilinjj^  the  present  and 
])art  of  another  volume,  has  been  treated  by  many 
writers,  and  in  a  masterly  manner.  In  the  three 
])eriods  of  Mexican  history  followini^  the  conquest 
tliere  is  no  comprehensive  work  extant  in  Kni^- 
lish;  nor  is  there  any  su(^h  work  in  Spanish  that 
if  translated  would  prove  entirely  satisfactory  to 
I'^nji^lish  roadei-s.  Of  the  few  Spanish  and  ^lexican 
writers  whose  researches  ha^e  extended  over  the 
whole  field,  or  largo  portions  of  it,  none  have  been 
conspicuously  successful  in  freeing  themselves  from 
the  quicksands  of  race  prejudice,  of  religious  feeling, 
of  patriotic  impulse,  of  political  partisanship;  none 
have  had  a  satisfactory  command  of  existing  author- 
ities; none  in  the  matter  of  space  have  made  a  sym- 
metrical division  of  the  periods,  or  have  ai)i)reciated 
the  relative  inq)ortance  of  dill'ercnt  topics  as  they 
appear  to  any  but  Spanish  eyes.  Yet  there  has  been 
no  lack  amonjj:  these  writers  of  careful  investigation 
or  brilliant  diction.  Indeed  there  is  hardly  an  epodi 
that  has  not  been  ably  treated  from  various  partisan 
standpoints. 

The  list  of  authorities  prefixed  to  this  volume 
shows  approximately  my  resources  for  writing  a 
lIisTOKY  OF  Mexico.    I  may  add  that  no  part  of  my 


YtU 


rnEFAcr. 


coll('<'tl»)n  U  iMoro  sfitisfactorily  coiujiletc  tluui  tliafc 
pcrtjiininjjf  to  Mexico.  I  have  all  tho  staiulaid  iiis- 
torlcs  and  priiitod  clironirlcs  of  the  earliest  times, 
to'jretluT  with  all  the  works  of  writers  who  have  ex- 
tended  their  iiivostiijations  to  the  events  and  develo))- 
mcnts  of  later  j^cars.  On  the  shelves  of  my  Library 
are  fonnd  the  various  Co/ccciuncs  de  Documentor,  filled 
with  pieeious  historical  papers  from  the  Spanish  and 
Mexican  archives,  all  that  were  consulted  in  manu- 
script hy  llobertson,  Prescott,  and  other  able  writers, 
with  thousan«ls  equally  important  that  were  unknown 
to  them.  !My  store  of  manuscript  material  is  rich 
both  in  oriijinals  and  copies,  including  the  treasui-es 
secured  during  a  long  experience  by  such  collectois 
as  Jose  ^Farui  Andrade  and  Josd  Fernando  Kamirez; 
a  copy  of  the  famous  Archivo  General  de  Mexico,  in 
tliirty-two  volumes;  the  autograph  originals  of  Carlos 
]\[aria  Bu.stamante's  historical  writings,  in  about  fifty 
vt)lumes,  containing  much  not  found  in  his  printed 
works;  the  orijjfinal  records  of  the  earliest  Mexican 
councils  of  the  chur  \\,  with  many  ecclesiastical  and 
missionary  chronicles  not  extant  in  print;  and  finally 
a  large  anK)unt  of  copied  material  on  special  topics 
drawn  from  different  archives  expressly  for  my  work. 
Documents  printed  by  the  Mexican  government, 
including  the  regular  memorias  and  other  reports  of 
different  departments  and  officials,  constitute  a  most 
valuable  source  of  information.  Partisan  writings 
and  political  pam})hlets  are  a  noticeable  feature  of 
Mexican  historical  literature,  indispensable  to  the  his- 
torian who  would  study  both  sides  of  every  question. 
Prominent  Mexicans  have  formed  collections  of  such 
works,  a  dozen  of  which  I  have  united  in  one,  making 
two  hundred  and  eighteen  volumes  oi'  I\q>clai  Varios, 


rRKFA(M':.  Is 

poiTio  fivn  iljousand  paniiililct^<,  bes'uh^s  nearly  ns  many 
inoru  folK'ctc'U  l)y  my  (»\vn  cH'orts.  Tlu;  ne\vs|)a|Ki» 
ot'a  country  cannot  bo  «lisri\nar«lt'(l,  and  my  collection 
ia  not  (Icti  '.'ni/  in  this  class  of  data,  bcin;^  pailicuiarly 
rich  in  olliciai   ^v»'lodicals. 

Tho  conquest  of  !^^exico,  wliich  lu'i^iiis  this  jiistorv, 
lias  the  peculiar  attractions  of  forming  the  {^landiist 
I'pisode  in  early  Anu'rican  annals  iVom  n  military 
j)oint  of  view,  and  in  oi)eniii^,  to  the  world  the 
richest,  most  populous,  and  most  civilized  country 
on  the  northern  continent,  and  of  j^^radually  in- 
corporatin_i:f  it  in  tho  siste.-iood  of  niiions  as  tlu? 
fori'most  representative  of  Latin  Vmerican  states. 
On  the  other  hand,  an  episode  which  presents  hut  a 
continuation  of  tho  bloody  path  v.liich  marked  the 
advance  of  tho  conquerors  in  Ainerica,  and  which 
involved  the  destruction  not  <>nly  of  thousands  of 
imoilending  peoi)les  but  of  a  most  fair  and  hopeful 
culture,  is  not  in  its  results  tho  most  }>leasing  of  pic- 
tures. But  neither  in  this  pit  of  Acheron  noi'  in  that 
garden  of  Ilesperides  may  wo  exi)ect  to  discover  the 
full  significance  of  omni[)otent  intention.  Fiom  the 
])v;rpctual  snow-cap  si)rings  the  imperceptihiy  moving 
glacier.  A  grain  of  sand  gives  no  conceptit)n  of  the 
earth,  nor  a  drop  of  water  of  the  sea,  nor  the  soft 
breathing  of  an  infant  of  a  huriicane;  yet  worlds  are 
madeof  atoms,  and  seas  of  drojis  of  water,  and  storms 
of  auLTry  air-breaths.  ThoULjIi  modern  Mexico  can 
boast  a  century  more  of  histoiy  than  the  nortluM-n 
nations  of  America,  as  compared  with  the  illimitable 
future  her  past  is  but  a  point  of  time. 


' 


COIS-TEXTS  OF  THIS  YOLUME. 


CHAPTER  I. 

VOTAGE   OF    DEUNANDEZ   DE  cdRDOHA   TO   VCCATAN. 

1u1G-1j17. 
A  Glance  ..t  tl.c  State  of  European  Discovery  an.l  Govem.nont  in  America 
at  the  Opening  of  this  A'oh.mc-Diego  Velazquez  in  Cuba-Character 
ot  tlie  .Man-A  Hand  of  Adventurers  Arrives  from  Darien-Thc  Gov 
ernor  C^^unsels  them  to  l.:mbark  in  Skve-eatching- Under  irernan- 
dez  de  Conloba  thay SailWestward  and  Discover  Yucatan-And  arc 
Filled  with  Astonishment  at  the  Large  Towns  and  Stone  Towers  thev 
See  thero-They  Fight  the  Natives  at  Cape  Catoche-Skirt  the 
loninsula  to  Cluunpoton-Sanguinary  Battle -Return  to  Cuba- 
Death  of  Cordoba 


PAGE. 


CHAPTER  II. 

JI-A.V  DE  GRIJALVA  EXPLORES  TUE  WESTERN  SIDE  OF  THE  MEXICAN"  GHLF. 

1513. 

Vclazqne;^  Plans  a  'Tew  Expedition-Gives  the  Command  to  his  Nephew 
Juan  de  (Jrijalva-Wlio  I'hnbarks  at  Santiago  and  Strikes  the  Conti- 
nent at  Cozumel  Island-Coasts  Southward  to  Ascension  Bay-Then 
luni.  and  l)oul,les  Cape  Catochc-Xaming  of  Xcw  Spain-Fight  at 
Champoton-An-ival  at  Laguna  de  Tvnninos-Alaminos,  the  I'i'ot 
1^  Satisl,e.l  that  Yucatan  is  an  Island-They  Coast  ^Vest^^ard  and 
Discover  the  Pavers  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo  and  Tabasco-Xotable 
Interview  at  this  Place  between  tl,..  J.:ur..],eans  an.l  the  Amei^icans- 
The  Culhua  Country-They  Pass  La  Kand.la,  T.i.hi,  the  Rio  ( :oa/a. 
coalco,  the  Mountain  of  San  :\rartin,  the  Rivers  of  Alvara.lo  and 
Banderas,  and  Come  to  the  Inlands  of  Sacrilicios  and  San  Juan  de 
Ulua 


Ij 


CHAPTER  III. 

RETURN  OF  GRIJALVA.      A    NEW    EXl-EDITION   OROAMZED. 
I0I8. 

Refusal  of  firijalva  to  Settle-Alv.srado  Sent  l,ack  to  Cuba-Grijalva 
Coatnmes  his  Discovery-After  Reaching  tlie  Province  of  IMnuco  he 


! 


xii 


CONTENTS. 


PAOB. 


Turns  back— Touching  nt  the  Rio  Goazaroalco,  Tonala,  the  I^i^iina 
(Ic  Ti'nuiiios,  and  Ch.injjiotdn,  tiic  Expcilition  IJeturns  to  Ciil).i — 
fJrijalvii  Tra(hicptl  and  Discliarged — A  New  Expedition  I'lannt-d — 
Volazqucz  iSends  to  8anto  Domingo  and  Spain  —  Cliaractcrs  of 
VeIaz(|Uoz  and  (irijalva  Contrasted — Candidates  for  the  Captaincy 
of  the  New  Expedition — The  Aleaklo  of  Santiago  Successful — His 
Standing  at  that  Time 23 

CHAPTER  IV. 

THE   IIEItO  OF  THE  CONQCEST. 

J  *hi)lace  of  Ilernan  Cortds — His  Coining  Compcnsatorj*  for  the  Devil- 
sent  Luther — Parentage — llernnn  a  Sickly  Child — Saint  Peter  his 
Patron— lie  is  sent  to  Salamanca — Returns  Home — Thinks  of  Cor- 
doba and  Itiily — And  of  Ovando  and  the  Indies — Chooses  the  Liit- 
ter— Narrow  Escape  duiing  a  Txjvc  Intrigue — Ovando  Sails  without 
Him — Cortc''s(!oes  to  Valencia — Is  there  111 — Returns  Homo — Finally 
Sails  for  the  Indies — His  llceeption  at  Santo  Domingo — Ho  Fights 
Inilians  undiT  Velazquez,  and  is  Given  an  Encouiicnda — Goes  to 
Cuba  with  Velazquez — Makes  Love  to  Catidina  Suarez — Rut  Declines 
to  .Marry  —  Velazquez  Insists — Cortes  Rebels — Seizures,  Imprison- 
ments, Escapes,  and  Reconciliation 41 

CIL\PTER  V. 

■pAILINCi   OV  TlIK   KXrKIJITIOX 

l.-.18-l.-)I9. 
The  Quality  of  Leader  Desired — Instructions  Issued  to  Heman  Cortes, 
Commander-in-chief — Tlie  Character  of  Cortes  Undergoes  a  Change— 
(^ist  of  the  Expedition — ]5y  whom  Rome — Places  I'.stablishcd  for  En- 
listment— The  lianner — Cortes  Puts  on  the  tJreat  M.-m — More  of  his 
Character — The  Scene  at  Santiago  Harlxir — The  (Jovernor's  Jester — 
Dark  Suspicions  of  Velazquez — Departure  from  Santiago — Cortes  at 
Trinidad— Eresh  Recruits — Vcrdugo  Receives  (Jrders  to  Di  pose  (,"or- 
tcs — 1'ho  Elect  Proceeds  to  San  L'ristobal,  or  the  Habana — Review 
at  Guagunnico — Speech  of  CortOs — Organization  into  Companies- 
Departure  from  Cuba oS 

CIIAriER  VI. 

TlIK   VOVAC.E. 

i:>i!). 

Something  of  the  Captains  of  Cortt^s — Alvarado — Montejo — Avila — Olid — 
Sandoval — Leon — Ordaz  —  Morla — The  Pa.ssiigi!  —  The  Elect  Struck 
by  a  S<nudl  —  Arrival  at  Cozu-.iel — Alvarado  Censured  —  Search  for 
the  Captive  Christians— Arrival  of  Aguilar — His  ("haste  .Adventures — 
They  Conic  to  Tabasco  River— Rattles  there — CoiKjucst  of  the  Na- 
tives—  Peace  Made — Twenty  Female  Slaves  among  the  Presents — 
The  Fleet  Proceeds  along  the  Shore — Puertoearrero"»  Witticism  — 
Arrival  at  Sau  Juun  do  Ulua 73 


CONTEXTS. 


xiU 


CHAPTER  Vn. 


WHAT   MONTEZUMA  TlIOroiIT  OF  IT, 


rAOE. 


Home  of  Mexican  Civilization  —  The  Border  Land  of  Savngism — Con- 
fij,'UKiti()n  of  tlie  Country — The  Nalnias  and  the  Mayas— Toltecs, 
Cliioliimeca,  and  Aztecs — The  Valley  of  Mexico — Civil  Polity  of  the 
Aztfcs — Kins  Ahuitzotl — Montezuma  Made  Emperor — Character  of 
the  Man  —  His  Career — The  First  Appearing  of  the  SiKinianls  not 
Unkninni  to  Montezuma — The  Quctzalcoatl  Myth — Departure  of  the 
Fair  (Jod — .Signs  and  Omens  concerning  his  lleturn — The  Coming  of 
the  Spaniards  Mistal'cn  for  the  Fulfilment  of  the  Pi-opliecy — Tlie 
Door  Opened  to  the  luvador 94 

CHAPTEB  VIII. 

TUE     COMBATANTS     SALUTE. 

April-May,  1519. 
Tiic  Embassy  from  the  Shore — The  New  Interpreter — Marina — Her  Ap- 
pearance and  Quality — Iler  Romantic  History — She  Cleaves  to  the 
Spaniards  and  to  CortC-s — And  Becomes  One  of  the  most  Important 
Charactorj  of  the  Conquest — The  Spaniards  Lanil  and  Form  a!j  Ku- 
campmrnt  —  The  Governor  Comes  with  Presents  —  The  Spaniards 
Astoniisli  the  Natives — Who  Report  all  to  Montezuma — CortOs  Sends 
the  Monarch  Presents — Council  Callc<l  in  Mexico — Montezuma  Deter- 
mines not  to  Receive  the  Strangers  —  Reciprocates  in  Presents  a 
llundridluld — Coftt's  Persists — ^lontezuma  Declines  more  Firmly — 
Olmeilo  Attempts  Conversion — Teuhtlilo,  Ollended,  Withdraws  his 
I'eoplo  from  the  Camp  of  the  Spaniards 110 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  MIGUTY   PUOJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 

May,  1519. 

Senoits  Dilemma  of  Corti^s — Authority  without  Law — Montejo  Sent 
Northward — Reconnucads  another  Anchorage — Dissensions  at  Vera 
Cruz — Prompt  and  Shrewd  Action  of  Cortes — A  Municipality  Organ- 
ized—Cort<s  Resi^;ns— And  is  Chosen  Leader  l>y  the  Municipality — 
Velazquez'  Caiitains  Intimate  Rebellion — CortJs  promptly  Arrests 
Sevend  of  Them— Then  ho  Conciliates  them  All — Important  Em- 
bassy from  Cempoala — The  Veil  Lifted — The  March  to  Cempoala — 
A\'liat  was  Done  there — Quiahuiztlan— The  Coming  of  the  Tribute 
Gatherers — How  They  were  Treated — Grand  Alliance IIU 

CHAPTER  X. 

MULTIPLICATION    OF    PLOTS. 

June -.July,  1519. 

Cortea,  Diplnmatc  and  General — The  Municipality  of  Villa  Rica  Located — 
Excitement  throiu.huut  *Vj».ihaac — Montezuma  Demoralized — Arrival 


XIT 


CONTENTS. 


PAOI. 

of  the  Released  Cf)llcctors  at  the  Mexican  Capital— The  Order  for 
Troops  Coiiiitcnnandod — Montezuma  ScndH  an  Knilinssy  to  Cortra — 
ChicomacatI  Asks  Aid  against  a  Mexican  G.arriaon — A  I'lcce  of 
Pleasantry — Tlie  V'eliiaiucz  Men  llofuse  to  Accompany  the  ICxpedi- 
tion — Opportunity  OiTcred  them  to  lleturn  to  Cuba,  wiiicli  they 
iJcclino  through  Shame — The  Totonacs  Rebuked — The  Ccnipoala 
Brides — Destniction  of  the  Idols — Arrival  at  Villa  Rica  of  Salccilo — 
KfForts  of  Vehizciuez  with  the  Emperor — Cortt^s  Sends  Messengers 
to  Spain — Velaz(piez  Orders  them  Pursued — The  Letters  of  Cortes — 
AudioDcia  of  the  Euiperor  at  Tordesillaa lo2 

CHAPTER  XI. 

TUE    SINKING    OF    THE    FLEET. 

July- August,  1519. 
Diego  Velazquez  once  ^lorc — His  Supporters  in  the  Camp  of  Cortes — 
Tlicy  Attempt  I'Iseape — Arc  Discovered — Tiic  Leaders  are  Seized  anil 
Executed — Cortc's'  Ride  to  Cempoala,  and  what  Came  of  it — He  De- 
termines on  the  Destruction  of  tiie  Fleet — Preliminary  Stratagems — 
Several  of  tlie  Ships  Pronounce<l  Unseaworthy — The  Matter  before 
the  Soldiers — The  Fleet  Sunk — Indignation  of  the  Velazc]ucz  Fac- 
tion— One  Vessel  Remaining — It  is  OU'ered  to  any  Wi.shing  to  Desert — 
It  is  finally  Sunk — Francisco  dc  Garay'a  Pretcnssious — Seizure  of 
Some  of  his  Men 174 

CHArTER  XII. 

MAnCII    TOWAUD     MEXICO. 

August-September,  1519. 

Enthusiasm  of  the  Army — The  Force — Tlic  Totonacs  Advise  the  Tlascahan 
Route — Arrival  at  Jalapa — A  Look  Rackwaiil — The  Ansihuac  I'la- 
teaii— Meeting  with  Olintetl — Arrival  in  the  Country  of  the  Tlascal- 
tees — The  Senate  Convenes  and  Receives  the  Envoys  of  Cortes— ^Vii 
Encounter — A  More  Serious  Battle — Xicotcncatl  Resolves  to  Try  tlie 
Prowess  of  tho  Invaders,  and  is  Defeated 191 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

ENTUY     INTO     TLASCALA. 

September,  1519. 
Native  Chiefs  Sent  as  Envoys  to  the  Tlaacalan  Capital— Their  Favorable 
Reception — Xiooteneatl  Plans Rcsistiince  toCorti'S — Sendsout  Spies- 
Cortes  Sends  them  back  Mutilated — The  Spaniards  Attack  and 
Defeat  Xicotcncatl — Night  Encounters — General  Dissatisfaction  and 
a  Desire  to  Return  to\'illa  Rica — Envoys  Arrive  frotn  Montezuma — 
Cortes  Receives  Xieotencatl  and  the  Tlascalan  Lords— Peace  {ahi- 
eluded — Tlascala — Festivities  and  Rejoicings — Mass  Celebrated  — 
Cortes  Inclined  to  IvNtremis  Religious  Z"al — IJrides  Presented  to  tho 
Spaniards — Ajjpropriate  Ceremonies — Preparing  to  Leave  Tlascaln 
for  Chululu — Commuuicatious  with  the  Cholultecs '211. 


CONTENTS. 


XT 


CHAriER  XIV. 

8rnjr<!ATio\  of  ciioLriA. 

October,  1519.  tkus, 

Dcpartnrc  from  Tlasenla— Description  of  Cliolul.".— The  Welcome — Anny 
Quarters  in  tiio  City — Intimations  of  a  Conspir.-icy  between  the  Mexi- 
cans anil  Cliohiltecs— Cortt's  Asks  for  Provisions  and  Warriors — Ho 
Holils  a  Council — Preparations  for  an  Attack — Tiio  Ijords  Enter  the 
Court  witli  tlie  Re(iuirc<l  Supplies — Corti^s  Reprimands  them  in  an 
Addri'ss^The  Slaughter  IJegins — Destruction  of  the  City — Butchery 
and  Pillage— Amnesty  finally  Proclaimed — Xicotencatl  Returns  to 
Tlascala — lieeoneiliation  of  the  Cliolultecs  and  Tlascaltecs — Dedica- 
tion of  a  Temple  to  tho  Virgin — RcUectiona  on  tiio  Massacre  of 
Cholulu 'j;!.') 

CHAPTER  XV. 

mOM  CnOLULA  TO   IZTAPALAPAN. 

October-November,  1510. 
Montezuma  Consults  the  Gods— lie  again  Begs  the  Strangers  not  to  Come 
to  him — ropocatepetl  and  Iztaccihuatl — News  from  Villa  Rica — 
Death  of  Kscalantc — Rutuni  of  the  Cempoalan  Allies  —  Again  en 
route  for  Moxii'o — Reception  at  Hucxotzinco — First  View  of  tho 
Mexican  ^'alley — Exultations  and  Misgivings — Resting  at  Quauh- 
tcchcatl — The  Counterfeit  Montezuma — Munificent  I'resents — The 
Emperor  Attempts  to  Annihilate  the  Army  by  Means  of  Sorceries — 
Through  (I'uauhtcchcatl,  Am.aquemccan,  and  Tlalmanalco — A  Brill- 
iant Procession  Heralds  the  Coming  of  Cacama,  King  of  Tezcuco— 
At  Cuitlahuac  —  Met  by  Ixtlilxocliitl — Tlie  Hospitality  of  IzUi- 
palapan '2'>'2 

CHAPTER   XVI. 

MEETING    WITH    MONTKZnMA. 

November,  1510. 

Something  of  the  City — The  Spanianls  Start  from  Iztapalapan — Reach  tho 
tireat  Causeway — They  iirc  Met  by  UuViiy  Nobles — And  Presently  by 
Monte/uma — I'.utry  into  Mexico — Tliey  are  Quartered  in  the  Axaya- 
catl  Palace— Interchange  of  Visits "J75 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

CArTCKE    OF    THE    E.MrEUOK. 

November,  1510. 
Cortt^s  Inspects  the  City — Visits  the  Temple  with  Montezinna— Discov- 
ery of  I'juried  Treasure — Pretended  Evidences  of  Treachery — Cortis 
Plans  a  Dark  Deed — Preparations  for  tho  Seizuie  of  Montezuma — 
Witli  a  Few  Men  Cortes  Enters  the  Audience-chandler  of  the  King — 
Persuasive  Discourse — With  (.ientle  Force  Montezuma  is  Induced  to 
Enter  tho  Lion's  Den 204 


xvi 


CONTKXTS. 


CH<VPTEll  XVIII. 

DOUBLY     llEFINED     DEALINGS. 

1519-1520.  PAoa 

Hollow  Ilonincrn  to  tho  Captive  King — Montczxima  has  liia  Wives  and 
NobliiS — He  Rules  his  Kingdom  through  the  Spaniards — Tho  Playful 
I'age — Liberality  of  tho  Monareh — Tho  Sacred  Treasures — Corti's 
Resents  the  Insults  of  tho  (Juard — Diversions — Quauhjwpoai,  his 
Sou  an<l  Ollicers,  liunied  Alive — Plantations  Formed — Villa  IMca 
Allairs — Vessels  Built — Pleasure  Excursions 309 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

POLITICS  AND    BELIOION. 
1520. 

CJrowing  Discontent  among  the  Mexicans — Cacama's  Conspiracy — He 
Openly  Delics  both  Montezuma  and  Cortc's — The  Council  of  Tepet- 
zinco — Seizure  of  Cacama — The  Tezcucan  Ruler  Deposed — Cuicuitz- 
catl  ICleva  ted — Montezuma  and  his  People  Swear  Fealty  to  the  Sjianish 
King — Gathering  in  the  Trilmtc — Division  of  Spoils — The  Spaniards 
Quarrel  ovit  their  tfold — ITncontroUable  Religious  Zeal — Taking  of 
the  Tempk — Wrath  of  the  Mexicans 323 

CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  CUBAN   GOVERXOU   IN   PUIiSUIT. 

1519-1520. 

The  Mexicans  Tln-catcn  Revolt — The  Clergy  in  Amis — They  Denounce 
tlie  Conduct  of  Montezuma — The  Emperor  Declares  he  can  no  longer 
Restrain  his  Peojile — Tidings  of  Velazquez'  Fleet — Sailing  from 
Cuba  of  an  ICx]iedition  under  Xarvacz — Arrival  in  Mexico — (Jonilict 
•with  Corti's — Interchange  of  Threats  and  Courtesies — Attempted 
Union  of  luirces — Xarvaez  Remains  Loyal  to  Velazquez — Desertion 
of  Some  of  his  ^Icn  to  Cortt'S 353 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

THE  COUP  DE  maItre  of  corti&s. 
:^Lay,  1520. 
Dismal  Prospects — Empire  to  Hold,  Invasion  to  Repel — Tho  Army  Di- 
vides—Alvariido  Guards  Montezuma,  while  Cortes  Looks  after  Xar- 
vaez— Tiio  Marcii  Seaward — The  Rendezvous — Tho  Cliinantecs 
and  their  Pikes — Cortc^s  Sows  Alluring  Words  in  the  Canq)  of  the 
Enemy— Pro[iosals  of  Peace — Defiance — Night  Attack — Cortes  Cap- 
tures Xarvaez  and  his  Army 374 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

ALVARADO'S   SIERCILESS   MASSACRE. 

May,  1520. 
After  the  Battle— ^'^ctory  Made  Secure — Conduct  of  tho  Conquered— A 
General  Amnesty — Disposition  of  the  Forces — Afl'airsat  the  Capital— 


COTTENTS.  x^•ii 

TAOE. 

InsuiTcction  Threatened— The  Spaniards  Hold  a  Council— Alvarado's 
llesolvo— 'I'iic  Great  Diiy  of  the  Feast — The  Spanianla  Proceed  to  the 
Temple— The  (Jratul  Display  there  Witnessed — The  Attack  of  the 
Spauiai'da — Horrors  upon  Horrors 390 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

rrnisiNo  of  the  aztecs. 

May-June,  1520. 

Character  of  the  Aztecs — Spanish  Quarters — The  City  in  Anns — Crowing 
Hatred  toward  the  Invaders — Perilous  I'osition  of  Alvarado — Monte- 
zuma Called  to  Interfere — Failing  Provisions— Miraculous  Water — 
Corti-s  to  tlie  Rescue — Rendezvous  at  Tlascala — The  City  and  its 
People — Tiiu  Army  Joins  Alvarado — Desperate  Encounters 410 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

FIGHT  VVOy    THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 

June,  1520. 

The  Xatives  Continue  the  Assault — Their  Fierce  Bravery — The  Span- 
iards r.uilil  Turrets — Still  the  Mexicans  Prove  too  Stron;,'  for  Them — ■ 
Mouti'zuma  Called  to  Intercede — He  is  Insulted  and  Stoned  l>y  his 
Subjects— Cortes  Attempts  Egress  by  the  Tlacopan  Causeway — 
Failure  of  I'^scobar  to  Take  the  Pyramid — Cortes  Gains  the  Slippery 
Heiijht — The  Gladiatorial  Combat  There 430 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

DEATH    OF    MONTEZUMA. 

June,  1520. 
A  Lixing  Death — The  Old  Imperial  Party  and  the  Xew  Power — Aztec 
Di'tiancc — Perilous  Position  of  the  Spaniards — Disappointment  to 
Cortds — Another  Kally — The  Dying  Monarch — He  has  Xo  Desire  to 
I^ive — His  Rejection  of  a  Xew  Faith — He  will  None  of  the  Heaven 
of  the  Spaniards — Conunemls  his  Cliildren  to  Cortes — The  Character 
of  iloutczmna  and  of  his  Reign 449 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

LA    NOCIIE  TUISTE. 

June  30,  1520. 
The  Captive-King  Drama  Carried  too  Far — Better  had  tiie  Spaniards 
Taken  Montezuma's  Advice,  and  have  Departeil  while  Opportunity 
Oll'ered — Diplomatic  Value  of  a  Dead  Body — Xecessity  for  an  Im- 
mediate Evacuation  of  the  City — Departure  from  the  Fort — Mid- 
night Silence — The  City  Roused  l>y  a  Woman's  tJry — The  Fugitives 

Fiercely  Attacked  on  All  Sides — More  Hon-ors 4G3 

UiHT.  Mks.,  Vol.  I.    u 


xviil 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

RETUEAT  TO  TLASCALA. 
July,  l")-20. 
Fatal  Mistake  of  tlio  Mexicans — A  Brief  Respite  Allowed  the  Spaiiiaids — 
The  Ileinnant  of  tlie  Army  nt  Tl.acopan — They  Set  out  for  Tlaseala  — 
An  ever  increasing  Force  nt  their  Heels — Rest  at  the  Tepzolac 
Temple — Cortes  Reviews  his  Disasters — The  March  Coutiuueil  aniiilst 
Great  Tribulation — Encounter  of  the  Grand  Army— Iinpoi-taut  Ikittlo 
iiiul  RemarUable  Victory — AiTival  at  Tlascala — Tlio  Friendly  l!ec<;p- 
tion  Accorded  them  There 4S2 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

INVALUAnLE       FRIENDSHIP. 

July-Septcmbcr,  15'20. 
Divers  Disasters  to  the  Spaniards — Mexico  Makes  Overtures  to  Tlascala  — 
A  Council  Held — Tlascala  Remains  True  to  the  Spaniaids — Disaf- 
fection in  tlie  Spanisli  Army — CortOs  again  Wins  the  Soldiers  to  his 
Views — Renewal  of  Active  Operations  against  the  Aztecs — Success 
of  the  Sjianish  Anna — Large  Reenfcjrcements  of  Native  Allies — One 
Aztec  Stronghold  after  another  Succumbs 500 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

KINO-MAICIXO    ANU    CONVKKTINO. 

October-December,  1520. 
CoiKpicst  in  Detail — Barba  Caught — Other  Arrivals  and  Rcenforcemcntf; — 
The  Small-pox  Comes  to  the  Assistance  of  the  Spaniards — Letters  to 
the  Emperor — Establishing  of  Segura  de  la  Frontera — Certain  of  the 
L)isaireeted  Withdraw  from  the  Army  and  Ri;turn  to  Cuba — Division 
of  Spoils — llead-ipuirters  Estiiblished  at  Tlascala '>oQ 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 

December,  1520 — February,  1521. 
The  Objective  Point — Vessels  Needed — Martin  Lopez  Sent  to  Tlascala 
for  Timber — Thirteen  Brigantines  Ordered— CortJ  -t  Tlascala — Drill 
and  Discipline — Address  of  the  General — Parade  of  the  Tlaacaltecs — 
Mari'h  to  Tezcuco — New  Ruler  Appointed — Sacking  of  Iztapalapan — 
Tho  Chalcaus — Arrival  at  Tezcuco  of  the  Ihiganlino  Brigade 5GI 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

PRELIMINARY     CAMPAKiNS. 

March-May,  1521. 
Plan   for  the   Investment  of  Mexico — Reconnoitring  Tour  round  the 
Lake — Cortes  in  Cummaud — Alvarailo  an<l  Olid  Accompany — They 


CONTENTS. 


xis 


PAKE. 

rroori'cl  Xoitliwnvd  fidin  Tozov.cn— f'.-iptiiro  of  ritio«<  nml  Stron^- 
IiiiMm— Xitlt(ii.aii,  (j»uaul.titl;ni,  'rtii;iyi)c;in,  A/iapu/.ilco,  Tl.u'oiiaii, 
mill  Imck  to  Tfzcuoo — Clmlco  l)istuil>cil — I'l'aee  J'riiposfil.s  Sent  to 
Mcxii'o — Further  lIi'i'ouiioisMaiico  of  tin-  I^-ikc  ri(';L,'iiiii— Many  ISattloa 
and  ^'ict<)^i^'s — (^iiaulitialiuac  Captured — JJurnin;,'  of  Xorliimilco— 
Second  Ivoturu  to  Tczcuoo — Conspiracy 582 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

INVKST.MKNT    OK    SiKXlC'O. 

May-June,  1.V21. 

Pliasos  of  lli'mi-tm — TIic  I'riLrantinos  ujion  tho  Lake — Divinon  of  Forces 
Ixtwicn  Alvarado,  Sandoval,  and  Olid — Desertion,  (Japtnie,  and 
Execution  of  Xicotcncatl — Departure  of  the  Troops  from  Tezcuco— 
Kaval  liattle — Possession  Taken  of  the  Causeways —At  One  Point 
Cortes  Unexpectedly  Caina  Entrance  to  the  City — ilut  is  DiiveaOut  (ilM 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

CONTIXUATIOX    OF    THE    SIKOK. 

Juno-July,  \3'2\. 

Sonicthin.,'  aliout  Qnaulitemotziu — Infamous  Pretensions  rif  I'.ui-opean 
Civili/aliou  iuid  Ciiristianity — Proin[it  Action  of  the  .Mexiean  Km- 
peroi-— Papetitions  of  the  Entry  Assault — Submission  of  tiie  Sur- 
rounding Nations — Dire  Condition  of  the  Mexicans — Spanish  Defi'at 
and  iJisallcctiun — Kesolution  to  Puize  the  City (i.'irt 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

TUK    CONtJUEST    ACHIKVKD. 

July- August,  l.')i21. 
The  Destroyers  Advance — I'iercc  Figlitini,'  in  the  Phiza — I)isnial  Situation 
of  the  Mexicans — The  AVoik  of  Demolition — Movements  of  Aha- 
rado — The  Emiienn-  P.efuses  to  Parley — Misery  of  the  Aztecs  I'n- 
bearahle— Horrible  Massacre  of  Women  and  Children — The  Tender- 
hearted Cort(^'S  Mourns  over  his  o\ra  Work — Cajiture  of  tiie  Em- 
peror—Tlie  ('on([uest  Completed — IViniputs  and  'l'liaiik>givini.rs — 
Dispersion  of  the  Allies  to  their  Homes — Pelketiuns ()(J9 


AUTHORITIES    QUOTED 


in 


THE    HISTORY   OF   MEXICO. 


[71  i»  tny  nitlom  to  prefix  to  each  irork  of  the  »rir»  (he  mini''  of  enri/  nulhnrihi  riled  in  ill  pnrfe>. 
Iiilhi^  iiiMliiure,  hnnerer,  it  uiiinpriuliedlile,  tin  immense  ii  my  iihilerinl  for  the  IIi^TiliY  of  JIi.MiO 
th'tt  a  ,''•'//  list  tf  the  nwthitritieit  vnuld  fill  ii  third  tf  n  Vfhtme,  ntn-inut^lt/  iiiin-e  ifpiire  fhiin  C'tn  prt'j'fftij 
he  ulU'trvtl  ce(  n  fur  no  imjioiimU  a  feutiire,  J  therefire  rt'titee  the  lift  hi/  omittinj^  for  the  iti(}»l  p'lft^ 
IhriO  in-'je  c/iiwhi;  /«/,  Ihn'e  fi/ir/n/y  yiivii  for  Cl  N  rn.vi,  AmI'.iiIiA  ;  teeomi,  Ihore  to  be  ijireit  in  the 
Nmiril  >Ii:xi('.\N'  Si'ATi:s;  mid  (A in/,  vinny  uorl.n,  mnnlli)  punqihli'x,  irhi  h,  thoiirh  eoimdted  and  often 
iiiiioiioitt,  hitie  oiilij  on  iiulireet  hetiriu'j  on  hintori/,  or  irhielt  hoeo  tn-ni  viled  perhoon  tint  otue^  ond  on 
9IJIHC  Hjiiciiil  topie,     lliettCf  uud  ull  bihlioijriqyhic  iio/tv,  ure  iiicet^ilde  thronjh  thu  i/i(/(  .r.j 


Alibot  (Oor'-  ni  D.),  :\rcxico  and  tlio  rnite<l  States.     Now  York,  1SG9. 

Alu'it  (S.  T. ),  Is  a  sliip  c-aiial  pnicticalilo.     C'inciuiuiti,  iJSTO. 

Alii^iui  lie  ( 'liilpaiicin;;!)  (La).     Mexico,  1S'21-'J. 

Abreti  (. Antdiiic). I (i.sepli  Alvarez  de),  V'fctiiua  I'eal  Legal.    Madrid,  1700.  fnlin. 

Abrcii  ( Kruneisco),  Venhid  iluuiliosta.  (^110  doclara  ser  hi  jiiristlieeiou  ordiiuiria. 

n.pl.,  11. d. 
Alnisii.s  del  podcr  judicial  en  In  Siiprenia  C'orto.     fJuadalajara,  1S44. 
Academia  do  Derecliu  Espafiol.    Sulcmnc  Accioii  do  Graeias  al  Congreso.    \Ti 

do  Miirzo  do  1813.  LM«xii-'ol,  1814. 
Academia  Nacioiial   do  San   Carlos  do  ^Mexico,     fatiilogo  do  los  ol)jcto3. 

Mexico,  IS.'jO;  Setinia  Ksposicion.     Mexico,  1S,V). 
Aeapulco,  Kxposicioii  do  la  Junta  del  cainiuo  de.     Mexico,  184."). 
Acapulco,  Provi-siou  para  tripulantes  do  los  galooues  y  para  guarnicion.  M.S. 

17(J(i-S.  folio. 
Accion  do  (iraciaa  que  Tributa  cl  Clero  y  Puelilo  Mexicano  al  Todopodcroso 

por  cl  Triunfo  do  la  Religion.     Mexico,  IS.'U. 
Aciopari  (.Tosi^  (»>uerien),  llatoa  dewgraciados.     Mi-xico,  ISIO.     MS. 
Acta  C'ai)ituli   I'rovincialis   celclirati   in  hoc    Iniperiali  S.    1'.   X.    Doniihici 

Mexiceo  Cu'nobio.     Mexico,  180S  et  secj. 
Acusacion  contra  Kl  Sr.  Gobr.  Don  Jost5  Ciomcz  do  la  Cortina.     Mexico,  ISHO. 
Acn.-iacionfiuo  hacen  ci  Sobcrano  Congreso  mnchos  l'rofe.',;<i!-e.s.    Mexico,  l8ol). 
Ailalid  ([gnacio).  Causa  forniada  (;ontr;i.     Mexico,  isl.").   MS.   .'!  vols. 
Adanidicosio  y  Canto  (I'erez  JosiJ  Maria  Alcjo),  I'^l  Jacobini.snio  do  Mejico. 

Mexico,  18.'}:$.  MS. 
Adams)  (.rolin  Quincy),  Discurso  del  Ex-Presidcnto.     Mojico,  18.10. 
Adams  (W.),  Actual  state  of  the  Mexican  Minos.     London,  18J.'>. 
Aildey  (Markinfiold),  (ico.  Brinton  McClellan.     New  York,  18(14. 
Adonio  (.Juan  Xeponmceno),  Andlisis  do  los  males  do  Mexico.    Mexico,  J'^'i." 
Adorno  (.Juan  N.),  Momoria  ucerca  do  la  liidrografia  Metcorologia.     Me        , 

1803. 

(xxl) 


xxii 


ArTiToniTir.s  qvotv.d. 


Af''<'t.')H  ill'  I'.n  ^I■lt•illtllll^•  ArirjH  iitiilo,     MS. 

Aifi-tiH  I'l.'iiliiMin  i|f  nil  l'(  liiiliir  < 'uii\  riiidi.     Mcsi-'i,  17^7. 

AgiuM  (•liHii>),  Jlclli'irioiii-.-i  kiiImo  l;i  N.itiiiali'.'.H  y  t)ii.;iii  ili!  los  Males  y  Triis- 

tiinicpM,  tti.'.     ( lii.'iiliiliijaia,  Isil4. 
A'4i'rilfi  (l>iri,'f)  ill'),  J:i'|ii-i'8L'i>Uiciuii  111  Rt'y  jior  l>iiii  Mi;_'iul  .FiiHi'iili  iln  Azniiza, 

M.xiii.,  ISOl.     MS. 
Au'riiultiiia,  Ksuuelu  tic,  Iiiilicuciuit  do  MiKlinoaciuncs  lUl  i'lo^jiaiua.    Mi-xii'o, 

1M». 
A','Miinliiiiti>  ilo  Cafia,  lli'glanieiito.     Mexico,  I7I'().  foMx. 
A,L;iiaHi'alirnl('.s,  ,\<liv  tlrl  I.    A.viiiitaiiiioiiti)  y  vrtimlaiio  <lo  la  cimlail  Holiro 

Nt  p.iiiuxo  ill  1  ICstadii  ilo  /.uatfi'.is.     Mc'ic",  l'>.'!.'t. 
A'.'iia.srjilicnti'M,  ( ''uniiiiicui'iniu's  oliulaU'S  ilo  hi  l,i'i:i>!atura.     Ot•i;^■l\•a,  1S47. 
A;,'iiasc-ali<'iitfs,  |)ii!laiiit'ii  Hul)ro  fl  arix'^lo  do  la  Jiacioiulii  iiiililim.     A;.'iia.s- 

ralirntis,  IS.'i."). 
Aj,'nasi'alii'iitri,    llsposii'ioii   (]Uo   los  vociiios   diii^'ru   iil   (Iiii.    Saiila- Anna. 

Muxiru,   IStl. 
AguascaliLiilcti,  Oi'urso  quo  todns  laa  c'lasos  did  llstadu  idcvan  A  li  If.  l-fjis- 

latina.     AL.'iiasca!i('nti.'M,  ISIIS. 
Ai:ni'ila  itn   S.    Jirnacio   (Maria  Anna),    Marabillas   dil    liivim)  ^Vtnor,    I'tc. 

|.M.-«,i.'n,  17.-.^.  I 
Aj^nilar  (liiniiol,  liiformo  Ri>lire  las  Miiiua  del  l^ineon  'Icl  Mineral  du  Teniaa* 

caltc'iici'.     Mi'\ie'i>,  |s")l. 
Aguilar  (i;-ti'vaii  dr),  Xavlira  F.icra  y  viajo  ))i-<.4''.;j,'i)fa.      Mcxicn,  Ki-'H. 
A;^'uilar  ((liTiiliini'i),  (,'rrtilicaL'ioii  10  de  IjiiTo  do  liiJl.     ]n  |)i)c.  Hist.  Mox., 

seriij  ii.  ti>in.  iii. 
.\.,'nilar  (I^'narid),  JJcllcx  iimcs  siibi'i'  l;i  taita  csii  ita  )ior.     ^Madrid.  lS(J!i. 
Au'uiiai' y  Dili/ (.1.  M.),  liiliiiiili'i'a  iic  nd  vMint'lu.     .Mrjii",  Is.it.  .">  vhIh. 
Aniiikia  Castro  y  Sutcunayor  (.lii.si).h  Mi.uil  do)i   J"iii.,ii>  I'liri.stiaiiu  dil   1>. 

SiKaslian  dJ  A|iari. •{■>'•_'()  do  ()  x.  >]■:  \1W.     M(  <>;  o,  !7!)l.   Jolio. 
Ai'nilfra  I 'astro  Sutomajur  (d,    Mn'!i:ifli.s  d'>)  a. id  Au;^'ustiiii   JJa.itauiauto, 

Palaestra 'riioiili.-ica.     Mexico,  I7!'(>. 
Au'iiiiTo  (.luso  Mariai,  Aensneioii  i|iu!  1 1  Dr.  conio  defcni'or  do  inatrimonios  lii/o 

ante  al  Supremo  ( 'orte  do  Justieia.     Mexico,  I;-i  CJ. 
Aguiri'o  (dose  -Niaria),  l>onuiiciii  y  ucusncion,  ijiio  id  C  lii;^o  del  iinprcso  titu- 

lado.     I  Mexico  I,  IH:27. 
A:,'uiiio  (Joso  Maria),  Vyto  del  ciudadano  sobrc  el  proyccto  do  solcmnidad. 

Moxicii,  ls;!l. 
Agiiirre  (Josc|)ld  Saenz  do),  Collcetio  Maxiina  cnncilionim  oniiiiuni  Hispaiii;o 

et  Novi  Orliis.     Jlonue,  lOit."!— 1.  folio.  4  Vf)ls. 
Aguirro  y  Psjiinosa  (J.  l'\  do  Cuovas),  Ivxtraeio  do  los  autos  do  diliftcncias,  y 

recoMoeinuontos  de  ios  rios  y  lagtiiias  do  la  capilal.     ^Mexico,  171S. 
Agnirio  y  i;s|iiiu)~.i  (.1.  F.  do  C'lnvas),  Infonno  ikl  dereclio  que  awsisto  al 

Jjiccnciado.     Mexico,  1741.  4to. 
Agurto  (I'edro  de),  Tractado  do  quo  so  d  'ben  admiuistrar  los  Sacramuutos, 

etc.     Mexii   i,  l.'i', ;!. 
Alirens  (J.  IS.  A     Mcsikoiind  ^lexilvaiiischo.     Gnttingoii.  I'^Oli. 
Aliuniada  (luan    \iitonio  de),  lli'preacutacioa  rolitico  J^egal,  ipit;  liazc  a  1). 

riie!i]ie  (.^h,'     o.     n.pl.,  n.d.  4to. 
Alaniaii  (•liiau  1        Inforine  en  dereclio.     ^lexico,  ].yCiO. 
ALinian  (l.iicas),     puiites  jiara.  la  liiografia.     Mexico,  I,"').S4. 
Aiamaii  (Liicas),        ieiisa  del  Ivx-Miiii.stro  do  lielacioiies.      >rejico.  1R,'?4. 
Alaniaii  (Li'icasl,      iscrtacioucs  sobro  la  llisturia  do  la  liepiii>lica  Mejicaua, 

^Icjico,  1844        'A  Vols. 
Alamau  (Liicas),      v-posicion  por  el  Diiquc  de  Tcrraiiova.     ^Fexico,  1828. 
Alaniaii  (Liicas),  i-sposicion  quo  liaeo  ;i  la(  Vmiarado  l)i]iutados.  Mexico,  18'28. 
Alamau  (Liicas),  Ksta  Monioiia  sii-ve  do  Apeiidico  a  la  i.iquidacioii(.ioneral  de 

la  Deiida  L'oiitraida  por  la  JJepi'iblicn.     Mexico,  1S4S. 
Alanian  (Lucas),  llistoria  do  Mejico.     Mejico,  l.S4'J-,")'2.     5  vols. 
Alainan  I  Lucas),  Li(]iiidacioi\  general  do  la  doud.a  esterior.     Mexico,  1845. 
Alamau  (Lucas),  Xoticias  Liognilicas.     Mexico,  lSd3. 


AlTIloniTIRS  QUOTi:n. 


zxiii 


Alaiiinn  (T,iicn>:),  nml   rn>ncis<'o  T.i'nli)   ili-  Ti'i  i.li.     Xolii'i:i  ilu  l.i   \'iil,\   y 
«v<i'iit(is  (111  J!.  I'.  I'r.  Mail,  do  ^iiii  Jiiaii  CnhKBUvno.    Mexico,  1,S."»|.  4to. 
.MiiiMiis,  l.ii  \'()/ di'.     Al.iiiio.s,  IsTS  <t  Kc'i|. 

Aliis  (l^iiario),  Ksiiiisiiinii  riuc  (!iri','ii  ii  nils  (^mi  'irilailjinns.     ^fixi''!),  isriCt, 
Alult'iir  (Ajs'ustia  J'liiici),  (.,'outuatucioii  ilaila  ul  iSiiprciiiu  (.iolntTiiu.     Mexico, 

1H.")(>. 

AlnttJiTo  (l''ninot!<>'o  FloroH),  ^rniiifiosti)  del  noli«>n)ndf)r  do  At'iiascalieiitL's  i\ 
ciiiiseciicMci.'i  do  liv  giii'ira  tlo  I'laiicia.     A).'iia.scalifiit<'.s,  |s;',S. 

Albiuiiio  (MaiiMi'l  de),  ()iij,'fn  y  I'^utudo  do  la  causa  no\>l\s  la  JUal  Oidi  li  do  17 
Mavodo  ISiO.     <Vidiz,  is'll. 

Al'i'uii  Niivioaiu).     Mi-.\iii),  l.s}!(  ft  Rofj. 

All  a  la  ( I'laiii'iii'oXavii'i'flc),  I)csi  riiicion  on  l)Offnrpxodo]ftrvclila<lo  L.  A.  MS. 

Ali'iioor  (l*.  .IdMiiili  dc),  llxculciiciaH  do  la  aicliioDlradia  do  la  Saiiti;>siiiiii  'I'liiii- 
dad.   M.xi.o,  IT.'W. 

AMailurrra'.'a  (.luaii),  (ialiiiicto  do  lootnrn.     Mnfclia,  lS(iO. 

Aldaiiiadiir.  I'raiiiisco  Atuiiiiio),  Sdliiitiid  do  iiiiacniioiiuia.     MS..  17S(!,  fdiit. 

Aldu/.iiiii  (Santiago),  KsiioMiciou  |)rescutudiiula(-'aiiiarado  l>ipiilad(is.  Mogico, 

isn. 

Alo'iiii  inn  do  Icis  Dcrcohos  quo  por  parte  del  liscul  del  Obi.'^pado  di^  la  I'uolila, 

'J'li.M.i,  1771.  Uo. 
Alogfo  '  l'i;iiiiisc(),Iavi«'r),  llistoriiv  do  la  Compnfiia  do  Jesus  en  Xuovii  Ilspafia. 

Mrxici",  isu.   ;t  vols. 
Alijaii'h  I)  \'I.,  Ilula  lit  I  .^t  I.  I'adro  contra  la  Iiidopcudencia  do  la  Anui  isa. 

Ml  jic...  ls-j:t. 
Alorta /i  lii.H  Mcjieaiios.     [Mcxifi],  ISJO. 
Alosiia  (( '.iiiilidi)),  (,'uatri)  c.irtas  (jiio  vn  dosidiogo  do  sn  amor  a  la  cuiiutituuiou 

y  a  lij-f  Anicricaiiiw.     Muxiro,  I'^'JO. 
Alfaro  y  Otlina  (.Iiisi5  Aiitoiiiii),  ],iin  IVi^itcs.     MS.  folio. 
AlfoiisD  (1  Saliii),  I.a.s  ."^ioto  rariida.s  dd  Key.     I'aris,  1S-J7.  4  vols. 
A\;^o  do  Ma/ones  6  Hoa  dialngo  eiitre  uii  lilnaofo  y  una  niaestl'adi;  amiu'n.    Mo- 

nlia,  1h:.0. 
Algodiiii,  IJiovo  incniori.'i  (111  I'^^tulo.     rnclila,  1S.".7;  ]v^|)ri«ici(in  respotuosa. 

I'lioiilo,  ls;i,");  Itcllccsiiinos  ^slll)^c  la  pi-oliil)icion.     Mixioo,  KS,'!,'). 
.iilgnna-i  Ciinsidcruciunea  CLoiuJniiia.i  (diri,:,'ida3  al  K.  S.  1'.  Y.  D.  1.  I.  Corro. ) 

l\.['\.  n.d. 
Alguna.s  Olj.scrvnrionoH  Acoi-ca  (1c  la  I'oiiveiiicncia  do  'J'eniii;i;ir  la  I'loseiito 

Crisis.     Mexico,  ISI,"). 
Al'-'unas  Olisoi-vacioncs  Kolin?  la  Ciirnlar  del  Sou'ir  Tlfvs.T.     fMixico,  1.S17.1 
Algniias  Olisorvaciuncs  fi;)l)ro  el  Opii.sculo  liititulado  el  Inipeiio  y  el  Clero 

Mexicano,  etc.      Mcxiivi,  IS(;,"i. 
Alison  (IJ.  K.),  To  tlio  SliaielioMei.^of  llie  Mi'xican  and  South  .American  Com- 

pauy.     London,  1,S.",(J. 
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coiHCilido.      Meiida,  ISIil. 
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Allen  I  I'red  11.),  L'ortis:  or  the  l)i.>icuvery,  Con(plc:4,  and  more  lieoent  History 

of  Mexico.     Uoston,  |NS2. 
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Alniod(i;ir  (.Marcos  (i.  de),  O  so  reforman  los  frailes,  6  csiirgontc  mi  Kxtincion. 

Mexico,  18-_'(i. 
Almonte  (JuiUi  X.),  I'roypctos  do  T.eyos  .eobro  ('i)lonizncif)n.    Mexico,  1S.")'J. 
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sucesos  did  dia  •_'!)  tlo  Agosto  do  1.S47.     .Slexicc,  1S47. 
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virey  condo  do  Fonclar.'i,  1774.     ^I^. 
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XXIV 


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Ampudia  (Pedro  de).  El  Ciudadano-tJeneral  ante  el  Tribunal  Respetablo  de 

la  Opinion  Piiblica.     San  Luis  Potosi,  1840. 
Ampudia  (Pedro  dc),  Manilieslo  fechado  10  de  Julio  do  1S4G.     San  Luis 

Potosi,  1840. 


AUXnORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ainpiiilia  (Pedro  ilc),  ^lanificsto  del  General  Ampudia.     Mexico,  184". 

Aiiti  do  iSan  Francisco,  Ucvclaciou   quo   tuvo   sobio    el    tunmlto  de  Ki  de 

Kuero  de  l(j'J4.     In  Doc.  lliat.  Mex.,  scrio  ii.  toni.  iii. 
Andluiuc,  Contrato  do  A.sociaciou  para  la  liepiiblica  do  los  Estados  Unidos 

dfl.     Guadalaxara,  IS'2'A. 
Annies  Mcxicanoa  do  Ciwicias  y  Litcratura.     Mexico,  1800. 
AniUisis  Critico  do  1;.  Constitucion  do  IS'M.     [Mexico,  1842. ] 
Amilitjis  del  I'apel  Titulado  aviso  ;l  los  Sefiores  Electores.     Mexico,  18'21. 
Anaya  (Juan  Pablo),  Alocueion  ii  sua  Conciudadanos.     Tabasco,  IS40. 
Ancillon  (Frederic),  Melanges  do  Politi(ino.     Paris,  ISOl. 
Anderson  (Adam),  Historical  and  Chronological  Deduction  of  tlio  Origin  of 

Commerce.     London,  1801.  folio.  4  vols. 
Anderson  (Alex.  D.),  The  Teliuantepec  Intcr-Ocean  Railroad.     New  York, 

etc.,  1881. 
Andradc,  Docuraentos  sobro  la  ovacuacion  do  San  Antonio  do  Bcjar.     Mon- 

tercy,  1830. 
Andrado  (Jose),  Mcmoria  sobro  el  cultivo  del  Algodon.     Mexico,  1S0.">. 
Andrade  (Juan  J.  de),  Calilicacion  legal  do  la  couducta.     Mexico,  ls;{8. 
Andrado  (Juan  J.  do),  Revolucion  en  iS.  Luia  Potosi  el  dia  14  de  Abril  do  1837. 

Documcntos.     Mexico,  18.')7. 
Andrade  (Manuel),  Maniticsto  de  nombramicuto  d  .  Comanc'.mto  general  de 

Cliihuahua.     Mexico,  1840. 
Andrado  (Manuel),  Manilicsto  quo  cl  ciudadano.     ^Mexico,  1810. 
Andres    y   Alcalde    (Joaquin),    Manual    estadistico    Hi.storico-Politieo,  etc. 

Madrid,  1831. 
Anglo-Saxon  (The).     Cliiluuiliua,  1847  et  seq. 
Anibal  Cartagiuenso  (El),  n.pl.,  n.d. 
Afio  Xuevo  de  1837-40.  4to. 

Aiisorcna  (Josii  Ignacio  do),  Defensa.     Mexico,  IS.'O. 
Antop.ira  (Luis),  l>efensa  legal  quo  hacc   por  Don    Jose  Gregorio  Araua, 

!Slexico,  1827;  Mexico,  1820. 
Anteojo  del  Desengauo  (El).     Mexico,  1812. 
AntoiR'li  (Antonio  de),   Descripeiou  do   Santiago  Papasquiaro,  1703.     MS. 

folio. 
Antonolli  (Bautist;i),  Memorialcs  del  ingcniero  al  Cousejo  do  Indias  loOO. 

In  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  xiii. 
An  tore  ha.     ^lexico,  1833  et  serj. 
Autunano  (E.  de),  Documcntos  para  la  Historia  do  la  Industria  en  Mexico. 

Mexico,  lS4r>. 
AutufiMno  (E.  de),  Economia  politica  en  Mexico.    Puebla,  1830-44.    [A  series 

of  essays.  ] 
AiiLunano  (I'l.  dc),  Insurreccion  Industrial.     Economia  Politica  on  Mexico. 

Puebla,  1840. 
Antufiano  (E.  de),  Mnnifiosto  sobro  el  Algoilon.     Puebla.  1833. 
Antunano  (E.  de),  Menioria  brovo  de  la  Industria  Maiiufaeturera  de  Mexieo. 

[Puolila.  183.").] 
Antufiano  (E.  de),  Mexicanos!!     El  primer  asnuto  tie  la  Patria.     20  do  Xo- 

vienibie,  184.">.     [Puebla,  184.').] 
Antufiano  (E.  de),   I'ensaniientos  para  la  regeneracion  industrial  dc  Mexico. 

Puebla,  1837. 
Antufiano  (E.  de),  Racioeinios  para  un  plan,     f  Puebla.  l^ilO. ] 
Antufiano  (i'l.  de),  Reiuq)rosion  anotadaeon  relaeion  a  la  industriade  Mexico. 

Puebla,  18.3.'). 
Antufuuio  (E.  de),  Tcorla  fundamental  do  la  industriade  algodonesen  Mexico. 

Puebla.  1840. 
Antunano  (E.  ile),  Vontajas  politicas  eivilos  fabriles.     Puebla.  1837. 
Anzorena  (josii  Mariano  de),  Kespuesta  de,  a  la  coutestaeion  que  dio.    Mexico, 

18.-|0. 
Aoust  (V.  d').  Coup  d'a'il  sur  1ft  topographic,  etc.,  du  Mexico.     P;iris,  [180.3.] 
Aoust  (V.  d'),  Sur  los  salurca,  etc.,  dcs  laca  du  Mexico.     i'uri.s,  [I8O0.J 


XX.l 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ajinriciii  (Mauui'l  Riiuiirez),  Los  Omvontos  sii]iri!niilosoii  Mij'co.  ^.Tcj-'co,  ]HC>\j 
A[io\in/\!i,  C'iirta  (jue  en  ilcteiiHa  da  hi,  raslorul  dfl  llliiiu  Sr  l)ii    l'r;iiR-isco 

\;i\  iur  Li/.ana.     MS.   I.SO.'J. 
Apiiullo  Corhulacho  y  (!ucvai\a  (T.  Carlos),  Acccntos  Morales.    Mexicd,  1710. 
A|iiiiitaiiiiontos  pnra  la  liisitoria  de  lo  nccurrido  en  ol  ejiTcito.     Mexico,  lN4l. 
Apuutaiiiioutos  sohro  derecho  pulilico  eclesi:istioo.     Mexico,  18.")7. 
Apiuitaiiuentos  sobro  la  neccsidad  do  proinuvor  cl  cultivo  del  aziicar.  Mexico, 

Apuntcs  jiara  la  Historia  do  la  Giiorra  Exiroiioa  con  Mexico.     Mexico,  18fi"2. 

Acpiiiio  (N'ii'olao  de),  I'roccso  contra.     MS.      \o~o. 

Aran.'io  y  lOscaui  1( m  (Alejandro),  Acusacion  liecha  ante  la  cdmara  do  Diputailos. 

Mexico,  1S.")0. 
Ar.'ingo  y  I'lscandon  (Alejp.ndro),  Frai  Luis  do  Leon.     Mexico,  ISfJO. 
Ara;i/.el  ile  los  derechod,  <pio  dubeu  percibir  los  Ebcriljauos  Mayures.     [Mex- 
ico, 1740.] 
Araujo  y  San  Ramon  (Pedro   (Jonzalcs),  Inipn.cniacion  do  algnnos,  etc.,  ar- 

ticulos  del  cudigo  do  Auanpu'a.     Mcgico,  ISl,"). 
Arce  (■lose  ]Mariano  de),  Inntructioii  soliro  alcavalas.  Mexico,  IS-tS.   MS.  folio. 
Arce  (Manuel  Josi''),  Meinor'a  do  la  conducta  pi'ibiica,  etc.     Mexico,  LSoO. 
.Arcliicotradia  do  la  jiurisinia  concc[)ci()n.     ^Icxico,  ISH). 
Arcliieofradia  del  Arcdngel  San  Jiiguel,  Coustituoiunes.     Mexico,  1704;  4to. 

Mexico,  I8,'i8. 
Areo  Iris.      \'era  Cruz,  1847  et  seq.  folio. 
Arellano  (Einuianueic  de),  lOlo'.'ia selecta.     ^Texico,  17."). 
Arellano  (Loreii/o),  Actos  Adiaini;jtrativo3  del  Oobeniador  dc  Guanajuato. 

:Mexico,  1,S4S. 
Arellano  (Maniiel  Ramirez  de),  Oracioii  civica.     Mexico,  IS.")!). 
Arellano  (Manuel  Ramirez  de),  Apmites  dc  la  Compania  do  Oricnto,  18.">9. 

:MrNico,  ISJO. 
Arel!;ino(  Manuel  Ivamirezde),  La  Ley  do  ]2doOetul)ro»iltimo.     ]\Iexieo.  ISO"). 
Arellano  (Manuel  Ramirez  de).  Ultimas  lioras  del  lm])erio.     Mexi^'o,  iMil). 
Arenas  (I'ailre),  Causas  quo  so  han  seguido  y  termin.ido  contra  loii  coniprendi- 

dos.     Mexico,  1S'2S. 
Argaiz  (("iregorio  de),  A'ida  y  Escritoa.     Madrid,  1078. 
Argos(El).     Mejico,  18:J()et  seq. 

Argiiellesi  (Diego),  Anuncio  ii,  mis  ami'^os.     Mexico,  ]S.")7. 
Arguixo  (I'resl).  Alonso),  Cuestion  de  pessailuiubre.     .MS.    ]ii.")'2.   folio. 
Ariaa  (J.  do  Dios),  Resena  Hi.storiea  do  la  forniacion  operaeio.ie.s  del  Ejorcito 

del  Xorto.     Mexico,  1807. 
Arispe  (I'edro  Jose]i]i  Rodriguez  de),  Colosso  Eloqnente  (inn  en  la  sol.  acla- 

maeion  del  i).  Fcrnan<lo  VL  erigii'i  Mexico.     .Slexico,  i74s. 
Arisjii;  (I'l-dro  Joseph  Rodrig'ez  do),  Relacion  de  lo  acaecido  ea  la  celcbridad 

deeljuliileo.     .Mexic(3,  [','>'.). 
Arista  (Mariano),  Ecsamen  de  li,  Esposicion.     ^Mexico,  1841. 
Arista  (Mariano),  Maniliesto  quo  liaco  il  sus  coiirindad^no-i.     !Mogico,  ISof). 
Ari^sta  (Mariano),  Observaeioiies  soljre  la  eiiestion  snscitada  con  nioiivo  de  la 

autorizacion  concodida.     Mexico,  1841. 
Arista  (Mariano),    Olicio  y  documentos   ipio   dirigo   al  (Job.    dc   Coaliuila, 

Mexico,  1841. 
Aiista  (Mariano),  Rroclama.     ^Texico,  ]8.').1. 
Al  i^^ta  (Mariano),  Al  I'royecto  para  el  arreglo  ilel  eji'Tcito.     Me-xico,  1848. 


Arista  (Mariano),  Resena  Historica  dc^  i.,a  Rcvolucion. 


M( 


Aristides,  La  Demla  J']str 


injera,. 


.M( 


Arizaga  (Fgnacio  Ramon  de),  Advertei 


IS(i|». 
Utile 


INSJ 


:^rc; 


1704. 


Arizcorreta  (Mari 


Inf( 


ormo  (luo  dio  i'l  la  eoniision.     Mexico,  IS.")!! 


Arizcorreta  (Mariano),  Manifestacion  (pio  haco  id  ])ril)]ici).     [.Mexico],  1810. 
Arizcorreta  (Mariano),  Respuesta  do  algunos.     Mrxiro,  1S-1!(. 


iiiia.     Saltillo.  1841. 


..^rizpe  (l',aiacio  de),  Contestacion  del  (ioljeinadorde 

Arizjie  (Sligucl  Ramos  de),  Idea  general  subro  la  cuudneta  politica  do  D, 
[Mexico,  18122.] 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXVll 


Arizpe  (Miguel  Ramos  i\v).  MiMiiorial  n:i  tlio  natural,  political,  and  civil  state 

1)1'  the  i'roviiici;  xi  (  ualuiila.     i'iiilacli.li)ln:i,  Isll. 
Arleiiiii  (•losoiili),  ChriJaica  do  la  I'l-oviiicia  do  8.  i'Vaucisco  du  Zacateca-s. 

.Mi^xico,  17;J7. 
Aniiiii  ('I'll.),  I'as  Altc  Sli'xiko.     Leipzig,  1805, 
Anniii  (rii.),  I 'as  ln'uti'.,o  ^Icxiko.     hoipziu',  1>S(!.'. 
Aipido  (L'r.  Antouio),  i'crdicioii  do  los  Indios  do  Xucva  Espafla  y  sus  caiisas. 

MS.  1 :.;.:{. 

Arran^oiz  (Francisco  do  Paula  dv),  Apuntc^s  para  la  llistori.i  del  Sc^tuiido 

liii|iori()  Mcjieauo.     Madrid,  IWJ!).   4t(). 
An-aiiu'oiz  (Francisco  dc  i'uula  de),  Mcjico  dcsdc  ISOS,  hnsta  1S()7.     Madrid, 

I,s7l-J.  4v,ils. 
ArrcLjlo  do  Las  Univorsidadcs  Y  C')lo;,'ios.     ^Icxico,  IS."."). 
Arricivita  (.J.  D. ),  Crunica  .^^e^Vdica  y  Apiistolica.     !Mailrid,  1702.  fulio. 
Arrilla;^'a  ( liasilii)),  Terceras  obsorvacioncs  s()l)re  el  Oijusculo.     Mc:;'.co,  ISI)'). 
Arrilla^ra  (JJasilio),  lirovc  llesi'nncn  do  Ids  Mcritos  y  Sorvicios.    Mexico,  1S;>7. 
Arrillaj^'a  (IJasili.i),  ( 'artas  al  \)v  Mora.     Mexico,  IS,']',). 
Arril!a^,'a  (iJasilio),  Dcfcnsa  ilo  ]:i  Mystica  (/iudad  do  Dios.     MS.  folio. 
Arrilla;;.!.  (iSasilin),  Fxameu  critico  do  la  Menioria.     !Mejicn,  I.s:{."). 
Arriila.LM  ( liasilio),  ]lcco]ulaciou  d  !  Leycs.  etc.     Mexico,  l.s;iS-.")!).   10  vols. 
Arriola  (.Juan  do),  ^"ida  Y  Virtudn.     [.Mexico],  I7<>S.     ilS.  ,'{  vols, 
Arniuiz  (Marcos),  ?i[anual  do  llioLrrafia  Mejicaniv.     I'ai-is,  IS.~)7. 
Arroniz  (Marcos',  .-iauual  dc  llistoria  Y  Cronologia  do  Mejico.     Paris,  IS.'O. 
Ani'uii/ (Marco- )    Maiiii;d  Del  Viajcro  en  Mejico.     Paris,  l.S.'>S. 
Arzo  y  Miranda  (.Vndres  do),  VA  ciclo  venido  a  nucstras  nianos  por  las  d*;  I^- 

nacio,  y  bu  Compafua.     Mexico,  \~.'\\.  4to. 
Arzc  y  Portoria  (Toiiuis  dc),  Infonno  dado  al  P.  Guardian  del  ('ok';;io  do 

P'achuca,  I'.t  do  Octubro  do  17.S7.     M.S. 
Ai'zoliispo  do  ^Mejico,  laprcscntacion  did  Jlnio  Sr  Ar^obispo  do  Mcjico  eon- 

ccrnionto  a  algunos  aucesoa  antcriores  a  la  indepeiidcncia.     llabana,  l.sJJ. 

4t(). 
Arzobispo  do  Mexico,   Rflacion  sobrc  tributos  y  las  ordenes  reli^;iosas,    1,5 

]\Iayo,  lood.     Jn  Pachcco  an<l  Cai'donas,  (jol.  Doc,  torn.  iv. 
Ateuco  ^Icxicano,  llcglamcnto.     Mexico,  bSHS. 
Atcnt.ulos  Escandalosos  Conietidos  Por  ElJiioz  Dc  Minaa.    llincou  do  Pomoa, 

ISoO. 
Atleta  (Ki^,  :Mcxicn,  18-20  ct  soq. 
Atoclia(.\.lcx;indcr.r. ),  Memorial  to  tlie  Senate  and  House  of  Represcntativos. 

n.pl.,  n.d. 
Atoclia  (.Vlexander  J.),   Statement  of  case   and   claim  of  against   ^Mexico. 

n.pl.,  n.<l. 
A\dd  (Robert  ().),  niid  .Tolin  H.  lUicliaii,  Silver  Klines  of  Fresuillo  in  Z.icate- 

cas.     Londo!!,  IH'M. 
Aumaila  (.luau  Autonii>),  Reprcsinitacion  P(ditico-li'gal  quo  liaci\     M^. 
AutoHciieral  J.'o  J/v  Feo,  P.*  do  \ovic!ul)ro  <1(^  Id.V,).      Mexico,  n.il. 
jVilttos.'^eerottos,  Cittlicdral  ii)ettrii]>o!it.ana  do  .Mexico.    MS.    l7.">'i-'».   fcilio, 
Ar.xiliar  l.>o  La  C'anoa.     Mexico.  IS-JO  et  .'iiM|. 

Avindano  (Pedro  dc),  Fco  do  iaratas  rcspnesta  .VpoloL'i'tica.     MS.  1701!.   Ito, 
Avda  (riiscph  dc),  ( 'oleccion  do  noticias  do  nuiciias  do  las  intluli^eucia.s  [ilo' 

iiari.is,  etc.     Mexico,  17^7. 
Avila  y  Uril)o  (Mariano  (!on/alea  d"^,  P(enia  ei'miico  bistnrial.     MS, 
-V\  iso  :l  los  Seucires  Diputadws  do  Xucva  I'lspana.     iAK'xicn,  iS'Jl). 
Aviso  (.\rtioulod  do  arndsticio  ratilicados  el  7  do  sclicniUrc  do  IsJI).    ?>Icxico, 

KS.M. 
jVviso,  I  Invitation  to  tlio  ^Icxicans  to  welcome  Itnrliiile  on  his  entr.uico  to  tiio 

city;  dated  Septend)cr  •J(!,  ls_'l.|     Jlexioo,  ISlM. 
Avi<o  I'atridtieo  do  un  Americano  hnparcial.      Mexico,  ISJL  folio. 
Ay.da  (Ivan  do  Mcadoza),  Virtvd  jviziosa,  17  dc  Noviend>ro,  ItiS.").     Mexico, 

Ayota  (Fmncisco  do),  Reprusentaciou  por  los  Frauciscunoa.     n.pl.,  n.d.  folio. 


XXVIU 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ayuntamicnto,  Tnarto  rocjlamcnto  para  el  cobro  de  los  Dcrcchos  dc  Intro- 

diK'cion.     Mexico,  1S4S. 
Ayuntiunitiiito,  Mauiliesti)  dc  la  Conducta  do  loa  capitulares.     !Mt;xici>,  1849. 
Ayuntamicnto,  Tcrccra  Rcprcseutacion  dirigida  al  Exnio.     Mexico,  IS!!). 
Ayuntaniicuto  do  Mexico  (El),  carta  del  '20  de  Abril,  1531.     lu  Pachcco  anil 

Ciirdonas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  xiii. 
AyuntaniicntodoMogico  (El),  Manifiest.aal  Publico  loa  motivos.    iNlogico,  184'). 
Ayuntaniionto  do  Mexico  (El),  Keiiresentacion  quo  al  Conitrcso  Ciencral  eleva 

en  dufeiisa  do  su  fondos.     Mexico,  1S,V2.     Sou  also  "^lexico." 
Azanza  (Jose  dc),  Ynstrnccion  sobre  las  provinciiis  de  la  Nueva  I'^spafia.  MS. 
Azeiirate  (Miguel  Maria  de),  Noticias  estadisticas  quo  sobrc  loa  efectoa  do 

cousunio.     ilev!  ;,,  18;i'j. 
Azcaratc  (Miguel  Alaria),  licaefla  hecha  dc  administracion  municipal.    Mexico, 

18:)3. 
Azpii-oz  (Manuel),  Codigo  de  Extranjei-ia  de  loa  Estados  Unidoa  Mcxicanos. 

Mexico,  1S7U. 

B.  (G.  A.),  El  Esplritu  dc  la  Dcmocracia.     ISIS. 

Backer  (A.  A.  de),  Bibliotbcquo  des  ecrivains  de  la  Compagnie  dc  J(5sus,  etc. 

Liege,  lSo3-01.  7  vols. 
Badger  ((Tcorgo  E.),  Speech  on  The  Regimental  Bill  in  U.  S.  Senate,  .Jan- 
uary IS,  iS4S.     AVusliington,  1848. 
Bajamar  (Martpies  de),  Diseur.so  exhortatorio,  2  dc  Enero  1798.    ^ladrid,  1 798. 
Balbontiii  (.Juan  M;iria),  Apuiites  cstadisticos  quo  cscriljii)  I>.  .J,  Franci.soo 

Bubtauiauto  relativos  il  Queretaro.     In  Soc.  Mcx.  Geog.  Boletin,  toin.  vii. 
Bidbontin  (Juan  Maria),  Esta<listica  del  Estado  do  Queretaro.     Mexico,  18()7. 
]5albuoiia  (llernardo),  Graude/.a  Mejicaua.     Madriil,  1829;  Mejico,  ]<'Mi. 
Jiallcsteros  (D.  S.),  Do.s  Aousaciones  contra  el  Supremo  Tribunal  de  Justicia. 

Mazatlan,  1870. 
Ballesteroa  (D.   S.),   Informc  quo   rindc  al   Supremo  Tribunal  dc  Justicia. 

Mazatlan,  1870.  4to. 
Balnies  (.lainie),  Sunia  do  civilizacion.     Guadalajara,  184.'?. 
BaULM)   Xacional  dc  Aiuortizacion,  Cantestaciou  do  la  Junta  Directiva  del. 

:Mexico,  1841. 
Bancroft  (Hubert  Howe),  Xativo  Races  of  the  P.acific  States.     IScw  York, 

187">.  i)  vols, 
lianda  (Longinos),  Estudistica  de  .Jalisco.     Guadalajara,  1873. 
Baptista  (Ilieron),  Treatise  on  canon  law  respecting  marriage.     MS.,  17th 

century. 
B;iquicro  (Scrapio),   Ensayo  IIist6rico  sobre  las  Revolucionca  dc  Yucatan. 

M.'rida,  lS71~-2.  3  vols. 
Btvrante  (M.  do),  Historia  do  la  convcncion  nacional.    Mexico,  1854-5.  4  voN. 
Barliacliano  (Tonia.s  A/.uar),  Las  ^lejoras  Matcriales.     (,";unpe(;hc,  1S.")9. 
Barbachano  (Toniaa  Azuar)  y  Juan  Carlio,  Memoria  sobro  la  Goaveuiencia, 

etc.     Mexico,  1801.    4to. 
Biircena  (.Jose'  ^biria  Itoa),  Catocismo    Elemental  de  Geografia  Universal. 

Mexico,  1870. 
Barcena  (.J.  M.  lloti),  Catecismo  Elemental  do  la  Historia  Do  Mexico.  Mexico, 

18(;-2. 
Bdrccna  (-J.  M.  Roa),  Lcycndaa  Mexicanas.     Mexico,  18G2. 
I'.arcena  (Manuel  do  la),  Exhortaeion  quo  hizo  al  tienipo  do  jur.arse  la  con- 

stitueion  politica  de  la  monanpiia  Esjiauola.     Mexico,  1820. 
Barcena  (Rafael  Roa),  M;inual  razonadodel  litigantc  ^lexieauo.    Mexico,  1802. 
Barcia  (Andrea  (ionzalez  de),  Historiadores  rriuiitivos  de  laa  Inilias  Ocei- 

dcntales.     iNladrid,  1749.  folio.  3  vols. 
Barea  (Juan  Bautista),  Oraciou  fuuebro  do  Dou  Beruardo  de  Galvez.    Havana, 

J  787.    Small  4to. 
Baril  (V.  L.)  Lo  :\Iexiqno.     Douai,  1802. 
Bar<piera  (Juan  ^laria  Wcncoslao),  Directorio  Politico  de  Alcaldes  Coustitu- 

ciouales.     Mexico,  1820. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXIX 


r.arrcdn  (C),  Oracion  civica,  15  do  Scticmliro  18.')3.     Mexico,  1S.")3. 

]ianviro  (Miguel),  I'urvcuir  ile  Yucatan.     ^Icriila,  1804. 

Ijiirivia  (Mruiucl),  Esposicion  (jue  acerca  de  la  coiitrata.     Mexico,  1S37. 

llarricou  (Nranuel  Lopez),  Exhortacioii.     Mexico,  1811. 

Barrow  (Washington),  Speech  in  U.  S.  Houscof  llcp.,  JunuaryJ4r,lS4S.  Wash- 
ington, 1848. 

I'artolacho  (Joseph  Ignacio),  Manifiesto  Satisfactorio.     ^lexico,  1790. 

llasch  (Dr  8.),  Erinnerungen  ana  Mexico.     Leipzig,  ISGS.  '2  vols. 

liasch  (Samuel),  Kecuerdos  do  Mexico.     ^Mexico,  1870. 

liases  soljrc  laa  (|uc  se  ha  formado  un  plan  do  colonizacion  en  el  istmo  do 
Hoazacoalco  o  Tehuautepec.     Mexico,  18'23. 

IJaylies  (Francis),  Narrative  of  Wool's  Campaign  in  Mexico.    Albany,  ISol. 

]5az  (Gustavo),  Vida  de  Benito  Juarez.     Mexico,  1874.  4to. 

Hiizancourt,  Lo  Mexique  contemporain.     Paris,  l8(iJ. 

Beadle  (J.  H.),  The  Undeveloped  West.     Philadelpliia,  1S73. 

Bealo  (Enrique  M.),  I'rospecto  de  las  divcrsiones.     Mexico,  1S,")1. 

Beaufort  (Conde  A.),  Historia  do  los  Papas.     Mexico,  18r>l.  o  vols. 

])caufoy  (Mark),  Mexican  lUnstrations  in  18'2.V7.     London,  1S2S. 

Beauiuout,  Instruccion  del  A-zobispado  de  Paris.     Mexico,  1S2'_*. 

Beaumont  (Buron  do),  Il6suni6  ct  solution  de  la  Question  Mexicainc.     Paris, 

Beaumont  (Gustavo  de),  Maria  6  la  esclavitud  en  loa  Estados-Unidos.    Mexico, 

1S4'J.  -2  vols. 
Beccatiiii  (Francisco),  Vida  de  Cdrlos  III.     Madrid,  1790. 
Becena  Tanco,  (Luis),  Eelicidad  de  Mexico  en  la  admirable  aparicion  de  la 

Virgen  Maria  do  Guadalupe.     Madrid,  1740.  4to.     ^Ic;.,  17^0,  172.'i. 
Beclier  (U.  C),  Mexico  in  den  creignitzvoUen  Jahrcn  1832  und  lSiJ3.     Ham- 
burg, 18.34. 
licclicr  (H.  C.  R.),  A  Trip  to  Mexico.     Toronto,  1880. 

Bt'doUiere  (Emile  do  la),  Histoirc  do  la  Guerre  du  Mexique.  Paris,  n.d.  filio. 
liejarano  (Jose).  Informe  sobre  la  mioion  do  Aguayo,  8  do  Fcl).  do  17^1).  M''*. 
Bilaunzarau  I Josd  Maria  de  Jesus),  Brevo  Tratado  Liturgico  sobre  i'uiierales. 

Mexico,  lS3o. 
Belauuzaran  (Josi5  Maria  de  Jesus),  Contestacion  d  la  Consulta.  Bienes  Eclesi- 

iisticos.     Mexico,  18o2. 
Belauuzaran  (JosiJ  Maria  do  Jesus),  Representacion  sobre  la  anulaciou  de  las 

leycs.     Mexico,  1837. 
liciderraiu  (.Josi'),  Exhortacion  Instruetiva.     Mexico,  1810. 
lielem  (El),  Dulce  periodico.     Mexico,  bSo8  et  se(j. 
Belena  (Eusebio  IJeutura),  llecopilacion  Sumaria  do  todos  lo3  Autos.    Mexico, 

17^7.  4t(5.  '2  vols. 
Bell  (Jolm),  Si)ccch  of,  on  the  ]Mexican  War,  m  U.  S.  Senate,  Feb.  2d  and  3d, 

1848.     Washington,  1848. 
l>cllido  (Joseph),  Vida  de  la  ^laria  Anna  .\gueda  de  S.  Ignacio.    Mexico,  ]7.';S. 
]iellido  Faxardo  (Franci.sco  Cristobal),  Intbrnio  relativo  d  las  tres  misiones 

do  este  Xuevo  Rcyno  do  Leon.     MS.   1790. 
Brltrnmi  (J.  C),  Le  jSlexiquo.     Paris,  IS.'iO.  2  vols. 

I'.enedicti XIV., Concession DespcnsationumMatrimonialium.  Rome,  17.17.  4to. 
BenesUi  (Cliarlcsdc),  A  narrative  of  the  last  moments,  etc.,  of  Dmi  Augustine 

do  Iturbido.     Xew  York,  1.S2."). 
Berasueta  (Pedro),  1^1  Liccnciado  al  siiidico  D.  Juan  Rodriguez  do  San  Miguel 

cu  su  respuesta  de  24  do  Abril.     Mexico,  1S.'!8. 
lierghes  (Ciirlosde),  Descripciou  de  la  Serrania  ile  Zacaterns.    Mrjicn,  1  s;u.  4tn. 
Bcrgosa  y  Jordan  (Antonio),  Sermon,  etc.,  en  accion  de  gracias,  S  de  Dicicmiuo 

1814.     Mexico,  1814. 
Beristaiu  (JosiJ  Mariano),  Elogio  do  los  saccrdotes  difuntos  14  do  I'^nero  de 

bSUO.     MS. 
ISeristain  (Jose  Mariano),  La,Fclicidad  De  Las  ArmasDo  Espafia.   Mexico,  1  SI  5. 
Beristaiu  <lo  Sousa  (Joseph  Mariano),  Cantos  Do  Las  Musus  Mexioauod.    Mex- 
ico, 1804.  4to. 


zxx 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Bermndcz  (J.  M.),  Vcnladeni  Causa  de  la  Rcvolucion  Del  Sur.    Tolucn,  IfiSl. 
liunmulcz  do  Castro  (Cuilos),  I'arcccr  lisoul,  explosion  do  I'livilegios,  y  iiiori- 

tdS  dc  Justicia.     ^Icxicu,  1711.  folio, 
I'crual  y  ^Vlalo  (Waldo  Indalccio),  Alcgato  afio  dc  179-.    0;ijaca,  1841.  4to. 
Lonial  y  Malo  (Ulialdo  Yndalocio),  Dct'ousia  Looha  li  uoiubio  ilo  la  .Sa;4i:ula 

I'lov  do  Nra  Sia  do  la  Morccd.     M.S. 
lioniardiz  (J,  do  It,.)  Descripcioii  brevo  de  la  ciudad  do  Zacatocas.     ^loxieo, 

lTo-2. 
Bcnioii,  Speech  on  Bill  appropriating  §8,000,000,  Fob.  o,  1S17.    Washiugton, 

1847. 
IkTtoldiiio.     reriudico  Biscmanal.     Mexico,  1805  ct  soq. 
Lotan»is,  (nomingo  de).  Carta  (juc  cscriboron  varius  I'adrcs  do  la  Ordeu  do 

Santo  Domingo.     In  I'achoco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Duo.,  toni.  vii. 
Biart  (Leon),  Vic  au  MLxiquo.     In  liovuo  l'"ranoai.-io,  Xo.  4S. 
liiai t  (Lnci(ii),  Lc  JIoxi(|uo  (rilicr  et  lo  Moxiipio  ])o  Don)ain.     Paris,  lSfi.1. 
Bibliotoca  Eolcsiastioa  Mexicana.     Conforonoiasj  Eoloaiasticaa  do  la  Dioi.'osi 

Bo  Angers.     Mexico,  I8r/J.  4to.  3  vols. 
I^jibliothoca  Crenvilliana.     [London,  1843.]  4to. 
Libliotcca  Mexicana  I'opular  y  Ecomanica.     Anicnidades.     Mexico,  18.")I-2. 

'2  vols.   Cosmos.  Mexico,  lSol-2. '2  vola.  Xovclas.  Mexico,  iSol-l'.  2  \oIs. 

Teatro-fialeria  Di'aniat.icfi.     ^Mexico,  18j1-J.  'J  vols. 
Bienes  do  Bil'nntos,  X iievaa  Instruociones.     Mexico,  ''Oj.  ,, 

Bienea  de  la  l;j,losia,  Defensa  do  los.     ^loxico,  1820. 
Biencs  del  Clero,  Cafta  do  lai  iilosofo.     Mexico,  1837. 
l^icnes  Eclosiasticos.     A  Culloction. 
Bienes  Eelosiasticos,  Brevo  resiimondclo  ocurridocnesta  Dioccsis  Arzobispal. 

!Mexico,  1840. 
Bienod  Eclcsii'istic  s,  Dcspojo  do  los  Bienes.     Mexico,  1847.  4to. 
Bienes  Eclcsi;isticos,  Bictanien  de  la  comision  y  acnerdo  del  illnio  niotropol- 

itano  ilo  Mexico.     Mexico,  1837. 
]5ienesl';clesiasticos,Uisertaciunquonianifiestalapropricdad.  Mexico,  1834.  4to. 
Bienes  Eelesiasticos,  liiscrtacion  sobro  la  naturalcza.     ^Mi'jico,  18;;3. 
liienes  I'^c'esiasticus,  Discrtacion  soliro  la  roiititueiim.     Megico,  1838. 
Bienc;!  Eclosiusticos,  Soguuda  protesta  del  ven  rablo  ^letropolitano.    Mexico, 

1847. 
Bienes  ilonacalea,  Remitido  d  los  Senores  Editores  del  Cosmopolita.    Mexico, 

1838. 
liicnvenida  (Lorenzo  de).  Carta  al  Brincipc  Don  Felipe,  Feb.  10,  loiS.     In 

Cartas  do  Indias. 
]]illault,  llefutacion  del  discurso.     Mexico,  1SG2.  4to. 
liillaiilt,  The  Frencli  in  Mexico.     London,  1803. 
Bingley  (^Villianl),  Travels  in  Xorth  America.     London,  1821. 
Biso  (J.  Liicas),  Resiimen  bieve  y  esplicatorio  del  I'artido  de  Arifpc.    In  Soc. 

ilex,  (loog.,  Bolelin,  torn.  ii. 
Bivouacs  (Lcs)  dc  Vei-a-Ci-uz  ;i  ?*Iexico.    par  nn  Zouave.     Paris,  etc.,  ISOj. 
Blair(llnLr''),Leccionepsol)rclaReturicnyIasbellasl(''''as.   Mexico,  18;!4.  .3 vols. 
Blake  (\\iiliain  1'.),   Description  of  the  various  Silver  Ores  aiul  !Minera!.i. 

New  Haven,  ISOl. 
Blaneiiard  (I'.),  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  on  Relation  de  I'expddition  franyaiso  an 

^Iexii|ue.     I'aris,  18.10. 
Bias  (A.  (iil),  Inauguraciun  Del  Telegrafo  en  Ario  Do  Rosales.  Jlorelia,  ls7;>. 
I'llasqucz  (I'edro  Ignacio),^IemoriaRobre  el  Maguey  ^toxica no.     Jlexico,  ]'<:.'). 
Bodega  y  iMollineda  (Manuel  do  la),  Representacion  lieclia  al  rey.     Madrid, 

Oct." 27,  do  1814.      Mexico,  1820. 
Bogusiawski  (Dr  1>.  von),  Ueber  Deuisclic  Colonisation  in  Mexico,   Berlin,  18ul. 
Boletin  Municipal.     I'uebla,  1840  et  .soil, 

Boiinevie  (•(.  B. ),  Lcs  volontaires  I'elftes  an  Mcxiijue.     Ijruxel'es,  1804. 
Borlion  (Luis  del,  Ciudadanos,  ^larcii  IS),  1820.     Mexico,  1.S2I). 
Boibon  (.\huia  Luisa  <lel,  Drove  Isoticia  de  laa  Bolenmea  exei^uius  do  la  Reina 

Madre.     Mejico,  1820. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


3cxxi 


Ifiancaise  ;:U 


Borboii  (Maria  Luisa  ilo),  Rdacion  do  las  dcinonstracioncs  fiineliros.    Mexico, 

lh20. 
liorddiujva  (Silvostro),  Conducts  Del  Oltispo  Do  Pucljla.     ruii-i,  ]S,'i7. 
Rossu  (M.),  Xouvoaux  WiyiiLjea  juix  liidi;*  occidciltalos.      I'iiiis,  ITliS.   •_' vuls. 
Botui  ini  llfiuiduci  (Lcrouzu),  Ideudo  una  nuova  llistoria  Gem  nil  i!o  la  Aiiiii'iia. 
•       Madrid,  ISU). 
Boucln-T  do  la  Richarderio  (G.),  Bibliothoque  Uiiiversclle  Dcs  Voyages.    I'ai  i-<, 

ItiOH.  (j  vols. 
Boutcrwel;  (Fiodoriok),  History  of  Siiainsli  I.iternturo.     Loiulon,  18t7. 
Box  ((,'apt.  Mi(.liaol  .lames),  Adveiiluies  and  Explorations  ia  New  and  Old 

Mexico.     >>'e\v  Yoik,  ISO!). 
Brackeinidf^'C  (15.  II.  M.),  Mexican  Lcttcra.     Washington,  IS.'O. 
Brackctt  (Albert  G.),  General  Lane's  Brigade  iu  Central  Mexico.    Cincinnati, 

1834. 
r.railuon  (Louis),  Tlio  F.arly  Pco]>linij;  of  America.     Xew  Y(irk,  l'^■17. 
Brady  i-J^-  E.),  .Speech  iu  U.  .S.  House  of  liep.,  Juno  "JT,  Ivis.     Wasliini'ton, 

iSkS. 
Brady  (Jamps\   Report  of  the  ^^'ondcr,  Zacatocas,  Canton,  Cotopaxi,  and 

Tenirahoki  Mines.     San  Francisco,  1S7.">. 
Braganxi  (Itiubel  do),  Rclacion  do  lo  ejecutado  en  la  siempro  lid  ciudad  do 

Mexico.     Jlcxico,  ISi'O.  folio. 
BraiK  il'orte  ( Mann'ics  dv),  Ynstruccion  tpio  deji)  al  Sefior  su  suciwor.   [Orizava, 

Marzo  iO,  17il7.J    MS. 
Brasseur  do  Bonrbourj,',  Cartas  para  servir  do   introdnccion   il   l.i  Histoiia 

])riniitiva  do  las  Maciones  Civilizadas.     Mexico,  1S5I. 
I'.rasseurilcBourbourj.',  Jusi|uissesd'lIistoircd'Archeolo;;ie.  [Mexico].  ISi^l.  4to. 
Bras-rur  do  Bourbourg,  Histoire  des  Nations  eivilisies   du  ^lexiijUo  et  do 

r.\.mLri(|Uo,Centrale.     I'aris,  KS.j7-!*.     4  vols. 
Bras.seur  do  liourbourg,  Lcttrcs  jiour  servir  (rintroduetii n  .\  TUistoiro  jiriiid- 

tivedcsXationsCivilisi.'esdorAni('rii|UoSe].teutri;iiialc.  Mexico,  IS.'d.  -Itn, 
BraKseur  do  Bourboiirg,  Quatro  Lettres  sur  1j  Mcxiijuc.     I'aris,  I.SIiS. 
Bra.sseur  do  Bourbourg,  S'il  exiote  dos  sources  dc  I'histoiro  priniitivo  du  !M"X- 

i(^uo.     Baris,  lS(i4. 
Brasseur  do  liourbmu'gjSomniaircdes  voyagesseientirKjucs.  Saint-Clouil,  lS(i-2. 
Brasseur  do  Bourbourg,  Voyage  sur  I'lsthnio  do  'iVhuantepec.    I'aris,  jsiij. 
Bravo  tXicijLi.s),  Contestacion.  ]\Iex.,  L'.'Jl;  Destierio.  Mc\., '.SOS;  i;s]>eilit  nto 

Instructivo.    !Mtx.,  IS'JS;   llsposicion.    Mex.,  lS:Jll;   Esp  tsirion,  Apr.   l'.>. 

[?de.x.,  IS'JS]:  Maiiiliesto.    Me\.,n.d.;  Maniliesto.   Mc\.,lS_'S;  M^jiiil'cst) 

quo  un  olicial.    Mex.,  ls;!'J;  Las  Razones.   };Iex.,  Isi'S;   Reprcseiifacionea 

del  Ayunt.  do  Chiliiaucingo.    ^lex.,  ISJS;    \'indicacii>n.    Mex.,  I.'c,'). 
Brave  (C.  L.  V.),  Coiiip(?ndio  do  La  Religion.     Mexico,  l.S.')8. 
Brevo  Exjiosieion  del  I'royecto  do  la  ( "ompaiiia  Mcxicana  )iara  laConstriii  i  ion 

d(  1  Ferrocarril  entro  Mexico  y  Veracruz,     ^lexico,  lsi;s. 
Brevo  luipugnaeion  A  las  Observaciones,   tratados  do  I'az  celebrailos  enii  il 

(ioliieriu)  Anglo-Anu'ricau'i.     Mexico,  l!i4;S. 
Brevo  I'ontilicio  iiutorizando  a  los  diocesauoa  do   La   Ripiililiia   Mexicino, 

^lexico,  bsi!(i. 
Breve  I'ontilicio  sobrodiniiimciMn  I'o  l)ias  I'estivastu  la  ll<'piili!ic:i  Mexicana, 

Mexico,  is;!!). 
Brevo  reiutacional  diotamen  do  los  Seuores  Jueces,  ranio  dr  i)iiL|ui  s.    Mexic  >, 

IS.VJ. 
Breves  X'oticiaa  del  tardea  quo  so  delio  guardar  y  obsirvar  on  las  sieiiiliias  do 

Magueycs.     MS. 
B>reves  Ub.-ervacionea  .sobro  el  nondiramiento  do  jueees  do  primera  instaiuia, 

etc.     Mexico,  IS.'IL 
Bringas  (Diego  Miguel),  Sermon  queen  la  reconipiista  do  ( luanaxuato  predii'.i. 

Mexico,  ISII.   4to. 
15riiigas  y  J'hicinas  (Diego  Miguel),  Impugnacion  del  jiapel  Scdicioso  y  ( 'a- 

hunniante.     Mexico,  isl'j. 
Brmgas  y  Eneinaa  (Diego  Miguel),  Semiou  politico-moral.     Mexico,  ISBJ.  4io, 


xxxii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


I   \ 


! 


Brinfrns  do  Mnnzaneila  y  Enciuas  (Diego),  El  maml  tlo  loa  Christianos.  Mexico, 
ITlt-J.  U  vols. 

IJrink  (C.  W.),  A  Lecture  on  the  Futi\rc  of  Mexico.     New  York,  1870. 

llriHsot  (M.  A.),  Voyafio  nil  (roazficoiilcos.     I'afis,  IS.^7. 

lina'kett  (L.  1'.)  Our  ( Jrcnt  Captains.     Xcw  York,  llSti.j. 

Urodhcad  (Richard),  Speecli  ou  the  Mexican  War,  etc.,  Feb.  0, 1S47.  n.pl.,  n.d. 

Rrooks  (X.  C. ),  A  Complete  History  of  tlio  Mexican  War.    riiila<iclpliia,  I  .S4!). 

IJrooks  (Xouh),  Tlio  Career  of  aii  .j>jnericaii  Princess,  in  Overland  Moutlily, 
vol.  V.     1870. 

r.ucareli  (Antonio),  Cordilleras  y  Ordencs.     MS.     177-. 

Riicareli  y  Ursua  (Antonio  Maria),  Breve  dcscripcion.     Mexico,  1779. 

Rucareli  y  Ursua  (Autouio  Maria),  Real  Ciidula,  Jan.  10,  1770.  !Mexico, 
1770.  folio. 

Bucareli  y  Ursua  (Antonio  Maria),  Rcglamcnto  Provisional  para  el  prest, 
Vestuario,  Gr.atilieaciones.     Mexico,  1771. 

Biiedo  (Francisco),  Informcs  accrca  de  mas  uiisioncs  dc  la  uiitro  do  Nueva 
Leon.     MS. 

r.ucua  Vista,  ]}:ittlo  of.     C'larleston,  S.  C,  ISol. 

Buenrostro  ( Ajiustin),  Manifestacion  al  Gobierno  Supremo.    Mexico,  1 8.1.').  4to. 

Bullock  (^V.)  Catalogue  of  the  exliibitiou  called  Modern  Mexico.   London,  ISLlo. 

Bullock  (W.),  A  Description  of  the  unique  exhibition  calletl  Ancient  ^Mexico. 
London,  18i:4.  * 

Bullock  (W.),  Six  months'  residence  and  travels  in  Mexico.  London,  1824; 
London,  1S"2.J.  2  vols. 

Bullock  (^V.  junior).  Description  of  tlie  Panorama  of  the  superb  City  of  Mex- 
ico.    Philadeljdiin,  1833. 

Bullock  (W.  H.),  Across  Mexico  in  1804-5.     London,  etc.,  1800. 

liuijucs  Mcjicanos,  Justos  Iteclamos.     ^Mexico,  184!). 

Burgoa  (Francisco),  (ieognlfica  Dcscripcion  do  la  Parte  Septentrional,  del 
Polo  Artico  de  la  America  (Oajaca).     Mexico,  1074.  4to.  '2  vols. 

Burgoa  (Fraucis>-o),  Extractos.     MS.  folio. 

Bargoa  (Francisco),  Palestra  llistorial  do  Virtvdes,  etc.  Mexico,  1G70.  folio. 

Burguillos  (Fr.  BartolonitS  de).  Memorial  para  Martin  Carillo  Inqvisidor,  etc. 
MS.  4to. 

Burke  (Edmund),  An  Account  of  European  Settlements  in  America.  London, 
1808,  4to;  also  editions  I^ondon,  1700,  "2  vols. ;  London,  1 770,  2  vol.s. 

Bustaniantc  (Anastacio),  Decretos  del  Congreso  General  de  2  do  JMar/o  y  2  do 
^layo  del  corrientc  ano.     Mexico,  1841. 

Bustamante  (Anastc'icio),  El  Presidente  al  ejereito  (Octubro  23,  1840).  !Mex- 
ico,  1840. 

Bustaniantc  (Anastacio),  El  Presidente  d  sus  conciudadanos  (Octubre  24, 
1840).     Mexico,  1840. 

l<ustamanto  (Anastacio).  El  Presidente  d  sus  Ilabitantes.     Mexico,  1S3S. 

Bustamanto  (Anastacio),  Iniciativa  (pie  hace  la  Junta  Departamcutal  Do 
Mexico,  etc.     Mexico,  1S40. 

Bustamanto  (Anastacio!,  Manifiesto  que  dirigc  d  sus  Compatriotas  como  gen- 
eral en  gcfo  .sobrc  Tamaulipas.      ^Icxico,  1811!). 

Bustaniantc  (Anastacio),  Manifiesto  que  el  Vice  Pi  csidcnte  dirigc.  !Moxi(ro,]S30. 

Bustaiiiauto  (Anastacio),  Manifiesto  quo  cl  Vice  Presidente  dirige  a  la  Naciou. 
Mexico,  I8r)0. 

]>ustaiiiaiito  (Anastacio),  ^Memorial  de  Justas  Qucjas.     !Mcxico,  18.'>7. 

liustamante  ( Anastacio),  Rellccsionea  sobre  el  nianilicsto  datlo  en  14  dc  Agosto, 
1S32.     Mexico,  IS;!2. 

Bustamanto  (Carlos  Maria),  lia  Aparicion  Guadalupana.     Mexico,  1843. 

liiistauiaiito  (Carlos  Maria),  La  Aparicion  do  Nuestra  Senora  do  Guadalupe 
do  Mexico.     Mexico,  1840. 

Bustamante  (Cdrlos  Maria),  Apuntes  para  la  Historia  del  gobienio  del  Gen- 
eral (iuadalupo  Victoria.     Jlexico,  1 1830. 1     MS. 

Bustamanto  (Carlos  Maria),  Apuntes  para  la  llistoria  del  Gobierno  del  Gen- 
eral Santa-Anna.     Mexico,  1841-3.     MS.  3  vols. 


AUTIIOniTIES  QUOTED. 


xxxiii 


;)nio  sen' 


Bustanianto  (r:iil':a  Mai'ia),  Apuntca  para  la  Ilistoria  ilul  Gobicnio  tkl  (ivn- 

t'lal  Saiit.i-Auiia.     Mtxicii,  lM."i. 
BustaiiMuto  (('.iil<n  Maria),  ( 'aiiipai'ia  sin  (lloria  y  gucn"a  coinu  la,  tic   loa 

caciiiiiixtlfs.     Mexico,  1SJ7. 
Buatiiiiiiiiti!  (Cuius  Manu),  (Auupafias  ilcl  (ienerul  D.  Fulix  Maria  Calluja. 

Mi'xii.o,  IS'.'S. 
Bustanianto  ((,'iirlns  Maria),  Carta  .-t  im  Diputado  del  houoraMc  Congroso  do 

Zacatt'caM.     |  Mrxioo,  l.S;Ji2.  ] 
]>ustaMiaiito  ((">'irlc).s  Maria),  Ciuulro  ITisturico  do  la  Revoluciou  Moxicaiia. 

Muxicd,  lSj;$-7.   ovoIm. ;  Mexico,  IS.'JJ— id.  (J  vols, 
liustaiiianti!  (( 'iirlos  Muri;i),  I)t'f('iisa  d' la  pt'ticioii  lioclui  al  .Sdlieraiiij  (Am- 

grt'sa  .^olifitaiido  I:i  ruatitiuidii  do  l:i  (.'diiipariia  do  Josus.     Mt'xii.i>,  1;:41. 
Ikistaiiiaiito  ((  Vnli'.s  Maria),  Diario  do  lu  e.spooialinunto  occuriiilo  lu  ^loxico, 

Sept.  do  ISll  :i,  .(iiaia  do  ISl^.     Moxico,  l;ill-15.     ^IS.  -Iti).   -1  vuld. 
Bustamaiito  (Ciirlu.s  Maiia),  Efomoridados  liisturioo-politico  literarias.     Mox- 

ico,  IS.'i."). 
Bustaiiiaiito  (Cirlos  JIaria),  El  Clencral  D.  Fcli[ic  do  la  Garza  Viadioado  do 

Ian  \ot;;-i  d-!  Traidor.     Moxito,  l.''J;j. 
Bustaniauto  (Carina  Jlaiia),  Elo;;i()  liistorico  del  Dr  D.  Josi5  Maria  tlo  ,Sau- 

tiari)  y  Carroro.     Mtxioo,  );:4'). 
Bustaiiiaiito  (C:irlc).s   Maria),   Eloyio   liistorico  dol  General  J.    M.    ^lorclos. 

Mux  i  CO,  1SJ_>. 
Bustaniaiito  (C.irlos  JIaria),  Exi'imen  critico  sobre  la  Muerte  del  General  Mo- 

rolos.     [Mexico.  I  Si:!.]     ^MS.  folio, 
Buslamaiito  (I'.irlo.i  Maria),  ]'"x])atri.ifioii  do  los  Jcsuitas.   n.))l.,  n.d. 
Bustaaiaiite  (('arlos  Ma!i:i),  Gi.biiicto  Mcxioano.      Moxioo,   IS.'i'J— U.     M.S.  4 

volti  ;  jili )  (iriiit.      Mexico,  lSi'_'.     '2  vol.-t. 
Biistanr.'.uto  ((.'.ulo.s  Maria),  El   Graii   dia  do   Mexico,    10  Dieicnibrc,  ISoG. 

IMcxico,  i.s;]G.] 
Busta'.u.into  (I  '.ir'o.-i  Jlaria),  ITi.storia  del  Emporador  D.  Agiistiu  do  Iturbido 

(Coalii>ii:;cio!i  dt  1  C'.Kidro  llisli'irica).      !Me;:ico,  1S4G. 
Biista'.'.iaati!  ((.Vnlo)  ^I,:iia),  Ilistoria  del  lOiiiporador  Mootlioiuonia  Xucoj'ot- 

zin.     Mcraco,  ISJ'J. 
Biistav.iaiito  (C.'irloa  Maria),  El  ILnior  y  patriotisino  del  C.eueral  Nicolas  Bravo. 

Jb'xico,  ];;28. 
Bustaniantu  (CJaios  !Maria)  luforiuc  Crilico-Legal  do  la  Inuigeu  do  liuadaliipo. 

Mexico,  i;;;;.'5. 

Bust.uiiaato  (C.irlos  r^Iaria),   Mafianas  de  la  Alameda  do   Jlcxico.     Mexico, 

1S;;5-(J.  •Jvo!.-.. 
Bastaiiiantc  (Carlos  Maria),  Manifesto  do  la  Junta  Guadalupana.     Mexico, 

Ifvll. 
Bustanrinte  (Carlos  Maria),  Maniliesto  lii.-jtorico  a  las  Naciones  y  rueblos  del 

Analniae.     ^loxic<i,  IS'J;?. 
Bustiimantc  ((^;irlos  Maria),  Martirolo.;io  do  algiinos  do  los  priineros  insm-- 

gcntcs.     Jlexico,  1^11. 
Bustanianto  (Carlos  Maria),  Materiales  p;ira  la  Contuuiaeiou  del  Cuailro  His- 

torico.     Mexico,  IS;!;!  !).     MS. 
Bustaniante  (Chios  Maria),  !Meditlas  para  la  racificaciun  do  la  America  Mex- 

icana.     ^IS.   is-JO. 
Bustanianto  (Cirlos  Maria),  Menioi-auilum,  I'l  sea  Apuntcs  de  lo  priiieipalnuuto 

occurriilo  en  Mixico.     ilexico,  ISll-T.     MS. 
Bustaiuant^:  (Cr.los  Maria),  Meuiwria  llisic'irica  do  los  .servicios  (pie  liizo  a  la 

IJepalilica  1  >.  N.  IJravo.     Mexico,  1S4,"). 
Bustainaiito  (Carlos  Alaria),   Jleiuoria   rrincipal  do  la  Tiodad   do   Mexico, 

[Mexico,  IfilO.] 
Bn.~;taiiiaiito  ((.'.irlos  Maria),  Mexico  en  C  lutiverio.     ^Mexico,  1.S47. 
Biistaiiiaute  (Carlos  .Maria),  Mexico  en  184S,  prineipales  sucesos  politicos  y 

niilitares.      Mexico,  1S4.S.      MS. 
Bustanianto  (Carlos  ilaria),  Xecesidad  do  la  Union  contra  la  Liga  Europetu 

Mexico,  182;!. 

IIisi.  3lLX.  Vol.  I.    3 


XXXIV 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


BustTTiantc  (rdrlos  Maria),  Neofsidud  do  la  union  <lo  todus  los  Moxioanos, 

.Mi'xiL'o,  IS-Jii. 
lliiataiiiiiiitc  ((Jiirloa  Maria),  Neeroloj^ia  dul  Seflor  P.  Santia','n.    Mexico,  lH-1."). 

MS.  folio. 
ISustuiiiimtc!  (Ciirlos  Maria),  No  Hay  poor  cufla  que  la  did  Misino  I'alo.     Mox- 

ioo,  1,S4-'. 
]>ii.staui!into  ((^.irloa  Maria),  Noticias  Biopr.lficas.     Mexico,  ISlf). 
IJtistainantc  (CVirloa  Marial,  Kl  Nui'Vo  IScrnal  L)i;iz  del  C;istillo  o  sea  Ilistoria 

th  l.i  Invasion  do  Iom  An^lo-Anicricanod  en  MeNJeo.     Mexico,  ISt;.  •_'  vols. 
]Justain;iiite  C.irlos  Maria),  I'eticion  para  cl  cstablcciniicnto  de  la  Coniiiani:* 

do  Jesus.     [Mexico,  184."].]     MS.   folio. 
]5usta!n:inle  (Carlos  Maria),  Ucprcsentacion  que  los  Vccinos  Euiigrado.s  do  la 

Villa  de  Cliilapa.     Mexico,  l.S4r). 
I'.ustamanto  (Carlos  Maria),  llosistencia  dclaCortodc  Espafia.    Mexico,  I'l.'ul. 
Jiustaniante  (Carlos  Maria),  Jtespuest;i  al  I'apel  intitulado  "Alia''  van  es.u 

vcrdades.     [Mexico,  l.s;i7.] 
liustjinianto  (Carlos  Maria),  Scsion  do  la  Cdniara  do  Diputados,  discurso  (]iio 

en  cl!a  leyo.     Mexico,  184."). 
l»ustiinianto  ((."arlos  Maria),  Tc/coco  en  los  liliiinos  Tionipos.     Mexico,  IfiiJO. 
]>ustaniante  (Cirlos  ^Iari:i),  \'oz  do  la  Patria.     Mexico,  isjf-;-."!.  ■">  vol  i. 
Bustanianto  (Carlos  Maria),  Voz  do  la  Patria,  Continuaeion.    Mexico,  18.'>7-0. 

MS.  «.»  vols. 
I5u.st;unantc  (Carlos  Maria),  Ynvnsion  do  Mexico  por  Anglo-.Vmericaiios.  MS. 
lUistamanto   (Javier  Aguilar),   Defensa  del   I'aso    Del   IJrovc   do   Monsunor 

Clcnienti.     ^lexico,  18o3. 
liustiiniante  (Javier  A^;uilar),  lleprcsentacion .  ..inconveniontes  de  la  ley  de  1 1 

do  Abril.     Mexico,  1857. 
Ijtistaniante  (Miguel),  ^lenioria  iiistructiva  pnra  Colcctar  Y  I'reparar  para  ku 

tranporte  los  objetos  de  historia  natural,  etc.     Mexico,  1S;5!). 
IJustuni.'into  Y  (ialootc  (Pedro  M. ),  Itelaciou  do  los   estudios,  nieritos,  etc. 

Ori/ava,  18-10. 
]>ustani;iiito  Tracts.     A  Collection. 
Butron  (I.  Moran  do),  Vida  do  la  B.  Mariana  do  Jesus  de  Paredcs  Y  Florea. 

Madrid,  18.")4. 
Bntterlield  (Ci'irlos),  United  States  and  Mexican  !Mail  Steamship  Line,  etc. 

New  York,  18(10. 
Butteniold  (C.aloa),  United  States  and  Mexico.     Xew  York,  18(11. 
Buttcriield  (Cdrlot;),  Value  of  Spanish  America  to  the  U.  S.     New  York,  1SG8. 

C.  (D.  J.),  Catecismo  Politico.     Mejico,  1820. 

C.  (M.  A.),  Pastorcla  en  dos  Actos. 

Caballero  (.liaquin),  lionuncia  Justiiicada  del  Gobiernor  interino.     Morelia, 

[I8:]:!.j 

Cabczas  (Jos.),  Historia  prodigiosa  de  la  admirable  aparicion.     Mexico,  1748. 
Cabildo  lie  l.i  Cole;,'iata  de  Nra  Sra  dc  ( luadalupe,  lieprescntacion  (pie  dirigid 

al  Soberano  Congi'cso  Constituyiente.     ^lexico,  1824. 
Cabildo  I'lclepifistico  de  CJuadalajara,  Infomie  al  Licy.     In  Icazbalccta,  Col. 

Doc,  toni.  ii. 
Cabildo  ]SIetropolitano  do  Mexico,  Observaeiones.     ^lexico,  1827. 
Cabotranco    (Mariano),    Compendio    Ascetico    do    la   Perfeccion    Cristiana. 

^li'xico,  183."). 
Cabrei'a  (Florencio),  Bosqucjo  sobro  la  historia  antigua  de  San  Luis  Potosf. 

In  Mcx.  Soc.  Cieog.,  Boletin,  2'!:'  Ep.  iv. 
Cabrera  y  (Juiiitcro  (Cayctano),  Escudo  Do  Armas  Dc  ^lexico.    Mexico,  1740. 

folio. 
CiibrcrayQuintcra (Cayctano), Vivaeopiadelmagiulnimosagrado.  ^Mexico.  17.12. 
Cadena  (Felix  Maria),  Alocucion  dada  ;l  los  ^Mcjicanos  el  17  do  Agosto  do 

1814.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Cadena  (Luis  Velaajuez  de  la),  Esposicion  que  hacen  los  Interosadoa  en  las 

parcialidades.     Mexico,  1840. 


AUTITOUITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXT 


Ciulwal.'iclcr   (Ocorgo),    Tlic   riiihulvll'lii.i  Orcys'  Collei'tioii.     Pliiluilcliiliia, 

1,S4H. 
C.'iici'ilo  (.r.  M.  Torres),  I'liidii  I.atiiio-.\iiKrii.'iiiia.     I'liris,  1S(m. 
( 'aiitr.'if  Ifiii'ioiOi  Menuiriii  (jiic  iircsoiita  Al  Suiuiulo  C(>iij,'ri'.s«).     Oaxiiea.  I'^iil. 

folii). 
Ciilt'iili)  I'nidoncial  ilo  la  ])ob!aci()ii  ilo  las  misioncs  do  Ifi  Comjwflia  tie  .Ii'sus 

vi\  X.Vizi-aya.     In  IVh'.  Hist.  MfS..  soric  iii.  toin.  iv. 
CiiKlonni  (Martin),  Infornio  siibro  la  pi'nlicion  tlo  los  Iniliim  do  Mexico.     MS. 

..f  it:!."). 

CaliUnin  (Mnthiaa  do  Pcralta),  El  Ai)ost<)l  do  las  Indian.     Mexico,  HkJl. 

( 'aMi-ron  di!  la  r>iirca.     I^ifu  in  Mi'xion.     ]>ost<in,  l.S4.'{.  'J  vols. 

('aldt'ron  do  la  llarca  (Migvcl),  Oyilor  do  la  lieal  Avdiuncia  do  Muxii'O.    Mi'X- 

ifo,  Um.  folio. 
Callioim  (.Tolm  ('.),  Speech  on  his  resolutions.  War  with  Mexico,  Jan.  4,  1S4S. 

Washington,  1N48. 
Calhoun  (.rolin  C),  Speech  on  Thrco  Million  Bill,  Feb.  0,  1847.    Washington, 

1S47. 
Calvillo  (.Tuan  Bautista  Diaz),  Discurso  .sohrc  los  males.     Mexico,  ISIO. 
Calvillo  (.Juan  lijiutistiv  Diaz),  (.)racion  D  do  Sotiomhre.     Mexico,  ISOS. 
Caniacho  (.Sebastian),  Tablas  diversas  para  deterniinar  los  valores  do  la  |)Uvt.t 

y  del  oro.     Mexico,  18ll.">. 
Caniacho  Villaviccncio  (I'r.  Mieuel),  Dictamen  do  Concicncia.     M.S.  [171!).] 
Ciiinara  do  Disputados,  Maniliesto  ea  la  Logislatura  ile  ISIll  y  1S.'?'J.    Moxioo, 

18;i2.    Small  4to. 
Camino  Carrotoro,  C'amino  do  Fien'o  y  Canal  por  el  Istnio  do  Tehuantopec, 

Infonnos  Del  Ingcnioro.     Mexico,  lS70. 
Camino   Do   Hierro,    Torcor  Cuadorno  quo   publica    cl   apoderado   do    l»on 

Gabriel  Xufioz.     Mojico,  IK)'.\, 
Campaign  in  .'lexico  by  "One  wiio  has  seen  the  elephant."     rhihidoliihia, 

etc!,  18-t7. 
Campaign  in  Mexico  by  "One  who  was  thar. "     Philadelphia,  1S.")0. 
Campafia  contra  I.os  Americanos  Del  Norte,  1"  parte.    ,  .Mexico,  184(i. 
C.impafia  do  Puol^la,  Parte  general  (|Uo  dirige  General  Alvarez.    Mexico,  1  ;•")(!. 
Canijibell  (William  W.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  House  of  Hep.,  April  8,  1810.    Wash- 
ington, 1840. 
Campbell,  A  Concise  History  of  S))anish  Amei'ica.     London,  1741. 
Camjie,  llistoria  del  Descubrimiento  y  Conquista  de  America.     Madrid,  180I>. 

3  Vols. ;  Alcxico,  l8o4;  Mailrid,  l.S4,">. 
CaTupechc,  Constituciou  Politiea  del  I'^stailo.     Campeche,  1801. 
CampiUo  (Manuel   Ignacio  (ionzaloz),    Kdieto.     8  Abril   180!).     n.))l.,  ii.d.; 
Edieto.    Mcx.,  1812;  Exhortaeion.    Puebla,  1808;  Exhortacion  Pastoral, 
2.")  Eiicro,  ISO.'i.  n.pl.,ii.d.;  Manilicsto.   Mcx.,  1812;  Manitiosto.   Xoviom- 
brc  ;?,  1810.     [Puebla,  1810];  Past.nal.     Sept.  ;W,  1810.     [Puebla,  iSlO]; 
Pastoral.    Mayo  20,  181 1.     (Puebla,  isl  1.) 
Campillo  y  Cosio  (Joseph  del),  Nuevo  sistema  do  Gobierno  Economico  para  l.k 

America.     Madrid,  1789. 
Canipo  (Jos6  Maria  Gomez  del),  Xoticia  niinera  del  Estado  do  San  Luis  Potosi. 

In  Soc.  Mcx.  Gcog.,  Bolctin.     2il"  Ep.,  toin.  iv. 
Campo-Sa':;ra<lo  (M.  Q.),  Dcscripcion  Del  .Juramento  dc  la  Nucva  Constitucion. 
Campo  y  Kivaa  (Manuel  del),  Manilicsto  lilaiitnjpico.     Mexico,  1810. 
Campos  (.Vntonii^  do  Maria),  Economia  i)i)!iti(a  en  Mi''gico.      Puolila,  1844. 
Campos  (Antonio  dc  Maria),  Un  tributo  a  la  Verdad.     \'era  Cniz,  1S47. 
Campos  (Henigno),  Oracion  funebre  de  Luis  G.  Do  Osollo.     Puebla,  18.38. 
Campos  (Domingo),  llelacion  que  haoo  de  su  viage  a  Yucatan.     Mexico,  184!). 
Canalcs  Intcrocciinicos.     Madrid,  1882. 

Cancelada  (Juan  Lopez),  Coudueti  de  Itumganiy.     Cadiz,  1812. 
Cuucelada  (Juan  Lo[)cz),  Decreto  De  Napoleon  Emperudor  sobro  los  Judios 

liesidcntes  en  Erancia.     Mexico,  1807. 
Cancelada  (Juaii  Lopez),  Iiidice  Razonado  de  lo  quo  ha  dodo  a  Luz.     Madrid, 
1814. 


XXX  vl 


AUTTIOIlITinS  QUOTFn. 


('iiiiccl.iila  f.T\i;m  Lopf.r),  Miiiii'*  cii  I'apiiflii,  rtc,     Mailriil,  18.']I. 

('imcrliiilii  (.liinii  L(i;'t/.|,  I'lot'iciii  ri>li;it.!i.     Mexico,  ISOS. 

CiiH'clacl.i  (.fii.iii  |y);L'/.|,  lir.iii.i,  (!o  Ii  Niii'va  K.^iiiu'ia.     Ciiiliz,  1811.  4tO. 

('(iiircliiila  (.iiiiJii  Liipi'/),  Tr!c';;riifi>  .Mixicaiio.     (';iiliz,  ISl  I  ct  bcij. 

("aiircliidii  (Juan  J^ojic/i,  Jji  Wrilu'l  Sabiila.     Cadiz,  l.sll. 

('aiulaiu"  (( iaf^par  (iiin/alc/ ik!,  .Scinidli.     Mexico,  18(10. 

(.'aur.loii;  taiiiNlai.),  I  ii;  la  Itcvoliition  all  Mf.\ii|uc.    n.pl.,  l.SOO;  I)isfCiir8()  quo 

«l  l(i  ilo  SiticmlirtMli^  lS(Jl.     Montcruy,  IWJl  ;  Lii  Itovuluciou  cu  Mu.\iuo. 

Maf.'o,  lS(i().      Mont.ny,  lS(il». 
C^arii'ilii  (.Iiiaii  il(!  l)i(isi,  .Acnwacioii  contni  tl  I''x-MiniMtro  dc  ra'licioiics  Don 

I.i'ici.f  .Mauian,  Mcx.,  I8'_'."i;  Maniiic^jtoa  la  Naci(jul:;.'ii).inijla.  Madrid,  KSJO, 
Caiioa  ll.a).     Mexico,  |.SJi)elKii|. 
''.iiioiiistas  y  'i'eolo;4os.  CoiiMiiitn  .'i  Iom.     Mexico,  18.T3. 
( 'a|rill.iiiia,  i'lindacioM  d(^  ( laiicllania  do  MissMM.      Mexicrj,  171.".   folio. 
CiijiilulMciiin  acoiilada  para  la  cvacilaciou  de  la  (^'iiiij.nl  de  i'liclila.     [Puelilu., 

1S_'I.| 
Capitui.K'ioii  liecha  entre  Ttiirl)ide  y  Rodriguez  de  (Via.      [I'liehl.iJ,  18:21. 
(,'a[iitidados  en  Ciudad   Fernandez,  ItepieseiiUicion  ijuc    Ion  capituludua  en 

Ciiidiid  Fernandez  el  '.',:)  do  Mayo.     Sail  Liiiif  I'oto;-!,  1>S;!7. 
CarlKijal  (Francisco),  Diseur.sus  del  I)iputado.     Mexico,   1S4S;  Vindicacion. 

ISitxico,  ISli. 
Carl)aial  (Fraiic'.sco  LeoiO,  Discurso  aobro  la  Icgislucioii  do  lo.s  uutiguoa  Mcxi- 

lanos.     Mexico,  l.SIJl. 
( 'ail>  ija.l  FsjpjiioHa  ( I''ianei."Cf)),  ITistori.'i,  de  Mexico.     Mexico,  ISCi'J.   'J  vols. 
Carilena  (I'atricio  (t.),  I'royecto  dedicudo  y  piesentado  .-.olm;  la  filiidaci.jti  de 

iin  liaiico  l'onur''i '.1.     Mexico,  ISoT. 
Carden"H  y  ( 'ano  (( lahi  iel  de),  Fnvayo  cronologioo  pnni  la  Idstoria  general  do 

la  Floi-ida.     ^Madrid,  IT-."!.   I'olio. 
Cardona.  I'lsposiciou  (juo  lia  dirigido  al  Senor  Comaudaiitc  geiiural.     Mexico, 

l.^;!4. 
Cai-lcton  (.J.  II.),  IJattlc  of  Bneiia  Vi»ta.     Xcw  York,  1S4S. 
C.iili  (<  lian-liiiialdo),  ("artan  Americana'.     M<xii".  1S_M;  Mexico,  1822. 
*  Vulo.s  J  I.,  Itelaciou  de  la  lunerte.     .Mexico,  1701. 
C/".'u'lod  HI.,  .\niorosa  coniieiida  de  Fraiicia.    Mex.,  IT'H  ;   Obeli.sco  que  en  la 

eir.dad  dc  l.os  An'.,(k's.    I'lielila,  17ii.'<;    I'cal  I'lMclaniacion.    Mex.,17(il; 

ItealcH  I'lxeiiiiias,  "Jvi  y  27  ile  Mayo  de  1780.   Mex.,  17'^'.);  Keales  lvxe(piias, 

i)  y  10  dc  Julio  de  17st).     I'uei.la,  [I7M.'1;    Rcale.s  i:.\e(iuiaa,  27  y  2S  do 

Julio  de  178!>.     Mex.,  |178!)|;    Soleinno  Aceiou  dc  gracias.     Mex.,  1800. 
Carlo.i  1\".,  Descripcioii  de  las  fiestas  celebradas  en  la  Imperial  C'orte  dc  Mex- 
ico, [Mex.,  17!K)J;  I'claciou  de  lasexeqiiias  fimerales.    Mex.,  1820;  liela- 

einii  de  las  cxcquias  en  2;{  y  21  dc;  .'^ept.  de  181!).      Mex.,  18l.'0. 
(^ai'lota.La  ljiipcratri/.(.'arlotaen\'er.'iCriiz,  Noviembro  18ii.").  Vera  Cruz,  ISO."). 
<'arpeiiter  ( W.  W.),  Travels  and  Adventures  in  Mexico.     New  York,  18."1. 
CiirriUK'a  (.losepli   Maria),  Discii-.iL,  sobre  el  c.stablccimieiitu  do  una  esciiela 

piiblica.     Mexico,  1788. 
Cari'aisquedo  (Te()liIo),  Aleg.'to  (''"  l>iicna  pnieba.   Mex.,  18")1;   iManifcstacion 

(]ue  liacc  al  pi'ililico  cl  Juc'r  2'"aino  criiriinal  dc  Mexico.     Mex.,  18o0. 
(^•inv(.n  (Kafael),  Vindicaci^  a.      .'iazatlan,  LSO.'!. 
Carreia  (Lorenzo),  Exjiosicion  que  dirigc  al  publico.    Mej.,  lS3o;  Vindicacion 

documentada.      Madrid,  18.)0. 
(""arrcta  ( I.a).     Fuebia,  1820  et  seq. 

JJan'illo  (.J.  C),  Kstudio  historico  sobre  la  rnza  indigcna  de  Yucatan.    Vera- 
cruz, 18().").  4to. 
C.'irrillo  (Josii  Ignacio),   Hcfiitaeion  A  la  dcfcnsa  publicada  por  el  C.  JosiS 

Antonio  Nieto.     Mexico,  I8;?.j. 
CairiUo  y  Ferez  (Ignacio),  ho  ^Iiixinio  en  lo  niinimo.     ^lexico,  1808.  4to. 
<  aria  al  Fuebia  ]\Iexicaiio  sobro  la  conspii'aeiou  del  Momento.     Jlcxico,  1841, 
Carta  id  Fey,  delos  Oidores.     In  Col.  Doc.  lueil..  toni.  i. 
Carta  dc  la  .\udicncia  de  Santo  Domingo,  •'^.  ^T.  30  de  Agosto  de  1520.     In 

Fachcco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc. ,  toni.  xiii. 


Al'TIIORITirS  Quoxni). 


xxxvil 


rnrtii  (1(1  tuniiilto  (le  l."iilrl"iii'rfi(l(!  |(',:M.    TiiT)ni'.  7^i,st.^^l■x.,sc^il' ii.  t.nii.  iii. 

CaitiMlf  uii  cmiLiili.'gii  il  l)(iii  .Mi;^iul  IIiclal;,'ii.     .Mixicu,  l,s|(». 

(Jiirtii  lit!   1111   I".\-ililiut.icl'>  ill!  NiH'Mi  Jv-iiaiia  Aliiaiito  ilil  I'ilnaofo  Xc/aliiial- 

coyotl.     Miidriil,  iM'-J. 
Carta  ill' nil  I'adit!  ix-.li'siiita.     In  Nucvn  Vi.aaya,  l>iii'.     MS. 
Ciita  f.iiiiiliiir  ilu  III)  Maccnlutu  rcMpiicnta  ;i  uii  culfgial  iiiaiyo  si'.jo.     Mcxiio, 

ITli.').  -Ito. 
Carta  Tastural  ilcl  Illnm  y  Extno  Seflor  Arzohispo  do  Mexico.     MuxiiM,  Is.l.'i, 
Cirtas  .\iiiiTir;iiias.     (^Uirr.'tani,  lSl-_».      MS.  'J  vuls. 
CartaH  di!  liidiis.     Madrid,  1^77.  fiilio. 
Carta!<  di;  \  ali'iitin  ( ioim  /  (Varias)  tii  ISl,"),  a  1).  IV'niardo Gonziik'/.  Anguloy 

ri'siiui"ita  ill'  istt'.     Mi'xii'ii,  \S-ir>.  lol.  MS. 
Cartas  ('asturali's.     A  Cipllcctinii. 

Cut  ilia  ill!  IMrriK'os  luniinu'sta  pur  iiii  Americano.     M(?xicr),  ii.d. 
CartiUa  ]iara  liw  ;,'i  frn  y  lurt  iuuIiIhh  cii  Aiiii'riia.     \r\v  ^'llrii,  1S23. 
( 'aitilla  solirc  (jiia  lie  ( liisaiius  di' Si;da.      Mixico,  IS.'Jl.  4ti). 
CartiUa  y  dui'trina  ('s])iritiial.     Mexici),  177">. 

Carto;,'ia|iliy  of  till-  I'aiilii;  States.     Sail  Franeiseo,  1873.     MS.  .'<  vols. 
Ca.s:i  (La),   I'lrerriiia  sular  ilu.-itro  eii  ijuo  naiiii  la,  lleyna  do   lo.-i  A:igele3. 

Mexico,  l(iS!».  4ti.. 
Cas.'idelaCoiitratacinii  lie  Sciiilla,  Ordeiiaiiza^i  Reales.     Valladulid,  1004.   -Iti). 
( '.isaiiiiva  (  lose),  Kii'-ayos  I'nOlicos.      .Mexico,  l.S."»l. 
Cas;i  lVre;,'rili!id;-  Li>rct.>(I„i).      Mexico,  lOsil. 
Casas  (tiiiillcii  de  las),  Carta  al  I'ey.     In  Cartas  de  Ilidiaa, 
Caia.iula  (■)().<•  Maria),  Acusaiii)ii  li.cal  Mcx.,  1S.")I ;  .Vciisacion  quo  en  la  tci'iera 

sala.ctc.  Mex.,lS,"j.S;  Alcaiiceal t'ollcto tituladi. riM/iilK'Ti>ni<.  Mc\.,  |SJ7. 
Cass  (Lewis),  Speech  on   proposed   occupation   of   Yucatan,  May  1(»,    LS-kS. 

■\Va^lii:iL,'ton.  I  SIS. 
Cas3  (JA'wis),   War   with  Mexico.     Speeches  Jan.    3,  1S47;  Feb.  It),   1S47; 

March  17,  ISJS.     WasliinLcton,  1.S47  S. 
Castancda  (C  .Fesnsi,  Oracinn  civica  prominciada.     Mazatlan,  1S(!'2. 
Castaficda  ((Jahriel),  ItclaciDn  de  la  JDrnada  ipic  jiixo  l)on  Francisco  SaiidiAal 

Aca.dtli.     In  Ica/halceta,  Col.  Doc,  toll),  ii. 
Castancda  yX.ijevn,  lulornic  al  en  defensa  de  MM.  de  A/.carate.    !Me\i 'n,  ISi'.l. 
Cast.'i"ii::a    (Juan    Francisco),    Kelacion    del   Jiestaliliciuiieuto  de   la  Sa;,'rada 

Conipauia  de  Jesu  ;.      Mexico,  ISIO. 
Casta  :ii;;a  (Maria  Teresa),  Breve  Esposicion  sobre  la  Testamcntaria  de  Mixi.o. 

ls;!0. 
Castaiii.'a  (Teresa),  Piscursoa  do  loa  Srca  Senadorca  sobro  nulidad  del  tista- 

ii;ento.      Mexico.  IN.HO. 
Castclaxo.    Maniiiesto  de  la  llirpioza  de  la  Xegociacion  do  Minas,  etc.    }kkjico, 

IS'JO. 
Castcllano  (Andi'i's  Patino),  l^ercchi)  A]iiiloji;i''tioo.     Mexico,  17l'>. 
(.'astcllanos  (-luan  dc),  l']lc;;ias  de  Vanmes  ilustres  dc  liidi:is.      Madrid,  l.S."i7. 
CastiUaui'S  (-Manuel),  Dcfcnsa  heclia  en  I'l  juici.)  verlial.     Mexico,  l;S(i,"). 
Castilla  y  I'cross.)  (Francisco  Uonicro  dc),  .\puntea  llistoricos  sobre  el  archivo 

^'cncral  do  Simamas.      Madrid,  l'>7.">. 
C.-istillo  (Antonio  del),   Menioria   sobre  las  Miu.'is  De  A/ogno   de  Aimrica. 

Mexico,  1S7I. 
Castillo  (Antonio  del).  La  Vida  del  Venerable  P.  Fr.  Ivan  de  Castro.     MS. 
Castillo  (I).  T.   di'l),   La   Piostituciun   o  C onsecueneia.s  de  nn   liial   i  jeniplo. 

Mexico,  l.S3(i. 
Castillo  (Dcnietrio  del),  Provecto  de  ley  sobre  arreLjIo  de  la  Conlaihnia  in;,  vor. 

Mexico,  1S4'J. 
Castillo   (I  leri'tiiiiMo),    Diccionario    llistovico,    lliogralico   y   ^lonr.mciital    do 

Yucatan.     Mi'rida,  ISoli. 
Castilla  (.Mi,'ucl  de),  I'^spcjo  De  Kxemplarcs  Obispos.     Mexico,  lOViS.     MS. 
Castillo  (i'cdro  I'ernr.iidc/',),  Fsposicion.     Mc\.,  l.'>!8;   Senteiicias  absolutoi'ias 

eu  b' y  :;iMnsiaucia.    Mex.,  lS4;i;    Senteiicias  lijsolutorias  promuicialaa. 

Mex.,'l8o0. 


XX  win 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


I  IP 


Castillo  (PimIim  Ttaiiiirc/  del),  Litras  fclixincntc  lavroaila-i.     M('\ico,  17"J4. 

Castrilloii  (Antonio),  Oration  liinuln'i'  [)ano_'\  rico.     .Mexico,  1714. 

Castro  (i'ranci-ic-o  dc),  l^a  Octava  Maravilla  y  sin  scyiindt)  niila.;ro  dc  Mtxico. 


.Ml 


17-J!). 


Castro  (.l(isc|(li  di),  ])iri'ctorio  jiara  intonuacioiR'S  do  lo-s  I'rL'tundientt'S  do  cl 

Santo  Jlaijito.     Mexico,  17.'i7. 
Castro  (.losi'jili)  I'rinicra  llcyla  du  la  IVeunda  !Mudro  Santa  Clara  do -V.ssia. 


.M 


cxico,  17ol> 


Ca.'-tro  (Josipli  ill),  Yiai^c  ilc  Ainorica  a  Itonia.     !Moxico,  174."). 

Castro  (.losfjih  Anj,'iistiii  dc),  Auto  dr  Coutricion.     I'lii'lila,  17'.M;    Ku  F.Iogio 


del  Amor. 


.Mix.,  KSt)'.l:   (Jratitiidcs  dc  un  cxircitanti'.    I'ucliia  ilc  1..  A. 


'.i;{ ; 


Ml 


ScntiniiLMito.s  do  la  Ai 
i7>S(i. 


Mi.x.,   17.S(J:    Ti 


ifo  del   ■Silcncio. 


Castro  (.luan  do  l)ios)*  Dt'fonsa.     Mcjico,  ls;i'2. 

Castro  (I'l'dro  Muno/,  df),  jlxaltaiion  Ma;.;nilii'a.     ^Mexico.  I(i07.   4to. 

Casti'o  (liiif.ul).  Carta  soliro  la  ni/ci'sidail  do  fstabk'ccr  nn  caniino  do  liicrro 


I'ntrc  Wia  Cruz  y  Mijii 


\' 


•ra  Cruz,  1>S," 


Castro  Croin/is),  rroclania  dirigiJa  j'l  los  \'oluntario.s  du  Fernando  Xil.,  'Ji)  ile 

\ov.,  ISOS.     Mexico,  IHO's. 
Catoiisnio  para  nso  ilc  los  I'arrocos  lioclio  por  cl  IV  Concilio  Proviiici.il  !Mi  x- 

icano.     Moxico,  177-. 
Causa  Cili'brt:  contra  lo.s  asosinos  do  I).  Flor.  I'^gcrton  y  Doiia  laus  Edwards. 


Ml 


( 


;nisas  mas 


IS  14. 

("111. 


Col, 


do  las.     Moxico,  \S,r>4.   '2  vols. 


Cavanillos  (Antonio),  iUstoria  do  Jlspaiia.      ^Madrid,  l.Sti.l-li.  ."»  vols. 

Cavo  (.Xndii's),  Jjos  Ties  Si^'los  do  ^loxico.     Moxico,  IboCi-S.   itvola.;  Moxico, 

1S.V_>;  ,)alapa,  lS(i(). 
(.'ayol'uto,  (laoota  Ivxtravagantc.     Moxico,  IS'JO  ot  acq. 
Coa  ((ionaro  tins  do),  Olisorvacionos  aooroa  do  la  iutcrvencion  Kuropoa  oil 


M. 


J 10, 


J'aris,  1S.V.). 


I'oliallos  (lianion),  Voiutu  Cuatro  capitiiloson  viudicacion  do  Moxico.    Mailriil, 

ISrid. 
(M.allos  y  Dol  Con,lo  (Ramon  do).  Do  iI,jico.     Mailrid,  IS.'iS. 
Ctdula  Real  do  S.  .M.  y  sonoros  dol  Real  y  Supromo  oonsojo  do  las  Indias. 

11. pi.,  ISK). 
Cc'ilula  Jtial,  JCxpodida  por  S.  Mago.stad  on  '2  do  Xov.,  177;!.     ^Mexico,  1774. 

t'olio. 
Cedilla  Real  para  la,  fuiidacion  do  la  cofradia  do  Santiago  en  la  ciiidail  do 


Mi'xioi),  17li8. 


Co'hila  soliro  ooiK 


ilios  1 


ro\  incia 


los -21  do  Ai^osto,  17(i:).     [Moxico,  17(J'.).j 


(•oiliilas  Ordoiianzas  V  l'ro\  isionos  Roalos,  l.VJS  I'l  l.'idS.     MS.  foliu. 


« 


oiliilario. 


A  ( 'ol!coti,)ii. 


loiiiucino) 


1  ?of. 


ly  ^ISS.   folio.   ;t  ^ols. 


Ml 


lS.-)2. 


<  'rlis  (.luan  Xi'i 

(A'lis  (U.),  Catalii..;,)  do  los  S    .;otos  ,lo  la  (.'omjiania  do  Jesus  el  ilia  dol  arresto 


do.li 


Ml 


1S71.  4t 


Coiiionti'iio  do  Xuo.stra  Sonoia  do  Los  ibigeles  do  Moxico.     Mexico,  IS.jO. 
( 'on.-^or  (111).     \'eraoiuz,  lS4;)etsoi|. 
Censor  ( iciior.il  (I'A).     C.iili/,  ISl'J  ot  .so. 


Coinor  !M, 


•  (Kl).     Moxico,  1S_';;  ot  soq. 


('out iiiolii  (I'll).     Cliihualma,  IS.")."!  ot  scj. 
Ceiitiuela  I'cleral  (l';i).     Tlalpaiii,  ISJit  et  soq. 


Copoila  (Fernando),  Rolaci 


ivor.sal  Lou'itiina  y  Vonladcra  dol  sitio  en  i\\n! 


sta  t'vndada  la  muy  noMo,  etc.,  eimlad  do  .Mexico.     Moxico,  ltj;>7.  lolio. 
'2  vols.   I  .M.S.  notes  liy  .Vlvaroz  .Serrano.  1 
CcvliMutos  ( VL;naeii)(  luiiilalupo).  Syno|iois,le  vaiiosd,'erotos.  [Valladolid. ]  M.S. 
Cc'.ralvo  (.Maripio.i  do),  Acusaoiou  por  oahiinnia.     [Madrid,  lUIJd.j  folio. 
Ccrtilicacioii  do  las  Mercedes.     MS. 
( 'ol•^antos(•(os^'•M.^' 
Ccr\-.iiites  (.!u!io  M. ),  l'.\] 


Octubro  do  18vi'J.     QuereUu'o,  ISli'J. 


lor^.Fo.itivas.Vclaiiiacionesdo  Xalapa.  'Mi'xico,  ISOfl. 
osicion  ,ia,'  ,'ii  su   l.Vleiisa  ilirij,'  al  Congrojo  lii  <lo 


AUTIIOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


xxxix 


litK)  I'll  l|l'.U 

hi;!",   lolio. 


Ct-rvi'f.n  {.Tom-  Y.).  Ainiiitniidiics  .solire  la  industria  pi'cuaria  cu  Yiaahi 

Mi'X.  Soo.  duoj,'.,  Pxilctin.     '2a  I'-l'.,  tum.  iv. 
Ccsavia  (Jiiaii  .Manuel),  I!i';>rt'seiita».i()ii  jhh-  cl  clcro  ilo  Mexico  al  (lobieruo 

iSu[>i 
Cliaiiiiin 


vino.     Mi'xii'o,  is  17 


o   V 


1) 


1S_'1 


iiuinii|i]i,   I>uiIo;,'(i  Joco-scrio  solire  la  Iiulciicniloi 


Ml 


Se;:uiflo  l)ial)L;o.     Mcx.,  ISlM. 


(.'liaiiiiilaiu  (SaiiiiRl).  Xiinativi^  of  a  \'(i\ai^i'  to  the  West  Inilies  and  Mexico 

ill  tlio  Yeans  l.V,l'»-l(i02.     Lomloii.  i.s.VJ. 
C'liMiiilicr  (Zacliaryl,  S|ieeeli  in  the  V.  S.  Senate,  July  \'2,  lS(i7.     n.^il.,  n.il. 
( 'iNiniay  lUisiiv).  Le  Mexinue.     Paris,  IS(i;j. 
CliiiiiH  line  (P. ),  Moll  \'oyago  all  Mexi(jue.     Paris,  IS.'iO.   '2  vols. 
( 'liiiteanliiialiil  I.M.  del,  \'oya;j;es  en  Aineri(|Ue.      Paii.s,  u.d. 
L'ha.idoii  (L.   M.I,  and   P.    A.    Delaailine,    Nouveau  ])ictionnaiio  Ilistoriiiiie. 

Lyons,  ISOl.    i;i  vols. 
Cliavero  (.MtVe  h>),  Algunaa  ohscrvaeioiics  al  Senor  AVa;,'ner.     Mixieo. 
('he\  ;ilter(Mielu  ll,  l>u  Mexi(juc  avant  et  Meiidant  hi  eon(|uelo.     Paris,  1.S4."). 
Clicvalicr  (Micliell,  I,e  Mexii|iic  .Vneieii  et  Modeiiie.     Paris,  ISli.'i;  Paris,  1S04. 
(Iiev.d'er  (MiilieH,  L'Jlxpedition  du  Mexiiiue.      Paris,  iStiJ. 
Chevalier  (Mielitl),  Mexico  Ancient  and  .Modern.      IaiiuIoh,  1804.  '2  vula. 
('Iii:i;ias,  ])ocuinentos  Origiiiales  para  la  histoi  ia  d.'  ( 'hiajia 


M.S. 


("Iii;il)a.s  y  Yucatnn,  M 


emorias  solire 


liiiiites,  UtS-2  a  I7G7.     MS. 


Chi! 


ipa,  Keprescnuiciiin  i|Ue  los  vecinos  enii;,'rai 


dos  de  la  villa  de.    Mc:;ico,  ISlo. 


CliiljiantriiiL,'!!,  Solire  trilmtos  a]dicados  a  la  lirlcsia.  MS.  IT.'iO-T'l.  fulit 
C'liiiialp^iiii,  Hist.  Cmihi.  See  (ioiiiara  (I'lancisi'o  Lopez  de),  Jliat.  !Mex. 
Cliiiiaea  (La).  Mexico,  ISii'J  et  seij. 
Chiva  (I)oiningo  Ant.;,  (,'oni 


ipeni 


Hi. St.: 


M< 


Cliiileru,  Preceptos  liinirllicos.      Mejico,  I'-i.'A). 


■J' 


is;] 


Chynoweth  (W.  H 


U'ris), 


'J'lie  Fall  of  .Maximilian.     London,  LjT-. 


Ciscar  (G.),  Cnrso  do  l^studios  I'lcinentahM  de  .Marina.     Mexico,  LS'J.'i.    4  vols 
Citial]iopoca  (X.  S.),  de  S.  P.  l>irectorio  de  Conl'es,iores.      .Mixico,  ITL". 


Ciiidad  do  .Me: 


tantes  ( 


le  \i 


Pn 
J 


.ICO, 


iteva  J',.-iiiana 


jclaina  (lue  l.i  iioL 


la  diri;;e  ;i  los  lidelisiinos  liabi 


l.\K 


ISIO. 


( 'iiiiladano  (i'"l),  niilitar  .Xnuricano  ainantc  dc  la  Pa/.     Mexico,  l,"  _'l. 

Clailcra  (Cliristobal),  Iiivestiyacioncs  llistoricas.      .Mailrid,  ]7'.'4. 

Clailiirnc  (\V.  C.  C.),  I'.xtractof  a  letter  from,  to  the  lion.  Sccretaiy  of  Stilto 


if  the  L'.  S,      1): 


eceriilier  _j 


.M.S. 


Clav.i  del  In.lio  (La).     .Mexico,  ]S()-J. 

CI.ivc  (Felixi,  llistoria  dc  Pio  l.\.     .Mexico,  lS.-,3. 

(iavi^ero  (l''r.incisco  Saverio),  History  of  .Mexico. 

Clavi;cro  (r'rancesct^  Saverio),  Sloria  .Vntica  dvl  Messi-'o.     Ceseiia,  17SD.  4ttJ 


Ion,  17S7.  -iti 


il.-^ 


4  vols. 


Cic 
Cle 


fDi(".;(i),  Menioria  soh.c  las  moncdas  on 


Castilhi.      MS.    f. 


it  XllL,  Sane  i  snni  in  (  liristo  i'atris,  CoiistitiUio  (pia  Listiliuum  So- 
Mexiio.  I7(ir). 
luvc  lie  Xnestro  .May  .Santo  Padre.    Madrid,  177'!;   1.1  Ll.into 


.'tatis.li 


Cienuiitr.XiV.,  ) 


.M 


fu 


oxico  oil  los  tiernos  lecuerdos. 


Me 


neioiio: 


heclui 


IS  en  el  coiiclavo. 


Ml 


i: 

17iJ'.». 


Xolii 


■ta  de  las 


Clero  do  la  P.dosia  Mejii'ana,  ()[)iisciilo  en  defe'.is,i  del.     Mejico.  ]s"7. 

Club  tJilorrorii,  Uoghiinento  ilel,  llstablei  ido  cu  la  \' ilia  do  ^lier,  I'.dh'  I'eb.  do 

1S70.     Mi  or,  LS7t). 
Chisorot  (0.),  Mexico  and  the  solidarity  of  Xations.     Xow  York,  isiil). 


Coiihuila,  Liiciativa  <lo  la  .luiit, 


l  solil'c  I'eloi  nias. 


.Mux.,  lS4.-i:    1 


iiiciati\a  sobro 


efornia  eonstitutioiKi 


I     Mix.,  iSt.-.;    M 


euiolia  (jile  i 


i 


xino  ."'I'lii 


ico 


(lobernador  "J  do  Lnoro  do  lS,"i2.     SaltiJo,  ]S.V_>:    Jiiii.ida  Oie 


caiiipaiia  one  )ii/o  e 


lai; 


Coal 


i' 

ipida  <  ),joa 
111,  Xoticia 


1  I  leiieral  .Mnta-.\i 


.Mex.,lsl7;   S. 


|eail,i 
e:/anda  pai 


An.     .Mex 
.i  estadist 


.,  1S47. 
ica.s  sobro 


lie  .Ic 


el  Partiil  1  do.     More'.la,  IsilL 


d. 


Cobli  (  ijouell),  Speech  in  U.  S.  lloiiso  of  Pep.,  I'ob.  '.?,  \MS.      ii.pl 
Cocke  (William  M.),  Speech  in  U,  S.  Hou.h:  of  lop  ,  .May  IS,  iM^.      \\  ash- 
in^jtoii,  lrt4S. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED, 


III  ! 
Ill  I 


fmlcx  riiinifilpnpopfi.     MS. 

('(>(li\'l'(ll(ri;iiii)  KiMiuiisis,  J']x]ilio;R'ii)n.   IiiKiiigHboroiigh's  Mt'X.Antifi.,V()l,v. 

< 'iMli;j:()  (1(>  J^cycs  (Id  liidias.     MS.  I'nlio. 

Cudi.!.,'!!  I'('ii;il  (U'crctjuli)  iior  1;ih  (  urtcs  .saiicionado  y  prDiiiiilgadcj  cii   1!)  do 

Niarzo  <lc  ISIS.     Mexico,  1S4S. 
fiMli'^o  I'nictiia  <  Vimiiial.     ii.pl.,  |l7t"i.l  '2  vols. 

( 'oliiii  ( laiuiH  !!.),  Wiiidsof  tlio  Xoitlicni  iri'Miisphcrc.  Wa.sliington,  1S,"),T.  4to. 
Colrccioii  do  Articiilos  .solirc  a'/aiiiicr.to  do  proliiliicioiu  ■<.      Moxiio,  1S.")|. 
Colocoioii   do   l>oiuiiioiitos  Jlii'ditos  jiara    la   lli-^toria  do   Iv-ipafia.     Madrid, 

l,Sl_'-7.'{.  ;")!»  vols, 
("o'ofuioii  do  Notioias  do  Muelias  do  las  Iiulal;,'oiicia.s.     Moxico,  IT'^T. 
( 'cjlocoiou  d(!  Vaiios  (looiiinontos  intoiosaiitos  lolativos  al  Doci'cto  .\iiticonsti- 

tiK'ioiial.     J,ooiia,-Vicano,  IS.'tO. 
<~"olf'i'oioii  Eilosiiistica  Moxioaiia.     Moxioo,  1S;{4.  4  vols. 
Coloooioii  (ioiioral  do  las  I'rovidoiuias.     Madrid,  17<i7. 
Cologio  do  Alio,;,'ados  do  Moxioo,  Estatiltos  y  (,'oiistitiuiono>?.     Madrid,  17(10; 

Li.sta  alfaln'tioa  y  croiiologioa  do  loa  Kcuoroti  oniiil'ailos  o   iudividuos. 

Moxico.  IS.VJ. 
C'ologii)  do  J'lscrihanos  do  Moxioo,  Estatiitoa,  1!)  do  .Tiiiiio  do  I7!l:2.     Mni'i, 

17!W. 
f'ologio  do  X.  S.  do  (iiiadalnpo  ilo  /aoatnoas,  J']s(;riptin'a  do  Pi'dtostuoioii.    .'il.'. 
Cologio  do  Sail  (Irogoiio,  Jnvorsioii  do  las  roiitas.     Mr"ji<Mv,  is;j;t. 
Colegio  do  Sail  .liian  clo  hotraii,  Los  Sliidioos  <lol  Coiicurso  lorniadoji  liionis  do 

Eraiicisoo  Volardo.     (iiiadala  jara,  ISdO. 
('ologio  ilo  San  lVdii>  V  ."-'an  I'alilo  do  Moxioo  y  sii  llaci'iiili.    MS.  IS-J(.  filio. 
Colugio  do  Saliva  Maria  do  Todo.s  Santos.     A  Colloolion  of  M ->S.  and  print. 

i'olio. 
Cologio  Militar,  I''l  (Jonoral  do  Division  Mariano  Arista  snplio  i  a  V.  .'^o  -'wvix 

asistir  u  los  actos  piil)lioos.      Moxioo,  JS.'iO. 
Coliina,  laisayo   lv-;tadistioo  s:iliio  el  toriilorio.     Mox.,  IS|!1;    lN|io':!oi  mi  iji'.o 

al  Snproino  <  lohionio  X.-icional  liaco  la  Dipniaoion.     Mix.,  ki'JJ;   liii[ior- 

tanoiado  lanportma  dol  jhiorio  <lo  Man/anillo.   ii.jd.,  1'.!.").;   I:iip',ign:'rioii 

;l  la  inii'iativa.    Mox.,  l.S.'iO;  La  X'ordid  t.olnH?  los  acontociniioiito.s.    (Jua- 

d  ilajara,  |S!1|  ;  llciloxionrs  I'l  iiotas  .-il  inforiiio  ipao  dii'i  al  ( Joliioi  !'i.  ( !nad"-. 

ISl.'i;    i;'^]irosoiitaoion  (pio  ol  prinioiM  a ynntaniionto.    (!n:nl'>.,  |S{">. 
Colonias  Miiitaios,  I'royiH'to  ])aia     ii   Ivjtaliiooiniionto   v.i    las  J'lon'.oras  do 

Orionlo  V  Ooiidoiito.     Mox.,  ISIS.   Jto;    lioglainoiilo  par.i  ol  ];...alilooiiiii- 

onto  do  las,  on  la  Siorra-(  iorda.     Mox.,  1S4!(. 
Coloniaioioii,  1 'ooiiinontos  (|iio  I'uMioa  l;i  |)iro('oiou  do.    Mox.,  1S4S;    XncvJi 

I'royooto  di>  Colonos  I'roprii'tai  ios  inodioros  .arrondatai  ios  y  asala'.-iados. 

Mox.,  1S4S;  Troyc'ctos  do  (,'oloiii/:\('ion  prosontailos  jxir  la  junta  dol  ruiio. 

Mox.,  IS4S;  lioglainonto  di;  la  Diroooion  do  (Joloni/acion.     Mox.,  I,S1."). 
Coloipiio  oiitro  Soplirono  y  ].,ooiiiilo  soliro  niatorias  politio.is.     MS. 
Coinoi'iianti  .s  do  Moxioo,  Esposioion  diri  ;ida  .al  ( Joliioiiio.     Moxioo,  IS.Id. 
L'oinoroio  do  la,  ( 'indad  do  Moxioo,  Uoprosontaoion  ipic  diriji;  al  Coiigros;)  Na* 

oional.      Moxioo,  IS.'IK. 
CollK'i'oio  Ivxtiiior,  Ohsorvaoioncs  oontra  la  r,iliortad  dol.      I'uoMa,  lS.'i"i. 
C'oinoroio     do   (Inailalajara,    J'^sposioion    (pio    dirijo    al    Supioino    (.!ol)ior;io. 

(Jiiail.-dajarji,  ls;t7, 
Coinoioio  do  Xiiova  Es[iana.     MS.  |l7liS.]  folio. 
Coniisiiiu  Mixta  do  ];ool;;niaoioiios  do  Moxico  y  los  Iv-itado^-l'nidos.     ^foxioo, 

lS7(i. 
Conionrort  (T';naoi'>K  ^r.-nii!ioslo.  ^Tarzo  4,   IS""      [M(\.,  lS"i7|;    Mani'iosto, 

.Ia!v,  IS.iS.     Xow  York,  IS."iS;   I'uljlioa  di.ranto  sii  goliiiino  on  Mi  xioo. 

Xii('v,-i  ^■ol■u,  is.-is. 

C'onioto  I  I'lorciiiio  I 'ore),  Disoiirso  tiatrii'itioo  contra  l,a  rolh  lion  ono  acan^lilliv 


AC 


('oni|i: 


lira  I  lidalgo. 


M. 


.lolC 


unino  lie  riorro  i 


Id.  I 
1(!  T.ionliavM,  Infoni 


•1 


■io  ( ; 


L'lltO 


;i  jo-i  ,S(  iioros 


.\. 


•lonistas. 


M. 


iscit. 


C.'oiniianiii  J)ol  Canal  •.]>.■  Moxioo  ;i  Clialci. 


M 


0X100, 


ISUU. 


AUT!  lOrJTlKS  QUOTED. 


xU 


Coinii; 
( 'oiniMU 


,1c  Tn 


V  Liiciyos,  Ci)nstiliK'iiiiirs.     ^Icxico,  IS'Jfi. 


l.i  |)>^  ('<)lo;ii/;iiiori  Asi  itica,  i;>tituti).i.      Mexico,   ISdii. 
Ciiinii.u'iM  K.sjilot;iiliir;i  ilc  lus  I'Liciixs  ]h:  Oro  cii  la  .Sionii-.M;iilii'.     Mi'ji 


IS, 


>/. 


(•.,11 


Icl  Fc 


■,inil  (li:  <)i'iz;i\";i  ;i  Vera  Oni/,  I'^statiitd 


Ml 


Jii'.il  (.'iilul.i  lie   I'heccioii    10  .Maiv.o   17^.").      Madiiil, 


l|i:iiii:i  < 
Coiiij'MrLia  iK;  Filipi 

1 17'i.").J  fiili". 
( 'i)ni|Mruii.  il'i  Iiiilustri.i  t'li  Tl.ilpini,  I'soritnra  do  .\si)ci;:cii)ii.      Mr\iei>,  IS 
Coiiii'iuiia  <lc  Jcsii.s,  Al  lley  N la  Sra  iixr  la  1' 


ISCI. 


lie.]. 
,1.:  Cahil.i 


I'liviuria  ik'  la  (  .iiii|i.iiii;i.     ii. 


lis  .*^ii,'('ti>s.     Mi'X.,  1.S7I;   < 'oii'ei'ioii  (111   Ural   I)(i'ni, 


do  117  I'olii-or.)  Ti'iii'.    Madrid,  17ii7.   fulio;   Coloooiuu  goiioiiil  il. 


dv: 


M: 


d,  17(17;    DolV 


•  lo  Im,  So.   1.     Mox..  ISH;    Iai 


n)s;i'iiiii 


dol  I'liiviiioial  do  la.     Mux.,  lS,"i,"i;    Jiifmiiio  i|iio  lia/o  la  Pros  iiuia  do  l.i. 
I'lifhla,  17-';';   Nanaoiou  do  las  iiiuotias  do  jiihilu.     I'liebla,  IS.il!;   Jtila- 
ciciii  di  1  rcst:i!)Iooiiiiioiili).     |Mo\.J,  ISld. 
Conipaiiia  LiiiKastoriaiia,  lOxpo.sioiou  ijue  diiigc.    ^Fox.,  lS."i7;    Ivoyl.iiiK  iito. 


.Mox.,  IM. 


M. 


:a   Liinitnda  dol  Forrocarril   Moxicano,  Coudio 

;ioi),  im;;». 


101103     ( 


1.:  A: 


sooiMomii, 


Cciiii]i;iiiia  do  .Miiias  Donoiniiiada  llostauradora  dol  ^liiioial  do  C'atorco,  Flan. 
Moxioo,  18.")!. 

ia  do  .Miiia.s  ro-itaiuadora  do  Toiiiascaltopoo,  Iiifoniiaoioii,  prosupuosto. 


M< 


is;;,s. 


( 'oilll 


afiiiiilo  Mliias  Z.icatooMiio-Moxioaiio,  Infori 


i^ro 


ISU. 


Ciiiiyii  (Timi.'is  do),  Ivslado  do  1;m  i.sl.i.s  l''ili;ii]wu  on  ISIO.     Madrid,  1820. 


Coiioosioa  ( 


hi  L 


orrooarn 


I  oiilio  Mo\i 


'y 


\'ora  Clii/  into  ol  C.iu^i oso.      Mox- 


ioo, ISOS. 

Mixioaiio  Provincial  ITT.  y  IV.,  Catooismo  y  Simia  do  la  I)oitriu;i, 


( 'liri^itiana. 


IM' 


1771.     MS.  tV 


("oiioilio  I'rovinci.il  Moxicano  IV.     JIS.   folio.  "J  vols. 

Conoilios   Provincial  s   Moxioaiios.      1',  2',   .'!',  y  t  ;   1.")")"),    ].")i!."'),    l.'iS.'i,    1771. 


iio  oii:;iiial 


M- 


i.iris,  1/ 


172.-);  .Ml 


tOO  ird.s.    lolio.   ,'i  vols.;  also  editions 
I7(i2,  177(». 


.M. 


r/o.); 


Coiido  y  (Jnuoiido  (I'raiicisoo  X.ivior),  Discrtaoion  liisti'irioa.    Mexico,  I 

2  \ids. 
Coiido  y  ()niioiid(j  (FraiK  isoo  Xavior),  Ohra  (Af 


larioion  i 


lo  Xnost 


(iu:idalii])o).     .M.- 


;  vols. 


Toiid'.' V  Pinoila.  (Fraiicisi:o),  Oraciou  Moral.      Moxioo,  ISOt). 


C.indi 


<lcl  It  al  As.-ionto  y  tVilnic.i  do  |ii'il\ 


M. 


nostra  .Soiioia  do 


I7'n.   fuli 


( 'oiidioioiios  y  SomMaiizas  do  los  Jlipulado.s  a  ooi  tos  iSJDy  21.    Madi  id,  1S21. 

Coadiiut  I  Ilegal  del  ininistoiio  do  Ilacicndi.     .Moxioo,  ISU. 

Co\i''jal'os  (F.  do  P.  Alonso  llili/,  do).  La  N'irtiiil  Veii^'ada.     ]\Iex.,  Isll  ;    |,;i 


Mt 


Ml 


18.-.;!. 


I.' inejo  ({'"lorentin),  Aciisaeioii.     Mexioo,  ISi;?. 

(,'ongi'oso  Constituyent.o  a  los  pueblos  dol  Jvstailo  I'o  Moxioo.     Tlaliian,  is;);), 

( 'oiii^l'o.so.     Soo  "  .SK 

(.'oiii|ui.stador  Aiic'iiiii 

( 


(Ml),  l^ola.  ion.     In  loazlialo-ta.  Col.  1),,,'.,  b 


'oiis.i^' (l''orniindo),  \'ii!a.  y  traba  jos  del  P.  .Vntoiiio  Toinpis.     |.Moxii'o,  17t!>.l 


^.OIISOJC 


v,o''encia  i 


lo  !•: 


'V' 


Indi. 


la  All 


also  .Mexico,  ISIO.   l',,li. 


spauola.    Ctdi/,  ISl  I ; 


( 


onsojos  ill 


1  I  .\nii..l,id.     Me 


is;!  I. 


Coiisorvador  (I'"il).     Mexico,  ls."(!>  et 


_onMoelai.'lono-<  ;  ohi'o 


.Ml 


IS4S. 


o  la  .Siliiaoioa  Polilica  y  social  do  la  IJojii'i 


Mo 


('oiisliturimi  |iolilica.  do  la  Moiiar(|ti(a  Ms]i;iriol;i.     Cildi/,  iSP. 
( 'onstilncion  Sai'iosancti  .V|ios(o!aliis,     .Sle\ico,  ISIS. 
Colistitlioional  (ill).      .Moxioo,   ISlt  et  i:oi(. 


I'oIHI  ilaoiolics  t\r  la  (  'oil' 


re  .Melon  v 


i: 


deC 


iristo. 


M. 


on  •titiiciiiiics  do   la  llial  Dideii  Aiiioricaua  do   isaliol  la  Catnlica.      .Madi 
hslU. 


xlii 


AuxnorjTiEs  quoted. 


J 


!i 


f'onstitiicioiics  E/lcsiasticic  ili.sputaniln3  propa^'andiffjuc  in  aula  rcgct  antiq, 

Mexico,  [IT'J'J.J 
Conatitiu-iiiiKs,  INj^'Iu  y  Cunstitnciones  quo  han  ilc  guardar  iuj  I^cliqiosaa  do 

lo.s  Coiivi'iitos  (le  Nuustra  Scfiora  do  la  Concejieion.     Mexico,  170.'^ 
CoiiKtiiiccioii  du la  iiiDiiarquia do  Espafia.     I'roiiiulyada on  Cadiz,  I'J do  .Marzo, 

ISl-i.     Mexico,  ISJO. 
Consiilta  del  (,'onsojo  Lxtraordinario  do  Castilla  al  Rey.     MS.  1707.  folio. 
ContoHtacioii  a  la  circular  quo  romitio  u  loa  Profesoroa  do  ^Icdicina.    Mojico, 

IS  10. 
Contcstacioii  ;i  la  cxposieion  que  !ian  prescntado  al  Roy  algunos  ex-diputado3 

do  America  resideiite.i  eii  Madrid.     Mexico,  LSilO. 
Coiite.stueiou  al  Articulo  infanuitorio  contra  la  Repiiblica  Mexicana.     Mexico, 

IH-JS. 
Coiiteatacioii  al  8nplenicnto  al  Xo.  21  ilcl  Cosniopolita.     Mexico,  IStl. 
Contcshu  ion  del  (Jura  du  la  Aldea  do  uu  "ueblo  do  Jalisco.     .San  Lui.s  Potosf, 

i8;',s 

Contestit    r  cncrahleCahildo  Mctropolitaiio  Alaa  dos  notasdol  Supremo 

(Joljier.  lia  14  del  corriento  lOncro.     Mexico,  1S47. 

Contcstacioii  Vicario  Capitular  do  Arzubispado  a  la  Circular  do  ID  do 

Mayo.     Mexico,  1847. 
Conte.stacion quo  ha  dadoal  Supicanoflobierno  la  AltaCorto  do  Jubticia. sobro 

el  Descoiiocimiciito  quo  D.  Lucas  Alamau  liaco  do  sus  Ministroa.    Aloxico, 

1S;54. 
Contostacioucs,  Coutinuacion  do  loa  documcntoa  relativosi'i  la  cesaciou  eu  sua 

funcioiics  del  Escmo  Ayuutanuento.     Mexico,  1S4I}. 
Contesticionos  eutro  el  Supremo  Cobienio  y  el  Escmo  Ayuutamiento.  ^Mexico, 

KS4;{. 
Contra  loa  cncmigos  del  Rcgimicnto  do  (irJcnes  militares.     ^lexico,  18'J1. 
Contra  las  Verdades  ■'iiiargas.     Mexico,  1.S21. 
Contra-Tiiinpo  (101).     Mexico,  ISlGetscq. 
Coiitreras  (.Jcjs.i  Mariano),  Las  (lar;nitiaa  Individualea  en  el  Dcpai'tamento  do 

Sau  Luia  Totosl.     Mexico,  1S41. 
Contreras  (Joso  I'eon),  Kl  Seiior  do  Ecatcpcc,  Lcyeuda  Ilistorica.     Mexico, 

1872. 
Contreras  (Rafael  ,S.),  Relacion  documeutada.     Tlalpam,  1820. 
Convenciou  Es[).u")ola,  Conteslaciou  a  la  niemoria  quo  sobro  ella  hizo  ]).  ,M. 

I'ayno.     Valencia,  ISoS. 
Convendraquo  Ins  juocea  de  los  Tribtmales  scan i)erpctuo3.    [Oajaca,  182(1.] 
Conveniencia  del  Tribunal  Mercauli!.     ^lexico,  1832. 
Convento  do  la  lOnearnacion,  Mandatos  do  los  Illiaoa  Arzobispos  do  Mexico 

il  laa  Religiosaa  del.     M.S. 
Convento  do  Xuestra  iSonura  del  I'ilar,  Relacion  historica  de  la  fuudacion, 

JNlcxico,  17'JI{. 
Convento  del  San  Geroiij'nio,  Rcgla  y  Constitucioncs.     Puebla,  1773. 
(.'unveiito  de  S.  Lorenzo,  IJ.egla  y  Constitvcionos.     Mexico,  1707. 
Conventos  do  la  Ciudad,  Pepresentaci'^'i.     Mexico,  KiOo.  4to. 
Conveision  de  la  Deuda  Esterior,  Estiacto  del  es|)ediente.     Mexico,  1840. 
Convite  ii  los  Catidicos  Americanos  couformo  a  lo  quo  Dioa  y  las  cortcs  exigen 

do  .su  fe.     ^lexico,  ISlt. 
C(mvocatoria,  Observaciones  Imparciales.     Mexico.  18(i7.  4to. 
Copia  del  ICspediento  forniad(j  a  pedimento  do  la  S^u  Anna  ^'^arla  do  Yracta 

y  ]SIicr,  etc.     MS. 
Ci)pia  de  la  Kepresentacion  al  Rey  Don  Fernando  VII.     Mexico,  1820. 
C.irdoba  (Tirso  Pafaell,  El  Sitio  ]>e  Puebla.     Puebla,  18G:1. 
(  oreal  (Francois),  Voyages  aux  Indes  Occidentales.    Paris,  1722.  2  vols;  Am- 
sterdam, 1722.  2  vols. 
Corona  Civica  ;i  los  lli'iius  del  2  <lo  Abril  de  1807,  Division  do  Opcracioncs 

.soliro  Yucatan.     Merida,  lS(i8. 
Comna  ( llamnn).  Manifcstacion  (pio  liaee,  d(!  su  conducta  observuda  eon  el 

General  Placido  ^'ega.     ilazatlun,  1803. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED, 


xliii 


roroiiail'i  (Est''vnti),  Manifcstacinu  suliru  sus  nci'ioiios.     Maziitlnn,  IS.'O. 
Corral  (Juan  Josi'^  del).  lirovu  ii'sufia  mAne  fl  cstutlo  de  la  Ihicii'iida  y  del 

Crcdito  riil)lic:().    Mix.,  lt>-lS;   I'ajiuaiciuu  du  los  pcrjuiciob  qiicha  causado 

al  Ihario.     Mcx.,  1H;}4. 
Corral  ( Luis  (jlonzuga  Gutierrez  del),  Sennou  hiatorico-apologutieo.     Puebla, 

i.s:}u. 

Correo  Atlaiitico  (El).     ^Mexico,  ISIJ.'t  et  txij. 

(,'orreo  do  J^spaua.     Mexioo,  IhJ-l  et  .so((. 

CoiTCO  dc  111  J'cderacion.     Mi.xico,  1  IS'J(i  et  .soq. 

(-'orreo  do  los  ^>i^os  (Kl).     Mexico,  ISIIJ  et  ^eq. 

Correo  Xaeional  (El).      Mexitto,  )M7  et  sei|. 

CoiTOo  Si'iiiaiiario  do  Mexico  por  el  peiisador  Mexicano.     Mexirn,  IS'Jfi. 

Cortazar  (Luis  tie),  iJocunientos  relativos  ti  la  eonducta  del  (Joliernador  do 

Guaiiajiiato.     Morelia,  1815!). 
Cnrtt'H  (Aiisehno),  I'royeeto  do  Pronto  Pago  de  la  deuda.     Mexico,  18.V2. 
Corti'ti  (He.  lan)  Aventuras  y  ('(UKjuistab  de  llernau  Cortds  en  !Mejico.     Bar- 

eclolia,  ;    10;  Mexico,  IS,').'!. 
Cortrs  (Iferi.aii)  Uricfe  dcs.     lleidellicr;.',  1770. 
(jjrtca  (Henian)  lirieven.     Amsterdam,  l7iS(J  1. 
Cortc.s  (llcrii:\u).  Carta  rl  8.  C.  C  .M.  acerca  do  los  repartimientos,  \~>42. 

Loudres,  liS.")-!. 
Corti'.s  (Ilcrnaii),  Carta  de  Pelacio.     Seville,  I.'rJ'J. 
Co'tcs  (Ilernan),  Carta  tercera  do  Pclacio.     ,">evillc,  lij23. 
Cortes  (H( man).  Cartas  y  Itelacione.-;  de  Hernan  Cortes  al  Empcrador  Carlos 

V.     Paris,  lS(i(J. 
Corti  s  (Henian),  He  Pcbiis  Ce.stis.     In  Ica/lialreta,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  i. 
Cortis  OIi'Hian),  Despatches  of  llern.inil;' Cortes.     \e\v  York,  1S43. 
Corti's  { Ilernan),  ICscritos  Sueltos.     .Mexico,  ].s71. 

Cortcs(  Hernan),  l'"ernan<liCort.'sii  vondem  Newen  Hispanien.  Augspui'g,  1,").")0. 
Cortes  (Ilernan),  Historia  de  Mejico.     Xneva  York,  IS'JS. 
Corics  (ilernani,  Historia  de  Nucva  Hspaua.   [l^iUteil  liy  Lorenzana.]  Mexico, 

1770. 
Cortes  'Hernan),   Inslruciion   dada  al   Licenciado,    lo.li.     In    Paclieeo  and 

Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  tom.  xiii. 
Cortes  (Hernan),  La  Preclara  NiU'rationo.     Venice,  1,"'J:2. 

(Jortes  illenuui).  La(|Uarta- Itelacion.   Toledo,  l."i'J.">.   [Dated  October  l."i,  l.VJL] 
Cortes  (Ilernan),  LeUirs  and  lUports  by  Cortes  and  other  Odicers  to  the 

I'mperor  and  Council.     In  Doc.   Ined.,   torn,    i.;   tom.  iv. ;   tom.   xxii.; 

Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  iJoc,  tonis.  v.,  xii.,  xiii.,  xiv. ;  Icazbalcetii, 

Col.  Doc,  tom.  i.;   Hist.   Piim.,  torn,  i.;   Panmsio,  tom.   iii.;  Pi'oaden- 

eyras,  liiblioteca,  tom.  xxii.;  Xavarretc  ( 'ol.  de  N'iages;  Kuigsborough's 

^lex.  Antii|.;  Alaman,  l)ioert;  Corles,  I'l.'^critos  Sneltos. 
Corti's  (Ilernan),  Oder  die  lanberung  viju  Mexiko.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Corti's  (Henum),  Ou  la  Coni|Ui';e  du  .M<xii|ue.     Paris.  ISU'I. 
Cortes  (Hernan),  Praeclara  de  \oua  maris  (Jceani  lly.-^pania  Xarratio  Xori:n- 

ber;_M.     n.pl.,  l.~i"J'J. 
Cortes  (Henian),  Kesidencia.     MS.   l.VJS.   folio. 
Cort.'s  (Hernan),  Tiio  Fifth  Letter  to  ( 'liarli  s  V.     London,  lS(i8. 
Cortes  (Hernan),  'J'res  .sacri'e  Iinperiale  et  catli"li(jue  mageste  liii  cstant  en  l.'i 

cite  de  Palace  euCastillc      .\nuei-s.  [I.">J_'.] 
Cortes  (Hernan)„  \'ervi>lg  der  liei.-in,  etc.     lu  Aa,  tonis.  x.,  xxviii. 
Cortes  (Hernan),  Von  dem  Xewcn  His]ianien.      ^\u;;-i|iuri:,  l."),")0. 
Cortes,   iiartyr,   et  al..    Do  Insvlis   nvj.i  r   in\i  litis  I'l     'inandi  Corte.'^ii  ad 

(.'arolum  V.     Xarrationcs  cum  alio  (piodam  I'elri  Nutrt.\ris.     n.pl.,  1. >;!_'. 
Cortes  de  llsjiana,  Actas  de  las  ( 'cirtcs  <  )i'ilinari.as.     (,'adi/,  [  ISLi.  |   "J  mi!.-;. 
Cortes  do   Espana,    Actiis    Publicas   de   la   Primera    Legislatura.     Madrid, 

lS-JO-1.   '2  V(ds. 
Cortes  de  l^sjiana,  Coleecion  de  Deeretos  y  Ordenes.      Mexico,  \S2',). 
Cortes  de  Espana,  Diario  dc  las  Actas  y  Diseusioues  de  las  CorteH.     }^ladi  id, 

PS'JtJetseip 


Ill 


I 


In 
lllllljl 


xliv 


AUTITOUITIES  QUOTED. 


C'l'irtrs  do  Espnfia,  Piaiii)  ilc  las  Disciisiinii's  y  Actaa  do  las.    Cadiz,  1  SI  1-1.1. 

Cortina,  I'lMiniuntim  IIi.5to''icos,  ivinado  do  Felipe  IV.  In  Doc.  Hist.  Mcx., 
yvr'u:  ii.,  1(1111.  iii. 

Cortina  (J.  (Joiiiiz  do  la).  Carta.  diri;,'ida  a  todon  los  Scfiorcs  editorcs.  M(  x., 
LSI.");  Caitd!alIis(MiiaI.  Mix.,'lMII;  Cartilla  ninml  niilitar.  Mox..ls:;;». 
JIox.,  1S|.');  Cartilla  social  (iliryvc.  instniocioii  soliro  losdorcchon.  Mix., 
].'ili();  Contostai'iou  ;l  l).\\'onoo--lai)  ,M])uclu'.  ^Irx.,  Is,",7;  CuiUostaiidU 
ii  la  ci'itica  dil  Scfmr  Cdiiina  |.si;;ni'd  ^loxicK.  1  do  Ji  nio  do  IS4!IJ.  npl., 
11. d.;  Coiitcstacioii  al  Sofuu-  1>.  J>.  Cnnto  (dated  A,l,'oh,'  >  1(1,  1S4!).  Mex., 
].S4'.t|;  (Viticii  solire  la  Mcdalla,  .lunio  1,  ISI!)  |.Mfx.,  vl'.l];  Diecidnai  io 
d(i  Sini'iiiiiiMis  Castcllaiiiis.  ^fex.,  1,S."I!;  ]'",is:iiiioii  Criti.'o  do  la.s  jiir/as 
liteiaiias.  Mex.,  Is;i7;  |  Ml  dia  4  del  jiri'seiito  iiies,  etc.,  i,i;.Mieil  'laenhaya 
'J.'i  do  Xmiemliro  do  ISI'.t. J  ,Mex.,  IS-ll);  Miisayo  do  una  .Sri.-inolo^ia  (Ll 
Vallo  do  ^Fexioo.  llaliaiia,  ls.")l);  La  callo  do  J).  ,1  nan  Manuel.  Mex., 
]s;j();  Li  Ldteria.  Mex.,  1SI4;  Xocinne.s  eleinentalea  do  lunnisniatica. 
!Mex.,  ISj;);  rruntuaiio  l)ipioinatiL'oy Consular.  Mox.,lt>.')ti;  Torieniutoa. 
:Mex.,  1810. 

Coruna  (Condo  de),  Carta  al  P.ey  [Aliril  1,  loSl].     In  0;rtas  do  Indias. 

Conviii  rrii(«n;is),  Speech  on  Mexican  War,  in  U.  S.  Seutito,  Feb.  11,  lS-17. 
Wasliiiigtoi),  1847. 

Corz()(A.  A.),  llcsonadu  Variossuccsos  do  Chiapas.     Mexico,  KS()7. 

CosniopoMta  (111).     Mexico,  1^^41  et  seq. 

Coiito  (1m  rnardi  \  Coiitestacioa  A  la  entica  del  Scfior  Cortina.  |Mex.,  l"^!!*!; 
I)('fon.-a  del  <  leiieral  ]).  l.idro  Uiyes.  ]\lex. ,  ISl,");  l!iido;,'o  .soljre  la  liLs- 
toria  do  la  I'lntura  en  Mexit-o.  Mex.,  1S7-;  Di-scurso  sobro  la  eonstilu- 
cion  do  lal^lesia.     Mex.,  1S.">7. 

v~"<:iv;idon;,'a,  ('on;;titiicioiies  do  )a  eongregacion  do  Xtra  Senora  con  el  tituludo 
do  Covadonga.      Mexico,  ]~S'). 

Covarrnbias  (.Inaii  DiazK  Obras  Conipletas.     ^lexieo,  ]S."){).   'J  vols. 

C(jv;urubia.s  (Motor),  Causa,  eilebro  inandada.  foniiar.     (^Uieretaro,  rvl7. 

Cox  (S.  S.),  Mexican  al!::ir.s.  Speeeli  in  U.  S.  House  of  Itep.,  March  U),  18G0. 
[Washinutnn,  ISdO.] 

Coxo  (Hichard  S.),  ' 'laims  on  :M.'\ico.     Xcw  Yoil;,  lf44. 

Coxo  (Itichard  S.),  Letter  to  Hon.  John  «.  ren.Uoton.  Claims  of  U.  S.  on 
ilexico.     'Washington,  1847. 

Coxo  (Kicliard  S.l,  lleviow  of  the  relati(<ns  between  the  L'.  S.  and  Mexico, 
Xow  York,  IStCt. 

Crespo  (rienito),  Memorial  ajtistrido.     ^Madrid,  17.'>S. 

Cietiiieau  (Jolv.T.),  Clemento  Xl\'.  y  los  .Icsuitas.  !Mex.,  1840;  Pefensa  do 
Clemen  to  "X IV.     Mex..  ls:iO. 

Creiixbanr  (lloliert),  Route  from  ( Inlf  of  Mexico  to  California.  XcwYork.  1S4!I. 

Croix  (Carlos  l''ranei.seo  de).  Ileal  Cedula,  Aliril  T),  17(14.  y  Julio  "27,  \~t'iS. 

Cro/icr  (J.  H.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  House  of  Itcp.,  Jan.  '21,  1S47.  AN'ashingtoii, 
1S47. 

Cruz  (La).     Mexico,  IS.'Metseq. 

<  'uarto  Trueiio  do  la  Libortad  en  Mexico.     ^Mexico,  1823. 

Cuatio  I'alabras  al  Senor  Clcneralisimo.     ^Mexico,  IS'J'J. 

Ciilia,  or  tlio  Policy  of  England,  Mexico,  and  Spain,  with  regard  to  that  Island. 


].,on<lon,  IS.'U). 


Cubi 


las  (.loaiiiiin) 


let). 


I8.M 


Vindioacion  quo  la  Audicncia  Territorial  do  Mexico.    Mox- 


CncnUu  (J.  S.),  La  \\'rite  sur  ^lirauion  et  les  Etats-Unis.    Xouvelle-Orleans, 

LSliO. 
Cuellar  (Jost''  T.  de),  Las  gcntcs  que  son  asi.     'Mex.,  1S7-;    Meinoria  do  la, 

Secretaria  do  la  eoinpania  Lanca.storiana  do  Mexico,    ^lex.,  18."i"_';  I'oesiay, 


Me 
rp. 


1S:p{) 


M. 


-Militar,  lloLrlamento. 


:\ie 


1840 


Cuesta  (  Inan  IUrdeg;d  do  la),  Cartilla  rriiotica  sobro  el  laboreo  de  las  minas. 


iMa 


d,  J  808. 


i!i 


i 


AUTIlOltlTIKS  orOTED. 


xh 


stion  A'  1  TMa  c'l  Xac- 


fds  iiiiilL's  V  su.s  Knnciluis 


■iH 


^rcNico.  rto.,  18.11. 


Ciif.-iiuii  iiii|MirtMiititiiiii;i  ii;)f;i 

Ciu'stion  ruiial  (I'll).     McxiLO, 

C'ut'\iis  (.1.  (K'  .U'siis),  ])is(iti 

jii-rio.    ()]insi.uli)  hiil)i 


hi  N, 
LsTl. 


IC'ldU 


M 


iMialKi. 


.Ml 


i.s;i:». 


,l.re  ]■ 


^'l•^l>^•!^■I•lU'^^ 


>!. 


\y--2:  y.\  h 


a  hitiiai.  ioii  lutiiiil.     Mc'X.,  1S{)4;  La  liiiniin'ac 


Mix.,  l.siid.     J^iiii  CoiiliscaiiuiKH  ni  Mvxii 


M. 


l>S(iS. 


Cui'vas  (.Iiisi'  Maria),  liiforiiu'  drl,  .•into  1;' .--ala  fl.l  'JVilmiial  SupiTiiio  hmIh- 
coiniictincia.     Mcx.,  1S()I ;  Jiiti)niii'  i|uc  lii/.o  il  l.kiiKiailo  '  n  il  luiiiti)  il 


a. 


ito  <lu  ]ii(iiliR'ttis  lie  !a  Mi 


Cufvas  (l.iii.s  (1.),  Jlxpi/sic'ioii  ilil  ix 


la  Lti/.     Mcx.,  iJvi. 
stni(|iu'  la  susi'iilio  SDlirc  las  ililVi 


cia.i  idii  I'raiiiia.     Jltx.,  IMJ'J;  Jl.siii'^  iiioii  cjiii'  tliii;,'i"  al  'I  rilniiial  Siiiaiiuo 


Bol 
su 


Ijio  la  coiK 


hut; 


I  f)ii(Ma 


1.    .Ml 


KstH  ;  I'oivi'i 


.lo  M. 


cxii'o  II  luiciii  si(liri) 


Ksta 


olituo  til 


IS-Jl  y  l!S.->!.     Mix.,  l.'..-)l.  .'{vols 


Cuevaa  Aj^uiriL'  y  Iv^iiiiiiJ.sa  (•lii:-i'iili  l''rani.'isi'o),  Extracto  ilu  los  .Viitus  dt-  dili- 
gciK-ia.s  y  ivconoiMiDiiiitoa  do  !(i.-i  ];io.s,  Liiguiias,  etc.,  ilo  la  capital  Mexicj 


Cnh 


y  bu 


Vallo.     Mexico,  ITiS.  f 


(i:.  ]). 


M" 


V.  S.  Ill 


of  R 


icp. 


-'0,  lfi47.  n.pl.,  II. d. 


C'uiiiiili<lo  (Igiiaoio),  Aiiclaciou  al  publico.     Mi'X.,  I.s40;  ( 'outf.'itai  ion  al  pre- 


en f.sor. 


Mcx.,  L-ll);  Dill 


del  Ir 


hi 


I  Jin 


Mcx.,  ISIO;  iiivitacioii  iiui 


lacc  d  nnpresor. 


Mcx.,  Ksl;);  -MauiiV.st.iciou  al  inihlico  ikl  i 


?i!cx.,  KSIil;  I'lcsciito  Aiiii.-<tr 
Curatos.  La.")  razoinH  o  iiicoavciiiciitc.- 


.M 


ex. 

1. 


IS.VJ. 


le  l:i 


•de 


eaiitcH  Sane 


to  J )( 


miiiigo,  etc. 


■s  <jue  lo.s  rellgiotids  ile  laH  enleiU'S  iiicilill- 
l;is  Troviiieias  de  la  \iu;v;i  j;>paiia,  -Mex- 


ico, ( Guatemala,  y  Jalisco.     .Ms.  I'olio 
Tiiria  I'ihpica  Mcjicaiia,  ()l)ra(  'oiiiplcta  de  ri'iietici  FoiviL-ic.    Paris,  etc.,  IS.'iS. 
Cliyado  (Xorl)crto  Perez),   Di.scrtacioii  subre  l.i  Natui'a  eza  y  Jaiiiitcs  de  la 

Autoridad  JM'lesiastica.     .Mexico,  l.SJ."). 


Pa-uall  (Tolin  M.),  The  Mcxii 


New  York,  1SG8. 


l)'A-iiesseaii  (I'hiriipic  F.),  lii^titucioiies  subre  el  dereclio  publico.     ^Ii 

isi;j. 

l>a!e  I  It.),  Xotcs  oil  an  exenrsiou  to  the  Istliimis  of  Teliuaiiti'pi'c.     ].o! 

IS.-)  I. 
Dallas  (( ;.  >[.),  Letter  on  tlic  Mexican  Treaty.     Pliiladelpjiia.  IMD. 
])altoii  (William),  Stories  of  the  ('oiii|iicst.s  of  Mexico  and  L'cru.  London, 
l);aidolo  (Coiide),  I'ratado  sobrc  la  ciia  de  unsaiuiti  dc  t;eda.      Mexico,  Ls;iO. 
Da 
Dat 


id  (1.  M.),  llistoria  lie  Maria  l^-i'iuardo.     Mexico,  lS.>lt.  2  vols. 


o:i  l.io';ra 


licii.s.     ]ii  ( 'arta.s  de  li 


Daurico  (.Maron),  Cartas  ;i,  sobrc  la  variacioii  dc  niuv^tro .si.steina  (liibeniativo. 


Ml 


l; 


l»;ivalot)  (l)ibiaiio),  Kl  (ieiicral  ;i  las  LcLrislaturas.      Puerto  dc  la  Paz,  lS(i(). 


Da 


Cl 


(I'l  rii;iiido  Antonio),  i)xpiioicioa   del  diputado   por  la  Proviiicia  do 


iiapa. 


Madrid,  KSJl 


Davila  (<  lildoiizale;),  Teatro  I'lclesiiistici 


Priiiiitiva  I^li 


de  las  Iiidiaa 


Occidcntalcs.     Ma 


il,  1G19-.T).  '2  vols,  li 


Davila  (.!...-..■  Ml 


iriaiii 


i),  llefiitacioii  do   la.H  rell 


e.MiiUi  s  iiuilicas. 


M. 


Jtilvi 


•liil 


laii  (iiilierrez) 


Ml 


torio  <lc  la  ciudad  de  Mi 


i.S  llist. 
Mixi 


jU'O, 


is:! 


ericas  (Ic  l:i  eoii;iie;;acion  ( 


le   la 


17;>il.  folio. 


Davila  (liiliaii  ( lutierrez),  LI  sabiocon  i  1  cor.a/oii  en  la  dicstia.     Mexico,  17-7. 


A'ida,  y  \'irtude;i  de  el  Siervc 


Di 


yu 


d,  17-Jlt. 


Davila  (Rafael),  Ali^ 

Carta   del   llcy  cspi 


ior;i,  sc  (iii'iiiali  les    fuegos  u   .si'.i  defeiisa. 


M 


ex., 


IS-J 


.1  al   -(  b.   Mix.     Mix.,    l.S-JJ;    C,in1ra   del   Senor 
Ciierrero.     Mex.,   !^ilIl);    ]^1  jato   iscondido  y   l;i   cola,  de  fiiera.     Me\. 
]S"_'-;    ]A  Toro.      ]>iulo;-;'os   criticos-ioceseiio; 


Ml 


is:;(),  is;vj;    La 


cxco'.nunion.    Mex..lSL*_';    ].a  vcrdad  aliiaivn.     Mex.,  lS-JO-1 ;    1/ 


:nii  la  lev.     Mex.,  IS-J'J 


ulados  ilibiiiii  niorir  se; 

rjiic  <|Ui.-<ieran  ver  (jucniada 

al  gobienio  contr.i  el  C,  Mex.,  Is-J-J;  Kepreseiit! 

indieiido  la  rcfi 


ijiit- 


aiKs. 


Iiesaii  lioiuhrc.s 


lo.i  fraile^ 


Mix.,  IS'JO;  liepresentacioii  de  los  frailes 

S.  M.  A. 
c  nil  iiriio- 


icion  iiiie  liaci!  ;i 


M( 


ISL'J;  J! 


^ta  d 


rantc.    Mcx.,  1S"J-';  Kcspnestas  y  cuentus  para  el  C.  Diivila.    Mex.,  ISJ 


xlvi 


AUTIIOniTIES  QUOTED. 


"i      i 


h  Pll 


Si>  van  ;i  ruiitnr  los  frail<':*  por  danosos  nl  K.stailo.     Mcx.,  1>>'2'2;  Sovcr;* 

ri'iuviisiuii  ilc'l  iiapol.      Mix.,    IS'J'J.    tSolicitiul  <lo   iiii  ciinladaiio  \<nv  l:v 

lihortail  dv.     Mi'X.,  IS'JO;  \'ai'ias  |iri'giiiitas  iiii|nirtaiitis  >iiA)\v  las  lu^as 

(k'l  (lia.     >[ex.,  IS'Jl;    Taller  de  Coheteria,   Dialoyos  oiiticti-aloLicn-ird.-i. 

Mox.,  1S-J7. 
Pavis  (( larn-tt),  Spoocli  on  Bill  making  provision  for  appointment  of  additional 

oliioiTs,  I'Vl).  •_'(),  1.S47.     Wasliinuton,  1S47. 
I'avis  ((iarrott),  Spi'ccli  on  Mexican  War,  Ih'c.  184(5.      Washini^tnn,  ISKl. 
l)ayton,  Spcciiion  tin;  A\'ar  with  Mcxii'o,  April  1 1,  1S4S.     \\'asliin,L;ton.  T'^l'^. 
l)o  lU'i-cy  (l)roiiin)>  I/l''uvopo  vt  r.\nii'i'i(]uo  <'(Miiparri's.     I'aris,  ISIS.  "J  vul-*. 
Docri'to  de  las  ('ui't<.'S  solnv  arrcglo  do  Tribnnalus.     Mexico,  ISI.'J, 
l)eereto(Ul  Key,  Uniendo  a  las  eineoSeeretanaslosne^'ocioslvspectivos  a  eada 

])epartjiniento  on  las  Iiidiaa.     Mexico,  171H).  folio. 
Decreto  Ileal  sobre  la  re.s|!onsil)ilidad  do  los.Iuoces,  etc.     Mexico,  IS'JO. 
Decretos  do  Parte.      Mexico,  lSOl-1 1.      MS.   folio. 
l)ofensa  Canonicapor  laa  provinciaa  dc  la  Compauia  do  Jesus.     In  Dieznios  do 

Indias. 
r>efen.-ia  de  la  aousacion  liocha  on  la  Glniara  dc  Diputados  contra  el  Mini.^-tro 

de  la  (Jucrra.     Mexico,  IS.'Jl. 
Defensa  de  la  verdad  eonsaj,'rada  a  la  luz  <lo  la  jiusticia.    [Madrid,  17">0.  ]  folio. 
])efensa  do  los  Americanos  contra  cl  (Hio  im])UL;n('>.     I'uelda,  IS'JO. 
Dofensa  do  los  liienes  do  la  Ij^lcsia  ( 'atulica  A]io.stolica  Itomana.     Mexico,  1 S-J7. 
Deleiisa  do  los  iMiipleados  ()axa((Uenos.     Oaxaca,  IS.S.'J. 
Pefeusa  d(  1  ratrimonio  de  .Tesncristo.     Mi>xico,  IS'JO. 
Defensa  Juridica  y  Meritos  de  Jiisticia.     Mexico,  17-0.   folio. 
Defensor  do  la  Inteicridad  Nat'ional.     Mexico,  1S44  et  sc(p 
Defensor  <lo  las  ].,eyes.     Mexico,  ]S;{7. 
Dc;,'ucvara  (.liian),  I'roceso  eonira.     MS.   1000. 

Delano  (Colmnlms),  Speech  in  U.  S.  House  of  Uep.,  May  IS,  1S4('5.  n.pl..  n.d. 
Di'lniotte  (.Tosi^  Mariano),  Vanios  ;i  i(!volverlo  todo.      ^Icxico,  IS:.':;. 
Demostracion  del  Juliilo  de  los  (lefes  on  Zaiiotlan.     (inadali  jara,  IS'JO.    fiili,>. 
Deniostracion  de  los  Tcnninos  on  (pie  lia  Ohtcnido  la  reuta  del  Tahaco  una 

jilant.a  general,  4  tlo  l)iciend>re  do  ISKi.     Mexico,  1S4(!. 
])eius  (I'erdinand),  Arte  I'lumaria.     I'aris,  1S7.">. 

])(•  PaLtes,  Travels rtmnd  the  world  in  17(17-71.     London,  ]~[)^.   .T  vols. 
Derecho  (I'^l).  IVi'ltWlico  dedurisprudencia  y  he^islacion.    Mexico,  1S7I.   f<dio, 
Dercclio  do  ( 'onsunio,  Iteiilaniento.     Mexico,  IS4"J. 
Derecho  del  puehlo  Mexieano  jiar.i  eliirir  eniperad(n'.     Mexico,  IS'JI. 
Derecho  I'ulilico  Kclesiastico,  A]Mintamientos.     Mcx.,  lSJi7;  Varias  Oliscrva- 

cioiies  contra  nn  0]ii'isciilo  litulado.     Mexico.  1S,')7. 
Derroteio  ])ara  la  Nave!,'acion  de  los  I'uertos  de  Mspafiaa  los  de  America.     M.S. 
Desliordcliers,  Moral  militar.      Matanioros,  1870. 

])escalona  (IV.  Alonso),  I'eticioniila  Ileal  .Vudicucia,  Julio,  ICi,  l,")70.  MS.  folio. 
DcicriiK'ion  del  iirliol  de  la  ecra.      Mexico,  ISItl,   4to. 
]  >escri]icion  do  las  liestas  celebradas  en  la  Imperial  Corte  do  Mexico.     Mexico, 

17'.l(>.  4to. 
Dospojo  de  los  Mcncs  do  las  Ii;lesias.     Mexico,  IS47. 
])iali>i,'os  criticos  sohre  diferentes  asnntos.     MS.  [I78"J.] 
Diario  do  Avisos,     ^lexico,  I8.")(l  et  seep 
Diario  esaotisinio  de  lo  ociirrido  on  ^lexico  en  los  tlia.s  de  sn  invasion  por 

(ienoral  Scot.      Mexico,  1847.      MS.   folio. 
Diario  Moi'cantil  de  ^'era  t'ruz.     ^'era  ("ruz,  1807  et  scq. 
])iario  Oticial  del  (loliierno.     Mijico,  IS,");}  et  seq. 

Diaz  (P.ernardo  Antonio  (ionzales),  Sermon.  "J  de  .Aj^osto  de  1810.   Mexico,  1810. 
Diaz  (-liili.  'J'hirso),  Pajiel  sobre  el  vcrdadero  modo  de  bencliciar  a  los  'S'ndios, 

Mexico,  1770.     MS. 
l)ia/.  del  Castillo  (liornal),  ITistoria  Verdadera  dc  la  Conquista  de  la  Xueva- 

RsiJana.     Madrid,  Ki.'VJ.  4to;  I'aris,  I8:!7. 
Diaz  del  (.'astillo  (Bernal),  Memoirs  on  Conquest  of  Mexico,     London,  1844. 
'2  vols. 


AUT!U)nn'ii:s  oroTKP. 


xl 


vu 


ICt)    UlUl 


Diaz  lid  rns*il1o  (r.oriia^,  Tlic  tnn'  histmy  of  tlio  rmninoat  of  Muxioo.     I. 


on- 


(Ion.   I  SOU;  .Salfiii,  iMI.t. 


.1^ 


]iia/ ili'l  ( '.istillo  (I'xruali,  \  riiili(iiit'  Histoiic  ilc  la  ooiiiiur'to  ilo  la  Noiivi'lle- 


Kspa'.'iK'.     I'arn,  l.sT 


.Is 


]>iaz  Cilvillo  (1.    !'>.),   Si'inioii  (|in.'  cii  v\  AniviTsario  Soli'iiiiic  ilc  (Jracias  ;i 

Maiia  Santisiiiia.     Mexico,  ISll. 
Dickinson  (I».  S,),  Accinisition  of  TiTiitory.    Siu-tch  in  I'.  S.  Sonato,  Jan.  I'J, 

IS  IS.     Wasliiii'.'ton,  ISIS. 
1  >i^•tilllo^^^n),  !mi  .Mrxii'oconfuiiilii'iKloii  los  jiartidos  ]ioljti('os.    ^Fcxico,  IS.');t. 


Dii'taniiMi  di'  la( 


(Illusion  uc  ncL^ocios  I 


lo  nlti 


)iro\  iiiiias.     Ma<lriil,  ls'21. 


raniar.sobii.'  iiolilat'ioni'sikMiiiiii ihus 


lla 


tlclinitivo  lie  1 


]>ictaiin'n   i\e   la  Coinisinn  t'clcs<i,istica  iMK'arj,'a<la.  t'tl  aiii' 

cliTo  do  i;s]iai'ia.     Madrid,  ISJIt. 
])ict:iiiii'n  seine  I'lJnranionto  do  I'idt'lidadnllluiH-rio  Mcxii'ano.    Mexico.  IS'Jl. 
1  )ictaiiu'n«.'S  do  varioa  iiliogados  sobro  cl  fallo,  niina  do  San  C'lonionto.    Moyioo, 

KS4i». 
Difz  do  la  ("alio  (Juanl     See  rallo, 
]>ii'/  do  Sollano  (.loso  ^tal•ia),  Aranifostacion  (pio  Ii;ii'o  do  In  oomlncta  quo  Iia 

^nijiidailc).    ,\iox.,  ls,')7;  Nooionos  solii'o  1:1  disoiiiliiui  ecles.    Mox.,  ls,")7; 

1"iioolocio:i  do  iinaoulata  oouooiKion.      Mox.,  ISt'.t. 
Pio/iiios  do  Indias,  A  oolU'otion. 
l>ii:iiitlad  I'-iii-soopal,  Al.  roy  niu'.stni  Sonor  Satisfaooion  al  nioniorial,  Coniiiania 


ilol  iioiulpi-o  ilo 


|)i< 


I'uol.la,  1  •;.■>•_>.   foli 


Dillon  (.v.),  Iiiantis  lie  rifistoiro  dii  Moxi(|iio.     Paris,  IS'2'J. 

Dilwortli,  ('oiKini'st  of  Moxioo  l.y  lloriian  ( 'ortoa.     n.jd.,  n.d. 

l<i|>iit:iiion  Aiiioiicana,  Jvoinosintacion  a  la.s  Cortes,  1 '  do  A^osto  do  ISIl. 


M. 


IS-J(». 


])ipiit,icioii  Mijioana,   Pajn'l   (juo   la  Diimtaoion   Mojioana  diriijo.      Madrid, 

IS'.'.'..  4 to. 
]>i[.nt;id(.s,  SoniManzas  do  los  niputad(.a  ;i  Cortes  on  la  Ivopulilica  do  Moxioo. 


isourso  on  Ik. nor  i 


ilo  las  l.oiiitas.      Moxiro,  IS'Jl. 


isoiir.<(>  qno  I 


k; 


iiioriiiiiior 


del  !\stado  dijo  al  CoiiLfreso.     (iiiadalajara,  ISIU, 


Disoiirsos  (.'iontilioos,  A  oollootioii 

Disortai'ion  contra  la  'I'oloraiicia  Koli'_;iosa.      Mcjioo,  |S,'!,T, 


]);sortacion  .sol.ro  la  rostitucioii  Ai.-  los  1. 


oclcsi:istioos.      Moirico,  IS.TS. 


])isiM 


I'S  IcLTalos  V  otras  docnnicntos,  I'roliii.icion  d 


ls:,o. 


o  iiinir'sos.     Mexico, 


Distiirl.iin  do  Fraik's,  A  collect i(.n  of  Docninent.s,  MSS.,  and  print.  'J  vols. 

liix  (.1.  A.).  I'ro]ioscd  occni.atioii  of  Yucatan.  Siieocii  in  l'.  S.  SiMiato,  May 
17,  KS4S.     Wasliinu;ton,  IS4S. 

Dix  (.1.  A.),  The  War  with  Mexico.  Speech  in  U.  S.  Senate,  .Ian.  '_>(!,  1S4S. 
\\'asliini;ton,  1S4S. 

Dolili.s  (.\rt!iur).  Account  of  the  countries  atljoininij  to  Hudson "s  I'.ay.  Lon- 
don. 1744. 

l)ociinientos  rolativoa  al  ultimatum,  Contiuuanios.     Me\ii>o,  is;i7. 

Docuiiieiitos  DipK.luaticos  )ire.sentados  por  el  (lol.ieilio  Jvs|aiiol  al  Seliado. 
Mexico,   IS(i;i. 

])ocnnii  lit  OS  llisti'iricoa  Mexicanc.s,  A  collection  of  lifteen  MS.  Treatises,   folii.' 

l)ocui)u'litos  Import ;:nte.s,  l''lecciones  en  Tohica.      Mexico,  IS'Jti. 

Doeuinentos  iiiteice|ilado.s  en  la  liarr.i  <le  T.impico.     Vera  (.'rii/,  IS.'.S. 

Docunientos  .liistilicativos  (pie  so  citan.     Mexic(.,  ls;V,(. 

llociiinentos  MexicaiK.s.  Hacienda.      A  collection. 

Docuiiientoa  para  la  llistoria  do  .Mexico.  Mexico,  lS,".;>-7.  "20  vols,  4  series. 
Serie  iii.  in  folio  and  in  four  j.arts. 

l)ociinieMtos  relativos  a  la  sublevaciou  del  <  ioneral  Don  .luan  Alvarez.  .Mex- 
ico, ls;{,"). 

Docuniontoa  rolativoa  al  decreto  sobrc  Provision  do  laa  ^lagistruturaa.  Mex- 
ico. |S4ti. 

Docunientos  sobre  Mexico,  A  collcetiou. 


xlviii 


AUTIIORITIKS  QUOTED. 


li!  nil 

ili 


T>ciiii(ii('rli  (r,!ninn!m'.'l),  llistiiri' <lii  >r'>\iijn('.     ]\iiiH,  ISO^^.  .f  vols. 

l)iiiiii!icili  (  I!iiiim;imu<.'1),  I.c  MrNi(iu(!  tc'l  ipi  il  rst.     I'ati.-t.  1807. 

]>iiiiniii'ili  |.(.  I'.iss  iiiijil,  J.u  Mo.iiiU' ct  l:i  MdiKircliii'.     Mexico,  ISGG. 

l>iiini'iu'(li  (  F.  l'iiss;iiii;i),  ].'J'Jii|iir('  M(':;it'.iiii.     Mexico,  lSG(i. 

lioiiiiiii;((  ilo  los  Ninos  (i;i).      Mcxiio,  1;->.")I. 

I)iiiiiiii'_'ii;il  ( JiiiiiO,  A  icjMiit  of  iiiilitarv  operations  to  ("iciiiTal  ,T.  M.  Calileron, 

.liilc.l  lUr. 'Jl,  lS-_'2fts(Mi.     [Mcxic..,  l.vJJ.l     .MS. 
l>iiiiiiii;^'iii'/.  Carta  ;i  J\Ii]i('  II.     In  Col.  hoc.  linil.,  toni.  i. 
]  )i'iniiiLriiiz  (iii.-iii),  llsposicioii  ))ri'Mriitaila  ill  ri-csiilciiti'.      .Mc^xico,  1S,^0. 
])oiiiiii;,'ii('Z  (.hiaii),  I'arto  Olicial  do  Lv  (Icl'cii.sa  <lc  .lalajia,  J^ic.  'Jl   ilo   IS'2'2. 

.lalaia,  IS'J'J.      MS. 
l)oiiiiiiL'\u'Z  (luaii),  Seguiida  iinpugnueion  al  plan  do  lo.s  Republicanos  do  A'ciu 

Cruz,  ISj;{. 
PoiiiiiiLrnc/  (.liian  Francisco),  Aitolocfla   dc   la   r)iviiia   I'rovidciicia.     ^Fcx., 

IS'.'S;  ]',iciiV('iituran/as)  d'l  Saiiti.-^imo  I'atriarca.     Mcx.,  KSOJi;  Voces  do 

la  Alma.     Mcx.,  1S0(5. 
Doiiiiiiartin  (  M.  If.  dii  l'asi|uicr  d(<),  Lcs  Ktat.s-Uiiisct  Ic  Mcxiijiie.    I'ari.s,  IS.'il.'. 
])oimavaii  (('.),  Adventures  in  Mexico.     15oston,  1S18. 
])oriM,  Carta  al  lley.     In  Col  l)oc.  luiil.,  toin.  ii. 
]>ii.4  ]  alaliras  ssulire  la  Husiicnsiou  f^eneral  do  ji.'i'.'os.      ^Icxioo,  184G. 
IVi.i  lia/.oncitas  ill  <  iencralisinio  Alniirante.     Mexico,  1S'J2. 
Dou-las   (S.    A.),  Speecli  ou  Mexican  \Var,   in   U.   S.  Senate,  Feb.  1,   1S4S, 

Wasliin,TtoM,  ISiS. 
I)ovnll(^  ((ionzalo),  Iiifirmacion  do  log  servicios  do  Adelantado  Itodrigo  do 

liastidas.     ]u  r-.clieco  and  (^'iirdenas.  Col.  Doc,  toni.  ii. 
I>rania.s,  A  collection.     Mexico,  l;i.'!S.     MS. 
Dryden  (.lolm).  The  Indian  l]niperour.     Lomlon,  1(J!)1». 
Dul'oi.i  (i;.),  1,0  Me\i(|ue.     Itouen,  ISOt. 
1  li'.Iiour:,' (Cleniente),  lufornie.     Mexico,  ITI**.  f"!io. 

Ducr,  Speech  in  I'.  S.  H.niso  of  Ivcp.,  Fel).   11,  IS^S.      Wasliin^ton,  1848. 
Dui. liar  I  I'.dward  1].),  Tlie  Mexican  I'apers.      Xew  York,  I'^dO. 
])up()it  (St  Clair),  Do  la  production  iles  nutaux  preeiouxau  Moxi(j^uo.     I'aris, 

184,!. 
Dupre.-s;iir  (Charles),  Causas  cele'ires.     Mexico,  lS."i,'i. 
1  UI'iiumIc  I'lscalona.     Defousu,     MS,  Itil'J,  folio, 
I.furaa  (|)ie!;o),  Ilistoria  de  las  Indian  ilc  \ueva  I'.sp.'ina.     Mexico,  LIS,"!,    MS. 

folio,   .'{vols.;   also  edition  Mexico,  IStiT, 
Duvirnois  (Clement),  Uber  die  Frani;iisisclic  Interv<'ntiou  in  ^Mexico,     Stutt- 
gart,  1870. 

Ecliensraray,  Apuntacioncs  para  ru  defensa,     Ouanajnato,  ISOl. 

Eclic velar  (.loachin  de).  Questioner  sobro  la  lleyla  tie  \.  S.  1*.  S,  Franci;:co. 

MS.     /acatcca.s. 
Kclieverrfa  (.biscjih  Mlleg.isde),  Colloipiia  ticrno  y  la.stiniosos  aj'cs  do  America. 

Mexico,  178(J. 
I'k'lieverria.  (I'ascasio),  I'rospecto  para  la  fabricacion  d';  Porcelana  y  Loza. 

^lexico,  ISM. 
Eclieverrui  (!'.  l'.),  y  A.  P.  Mota,  El  Senor  Diputado  al  Congreso.     Mexico, 

18(11. 
Echcverria  y  Veitia  (Mariano  IVrnandez  de),  Docunientos  relativoa  al  tunnilto 

de  l(ii24.     Jn  Doe.  Hist.  Mex.,  scrio  ii.,  tonis.  ii.  iii. 
Eco  de  Fspana.     .Mexico,  lS,"'i;>-4. 
Eco  ilispanio-Ameriiano  (l'",l).     I'aris,  1S54  et  .seq. 
Eco  Xiicionai.     .Mexico,  18,')7-S. 

Econotnia  politico  en  Mexico,     n.pl.,  n.d.     I'ucbla,  1841. 
l^dicio  del  I'residcnte  y  Cabildo  5letropolitano  (joberuador  del  Arzobispado, 

Mexico.  ls:;()aiul  Is;!'.'. 
Editores  del  Tiempo,  Ea  Folitica.     Mexico,  1S40. 
Eggleston  and  Scclye,  Montezuma  and  tho  Conquest  of  Mexico.    Ifew  York, 

ISSO. 


Al'TIIOniTIES  QUOTF.D. 


xlix 


r.i.'lolT-'ti  in  'F.  W.  Vciil.  r'imtriliiitii)iis  to  the  Geology  and  Plij-sicnl  Ocogrnphy 

of  Mi'xi<t>.     Niw  VorL,  l!S(J4. 
]Cg\ii,i  (Jusi''  .loiKjuin  lie),  Mciiioiia  H<jl)ri!  lii  titilidad  do  lii  Miucria.     ^foxico, 

l.M!). 
]''guia  y  .Muro  (.Foa'piin  Tio).  l'ul'lioa^^  Pcinostnu'ionoa.     Mexico,  inl. 
Jiguiaia  y  Kgiiicii  (.T.  J.),  I'lilpliotlicca  Mexionim.     Mex.,  IT.Vi;  Kl  inonstnio 

dc  L'l  S;iiiliil,icl.     Mix.,  17H;  ViJa  del  I'adio  Don  Pedro  do  Arellano  y 

Sossa.     Mex.,  17.'>'>. 
I'l:!!!!:!,-.  (Liii^t  till,  Iv-^i'iidade  San  Ferniindo.    Mexico,  lS,"i4. 
]v_'iii/;dc  (Sevcvino),  (",irt;i  escrita  por  iin  regiiicola.     Mexii-o,  17">0. 
J!in  iiiis/iii;  ettlichii'  sciulliricll'  ileiii  allcr  durLlileuchtigistcii  gmssuieclitigiate 

I'm-ti  n.     NiiniilMig,  ITi'JO. 
lljiTiilii  liii|icii:d,  I»i\i>;is.      Mexico,  IS'Jl. 
Kjidcs  lie  Mcxio,  Autiis.     .MS.     Mexico.  I(i82. 
ideiii'in  dc  f'('iiipr(iiiii>;irioH.     (  Mex.  |,  IS'JO. 
I'lKctnri  s  (|iu'  liMii  sid.i  iKHiilinidcis.      .Mexico,  IS'JO, 
Kliinciitm  i\i-  ( ieiigiiit'ia  ('i\il.      ^lexico,  l,Sl.">. 
]-;i;4ilii'i)  |.Iii.;('  liilaiiu).  .Mi'Liato.      Mejico,  hS.'iT. 
i;ilii'.\ar  (I'austo  dc),  liul:iyacioiies  solire  la  Anioucducion  cn  X.  E.    Madrid, 

isis. 

Flizji"a  ([^oreii/.o).  ]]iis:iycis  PdliticiKS.     Mexico,  1S()7. 

Kloniiiia  (( '.  FraiieiscoJ,  Idea  Sucinta  del  proceso  por  goliicrno  cn  Purango. 

Z;ic:itec;i'<.  lS,'il. 
Elorza  y  Uiida  {Francisco  de),  Nobilario  do  el  Vallc  do  la  Valdorba.     I'ain- 

l.lo'im,  171 1. 
Elton  (.).  .).),  With  the  I'rciieh  in  Mexico.     I'liil.idelplua,  1^(17. 
];i  r.iii|  criiil.ir  Niipoleoii  lit.  y  la  liiu'la  terra.     Mexiio.  I.s.'jS. 
lliiier.s  .11  (!;iil|ili).  .\iiiiiiiL,'  Laws  of  Spain  and  Mexico.      San  Francisco,  1S(!4. 
I'lnpcr.idor  (1,1)  Sostieno  lo  ipic  dice  este  |ia))cl.     Mexico,  IS'J,'!. 
I'inipresa  del  Tabaco,  C'ontestaeion  a  la  replica  dc  los  Srea  Lebrija  \  IJarrcra. 

Me.'.ico,  l.SH. 
Ihnprcsarios  (los)  do   l";cbricas  nacionales  dc  Iiilados  y  tegidoa   do  algodon. 

Mexico,  IHK). 
I'nriil.ipi dia  Poine.stiea.      Mejico,  IS.",*)--!.  'J  vols. 
I'lneiMia,  (.lu;m  dc  la),  I'aivdiienes  do  los  I'crros.     [Mexico,  18i!().] 
Eui-inas  (( 'oiiceneion),  \'indicacion.     (Jiiad.,  1S4,'!. 
Enfcrniedail  del  dia.     Mexieo,  IS20. 
lai,''  1.  r.>s;d  (jiiand  it  coninient  rAnu'rinue  a-t-clle  iH6  peuplec,    Amsterdam, 

]!nri  I  le.'.  I.\;ia),  i'ro:'i'So  y  cansa  criminal  contra.      MS.   U'A'2. 

Fnrii|i;c;;  (.M:;rliii),  Carta.  ;d  Key.     In  Cartas  de  Indias. 

Kusaladilla  di.spucsta  y  sasc):;ada  por  dos  yngcniosdo  esta  cortc.     ^IS.     [Mcx- 

ico|,  II. d. 
Erario  Xacional,  aiuncnlado  con  bcneruio  di'  ^Iiidios.     Mexico,  IS'J'J. 
]'h-asmi  (Fi-ancisci),  (aunei.scliir  nnd  Aniiiicani.sclK'r  I'ilnnien-l'usch.     Niini- 

beru'.  Hi.)!). 
Erra/u  (jlauion  de),  Contestation  a  las  Esposicioncs,  Estado  dc  Zac  «,icin.-„ 

Mixi.-o,  l,s(i'J. 
I'.rndita,  contra  los  iiisui-j,'entes.     ^[''xico,  ISIO. 

FscOadal  If:n. ),  Maniiicsloijucsobre  la  caiiilidacion  de  Tamjiico.  Mexico,  IS.'l'J. 
Escilanfc  (Man.  ]).),  Al  l'ublict>.  Fci>.  10,  l,So7.     n.pl.,  ii.d. 
Escalir  I  ( llvaristojy  ManueUl.  J^lana,  Mejico  Jlistorico-J)escriplivo.    Madiid, 

Is.il'. 
I'scaloua  y  Catayud  (.Iiian  .Tosepli),  Testiniouio  relativo.     n.pl.,  n.tl. 
Escandon  (Manuel),  JircM"  Ivxposicion  sobre  eaniinotle  I'ierro  cntro  VoraCruz 

y  ^li'xico.      ,Mcx.,  ISoS;     Segiinda  I'lxposicion.     Mux.,  1801. 
Escarmicnto  y  disengano  tlo  Insurgeutcs.     Uaxaca,  1811. 
Fscepcion  para  los  coyotes.     Mexico,  IS'Jl). 
llscesi  s  ])el  (lobierno.     [  .Nb'xico,  bS'J!.  | 
Faclavos,  Consiitucion  tie  la  Congiogacion.     Mijxico,  1842. 
Uisr.  Mes.,  Vol.  1.    i 


AUTIIOniTIES  QUOTKD. 


Rsrliivrw,  rt'i'il  rrdtilii  fioliro  l;i  I'Milciicion.     ^fiAic'i.  ISIO. 

Kscl.iVdS  ( 'lie  lien  >.-i,  ( 'iPlistitUciciii  ilc  Ins.      .Nroxicii,  iNj.'i. 

Ksidliiir  (Alnnso  ill'),  Aucmiiit  i>f  lln'  liroviiico  of  Wtii  I'liz.     In  Loud,  ficog, 

S(vi'.,  .Iciimiiil. 
KscdIi.M' (  liiscpli  Siii'ii/.  ill),  IJrcvo,  tnitiiilo  ilo  Lis  luii-i  ]>rtiu  ipalcd  ordunauzaa 

ill'  MiiiJis.     MS.   n.].!.,  I7()(i. 
Kscolijir  (Miiiiiicl  di'i,  \  rnliiil  Kidi'xn.     ^ri'xirn,  1703. 
Ksfoliiii'  (I'riiiv)  Xtiiiit'Z  di'),  Cartji  ti  Fulipo  I,    Jii    I'iu'lioco  iUid  Cardiiia.^, 

( 'ill.  1  'ill'.,  liiin.  \i. 
KMriiliiilii  ( IViliii),  Ciirona  rrmi.'lirc  del.     [Mr\ico,  IStt.] 
J'l.-iiiiinni/ (liian  ill'),  .Mixun  Cuniniiytadii.     .Maiiiid,  IT'.'S. 
Ksfoiva  J' EsL'iilaiili!  (I'l'dro  di'),  ilaziin  de  la  iSuittencia  dcfinitivn.     Mrxico, 

1714. 
l!:si'(i.'iiira  (I'atrii'ii)  dc  la),  (^uiijiirju'ioii  do  Mcjico.     Mudiid.  l.S.")0-|.   "i  vnls. 
lisc'dtu  ( .Viiti'iiiii),  ( 'imti'staiiiiii  ;i  la  ai'iisaciouijuo  foniialii'.n  1>.  .Man.  Mamiila. 

(luailalajara,  ISJS. 
KsfritiiiiM  (111.-)  dilnii  siijotars(<  i'l  las  Icyrs.     ^IOjil.■o,  l.S'JO. 
Ksiiu'la.  do  .\liliiaL'iiip,  lIc".;laiiKii(n.     Mexii'o,  l.SVJ. 

IvsiMicla  r.'itrioliia,  N'otioia  do  I.i  di:itrilpiuii)ii  do  jironiios.     Moxion,  1S,")4. 
K.'i  l.uit  I  ( I  .Miiti  ii'.ionio  a  Ins  ( 'l(''ii.i.'o:i  y  Traik's.     Nlixioo,  IS'.'A. 
Kspiid.i  il(  la  .luaticia.     -Moxioo,  I.Sl'O. 

ll.'il'afi.i  y  .Ml  jifi)  cm  tl  A.siinto  do  laCouvcncion  Espantila.     Madrid,  18,"i5. 
IlspaiKil,  J!l.     Mi'xicii,  1  .'%")•_' ot  f^oi]. 
Iv.paiv.i  (MaiTii.s  do),  I'.xixisii.  inn  del  Kx-'Ministro  do  IlaoioTida.     .Mo:;,,  KS.rJ; 

Inrmnio  jn-o.^ontado  al  (ioliiorni)  Suiinino.     Zarati'oa.-i,  \-<'M. 
Kstpodiontc  in:'.tniidii  jioi'ol  lllino  SfXioario  ra;ii(alar.      Moxiru,  1S^7. 
Ksjjino.-a,  ( 'lu'iinioa  ^\lii)stiilioa.     n.id.,  17!'i.  'J  xnls. 
lisiiiniisa  (  I. ),  liases  ilol  riau  do  H.uionila  l'iil>lioa.     Mixioo,  ISU. 
Kspinosa  (Isidio  I'oli.s  do),  Nuovas  c'inpre.sas  dol  iiori'uriiio  Ann  rioa  sop 

trional.     Moxioo,  1717. 
r.spino.^a  ll'i'dni),  Carta  I'astoral.    (Jiiadala  jam,  IS."!);  CiioulardoK  li>l>.  I'.ilis. 

do  ( ir.adalnjara.     ( li'.adalajara,  l.T:!!;  Ciroular  ,i  todiM  l.is  .>^;'oorilot.'f  do 

la  iJiiioo.^id.     (liiadalajara,  IS."!);  liii'iitiio  quo  ol  l>(inoiinii)  Individuudu 

la  C.inii  inn  dol  \'(ii.  ( 'abiklo  iUh  iu;;ilalaiara.     Mox.,  Iv^^;)!. 
Espinos.i    (Kafai'l),  Cartilla  Sioial.     ]\loxico,  1847. 
Kspiiitu  I'nlilioo.     .Moxici).  I S'J.S  ot  ^oij. 

]]sp<)sioiiin  i!o  la  toroora  .*^ala  do  la  suinoin.i  Corte  <]c  .Tu^ticia.    Mexico,  183'2. 
EsiKisioion  dol  .^-rdohoniai'.or  l)i^l.,a  Mitia.     (  Uiadalajaivi,  IS'JO. 
Kspoffioiiin  (lonoial,  Doonniontos.     Mo.-iioo,  lS"(i. 
Esposioiiin  ('i  jn'();'i;una  do    lua   l)iputad<is   portinooiontcs    al   partido   puro. 

Quoiotaro,  UM7. 
Espot^iiinn  jHir  las  Conierciantcs  do  ^loxioo  I'oolaiTiandn  la  ley  do  7  do.)  alio  IS.'iO 

^lo:.ioi).  1'  ;i7. 
Esposioion  Prolindnar,  O]nisoulo  do  la  ^'o^dad,  Monopolio  Conioivial  do  la 

Itcpub.  Moxicana.     iloxioo,  ll-iol). 
Esposioion,  ]iroson(ada  a  laa  Cortos  por  los  Pipiitados  do  Ultramar  2.">  do 

Juniodo  IS-JI.     Madrid,  lSi21. 
Esposioinn  inio  ilirigc^  la  ('oni]iariia  Lanoastorianado  Mexico.    ^loxioo,  lS."i7. 
Expo;<ioi(in  quo  <liriL;c  al  Cnngrcsc  (imoial  lo.s  apodorados  de    los  niiiitaros 

rotiradotj.     Mexico,  1S4(). 
Esiifi.'^iciiin  i|iio  lia  proseutado  al  Pros,  do  la  Pepuli.  por  la  Reunion  do  Coni- 

pradiires  do  Fincas.     ^lexico,  lS(il. 
Espoaieion  quo  liaocnlos  Interesadonenlas  Pnrcialidades,  en  contra  de  su  Ilogal 

y  JIal  Uaniado  Administrador  1>.  Luiz  Velazquez  dc  la  Cadeua.    Jloxico, 

1841). 
Exposiciitn  qne  lian  diri;;ido  al  Exmo.  Sr.  Ministro  do  Oobemacion  los  Capit- 

ularos  quo  la  ."usorihon.     Moxioo,  l-S.VJ 
Esjiosicion  <juo  los  i  croodores  it  los  caniinos  dc  esta  capital  A  Toluca  y  ;l  Vera 

Cruz.     Mexico,  1S4!). 
JEsposiciou  que  los  Couscrvadores  de  las  Provincias.     Mexico,  18G3. 


AlTIIDIllTirs  QroiTP. 


rspusiii'in  qiK   los  Tmliviiliins  <|iic  ('(iiii|Mi-i('ic)n  (1  I'loximo  PftsaiU)  Ayiinta- 

inii'iitd  Jiiii'cn  III  I'liblii'o.      iNltxii'ii,  l.vlil. 
K.sjMisiiiiiiic.-*,  .hiiriudi'  las,  {  luirta  y  Si'XtiHsiHjsifiiiiKu  di'  In  AcjuK  iiii.i  ilr  San 

C.irliis.     Mcxicii,  IsrrJ  1. 
l!.siniil)i  1  (Au'v-itiii  I  rami'c  ci).  III  IV'iiix  dc  cI  Aiimr.     M(.'\iiii,  ITtiJ.  4to. 
Ksi|iiivi'l  (.Idii'iili  Maiiiit'l),  Scniiim  fiii'ari.-<tii'c)  pur  la  fi'liiidail.    Mexico,  IT'.'O. 
Jvslaclds  I'liidiiH  (kl   Norto,   Los  Nuliciaa  iiiuy  iiiipurtuntos  y  rfcU'iitca  do. 

t^iiiiTitani,  ).S47. 
Ivstaiidart':  NaiMoiial.      Mcxii'ii,  l.S.'ili  ct  Htv]. 
Ksl.itiito  jiriivi.sii)iiiil  di'l  lm|n'riii  Mcxioann.     Mcxicd,  1S(!.">. 
Jlstatiltiis  ()r<kuadii,s  jjor  el  Saiiti)  < 'iiiiiiliii  JIL,  l.")S,"i.     Alfxico,  lS,"iO. 
Ivstt'va  (.liisi'' 1^'iiiniiii,  A|iiiiitaiiniUfi.      Mixiio,  1.VJ7. 
Jv-.trada  (Alv.iro  I'loicM,  {•ixaiiiiii  liiiparcial  do  las  diHciisioiics  do  la  Anurifa 

full  la  Ivspaiia.     Cidi/,  LSI'.'. 
Kstriida  (Alvaii)  I'linc.i,  Ijiiux'soutaciun  A  Fernando  VII.  en  dcfcnsa  di'  l:ia 

Curtcs.     Mexico,  l.s-_'(». 
llstrada  ( I'laiicisco),  Carta  iiiipnivial  sobre  il  fiu'ro  del  Clero.    Mexico,  ISl'J. 
Lstriida  (.1.  M.  <  iiilicircz  de),  A1,:;iiiiaM  OlKscrvacioncs  ^oliro  el  Oticio  (|iu!  con 

I'cilia  -2  dc  J  iiho.    II. p.,  IMI.'i ;  Alf^iiii.iM  JiilU'csioiics  Acerc.a  do  los  I  Icciir- 

ihliM  eii  Capital.     Mix.,  IMO;  Carta  diri.uida  Jil  rre.sideiitc.   Mcx.,  IvIO; 

])ocuiiieiitoa  rdativos  ill  iliL'rcno  y  :'i  la  .scparacioii.     Mcx.,  ls;!.'i;   liiipii^'- 

liacioii  a  las  cailas  do,   soluc  el   proyii'to  du  e.stul)loier  en  Mcjico  iiii.'w 

iiioiian|nia  inodcriida.      Mcj.,  ISK);   Mexii'o  y  el  .VrcliidiMpU!   I'Vriuindi) 

Ma.xiiiiiliaiio   du  jViustria.      Mex.,    l.S(i."».     Mexic "    en    ISIO   y    eii    1M7. 

Mcx.,  IS4S. 
Fstrella  (I'scalanti ),  y  (laxiola,  Iiifonne  dado  a  las  Cainiiriis  genurules  do  la 

FciU  racioii.     Cosala,  1;>'_'7. 
Ivstiidios  Kciiiiijniico-rolitii'os.     Mexico,  l.S,"7. 
Ivstuiniido  (Iiito  en  la  Acordada  y   N'erdadero  dotal    do  sus  innmi'cesiWliss 

Sucesos.     ^Icxicd,  IS'.'!). 
I'.vaii.s  (Allicit.  S.),  Our  Sister  Repiililic.      Hartford,  1S70. 
I'lx^lnicii  Aiialitico  di  1  prestaino  do  |;!(».(M)0  lihras  eslorliiia.'*.     Mexico,  1S40. 
J'lxaliicn  Criticu  do  la  AdiiiiiiLstiacioii  dil  Maxiiiiiliaiio.     Mexico,  1S(J7. 
J'^xiiiiicn  do  las  ordciics  e\]ieilidas   por  el  niiiiisterio,  A  niediadoa  do  Junto 

ultimo.     (^>uerctaro,  iSlS. 
Kxilnien  Iniparcial  di;  la  respuesta  ([lie  la  Siipreina  .Funt.a  provisional,  Me.xico, 

1  ;;•:(). 

I'lxcncionca  y  I'livilc^rio.s  liegulares,  llrevo  defunsa  lieclia  por  los  I'relados  del 

Coiiveiiio  ilo  S.  JJicgo.     Mejico,  IsH. 
Kxlioit:u'ioiialos]iatriolicosdistiii^iiidosdo  Fernando  Sept  iino.  Mcxii'o,  is  10. 
Kxliortai'ioii  ipi'!  .i  los  liakituntes  liaco  uii  individtio  del  Coleyio  do  Ai>o;Lradoij. 

Mexico,  ISlO. 
Fxtracto  do  las  l'"lotas.    In  Morfi,  Col.  Poc. 
K/.cta  (Luis  do),  Manual  di' AUalcles  y  ,Iiicce.'<  do  Paz.     Alex.,  lSir»;  rroiiip- 

tuario   jiara  los  Alcaldes  do  Ciiaitcl  y  (Icfos  do  Man/ana  del   ]>istiito 

Federal.    Mox.,  \SM;  J>ct'en.sa  do  I'oriiaiido  Saulillaii.     Mox.,  l.S.")_'. 

V.  (A.  B.),  Ensayo  llistorieo-Xatural.     Madrid,  ISiX 

I'aliian  y  I'uero  (l'"rancisco),  Cokccion  ilo  I'l-ovideinias.     Puekla,  170!1.   folio. 

Fabian  y  Fiiero  (Francisco),  Coleccioii  do   rrovidcncias  Diocesaiias  del  (  >l,i.s. 

]iado  do  la  Puebla  do  los  An,L;cles.     riiokla,  I77l>.   folio. 
FabroL'at  (Lino),  Fsplicazioiio  dello  lij,'uro  yoroglilico  del  codico  IJorj^ianu.  MS. 

folio. 
Fiibri  (.losepli  Antonio),  Compcndiosa  deniostracion.     Mexico,  1743. 
Fabri  (ioseiili  Antonio),  Sogiinda  domostracion,  procio  do  azoguc.     [Mexico, 

J  71):;.  I  MS. 
Falji'ica  y  Fstainpa  dc  JCaypos  do  N;icva  Kspafia.     Mexico,  1700. 
Fabriia  y  Obias  I'ias  ilol  Arzobispado  do  .Mexico.     MS.,  lS'21-'2.   folio. 
Fabriijis  do  las  Iglesias  Farroquialus  on  la  Uoboruauion  de  Nuova  Kspafla. 

Mti.,  17'J3-G.  folio. 


lii 


AUTIIOIUTIES  QUOTFD. 


i!i:l 


Fiicio(T«'^r  Aiitnnio),  A  ln,C;',niar;i  dn  Pipiitndos  del  Conprcso  ricnoi'nl,  [Paii.s, 
].s;{.')J;  llxjiiisiiiiiii  (liri,L.'iila  A,  las  I'liiiiaia:*  dil  Crmgrosi)  giiu  ral.  Mi'X., 
lS"i'J.  Mi'iiKTia.  (|i:o  S!  lire  Ins  ^uiccsofi  drl  ticiiipo  dc  su  iiiiiii.st' rin,  I'aris, 
IS.V);     IVdiiiieiito  Usual  dul.     MfX.,  IS'JT;  Kospiiesta  A  ''js  cargnSi  dada. 

MvK.,  is;ii. 
Fajardi)  (|)(iiiiin;;n),  Iiiforiiio  iiiic  <■!  i|ue  sitscribo  da  nl  Escmo  Scfior  Miiiistro 

do  Jiclai'iones.     Cainiiecho,  IS-JS. 
Fak'k  (X.),  rriilt'jiomcMins  del  diivuliu  n  I'nciuldpodia  .Tiiridiai.    Mi'xioo,  ISo'J. 
Faiii's  (F.imis\  i^tudos  lIisti)rii|iKs  ot  I'hiliisophiiiiU'S.     I'aris,  ii.d.   "J  vols. 
Falscda;k's  <[iu'  ("oiitioiu"  id  Ciiidunio  'i'itulado  Despojo  a  luauu  unnada  jior  el 

l'n;i'ct()  tie  Tla.Ni.ala.     I'liilila,  1S44. 
I'arias  ( \"aloiitiu  ( Joniuz),  Carta  il  Don  IJeriiando  Gonzalez  Angulo  y  respuestas. 

MS. 
Farias  (Valentin,  Oonicz),  Kl  Ministro  cs  Kesponsablo  A  la  Prision  de  losS.  S. 

Dipuladns.     Mexieo,  l'^'2_». 
FainlKini  (Tlmnias  .).),  Mexieo.     Xew  Y<jrk,  ]S4(i;  X'ew  York,  n.d. 
I'an.l  (MlV      I'lielila,  lSi>l  et  .sei(. 

Farra'.'iit(I  oyall),  'riio  Life  of  l>avid  (daseou-  FarrafiT,  ctn.    Xew  Ydik.  1S79. 
Favio  (in.io)  and  -M.  Jjillanlt,  l)iscnsi(iii  eii  el  C'icipo  legislativo  de  Franeia 

.Sdlnelas  eniinciidas.     M(,'NiLM,  ISii.'t. 
Fclijie  de  Jesus,  i')ie\e  loRinp.cii  du  l.i  vid.i  y  niaityiio.     Mexico,  ISO'J.  4to. 
I'clipo  d;:  .hoiis  INIaria,  \"ida,,  Virtndes.     lionie,  ITlil. 
I'Viiix  de  la  Li))ertad.     ^lexicn,  IS;!;!  et  secj. 
I'l'iiiaiidc/.  (A,i,'!istin  I'oniposii),  l)i  singauos  (juc  A  los  insurgentes  de  Xvieva 

Fsjiafia  setlucidos.      Mexicn,  ISI'J. 
I'eniandi)  \'l.,  Consnelos  I'lnierales,  Anto([nera.     ^loxito,  17.")0.  4lo. 
]'en:  :nd<)  VJI.     IXrretos  d(  1  K.y.     Mexico,  1S;1(). 

l'"crrei-(le  ( 'onto  (.Fosi'),C'onieiitari()s  soluc  laeiiestiou  de  Mejien.    ^ladrid,  ISlJl. 
ji'eiTer  de  Couto  (Jose),  (."uestioiies  de  Mi'jieo,  Venezuela  y  AniiTiea  en  (len- 

cral.     Madrid,  IHIII,  4!)f)p]).;  Madiid,  iSdl,  (idOiiii.' 
Fc'n'<'vra  (Jose),  Con'.ustaeion  A  los  eargus  do  Lopez  y  (.landara.     Uies,  1850. 
Ferri  ((ialiriel),  Le.?  Itevohitioiis  u.i  Mexipio.     I'aris,  1S(>4. 
Fcriier  (F.  L.  A.),  Jleonc'miiea  I'olitica  del  tJobierno.    Mexieo,  lS4;"i-4.  '2  vol.s. 
IV'rri;.  (I'hieido  de),  iixposieion  diriglda  al  supremo  (iobieruo.     Mex.,  LS.kS; 

Kxpo^■•icion  fjii'j  liaee  a!  piiMleo.     Mex.,  ISot), 
Forroearril,  Esposieiou  del  Lie.  Itafacl  Martinez  deki  Torre  sobre  lao(jnoesion. 

.Mexico,  ]>S(kS 
Feri<xarril,  La  <^.)nccsion,  cntre  Mexico  y  Vera  Cruz.     Mexieo,  18(38. 
1  eiroearril,  I'loyecto  do  Ver;i  Viv.::  ;i  >.Ujieo.     I'ruselas,  IS.'il. 
FciToearril,  Telmantepec  y  \'eracru/,  rr.)yecto  de  J>ey.     ^K.xico,  ISlJO. 
]i'erroearril  y  'i'idegrafo,  I'royecto  de  un  desilc  la  linea  divisoria  de  Mexico  y 

los  Fslados-Unidos.      Mexico,  l;-ltS. 
Fcvrocarriles,  ],a  Concesiou  lieelia  al  ( ieneral  Ivosocranz,  etc.     ^Mexico,  ls7'J. 


!e  la  coniision  de  Indwstria  de  la  Itipula- 


Ft'nocarriles  en  Mexico,  ]  )ietanien 
eion  rernianente.     Mexi'.i;    liu-. 

l^ri'v  (("labrieli,  Lscenas 'lo  la  \id:i.  iui!itar.     Me.yico,  ISO;}. 

Ferry  (daliriel),  l''l(.';izador  JCn-anle.      .Mexico,  l8"i7.   7  vols. 

]''er;y  (Cabriel),  Scenes  de  la  vie  .Mexicaine.     Paris,  ]8.")(!. 

Foi'i'\-  (( iabrie!),  Scenes  do  la  vie  nii'itairo  an  Mexiipie.  [Paris.  1S,")S] ;  Pari.s, 
■|,S'|;). 

Ferry  (<  labrii'l),  Sct^nes  do  la  vie  sanvage  an  Mexiipie.     Paris,  1SG8. 

IVrry  ((lal)riel).  Vagabond  Lii'e  in  Mexico.     X'ew  York,  l8o(>. 

Fcjstividades,  A  collecti;  n. 

Fignoroa  (I'raneisco  Antonio  de,  la  Rosa),  Bccerro  general  Mcnologico  y  Cro- 
noli'igico del  Santo  Evangelic).  MS.,  17i)4.  folio;  l)iscordi,isi.ntre  1 1  lura 
d  letrinero  y  los  Lidios.  MS.,  17-">.  folio;  Tesoro  Cate(|uistico  Yndiano 
Fspejo  do  Doeti'ina.     MS.:  Vindieias  do  la  Verdad.     MS.  folio. 

FigueroLi,  Extractos.     In  I'.iclieeo  and  Canleniis,  Col.  Doc,  toni    iii. 

Findlay  (.Vlex.  (I.),  A  l/iroctoiy  for  the  Navigation  of  the  Pacilio  Ocean. 
J.,ondon,  18j1.   2  vols. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


m 


Fitili  (^rcil.  O.),  Momoiial  (o  AiiuriLaii  ami  Moxuau  jniat  Commission.     San 

Francisoo,  1870. 
riiut  (III  I'ly  -^f')'  ^I'-'>ii<'o  tinikr  ^Maximilian,     riiilaikliiliia,  I'ifiT. 
I'loiv  :icia  (I'lT.iuisuo  d.),  Ilistoiia  do  la  I'mvinoia  dc  la  ('oinpauia  do  Josiis  clo 

X  lova  Jlsiiaaa.     Mox.,  ICt'Ji;  La  lv-iLrolla<l,;  cl  Xorto  <lo  Mexico.      Mux., 

ITtl;  La  iiiila'^rosa  invciicioii.     Scvillo,    174.");  Xai'iaoiou   do  la   Mara- 

villosa  Apaiioiiui  (iiio  lii;;o  ol  Aroliaii.'^ol  d(!  S.   Mi;^nol      Sovilla,   I(i!)2; 

Oii,u;o!i  (1(  1  colubro  .i.iiituano.    Mux.,  17iS!{;  Zodiaeo  Maciuiii).     Mox.,  17r).">. 
Florc.s  (Antonio),  l''i',  lOsporan/.a  y  Cariilad.     Mojioo,  IS.'iO.    ':2  vols. 
Floi'iM  (Sal)inol,  (Jnicion  civioa  proniinoiada  en  I.i  capital  del  ostado.    (Iiiaiia- 

juaio,  1>S.")1. 
Floril('.;ivni  Oratoruni  advsiim  etudio.sa  jnventis  pcrcongregationom.    Moxioi, 

17-'7. 
Fonaoa  (Fal)ianl,  and  Urrutia  (C.irlos),  J  li.storia  General  de  la  Real  ilaoienda. 

Moxio..,  isi,-),  i;;i:)-.".;!.  o  wi^. 

I'liii'o  ( I'odro  Joxf  do),  Carta  I'ii.'stoial  fpio  ;i  eontinuacion  do  la  ol)ni  del  I'io 
\'l  [.  iliri.;o  ;l  dioco.sano:)  ol  Aiy,  )l)i.,;p  )  dj  iNIoxico.     Moxico,   IsKi. 

Fontin 'lie,  C  jnvors.ieion  enti'o  Cort  ■h  y  M  loto.uuni.     Mojioo,  IS'J). 

Foot  {  •olonioii),  Sp  'ooii  on  cliavaetoi-,  etc.,  of  tlio  Mexican  War,  Feb.  10,  lSt7. 
^\'a  iliington,  lol7. 

F.ioto  (ilc:uy  Stiiar;),  T'lo  \Var  with  Muxico.  Speech  in  U.  S.  Senate,  Jan. 
l.)a:id  -J),  lilS.     Wa.^!iiu::t()n,  Ll:U>J. 

Fiii'jiu'.iiio  (['.10  delje  .scrvir  do  Xoruri  d  loi  Contadorea  Realea  de  Dieznujs  do 
1 L  Xiu;v.v  I]s[)aria.     ^Madrid,  I7'!i. 

Fonaulari(j)  do  la  ("atedral  do  Mexico.     ^Icxico,  n.d. 

Fosscy  (M:itliieudo),  Le  M  xi^uc.     i'ari-s,  1  >:>7;  I'aris,  1SG2. 

Fo.v^cy  (Mathieii  de),  \'ia;.;c  a  Mojico.     Mojico,  1814. 

Frailcj  djctrineroa,  Sa  reniocioa  do  1  )a  (.'uratos.     MS.,  1(!")4.   folio. 

l'ra;nj)t.ja  (John),  .loytull  n'jwes  ontoi'  the  now  found  Woild?.    L:indon,  1  ''.)'■>. 

Franco  (La),  Le  Mexiipie  jt  les  Etats  Conrotlercs  coatro  les  Etata-Uuis.  i'ari.i, 
ISii.J. 

FiMiico  and  Mexico,  Examination  of  the  dilHcultics  etc.     n.jd.,  IS.fi). 

Frauci jcanon,  Abandono  do  Convento.s  ])or  faUa  do  fraile.s.  MS.,  foHo;  Ca]if- 
tu!  >i  l'io\iiu;ia!cs  (,;;  M^.xico.  MS.,  fulij;  C^'arta  ilel  Key  (Jctnbre  I!), 
1  "(iS.  .MS.,  folio;  (J  instituciones  do  la  I'rovincia  en  .Mexico.  MS.,  folio; 
Couticndas  con  el  Arz(.ilji.^[)o  do  Mexico.  MS.  of  l.")7ii.  folio;  Infornio  al 
Key  por  la  Ri'Ii;.;ion.  .MS.,  folio;  In-ilruccioacs.  MS.,  folio;  I'a'eate.-n  do 
li;.l'ornia  l'J2o-l).  MS.,  fjlio:  Rclacio  do  lo  ijiio  liiziero  y  pas^aro  loa 
Vndios.     M.v,  f.ilio;  ]l'jlaci.)n  Sn.uniari.i  do  l.xpic  pa.>.saro.     ..MS.,  fulio. 

Franciscauoa  y  scrvicio.j  <lo  Indiis.     MS.,  folio. 

]'"ni  r.Mla  (I'adrv),  ].)i,ciirs.>  Lolijioso  l'o'.uii;o  sobro  el  ori','cn,  liatiu'alo:<a, 
i;i;niinidadesy  verdadera  inversion  de  loa  bioues  oclesiadticua,  etc.  Mexico, 

is;;;}. 

Vivv  American.     Vera  Cruz,  18-17  et  .scm]. 

J'ie.-uil!,>,  Infonne  (^uc  dx  la  .Junta  de  l.i  (J  inii)aru'a  do  Minaa.     lMexie(j,  l.SH;); 

Mexico,  1S:0. 
Friai  y  Sola  (Ililarion),  Proyecto  d^  L^y  '_' )  do  Feb.  do  lS(iS.     M.'x.,  I>i70; 

Lectilicacionca  a  ku  ..Menioriaa  del  .Meilico  or<linario  del  I'^hiper.idor  .Max- 

iniiliano.     .Mex.,  It'i71. 
Friich  (I'.),  Die  Staaten  von  l>'''xico,  Milti'1-und  Siidanierika.     Lnbck,  |s."):t. 
Fro,-t  (lolui),  Croat  (.'ilica  oi  the  WurM.     Aulnirn  eic,  ls,"i_'. 
Fro.t  (.Jului),  lncid"ntfand  Xarrati"ea  of  Trivt.).     Auburn,  ot<'.,  |8,")'_'. 
Fnen'.cal  (SebasLian  Raniire/.  de),  ( '.irtaiiSu  .Ma;,'e.stad  oi)  de  Abrildi'  I.. ;'.'_'.     In 

I'aclleco  and  Cii'dcuas,  Col.  l)oc.,  toni.  xiii. 
I'ucro  Lrleji,i,stico,  Coute,-;taci.)n  tpl'^  los  edito.ii  do  /ajiotd'o.     Oaxaca,  T  ."i.'l; 

Dcfcnsa  contra  articulos  del  Z.ipoti'cu.     Oaxaca,  l;i;>!l. 
I'uuiioii  Dr.un.ilica  en  el  palucio  Imperial  de  .Mexico,  Xov.  4,  IS{;.").    Mi    :  o, 

istji.  4to. 
Fuiid.uion  _>    l'rogriss<ia  do  la  I'rouincia  do  Santiago  de  Mexico  del  Orden  de 

I'ledicadores.     .MS.,  1710. 


Uv 


AUTirORlTIES  QUOTED. 


imi 


mm 


i 


Fmlur  (Ocorfjo  r. ),  ITistorv  iif  Mrxicd.     riiiciiiiiiili,  IS.'O. 
rurliir  ((ii'iii;;i'  ('.),  Tiic  Tvclvc  Mtiiitlia'  VoluutciT  [.Mexican  War].     Ciii- 
ciuiKiii,  li<')0. 

(i;iln>ta,  Trot.siiioc(li;^e  Toijt.     In  Aa,  toin.  xi. 

(iaccta  •!(•  (loKii'ino  <K- .Mexico,  IT-N-l.SO"),  lSlO-21,  1S23  ct  seq. 

(;  ic<'ta  ]iii[i('rial  lie  Mi'xiro.      Mcxici),  I s^ I -l!.'l. 

llae('ta:3  ilc  .Mexico  y  initicias  ilc  Xiieva  ll.spaiia,  17--,  17-S-O.     In  Doc.  Ili.st. 

Mex.,  seiiu  ii.,  toin.  iv. 
<!a!.;eni  (('arlo.s  di),  Ajielaeion  ile  los  Mexicanos  ;i  la  lOiiropa.     Mi'xico,    ISCi'J. 
(laine.s,  ('oi'iespomlciue  eiilru  la  J.e'.,'alioii  du  Mexiiiuc.     I'aiis,  ISJiT;  ^lo.xico, 

is:!7. 

(laleria  .\merie:ina.     ^Mexico,  n.il.    folio. 

(Jale.5  (.fosepli),  .Sketch  of  rcrsonal  Character  of  Gen.  Zacliary  Taylor.  Wash- 
ington, lt!4S. 

<iallanlo  (i>a^ilio  Poi'ca),  Cuadro  Estadistico  do  la  Division  Territorial  do  la 
K.pal).  Mexieana.     Mexico,  1S7."!. 

(uilludo  (Pedro  I'atifio),  lyjecncion  do  .Ttisticia.     Mexico,  \f^20. 

(lallardo  Fernande/.  (l'"i'aneiseo\  ()rij,'en,  I'rourenos  y  Iv-tado  dv  las  Keiita.s  do 
la  Corona  de  Ks[)aua.      Madrid,  180.")  S.   7  vols. 

Callatin  (Alhert),  Peace  with  .Mexico.     Xew  York,  1SI7;  n.})!.,  lS.t7. 

(Jallatin  (.Vlhert),  War  ICxiieuses.     Ne>  ■^'ork,  ISll;   N'ew  ^'ork,  IStS. 

C;.l:e;^'(i.-i  y  {^ick'na,  Itelacion  de  la  ]iroviiicia.  de  Vera  Paz.      M'>.   n.pl.,  \')7l. 

(l.dlo  (I'^dilardo  L.),  Homhres  Ilhistres  Mexieanos.      Mexico,  KS7J. 

(ialvan  (Mariano),  Ordeiianzas  do  Tierras  y  .V','uas.      Mexico  and  Pari-i,  18.".". 

Calve;^  ( llern.'irdo  de)  Proelaniacion  ;  o! ire  el  'J'eairo  de  Mexico.     |  Mexico,  17 '>•'!. ) 

(Jalve;;  (.fose  dr),  ^'ni'ornie  de  el  Visitador  dt^  e.ste  lleyno.  MS.  n.pl.,  I7ti7; 
Infornij  general  qno  instru^u  el  .Marqee:',  d.'  Sonoia.  Me\'.,  |Mi7;  l;e;;la- 
niento  para  la  eiudad  ile  Mexico.  [.\iex.,  1771J;  Keglamento  d -l  (Ireniio 
ilo  l';inaderos  de  esta  Cajiital.     Mex.,  1770. 

Halve/  (Mari:!no),  Id  Dn.  jinie  la  1"  .^ahi  de  la  .Suprenia  Corte.  ^Mexico,  ]S'r2. 

Gaui;'.rra  y  D.'ivalos  (.luan  P>.  Diaz  lU),  l'",l  .Saceidute  liel  y  nc  ;ini  el  ci>r;i;:on  do 
Dios.  Elo;;io  fiinehre  el  dia  "JJ  do  .Vliril  de  177'!,  :l  laii.s  I'elipe  Xeri  do 
.Vll'aro.     idexico,  I77t>. 

Candida  (Francisco  de),  Connnentai'ies  on  the  Mining;  Ordinances  tif  Sp.iin. 
Jjondon,  LSIJO.  '2  vols. 

Canilioa  (Itninon),  Inipugnacion  al  infornic  del  Santa-.\nna.     Mexico,  ISlf). 

(iandni  (Frederico),  Xicesitlad  do  Iteforniar  la  Le;iislaeion.     M(  xico,  l'-.">0. 

Cund  (Pierre  de),  [..cttro  dii  frere  entrement  dit  do  Mura.  In  Ttrnanx- 
Conipai.'s    vol.  X. 

Guiidara  (Manuel  Mai'ia).  Contcstacion  (pu'  Don  .\,  Znrd;.;a  MM.  Cajiola  e 
Ig.  Ziihi:;a.  Mex.,  18^4;  ]'jX[)0!^icion  ipie  haceal  .Snprenia  CJoliiem  i  soliro 
sii  conducta  juilitica.  Me\.,  PM'J:  Maiut'c.stacion  ipie  haee  al  (Icfo  .Sn- 
jirenio  de  la  :l;e;.iililica.  ^lex.,  l.S,')7;  \  indicacion  de  las  ealannd -.s  ipio 
el  (Jeneral  Jo.se  Uiiea  y  sus  .Aj.'entes  lian  lieeho  circnlar.     Me\.,  1841. 

C:indara  (S.'dsador  de  l.i),  <'arta  ipie  liulire  l.i  ^'ida.      Mexico,  171.!. 

C!an;.;anele,  C.irta  del  Eniin.  il  vn  IJeligioso  (pio  pasaha  a  la  Aniciica.  MS. 
u.pl.,  n.d. 

(laid,  ( 'arta  id  Emperador  Don  C.irlos.     Tri  Cartas  de  India-i, 

Hiirale  (  LJoniardo),  Prinicra  Carta  Pastoral  del  O'oi-[io  de  (ihieii'taro.  Mexico, 
l.H!4. 

Ciaray  (.To.sii  de),  -\n  acconnt  of  ilie  Isthnuis  of  TelnKintepr".  London.  l.'^Ki; 
J)i 'tiinien  de  la  .Mayona  de  1  i  Coinision  Especial  j>ar.„  1.  .\iiertur;i  de  una 
via  ])or  el  istnio  do  Tehuante|)oc.  Mex.,  I8."il;  .Mi'inoire  insiruetif  des 
droits.  Wash.,  IS.-i'J.  Pa\-s,  18.V_\  .Mex.,  IS.V-'.  Xew  York.  18,V_':  Jie- 
conoi'indentodcl  Istnio  di' Tehuautepec.  Lon.,  1841;  Survey  of  Isthmus 
of  Tehuantepee.      J.,on.,  I.S44. 

(lar;iy  (JiisiHluadaUipo  Perdi,:.;on),  Defensa.     Mi'jieo.  1S40. 

(iaray  (.lose  Maria),  Meinoiia,  en  (pie  il  poscedor  actual  dil  niayorazgo  do  los 
iMoralcs.     .Mejico,  18113. 


■9 


AUTIIOIIITIES  QUOTED. 


Ivr 


riiirfiyo 


(Atili 


Iii'zl,  Manifc.stai'iiiii  (juc  d  .\i)(iilci'ail()  dc  l.is  Ai'reiiloru.s 


I'ciido  J).>t.il  <lr  Miii'.ri.i.     Moxic,  IS.'K). 


Can 


(.M 


irtiii  (Jil),  El  ('al)ililit  h.mIu  vacaiiti;  de  MiclKjacn 


M( 


is:;i. 


(laixe'tiy  lv,'iua( Tosi'ph),  Xuuva,  Tcui'icay  Pnictica del  JJciicliciodc  Ins  Mctiiles. 


Mc 


KSOJ 


(iuivia  iC),  N'lilicias  hUtorica,  <j;i"o;^r!ificii,  y  CHt;>distii;a  dil  distrito  do  Xixjuil- 


Jix  Soo.  MfX.  dull!'.,  Ilolotiu  ."frik,  Ep.  1 


CaiXM  (Carliit.),  A  Iw  liaLitaiitcs  do  la  I'lvv.  do  I'lulila.     fl'uolila,  Is-Jl.] 
(iaivia  (Fi-aiioiyco),   Killoxioiioj  solirc.  cl  Acta  ('.mstitutiva.      Mexico,  IS 


IS-J.T: 


i: 


•xaincii  ()ii 


o  jiara  conar  el  curso  dc  asitis,  dii)  ;i  su  dispiito  cl  dia  II  d 


IKT)  UC 


(laii 


italc 


v^'iirio) 


Ori' 


MS.   |.Mo;;ic..,  ITi'i 


luuicacKiii  < 


KIC 


lijs  ludio.s  dc  cl  Xucvo  .Miiiidc 


liidiaa  Occi- 


Madiid,  17-J!>. 


(larcia  (I'aLlo),  .Maiiilio^to  <[nv  liaco  ii  sus  coiiciudadaiios.     (':iiii]icolu',  1S.")7 
(iarcia  (I'aulilio),  Manito:itacii)H  ilcl  ricl'octo  do  I'ucMa.      rucKIa,  ISl-J. 


Garcia  (I'cdru),  JJcclai-acinii  ilc  Ins 


(.luaiiava^iiicz 


do  Xi 


itii.siiuc  lii.-j  ludid.s  do  la  I'r-ivincia  do 


An  I  l.'.:!:f.      Ill  Pacli 


ucva  I„^[iaria,  liaciaii  a  sii  .Scfior  i 


1  M: 


dC 


inlclias 


( '>il.  Due.  toiii.  xi 


il(jlle»  (Ic 


Vi 


(laii  ia  ( IVdiu  Marceliiiii),  liiloniic  solirc  la  siihlcvacioii  dc  lo.s  Zeiidales.     M.S. 

1711'.. 
(iarei  1.  (  riiiiidad),  Aimnlesi  sobro  cl  Diseurso.     Mcxici),  1S70. 


(lari.  l:n 
(iai'i 


Iclk 


la  II 


silla  (.luaii),M.  iiiiiri::lda 


illl 


I  Iliicrta  (hiaiiuiii),  LaiiuiriiaMa 


even  !■').■/(!.   MS.   [Spaiiil,  l.").")(). 


e  Ids  iiiiios. 


M. 


tiarcia  y  Culxu  (Aiit.iiiii)),  VA  Coiiicnio  exterior  ilc  ^Icxico.     In  .Si 


(I CO-'.  L.ilcti 


JM   I 


Gan 


p.  11 


a  y  I'liba*  (Autuuio),  -Vtlas  iiictiidieo  ]iai'.'i  la  eiiserianza  dc  la  ( 


Mt 


eo'/rafia 


.Ic  la  i: 


:)Uliliea  .\iexica:ia. 


Mcx.,  \s','l;  Coiiipciidio  dc  G 


'ratia  < 


Ida 


llcpuWica  .Mcxieaiia.  Me.x.,  I.'>G1;  Ihisayo  dc  uii  I^.itiulii  tiitrc  Ia.s 
rir.aiiiilci  Ejijicia-i  y  ^Icxieaiias.  Mcx.,  1S71  ;  liii]>oitaiieia  dc  l.i  Es- 
tadiatica.  ,Me.\.,  1,S71;  ilcmoria  paia  .scrvii'  i'l  la  (,'aita  General  dc  la 
Itjliulilii  a  Mexicana.     Me.x.,   I'.ol;   Xoticia.i  Geoj;.  y   E.itad.  di:  la  Kep. 

deoau.se!)  u  Tajia 
cliiila. 


Mcx.,  l: 


I'.xpci 


Icida  auto  cl  (i 


J I 


:\: 


isno. 


.M. 


i.sio. 


Garcia  y  Garcia  (lose  I'cdro),  rrusjK'riilade-!  do  la  l' 

tlarei!a.;;i  dc  la  Ve,^'a  (l^I  liiea),    rriniera  Parte  >U;  lo.s  Coiiientario.s  Ucalcs 

.Madrid,  I7-'n.  folio. 
Garcilas.j  <lc  la  (\'c;;a(El  Inca),  La  I'loi-ida  del  Ii 


Madrid,  17-'::.  l'. 
Gaivillas;-')  dc  la  Ve:,'a  (el  Yiica),  La  I'lorida  dl  Y;u-a,   Kit).').    I  I  >. 
Garde  (LLieliard),  letter  to  Kt.  lloa.  I'.arl  ILussell,  o:i  the  abdolui  •  right  of  tl 


10 


Me 


ex.  Ijo'.ulaiililcrs 


Liiulon,  ls;Jl;  London,  l.S()_\ 


Gan 


>(.Io:ie  N'ictoi'iauo),  Sale  a  laWrgaelizacl  Teiueiito  Don  Paiuon  1'; 


Mexico,  1,S_\S.   foli 


t!are!!.i,  (Xiipoleon),  Projet   d"i 


il  do  Jouctioii  du  LOceau  I'aeilj 


ML 

G;r;ija(LVdru),  Pri 
Garvi.^ 


Paris,  ISJ." 


ipio  ct 


la.     [Mexico,  1800.1 


M 


(\'icente),  Ivxposieioii  al  Augusto  (..'ongrcso  del  Estado  dc  Zacatecaa. 


cjico, 


1; 


(larza  (i.:i;;aro  dc  la),  Disciirso  h 


il.     Me 


IS31. 


tiar; 


(L 


do  la),  Meritos  v  Servieios.      .Mexico,  \S',V2. 


Gaiva  y  Piallestcros  (L.  dc  la).  Carta  ipic  el  Du  diiigo  al  clero  di'  sii  Dii'iecsis. 


Mix.,   I.Sol;    Garta   Pastoral  del  .\r.'.olii.<i 


dc  M. 


yu 


l,S.1 


<  'on'estaeioucs  liabidaM  intro  Arz.  dc  .Mcx.  y  el  Ministro  dc  ,1  list.      Mex. 


It 


Defeii.<a  dc  l.i  Miiiifcstat 


Ci.cioii  did  Santo  Jiiliil 


CO  couce( 


Mex.   l.S(!(l;  IMicto  para  la  puMi- 
lido  por   Pio  l.\.     Mex.,  1  S."rJ  ;   Inlorn 


goner.d  do  la  visita  dioeesana.     MS,     .Mex.,  1S.').'>,  l.'i.'id.   f.i 


M 


10 


iiillcs- 


t.ieion  I  pic  liaci'n  a  I  \\\i.  (  'lero  y  I'ieles.      MeX. ,  I.S."i!l ;  Opl'i.  eido  sohre  I 


OH 


Mex.,   I.S.".t;    Pastoral 


line  Tole 


eraii  la  Jicimiooa. 


M 


l.->."i."i;  Priincra  distriliiicioii  di-  Pnniios. 
Ga.staiieta  y  Escalad.>,i  (-los.''  Maii.i),  Pel 

dia.     Me.x.,  iS-ll);  Oiaeiun  ijwe  pronuiicio  en 


ex. 


Mex.   l.S-tl. 


leltaelnn  iiiie  en  < 


I' 
la  Ala 


r\  i-eli'j;iosi 
da.  ^  Ml 


y  soicMiiiu 


Ivi 


AUTnORITIES  QUOTED. 


Gavio  (.T(is(''  Lonl  do).  El  Rpgocijo  Mcxicano  ijor  cntrada  ile  Francisco  Xavier 

ViiTcy.     Mexico,  1810. 
Cavito  (I'raiiciscd),  Itimas.    Mcjico,  lS4n. 
(Jciircr  (•fdhn  L. ),  A  I'i'i  p  .it  Mexico.     J.ondon,  1S7-1:. 
(iclvi's  (.Miiniiu'.s  tie),  I'l'otc-sto  Jcl  V'irrcy  ;i  la  aiidit^ncia.     MS. 
Ociiius  of  hiliertv.     Vera  Cruz,  1S47  et  sc(j. 

(Iciitry  (M.  P.),  iSpcccli  on  Mexican  War,  Dec.  IH,  1840.     Washington,  1S40. 
(Icyer  (Otto  I'Y'i'iliiiand),  I'anoriuna  of  Mexico.     Moliile,  1S;{."). 
(Ill  (l-'rancisco),  Fundacioii  de  la  Obra  I'ia,  qne  para  id  niaycr  culto.    Mexico, 

177-"i.  4to. 
<;i!es  (W.  F.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  House  of  Ecp.     AVashington,  1849. 
(iiiliam  (Alliert  M.),  Travels  in  Mexico.     Philadelphia,  184(). 
( ;imcnez  (Manuel  Maria),  El  Mcrito  Vci-dadero.     n.pl.,  1S;21. 
(liordan  (I'rancis),  Description  do  ristlinic  de  l\;huantepco.     Pari.s,   1838; 

lieponsc  ail  lil)el!o  sur  la  (^olonie  du  (iiiazacoalco.     Paris,  1331. 
(lirard  (.lust).  Ivxcursion  an -Mexi(juc.     Tours,  lS(i7. 

<  j.)l)ei'iiador  (El),  del  Departniento  al  Publico  de  Mexico  en  las  qucjas.    ^Icxico, 

lH;i7. 
Gohierno  do  la  Iglesia,  Dudas  rpio  sc  proponen.     Mexico,  1820. 
'!ol)icrno  Politico  de  N.  Ef^pafia.     MS. 

<  Jodoy  (Diego),  Kelacion  a  Hernando  Corti^s  Mayo  de  1>V24.     In  Barciu,  Hist. 

Prim.,  toni.  i. 
(iodoy  (.f()s6  Maria),  Piscurso  Pronnnciado.     Mexico,  1840. 
Ooggin,  S]ieech  in  LI.  S.  Hoii.sc  of  liep.,  I'Vh.  1st,  1S4S.     n.pl.,n.d. 
•  ioldschniidt  (AUxu't),  see  Cartography  of  the  Pacific  ('oast. 
Oomara.  (Fi-ancisco  l.npez)),  ("n'mica  de  la  Xucua  l']spafia  c(jn  la  Conquista  do 

Mexico  y  otras  (jisas  Xotahles.     Saragossa.  [l."),')4.] 
Gomara  (Fr;mciseo  ]j<ipez),  Jlistorias  de  las  (Juiiquistas  de  Hernando  (.'ortes. 

[Cliiinaliiain  edition.]     M.'xico,  1S'2(».  '2  vols. 
(iomara  (Francisco  Lopez)  Historia  di  Don  Fernando  Cortrs.     Vein'tia,  1500. 
(lomara  (Francisco  Lo])ez),  Historia  de  Mc  ico.     Anvers,  l.").")4. 
(loip.ara  (l"rancisco  Lopez),  La  Historia  (Icneral  de  las  liulias.     Anvers,  l.").")4. 
(ionicz,  Diaiio.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  ii.,  torn.  vii. 
Conic/ (Jose),  Anales  de  Mexico  1770-171IS.    |Mex.,  18.32.  MSS.];  Yida  de  la 

iladro  Antonia  dc  San  .Tacinto.     Mex.,  l((8!l.  4to. 
Gomez  (Man.),  Vindicaciou  del  I'rinier  Ayudante.     Mexico,  1840. 
Gomez  do  Avcllaneda,  Guatimozin,  ultimo  iMiiperador  de  Mi'jico.     ^Tc'jico, 

KS."),-!. 
Gomez  y  Anaya  (Cirilo),  Defensa  legal  que  liizo  por  Ticn.  Xegretc.     ^lexico, 

IS-is.  41(1. 
Gonza'cz,  IJelacion  dc  la  ^larcha  do  la  llrigada  (ouizale/.     Toliica.  1S.'7. 
Gonzalez  (Ksteban  Diaz),  L'ontcstaciou  en  deieelio  de  hm  convenlos.      .Mexico, 

is.m 

Gimzalez  (Fernando  Alonso),  Reglade  X.  S.  P.  S.  Francisco.  Mexico,  172.').  4to. 
(jonzalez  (roaqiiiii),  Aliotacioiies  al  Papel  Titnlado  Infornie.  Mexico,  I.V22. 
Gonzalez  ( losii  I'Ueuteiio),  (Joleccion  de  Noticias  y  Docunieiitos  para  la  Hist. 

del  cstndo  de  K.  Leon,     Monterey,  i.S(!7. 
Gon;  alcz  dc  Aragon  (l^'raneisco),  Dictamen  Prescntado  por  el  Sindico  sobre  las 

C'outratas  do  Linipia  de  Ciudad.     Mejico,  ls;!L 
Gonzalez  y  .Vvendano  (Franciscns),  Parlielion  Marianum,  ^lexici  Subirliijo. 

Mexico,  17">7.   4to. 
Gonzalez  y /liniga  (Anna  ^la.),  Florido  Ranio  quo  tributa  en  las  f.estas  dc 

(iiiad.ilnpe,      Mexico,  1748,   4to, 
Gonzalo  (\'ict,  Lo])cz),  Oliisoo  de  Pnebla.     [Pnebl.i,  1784,] 
fJordoa  (  bwi'  Miguel).  I'ellccsiones  (pu-  se  hicieroii  por  su  acior  a  consuUa  ilel 

Hon.  Cong,  do  Z.icatecas.     ^lexico,  1827. 
< 'lovdoii  (  Tlioiiias  l'\),  The  History  of  Ancient  Mi'xico,     Philadelphia,  18;i2. 

2vo'<. 
Codon  (Tlionias  F.).  S]innish  Discoveries  in  America  prior  to  lo20.     Phila- 
delphia, 18;U.  2  vols. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ivii 


iliirliijo. 

[•stilS   lie 


Odrosito  (Frnnci.sco  do)  C;irtilla  en  Diiilogos  acerca  de  la  ronfcsion.     ^Icxico, 
ITO.'J. 

(Jdrosii;:;!  (M.  1'].  ilc),  A  sus  conciiuliRlaiios,  u  lircve  rcscua  de  las  operacioncs  del 
Miiiistii)  lie  llacitud.i.     Mexico,   ISIJS.   4to. 

Ciovenniu.iit  and  People  of  the  United  Stateaaud  to  those  of  Spanish- America, 
n.]).,  11. d. 

(Iraiidiila  y  Ania'.'a  (Antonio'l,  Tuniultus  dc  ^Texico.    n.p.,  n.d.  ]MS.   folio. 

(Ii-iiiiados  y  (ialw/.  (.rosc|ih  Joa(|niii),  Taides  ^Vniericana.s.      Mexii'o,  177^. 

(Iiandi/a  y  ICxce'cnLia.s  de  hjs  sietc  prineipe.s  de  los  Angeles.     ^Mexico,   n.il. 
M.S. 

(irant  (l'^.  S.),  Illustrated  Life,  Campaigns,  and  Public  Ser\'ices  of.     Piiila- 
delphia.  ISCi."). 

Cralitud  del  Ayiiutaniiento  Constitueional  do  la  Villa  do  Coyoacan.    Mejico, 
]  s-_'0. 

Oray  (.Vlbcrt  Zabii.skie),  ^lexico  as  it  is.     Now  York,  1.S7.S. 

dray  (A.  ]>.),  Keport  and  map  of  Mex.  Boundary.     W;i.sliin,c;ton,  IS.IH. 

Green  ((Jeorge  M.),  Statement  of  liis  recollections  of  life  in  Mexico,  l.So.'?-.").'), 
MS. 

rireene,  Speecji  on  Ten  Pegiment  Bill  in  U.  S.  Sen.,  Feb.  18,  1848.     Wash- 
ington, IS4S. 

(!r(gory  (Samuel),  History  of  Mexico.     Boston,  1847. 

(i.Mjue  (Call  von),  Briefo  iiber  Xord-Ainerika  nnd  }iIexiko.  Braunschweig, 
1S,".(). 
id  dajara,  Coinlucto  observada  por  el  CJobierno  Kelesi/istico.  Onadalajara, 
IS.V.I.  4to;  IMscursopronunciado.  Mex.,  l.S'J4;  I'lcsameii  Publico,  (iunilil., 
1S4I;  Ec;  ]).■.^icioll  i'(d  Cabildo.  (luadal.,  1S'_'4.  folio;  Ilsjiolios  dc>  los  Sic.-? 
Obisjjos  17.")!>.  M.'^.  folio;  Exjilicaciones  ([iieel  Mayordoino,  (  uiadal..  ISli"). 
4to;  Exposicion  lu'clia  por  el  Ayuutamiento.  Chiadal.,  IS4-I;  (l.icela  i!o 
Coljienio.  (luadal.,  I81.M;  (lobierno  I'k'lesiiistico.  Guadal.,  IS,")!';  Pepre- 
selitaciou  del  Obispo  snbre  Ceiiii'liteiios.  [Ouail.,  l>S47J;(>bi  po  ilc, 
Carta  Pastoral,  (iuadal.,  IS.")!);  Observaciones  que  hacc  el  \'.  Cabildo. 
(Juadal.,  IM'2.  Obseivaciones  (|ue  sobre  el  projeeto  de  Ba^es  orjrauicas 
hacen  el  Obispo,   ii.pl.    1S4;{;  Prestamos,  Coutril)uciones  y  Exaccioues  de 


(jua 


la.  iLilcsia  di'  ( 1 


lajara.     liuadal..  1S47;   Protes'^a  did  Oljispo  y  Cab 


do  de  la  Santa  Iglesia  dc  Cuadalajara.  (iiuulal.,  1847;  Protesta  del 
Obispo,  (iuadal.,  1S4S;  Ileal  ei'dula  ile  ereceion  del  C'oiisulado.  (!uad., 
17!1").  folio;  Itelacioii  cristiana  de  lo.s  males  (pie  ha  sufrido.  (Uia.lal., 
1811.  4to.  Ivepresentacion  lic  la  Junta  de  Eoniento  de  Comercio. 
Cuad.,  1S.")'2.  4to.  i;i  Tiiljuiio,  1S'J7.  folio;  Ultrr.je  a  las  autoridades  por 
los  Canonigos.  Mex.,  IS'J,"). 
Cuadalujx'  (Xuestra  Sra  de),  (_\)lceeion  de  obras  y  opusculos  pertciiecieiites  A 


la  milagrosa  apariei 


Madrid,  17S."i. 


Guanajuato,  Coutiiiuacion  <lc  las  eontestaciones  intre  cl  Oober'lr  y  Cabildo 


M 


iclioaean. 


Morelia,  1S.")7.   4lo;  Cunstitiicion  Politiea.    Mex.,  1S'J(); 


Cueiita  de  la  Eab;  ica  ile  la  Alhoiidi-a  de  ( lianaditas.     MS.,  ISO!),   f, 


Es[)osiciou  (pie  el  Sup.  (iol)i'.  (I 


Establ 


ecimieil 


to  d(;  nil  Presidio  en  Atar'^ea.    G 


1844;  llxpcdieiite  Instruido  sobre  el 


1S4S;  Inf. 


oriue  ciue  ilo 


su   adniiiiistracion.      (iuaii.,    IS'JO;  luli 


Mex.LlS.I 


M. 


(iuaii.,  bS4i);  PublicaViud 


riadiKiobr.    Mex.  |  iS.1 


leido  i)or  (iobr  del    I'.stado. 


1 


rogi'ama 


de  lasj'un* 


ion  del  Avuutamientode  Santa  !•' 


M. 


Isll  ;  Ptjiresentaeionipieel  Ayuiitamiento.  (juan.,  1840;  Seguiidat.'crtii- 
nien  juridico  y  literario.     Mex.,  1S,")'J. 

Guardia  (.1.  M.),  Pes  Ibpubliipus  de  1"  AuK'ri'pie  Espagnolo.     Paris,   18(;i.>. 

Gua/acoaleo,  Colonie  du,  l)ans  L'I'.tat  de  \'era  Cruz.  I'aiis,  IS'J!);  >Cotes 
])our  .^ei'vir  d'iiistrnction.     Paris,  n.d. 

Giiemes  y  Hoicasitas  (.luan  Eraneiseo),  IJancodc  Mincros.    Jlexico,  1717.  41o. 


( lucnot  (l']st;V: 


Provecto  de  utilidad  coiiiMii.     Mexico,  ls;i;).   4t< 


(iuerra  il)iei,'o).  Memorial  at  Rey  sobre  Rcli^ios 


[.Mexico,  lO.'il.  I  folio. 


Guerra  (lose'),  llistoria  de  la  Kevolueion  do  Nueva  Eapafia.     Loiulres,  1813, 
'2  vols. 


Iviii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


!1     I'i 


m 


m 


fliKiTii  (.Tiinn  Alvarez),  ^ilodo  Jo  oxtinguir  la  Dciula  PuLlica.     Jlcxico,  1814. 

(;u(  ria  ilu  llspaua  con  Mi'juo,  So;,'uiiil'j  AftKuli).      Paris,  1S,J7. 

(iiicna  Etcnia  a  esto  Cuii;^ics<).     [.Mi'xico,  Ihol^.J 

Guena  cntn^  Mexico  y  los  Estailos-Uiiidos,  Apimtca  para  la  Ilistoria  tie. 
Mexico,  18-I.S. 

Gucrra  ii  toilo  niilitar  oficinista.     Mexico,  1821. 

Guerrero,  Coii.stitiieion  politica  <lel  .fun.  IS.jl.  [GueiTcro,  18r)l.]  El  Estado 
de  (liieirero  en  la  ICxposicioii  \acioiiul,  1870.  Mexico,  IbTO;  Menioria 
jireseiituda  ."1  Let;islatura.  Chilpauciiigo,  1S7-;  Koticia  oxtraord.  de  la 
Miierte.     Mox.,  JS'j:!.   folio. 

Guerrero  (Isidoro),  Exposicion  Corta.     Mexico,  1874. 

Guerrei'o  (.Jose  ]\Iiiria),  Dictaiucii  Teologico  contra  el  ensayo  sobre  tolerancia 
religiot^a.     Alexieo,  is:il. 

Guerreid  (.Mariano  Soto),  I'roclania  &  favor  de  todos  los  bucnos  y  contra  todoa 
los  niiilos.     Mexico,  ISl'J. 

Gueni'ro  (X'icenti),  A  liis  ciudadanos  militares.  Mexico.  [1S'21,]  folio.  Ex- 
pulsion of  .Sjiaiiiards.  4to.  Ilustres  liahitantes  de  lii  gran  Mexico. 
[Mi'.\ici),  1S'_'"J|.  folio;  Maiiifiesto  il  sus  coniiiiid-iot.is.  Mexico,  lS2!);  I'^l 
I'lcsidcntc  de  los  Ivstiidos-Unidos  Mex.,  Coiiipatriotas.  Mexico.  l.Si!!). 
El  I'residentc  de  la  llepublica.  Mex.,lS'JO.  folio;  rroclaniucion.  Mex., 
iSiJ'i.  folio;  I'll  Soberano  Estado  de  Oajaca.  Oajaca,  IblJIJ.  4to;  ."^unia- 
ria  Averiguacion.     Oaxacii,  IS,'51.  folio. 

Guevaia  (15idtliazar  Ladron  de),  Maniliesto,  (j^ue  cl  Real  Couvento  do  Religio- 
sas.     |.Mex.]  1771.  4to. 

Gucvaia  (.iuiin),  I'roceso  contra.     MS. 

Guevara  (Mi.'^'uel  'J'adecj  de),  Suniario  do  las  Indul^^'cucias.     Mexico,  1787. 

(iuia  <le  Hacienda  de  la  Hep.  Mex.  afio  de  l.S'27.     [Mexico,   1827. J 

i  Iuia  ];ara  el  couociniieuto  d(^  mouedas  y  niedidas.     Mexico,  I'^lo. 

(iuriili  (.lose  ^li;^uel).  Apologia  do  la  nparicion  dc  Xuestra  Seiiora  do  Gunda- 
lujie.     Mexico,  18^1). 

Guridi  y  Alcocer  (Josu  Miguel),  Sermon  predicado  en  accion  dc  gracias. 
IM.'xico,  1808. 

Guridi  y  Alcocer  (Jose  Mignel),  Exliortacion  quo  pnraelJuraniento  de  la  Con- 
slitueion  en  la  rarro(|uia  dd  SaL,'rario.     Mexico,  18'J0. 

Guiidi  y  .Meva  (Jose  Maria),  Ley  .luslicia  y  Verdad.     ^Mexico,  1828. 

(iulicriez  (Bias.  J.),  de  Eefornia.     Mexico,  18(i8. 

Gutierrez  (.Josi''  Ign.),  ( 'ontcstacion  al  libelo  intitulado  "Apuntes  para  la  Ilis- 
toria." Mex.,  1S,">0;  I)oeuuientos  justicativos  dc  la  eouducta,  piiljlica 
ISiO-lll.  Mex.,  1S.">0;  ^'ota  a  i'avor  dc  los  pvinicros  caudillos  dc  la  lib- 
crtad  Americana.     [Mex.]    1S"2"2.  4to. 

Gutierrez  de  Estrada  (.J.  M.),  Alguaas  observacioncs  .sobre  el  ofieio  (|nc  con 
feclui  "Jii  de  Jnlio.  Mex.,  188o;  Carta  al  I'residente  sobre  la  necesidad 
de  buscar  cl  remedio.  Mi'X.,  1840;  ])iscui\so  }ir(inunciado  tn  el  jialacio 
de  Miraniar.  I'aris,  ISOli;  Doc  uiientoa  relativos  a  la  separaeion  de  la  1» 
Bee.  (le  Estado.  Mex.,  183.");  Mejieo  y  el  Arcliiduijue  lYi'i.  Max.  I'aris, 
].S(J2;  Mejieo  en  1840  y  en  1S47.  Paris,  1848;  ^lexico  y  el  Arcliiduquo 
Maxinnliauo.     Mex.,  180.'1.  4to. 

Gutierrez  dc  Villamicva   (Jose),   l);scnrso   20  dc  Abril   dc   ISH-I.      ^lejico, 

is;iG. 

Guzman  (.lose  Maria),  r)rcvc  y  scncilla  narracion  del  X'iage.     Mexico,  18117. 
Guzman  (Leon),  Cuatro  Palabras  sobre  el  ascsinato  del  seilor  General  1).  Juan 

Zuazua.     Monterey,  18(10. 
Guzman  (.S.  "M.  Gozalo  de).  Carta  que  escribe  A.  8  de  Marzo  de  l.")29.     In  Pa- 

clieco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  xiii. 


11.  (If.  G.),  Memoria  sobre  la  Propicdad  Eclesidstica.     Mexico,  1804. 

JIarienda,  Kcal  Decreto  para  el  Establecimiento  del  General  sistenia  de. 
^lexico,  1817. 

Hale  (J.  P.),  Sjieech  on  nicreasc  of  army  in  Mexico.  Jan.  0,  1848.  Wash- 
ington, 1848. 


AUTHOR  ITIES  QUOTED. 


lix 


TTall  {T5asil),  Voj-agc  au  Chili,  au  POrou  ct  au  Moxique.    1820-22.    Paris, 

is:;4.  2  vols. 
Iliill  (FiTiU'iic),  Inv.-ision  of  Mexico  liy  tlio  FicikIi.     Xuw  York,  18G8. 
Ifall  (IVrdfi-io),  Lifuof  Maxiiiiilian  1.     Xew  York,  ISOS. 
Hall  (Will.  M. ),  hipecch  iu  favor  of  a  National  llailroad  to  tho  Pacific,  July 

7,  IS  17.     X'-w  York,  ls,'i.">. 
llalleck  (1[.  W.),  Mining  La\v:i  of  Spain  ami  Mexico.     San  Francisco,  IS,")!), 
llanicr.'-'y  (L.  11.),  Records  of  living  oUicer.s  of   U.  S.  Navy,     i'liiladclpliia, 

i;s;o. 

Hai  iy  (Lieut.  R.  W.  JI.),  Tr.avols  in  the  Interior  of  Mi-xico.     London,  ].S2!). 

na!o\B<-'!iito),  ;\Ienioria  justillcada  de  la  conducta.     Mexico,  ls,')7. 

Haio  y  Taniariz  (Antonio  de),  A  sus  eonipatriota''.    n.jil.,   iSolI;  I'lsposiciou 

dirigc  i'l  sua  Coneiudad.moa  y  Opiiiiones  del  autor  .'<ol)re  la  inonari|nia 

cousLitucional.     ^lex.,  IS-KJj  K^itracto  del  Ivspcdientc  sobrc  deuda  Eotc- 

rior.     Mex.,  184(i. 
Hart  ((/hiirlea).  Remarks  on  Tabasco.     Philadelphia,  1SG7. 
Ha\en  ((iilhert),  (Jur  Xext-Door  Xei^'lihor.     Xew  York,  187.'). 
Haven  (S.  <!.),  Remarks  on  Ten  ^lilliou  Mexican  Treaty  Bill,  June  27,  1834. 

Wasliington,  lSr)4. 
Hay  (Gui'ilenno),  Apuntes  ^eogri'ificoa,  cstadisticos  6  historicoa  del  diatrito  de 

Texcoco.     Jlcxico,  18()(>. 
Hayes  (Dcnjanun),  Mexican  Laws.     Xotes  on.     MS. 
]Ia:'.art  (( ''jmcliuin),  Kirchen-lleschieiitc.     Wion,  1(178-84.  2  vols,  folio. 
Hefele  (1  )!'•),  Le  (Jardinal  Ximcues  Francibjain  ct  la  .situation  do  FLglise  en 

Ks]i,i'.;nc.     Paris,  18.j0. 
Heller  (('iirl  B.),  .Mexico.     Wien,  18r,4. 

Hiller  (Carl  ii.).  Reison  in  Mexikoin  den  jahrcn  184.">-8.     Leipzig,  18,");?. 
Helps   (Arthur),  The  Conc|Ucrors  of  the   Xew  World  and   th(  ir  Ijondsnien. 

London,  1848-,-)2.  2  vols. 
Helps  (Arthur),  Life  of  Hernamlo  Cortes.     Xew  York,  1871.  2  vols. 
Helps  (Artliur),  The  Life  of  Las  Casas.      Philadelphia.  hsOS. 
Hel|is  (Arthur),  The  Sjiani^h  ( 'oncjuest  in  America.    Loudon,  1 8."i,")-(j 1 .   4  vols.; 

alsvj  X'ow  York,  1851).  2  vols. 
Henkv  (Thomas  .1.),  Tiie  War  with  Mexico.    Speech  in  U.  S.  House  of  Rep., 

.Fan.  20,  1S48.     Wa^lnngton,  184s. 
Heuri((ucz  (.Martin),  Listruccion  25  do  fietiembrc  de  1580.     In  Pacheco  and 

(Virdenas,  Col.  Doc,  toni.  iii. 
Henry  (I'apt.  W.  .S.),  Campaign  Sketchca  of  tho  War  with  Mexico.     Xew 

York.  IS47. 
Hcra!do(i:i).     .Mexico,  ]84SctRoq. 
Heredia  (Jcjse  M.),  Miscelanea,  Pei-i('idico  Critico  y  Literario.     Tlalpam,  182!); 

Poesia  inedita.     Mex.,    1848;    Poesiaa.     Me.x.,   18,">2;    Sila,  Tragcdia  en 

Cinco  Actos.     Mex.,  1825. 
Heredia  y  Sarmiento  (loscf  Ignacio),  Oracion  fiiuebro  que  on  las  solemnea  cx- 

cquias.     Mexico,  1808. 
Heredia  y  Sarmiento  (Jos.  Ign.),  Sermon  Panegirico  do  la  gloriosa  aparicioa 

dc  X'uestra  Seiiora  de  (iuadalupe  12  de  Die,  do  1801.    MS.    Mexico,  LSO.'l. 
Hermosa  (Jesus),  l']ncicloiiedia  Popular  .Mi-jicaua.      Paris,  1857. 
Herniosilla  (J.  C),  El  Jacobinismo.     Mejico,  ls;i4.  II  vols. 
Hcnjaudez  (Francisco),  Xova  Plantarviii  Auimalivm  et  Minerali\in  Mix.  his- 

toria.     Piomao,  1()51.  4to. 
Hernandez  ((Iregorio),  (,'ausa  dc  Ptdigamia  anti;  el  Tribunal  de  la  Inipiisiiiini 

en  Mexico.     MS.,  1771-4.  folio. 
Herr.andez  (Jose  (!en'piiimfi)i  (rrande  Ijnpresa  de  Minas.     ]\Iejieo,  ls:;i. 
HeraiMidez  (.lose   Maria   Perez).    C  "upenilio  de  la  Ceografia  del  Est.a<lo  du 

^Iiv.Iioacan  dc  Ucampo.     ^^exlcll,  ls72. 
ILrnaudiz  (.lose  Maria  I'crez),  ICatadisticaile  la  RepiiblicaJIejic-ana.     (luad  i- 

lajara,  18G2. 
Hern;iiidvz  y  Di'ivaloa  (J.  E,),  Estado  dc  Jalisco.     In  Soc.  Mex.  Ceog.,  Role- 
tin,  2i».  Ep.  iii. 


Ix 


AUTIIORITIKS  QUOTKD. 


1  'i|ii 

I 

f 
lilli^i^ 


HcrriTa  (Antonio  dc),  Dcscrijition  do  las  Iiidiaa  Occidcntiiles.    Madrid,  1730. 

folio, 
lioncni  (Antonio  dc),  Tlistoiia  rjcncl'al   dc  Ins  IIci'Iios  do  los  CastoUaiios  in 

las  Isi.is  i  'ricira  I''iinio  del  .Mar  Ocoano.     Madrid,   ItJOl.    4to.    4  vols.; 

also  edition  Madrid,   l7-<i-"'0.   folio. 
Homra  (J.  Antonii>  do),  \'iudioaoiou  (jue  liacc  do  los  caryos  dol  Sonor  1). 

riiioido  Vo;^'a.     Diiranyo,  lS(il. 
HciToia  (.loso  J.  do),  Brovos  Idoas  .sobrc  ol  arro{,do  prf>vision;',l  para  ol  Kji'i'cito 

Moxio.mo.      Mix.,  lS-l."i;  ])isourMi  al  prof^tar  ol  juranionto  jiaia  ontrar  ,il 

ojoroii'io  do  la  prosidoneia.     Mox.,    IS4o;    Ley  or^'anioa   ilo  la    ^'iiai'diii 

iiaoional.      Mix.,    lS4S;    I'rayooto    do    ostatuto    dol   ojOroito   !Mo.\ioano, 

.Moxicj,  IS4S. 
Jloi'rora  y  (Jomio/  (.1.  M.  Fornandoz  do),  Critioa  sobre  las  Cartas  Aniorioanas 

do  i;"ina!do.     guorotaio,  lMl2(t.     -MS. 
Ifiilal;:o,  La  iVfon.sa  dol  Cura.     i\.\\.,  ISl  1. 
JlidalLTo  (l>.  .1.),  ,\]iuntos  pani  Ksoriliir  la  Ilistoria  dc  los  Proyrctos  do  Mon- 

ar.niia  en  Moxioo.      >lox.,  KSJiS;  Copia  dol  Kxpcdiouto  rolativo  al  Liigar 

dol  Xaoimioiito  dol.     Mox.,  18(i8. 
lIidal:,o  y  Costilhi  (Migiiol),  Bio.urafia  dol  Ciira  do  Dolores.     Paris,  iSO'.t. 
Jlill  (.S.  ,S.),  Travols  in  Poru  and  Moxioo.     London,  lS(iU.   "2  vols. 
.llill;u(l((:.  S.),  l.ito  i.ndCainpai;:ns  of  <;.  p..  MoClollan.     Pliikulolpliia,  lSf!4. 
liilli.ii(l,  Spiooli  on  tho  Moxican  War,  in  U.  S.  llou-so  of  Kop.,  Jan.  5,  1^47. 

\\'asliinL;ton.  1S47. 
Hi.storia   do    la   Milagrosa   Iniagon   do   Niiostra   Sonora   dol    Puolilito,    etc. 

n.pL,  n.d. 
Histoiio  do  rilmpiro  Mcxicain  roprosonti'o  p;ir  llgnros.     Paris,  IGOfl. 
]littoll  (.lolni  S.),  History  of  Culturo.     Now  Ynrli,  Is7"). 

]lolnios  (!■;.  I!.},  Spoooli  on  Moxioan  War,  .Tiino  IS,  \S-IC>.     AVasliington,  1S4(1. 
llospioio  do   PoLris,   Ordrnanzas  ];ara  ol  goliiorno.      Mox.,  l!S(Jli;    Subro  J]s- 

tablooiniionto  dol.     Mox.,  1774. 
Hospioios  do  Filipiiias,  Dooumontos  Intorcsantos  parfi  sabor  ol  origon  do  los 

bionoss,  eto.     Moxioo,  iSo'J. 
Hospiial  Civil  do  \'alonoia,  Itoglanionto  goncral.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
llos[)ital  dol  Pivino  Salvador,  ^laniliosto  (pio  la  Junta  do  Ponolioonoia  del. 

Moxioo,  1S44. 
Ilo.  jiilal  do  Indios,  Constitucioncs.     Moxioo,  177S. 
Jiosj  ital  para  la  'I'ropa,  Instruooion  y  niotodo  con  quo  so  ha  do  cstablocor. 

Moxioo,  1774.  4to. 
Hospital  Itoal  y  gonoral,  Constituoioncs,  y  Ordonanzas.     Mexico,  1778.  4to. 
Houston,  Spoooli  in  United  States  .Senate  Aj  ril  "20,  ISaS.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Houston  (Sam),  Li'tter  to  (lonoi-al  Santa  Anna.     ^Va:dlinglou,   IN.i'J. 
Ibaiston  ;Sani),  Spoooli  iu  United  States  Senate,  I'ebniary  1!(,  I.S17. 
Howard  (\'oluoy  il.).  Speech  in  U.  S.  House  of  Ivop.,  July  (i,   lSo'2.     Wasli- 

in:,'ton,  IS,")'J. 
Ifowitt  (Maryl,  llistorj-  of  the  U.  S.     Now  York,  ISOO.  2  vols. 
Huasteoa,  ISotioias  P&tadisticas  do  la  Huastooa.     Mexico,  180!). 
Hudson  (Cliarlos),  Spoooli  in  U.  S.  House  of  l\ep.,  December  10,  184C;  Fe1> 

i;],  1.S47.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Ilucrta  (llpitaoioi,  Apuiites  para  servir  A  la  ni.storia  do  los  Defensorcs  de 

Puoiila.     Moxioo,  1808. 
Ilucsoa  (Manuel  (lutiorrez  de),  Rcspiraoion  de  gratitud  que  un  Prosbytero 

Aniorioano.     MS. 
ITuniboldt  (Alex,  do),  Essai  Politique  .sur  le  Royaumc  de  laNouvclle  Espagne. 

Paris,  181 1.  folio.  2  vols,  and  atlas. 
HumlMldt  (.\lox.   do),  Exanieu  Critique  do  I'histoire  de  la  Googi-aphie  du 

Xouvea:    Continent.     Paris,  bS.'U)-!).  .")  vols. 
Humlioldt  (Alex.),  Potters  to  Varnliagan  von  Eiise.     New  York,  ISGO, 
Hiiinboldt  (Alex.),  Life,  Travels  and  ISooks.     Xew  \'"o''k,  IS.")!). 
Hund)oliit   (.\lox.).    Political  Essay   un   Xew   Spain.     Translated  by  John 

JjlaoU.     London,  1814. 


HiinilK.Mt  (AIpx.),  Tal.l 


KSO.'t. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED.  Ixi 

i  Estadistieaa  iltl  Rcvno  ile  Xucva  Eppafla  tn  d 
.1. 


IIuiiiIh'IiU  (Ak'x.  lU'i,  W'lsnch  iilicr  dtn  politisclR'n  Zustaml  dcs  Kiinignidia 


N 


Cll-Spilllllll 


'J'iil. 


IM!). 


lliiiiilx'lilt  (Alex.),  Vulcaiis  ilcs  Cuiilillirea  ilu  Quito  ot  ilu  Mcxi([Uc.     I'ari.s, 
1N".4. 

Iliaficz  (Maiinel  (\v),  Colcocion  ilo  iioesias  cspoLridas.     Qiicrc't:ini.  ISOiJ.   MS, 


ll.i 


(I'liiiRi.si'd),  Miurto  jiolitita  (If  Ic  Itrjmliliia  Mcxii'aiia  ; 


.1  i: 


iliti. 


lai; 


il. 


Ml 


M( 


IS-J!)  :!(», 


.Is 


Ka/liali'tta  (.liiai|uiii  (iaivia),  ( 'oli  rtiuii  »lt'  IVniuiii'iitos  jjaia  la  llisturia  dc 


M. 


Mi'xioi),  IS.'S-OCi.  folid.  '2  vuls. 


lilra  Mircurial  y  (li'scriiniiiii  lircvi' dc  la  jilalisililc  jura.     Mexico,  ITdl.   4t( 


h 


■as  nixisjinas  ii  t( 


1" 


.^|\n  Alllt  lie 


JMiiladilphia,  IvJl. 


Ideas  iiecesaiias  A  tixlo  jiUeMn  -Xiiiericaiio  que  (|uiere  ser  111 


I'uelila.  IS'. 


lylesia  de  t'luajias,  Oliseivaciulies  (jue  liaee  la  lylesia  Catedial  di  I.     Mexi 


lS-_'(i, 
Iglesia  Catedial  de  la  Putlila  do  Los  Auyeles,  Itcglas  y  Ordeiializas  i 


1.1  ell- 


I-k 


I'ue). 


i7;;i. 

( luadalaxara,  Fundii 


vd 


K'lon  V  ciescniioKni 


Mt 


ISC, 


Iglesia    Metmiiiilitauo  de  ^Mexieo,   Carta  iiastoral  Sept.    10,    ISll.     Mexif 


ISII. 


I;^lesia  rarroiiidal  de  San  Jliyuel,  I'livikLrios  y  (^raeias  sili^'ulares  que  gozn 

csta.     Mexico,  1.S44. 
Ij.dosias  (.Uilniiiii  do  San  Miguel),  Ilelaoion  .'iciieilla  del  fuueial  y  exe(juias. 


1-k 


Ml 


iWi' 


I.SO.I 
J.  M.).  Jiovistas  Ilistoiicas  solire  la  Interveiieiun  I" 


;?  vols. 


I'desias  (Jose  M.),  Estndio  Coustiti 


d  soliro  faeultade" 


Justi 


Mox.,  1n74;  ^laniliesto  del  I'losidonte  Intel 


iieionos  con  lliaz.     |(jhiel(  taio,  I,s7(l 


I'desias  v  (,'onventos  di'  Me; 


IM 


uKin  ilescnptiva 


Iguala,  Aeta  Celekrada  en.     ^loxico,  IS'Jl. 
I-ualdiiil,  (  iueo  artieulos  solire.     Moxieo,  IS.'O. 


pti 


Mc 


■esa.     Ml  xieo, 

e   la  Corte  di 
il)le  las  Xeyo- 

,  is(;:i. 


llusti 
Inuiia 


Mc 


(1.: 


M. 


lS.-,l-;i.  4  V. 


dada   COeepeion,    Ikyla    y  ordinacionos  do   las   Iteligiosas.     ^lexi 


7(M). 


Impel io  dc  Mexico.     A  collection  relating  to  Maximilian's  I'nipirc. 
luipoitaiites  (ll)ser\aeiones  soliie  los  <  havisinios  Males  en  (|iie  te  v; 


1-; 


vuelta  la  Xao 
IMC, 


um  euino  rosultaui)  i 


del  decreto  do  10  del  Actual.      l\lexi 


Inipui:! 


A  la.s  Cartas  do  P.  J.  M,  (lutierrez  Estrada  nobro  el  rrovecto  do 


llstalilecer 


M( 


ejieo  una  .MonarijUia  ii.oili'raila 


M. 


•J  I 


MO. 


Iiifitativii  de  nn  lls]i;ifiol  Anierii  alio  ;i  todos  los  I'ispauoks  Ultian 


la linos  (iiio 


i<e  liallan  en  la  I'eniiisula.     Mc\ico,  IM'O. 


Ineitatlva  de  tin  Mejic 


toe 


los  K^ 


lici'i  en  la  peninsula.     Mexico,  IM'O, 
iiaeion  dcl()iii:en  dc  los  Extiaxii 


moles  en  uclensa  i 


Icfe 


dc  111 


I  (luc  se  iiu 


il.- 


Iiid 
Indieador  (Kl) 


la  ]• 


Iiiduk 
I 


eilcracioii  Mcjiraii 


ndiistiia 


N 


jicrjictuas  coiici'didas  a  los  co 


il  Couirreso  Mexieiiiio,    Mexico,  l.S'J'J. 
la,      Mejico.  \y,\'.]  4.   I!  \ols 


ilitcs.      Mexico,  171'.i 


iclonal 


Itcd; 


IS.'ill;  lii'pri'sentii 


nieiito  do   una  soeicdad   ]iara  i 


•1   fi 


mil  uto. 


^Ic 


diriLiida  id  I'rcsidi  iite  I'rovisional.    Mcu'.  1S4I 


Infante  (Joaijuin),  Sohicion  li  la  cucstion  do  dorocho  sobf   la  Kniancipacion  dt 


la  A 


Iiifon 


imrica.     Cadiz,  IS'.'i. 
,1 


inacioii  solirc  aranccles  en  liis  doctrinns.     MS.    1740.    foi, 


Informe  de  la  C'oinisii 
Anna.     Mexi 


on  noniliiaila  luirala  rcconociniicn 


1S4:!. 


ito  del  teatro  dc  Saiit.i- 


Infoinic  Crlticodc;,al  dado  al  niuy  ilustiv  y  vcneralilc  Caliildo.    Mexico.  IS,".."). 
Iiit'onuc  en  I'lstiados  en  lUfcnsa  do  los  Kuiplcados  do  la  Aduanu  Maiilinia  dc 


r.ia 


M 


CXlCO, 


1S43. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED, 


iilllll 


InfonnoSucrcto  nl  PllcMo  Sobcrjnio.     Mexico,  l,S3n. 

lIl''()I•IlU'^  cii  ilcrcrlio,  ii  ( 'ollcf  timi. 

Iii-i!  ("*•  \V.).  .S|).ci.li  in  V.  S.  Hoiist'  of  Hep.,  March  22,  1848.     n.pl.  n.d. 

Iiii;^.:  (.liMfi),  I'liiii'ial  Oratitmlcoinjuo  la  leligiosa  coiminidad.    Puebla,  1774. 

liM|iiisi(iiiii,  a  Ccilli'ctioii. 

liic|nisiiioii,  A|Hil(>L,'ia.     Mexico,  LSI  1. 

lri(|uisiri()ii,  Inroi'iiio  solirc  (.1  TrUmnal.     Mexico,  181. *}. 

liii|iiisi(ioii,  Moinorial  Santa.     Mexico,  1S21. 

liiiHiisiiion  <li'  Msiuina,  Am'cdota  iuijiortantc.     Mojico,  1820. 

liHjui>iiiiin   Mcxiciina,   i;|)itoino   Sumario  do  las  I'ersonaa,  assi  vivas,  como 

<liliaitas,  ((lie  mi  iian  pcnitcuiciiulo.      [Mexico],  Uiu!). 
laqiii^ii'ion  y  piihlic.i  dcclaiacioa  testamento  y  ultima  voliiiibid  do  la  Santa 

lni|iiisicicin.     Mexico,  1,S.")(). 
]ni|iii.sicl(ii'e.s  lisjcides,  lle.ijlas  y  (.'onstituciones.     Mexico.  ICiO.   4to. 
Inijuisi. lores.     Xos  Ioa  Innuisidorcs  contra  la  lieretiea  pravedud,  y  upostasia, 

en  estiMriiidad.     Mexico,  17;{8. 
Imtitiita  C<jngregationid  Oratorii  S.  Mariao  in  Vallicella  do  Urbc.     Mexici, 

l.s:iO. 
Institiito  do  ricncias,  Litcnitura  y  Artos,  Memoi'ias.     Mex.,  IS'JC;  Reyla- 

nicnto.      .Mex.,  Iy2.">. 
liistitiilo  X.icioiial  do  Cieografia  y  Estadistica,  Boletin.     See  Sociedad  .Me:;i- 

eana,  I'lc,  it.s  later  name. 
In.stitnti»  ];cIi;;ioso,  ])efeii!~a.     Jlexieo,  1820. 
Instrnivrion  do  lo.i  coniisionados  de  la  dii-cceion  t^oncral  y  jnzgado  privative  do 

Alcaliulas  y  rid(iue.s  del  Iteyno.     Mexico,  178.'!.   4to. 
Instniccion,   I'oniiada  en  viitiid  dc;  I!e;d  Ordea  do  S.   M.,  f(UO  so  diri','e  id 

Scnor  Coiiiandanto  (Jcneral  de  Trovincias  Inteniaa  Don  Jacobo  Ugarte  y 

Loyola.      -Mexico,  17iS!>. 
Iii'^triiccion  jiara  la  lufanteiia  li'rera  I'jcrcito  Mexicano.     ^lexico,  1841. 
laiirucciou  jiistiiral  ilc  1  ilustii  uino  Arzobispo  de  I'arin,  Mexico,  1S22. 
Instir.ciiiin  I'rovi.jional  jiaia  Ins  Coiuisaiios  (Icnerale.s  <|Ue  ban  de  Adniinia- 

tiar  Iks  Itainoa  do  la  llacicmla  I'liMica,     Mexico,  18_'4. 
Instniccion  (|Uo  so  rcniite  dc  orden  de  Sii  Majestad  ii  bis  .Iiiiitas  ile  Teinporid- 

idadcs  estahk'cidas  en  lo.s  doniinins  de  Indias.     Miulrid,  1784. 
Ia.-itriu;cioii  isobre  el  cnltivo  di'  iiiircniii  y  eiiii  dc  gu.sanos.    Jlexieo,  ISoO.  4to, 
l]i:;;rucciones  do  \.>s  Vii'oyes  de  Xnev.i,  E.s[)aua.     Mexico,  1807. 
liianiTcccion  de  ISIO.     A  Collection. 

lasnri'eccion  dc  Xncva  Espaiia,  llesiinion  Ilistorico.     Mexico,  1821. 
l-iteudcntcs  do  I'ixi'i'cito  y  l'ro\im'i!i,  Rcid  Ordeniinza.     Madrid,  1780. 
luiendintc.s   de  I'rovincias   v  Excrcitos,    Ordeniinza   de    111  ile  Octubre   do 

171!l.     ^Madrid,  174!).   folio. 
Intervencion  Kuropea  en  Mejico.     I'iiris,  18.59;  riiiliidelpbia,  1S.")0. 
Interfereneo  of  the  IJritisii  ( Jnvernnient  in  the  dispute  between  Spain  and 

ber  AmericiMi  colonies.     ^IS. 
Iriiirto  (Fnuicisco),  Contcsliicion  il  la  cxpresion  dc  agravios.     !Mex.,    18;>2; 

Miinilicsto  a  los  pueblos  de  la  lJepublic:i  !Mejic:ina.     ^lejico,  ISJ!). 
Iriiirto  ( I 'nuicisco  Sniirez),  Del'ensa,  21  ile  !Mar/o  de  1830.     ilexico,  18o0. 
Iv'n  l';s])auol  (i;i).     Mexico,  ISlIi)  et  fcq. 

Isiibil  lii  (  atolica,  In.stiliicion  de  l.i  Itoiil  <)rden  Anicricnna.    Mexico,  1810. 
Iitii  (.io.-cpli  Mariiino  (.iregorio),  Diii  festivii  I'ropio  piini  el  Ciilto.     Mexico, 

17J4. 
Iturbido  (AgustiiO,  Rreve  diseno  eritico  de  la  eniancipacion  y  libertad  de  la 

Uiicion  ^lexiciina.     ^Mexico.  1.S27. 
Iturbide  (.\giiSLinl,  Ih-eve  iiiaiiiliesto.     Mexico,  1821. 
I  tiul)ide  (A;;ustiM),  Carrerii  Militar  y  I'olitica.     Mexico,  1827. 
lLiMlii<le  (Agustiii),  I'iirtaiil  l'cns;id(ir  Mexicano.     iMcxico,  1821. 
liurliido  (Agustiii),  Carti'.s  de  los  Scfmres  (iciiendes.     Mexico,  1821. 
Itiuljide  (.\giistiii),  Ciitilstrofc  de   el  18  de  Mayo  dc  1822.     Mexico,   1826; 

Tiiris,  182.-.. 
Iturbidc  (.Vgustin),  Del  grande  Iturbidc.     Mexico,  IS.'^S. 


1, 


AUTironiTiKs  Qroxr.D. 


Kill 


Itnrliiili'  f.\','ll^^till),  DciikwiiitlitkcitLMi  mis  tlum  on'oiitliolicn  Mieii  tlt-s  kuiscra 

vim  Mi'xii'i).     l.cij>/i;,',  \S\H. 
Itmliiili' (Agiistiii),  Kl  yoiii T.ili.siiiio  Aliiiiniiiti!  ;l  los  liabitaiitca  del  linpirii). 

.Mt.\i.(.;  hs-'i'. 
Itmliiiif  (.\,'iisiiii  (lu),  in  gcneralisiiiiK  Almirimtf  ;l  s,u.s  coiu-'iiuludikiios.    Mcx- 

i.o.  IvJ-J. 
Itni'liiilo  (A;;ustiii  dc),  HI   I'riincr  .ucfo  del  cxi'n'ito  iiiiporial.     Mfxii'o,  IS'Jl. 
ltuil)id(^  (Agiistiii  iK),  I'jitrada  I'lililii'a  in  Valladulid.      Mexico,  ii.d. 
lliirliidi.' (.\^'u«tiiO,  Mtiiioiri'j  Aiitiij,'r!i|p|i(H.     I'aiis,  18'J4. 
Jtuiliiili:  (.\.i;ii.stin)i  Mcjicaiius.      I'lU'lil.i,  IS'Jl. 
Iturliide  (.\L;u--tiii),  I'laii  imhlicado  I'u  1^'iiala  el  L'l  di!  IVlirero  dc  IS'Jl.    Mux- 

ico,  ISJI. 
ltiirl)i(li' (Aijiistin),  I'oMaiios  ilnstivs.     I'liehla,  n.d. 
Jlurliido  (A^'iistin),  I'riiiicr  prcinio  j^cucral  conccilido  ;i  los  sefiorcH  gcfos   y 

()!'u.iaU<.      Mi'xici),  1S_M 
Itiirliiue  (A!.:ustiii),  I'liKdania  El  i>riincr  gefi  (Ul  ejircito  iiiiiHrial  dc  las  ties 

pii'Miilias.     McxiiM).  liS'Jl, 
Iturliidc  (A^'ustiii),  I'rorl.iinacinn.  dated  July  II,  IS-JI.      Valladoli.l,  ISi'l. 
Itiini  ( l''raiui.si'(ii,  Carta  ( 'litiea  s  ilni^  la  liisloiia  do  Aiiieriea  del  Seiior  Juan 

i!aiili;ta  MuuMZ.      Mailrid,  17IIS;   I'ueMa,   IS-JO. 
IxtlilMiiliitI  (i'eiii.-.udo  do  Alva),  Cniauti's  Honihles   iles   Comiuerauts  du 

M(\ii|Uo.      iu 'roiiiaux-t'iiuiiiaus,  \'iiy.,  xc'iie  i.,  toni.  viii. 
I\tlilxiielii,l  llelai'iouis.    Ju  Kin;:sli()n)u,L,'irs  Mtx.  ^Viitiij.,  vol.  ix. 
J/aguhre  ( I'edri)  dil,  IJelaeidU  do  los  sitioH  y  ealitlade^^  de  lus  jiuertos  dc  Ca- 
'^  hallos.     -MS.  l(i04-.">.   I'ldio. 

.lai'ol)  (William),  Troduction  and  Consumption  of  tlio  I'i-i'Mouh  Motal.s.  Lon- 
dnn,  ls:il. 

Jaillan.lier  (I'.),  Kxtraite  il'nno  Lettio  dattoo  do  rondieheru  an  niois  dc 
Fevi'icr.     I'ondielier'a,  1711.     iMS. 

Jalisco,  Araneel  para  el  col  no  do  dereclios  judioialos  y  curia  celesiii-itioa. 
Cnad.,  IS"J.");  Ijucu  Tnitainieiito  do  Iiidios.  In  I'aclieeo  and  Cardona.s, 
Col.  l)i)c.,  toin.  xiv.;  Conii.sion  I'einLiiiuMito.  (luad.,  lS(i7;  < 'onstitiioinn 
polilica.  (iuad.,  1Sl!4;  Coutestaciimos  lialiidas.  (luad.,  ISJ.'i.  4to ;  I)is- 
eurso  del  (lol)einador.  n.)  I.  ll.S(i7|;  l)iie(nuentos  Inipoitante.s.  .Mex., 
ISilS;  Docunicntos  oliciales  do  la  Coinandanoia.  (!uad.,  Is;l4.  4to;  hue- 
nmenlo.s  Oiicialcs  do  la  Jvevohieion.  <Juail.,  ISo'J;  Diitiinion  pre.sentado 
jjor  laconiision  do  llae'la.  (!uad.,  l.S"2!);  Ivsposieion  a  Cou^'feso.  Mo\., 
JXIJ'J.  4;o;  Menioi'ia  histoi'icailo  l(w  .sueesns  mas  notaliles  do  la  ooM(|iiista 
paitioular  do  Jali;vo.  (!nud.,  Is;;;i;  M<iuiiria  inesmtada  iior  el  ( lolnr- 
nador.  (iuad.,  ls.")7;  Menioria  i[\n'.  el  l^xuio  (loli.  del  il.stado  el  dia  I  de 
Sept.  do  lo47.  (luad.,  1S4S;  Moiiicnia  hoImo  t  1  I'^Ntail)  aoUi.-il  <!(;  la  ad- 
ininiifration  I'ulilica.  (iuad.,  ISlV!;  Xoticias  l^stadistica.-*.  (iuad.,  1S4.'>; 
I'atrii'itiea  Inieialiv.i.  (luad.,  1-^44;  Ke.L'Ianiento  ]iai'a  el  l;ov.  iuteiiur  d.  I 
CoiiL,'.  Const.  |(luad.|  I8'.'4;  devolution  do.  (iuad.,  l.S.rJ.  4to  ;  Saiito.s 
l>e';o]'.;ido.  (luad.,  lS,"i!);  \'oto  general  do  los  puidilos  dc  la  I'lovinoia. 
|. Mexico  I,  is-j;!. 

Jay  (( luillemiii),  Jievista  de  hus  cau.'fas  y  consooncncias  do  la(iu' ria  con  Mex- 
il'O.     Mrxioo,  1S,">(). 

.lay  (William),  Mexican  War.     T.oston,  lS4!t. 

.Jonlvius  (.lolin  S.),  History  of  Mexican  War.   Anliui'u,  1S.">1  ;  \o\v"S'ork,  ]S.")0. 

Je.suitas,  Cartas  escrita.s  por  el  Kiy  al  pa]ia,  externuno  do  los  jesuitas.  M.S. 
1704  7. 

Jesuit.as,  Coloi^io  do  San  Francisco  Xavier  noviciado  on  Tepot/.otlan.  MS. 
1770.  folio. 

.Icsuitas,  (,'ijnstituoion  s(>creta.     Mexico,  IS'J.'i. 

Jesuitas,  Docunieutos  y  ()l>ras  iuiportantcs.     Mexico,  1841.  2  vols. 

Jesuitas,  Instruoeiones  Seeretas.     MS. 

Jesus  .Maria  (Nicolas  de).  La  Santidad  Derraniada.     Mexico,  1748. 

Jesus  do  Atoclia  Silver  Mining  Co.,  Mex.     San  Francisco,  ISO.']. 


Ixiv 


AUTHOniTIES  QUOTED. 


I|i^ 


Jiiuoncz  (T.,iz.'ir<(^,  Tii(|ui-iiilor  (Iscil  de  cstc  Sniito  Ofu'in,     MS?. 

Jiiiifiic/  (.Miiiuul  Miirial,  Apologia  tlo  lii  Contliicta  Militar  tit;  fit'nerul  Santa- 

Aiiiiii.     Mcx.,  Is47. 
Jimt'iic/,  y  V'.'vM  (.lo.s.  Ant.),  El  lYnix  ile  los  Minuro.s  riooa  tlu  l.i  Aniijrica. 

Mfxit'o,  177!).  4tt). 
.Tinu'iii'/  I'jintnja  (Toni.is),  llcfonsa  jiiriillca.     n.i)l,,  ii.il.   folio. 
Jiint'Mo  (.I().s('),  Jnrornii!  tl.nlo  iil  Sii|pnnio  (lol)icriio  hoKii!  la  I'artiila,     Mcx., 

|.s;!7;    ()|ii'isfiilo  solute   Ion  casus   ItcsiTvadus.      Mcx.,    ISKi;   1  >(;clarucion 

lii'fVe'  ill'  la  rartilla  i|ni'  nianiliista  las  lirn';,'ia8.      .Mix.,  I  Si  I.   -Ito. 
Joliiisiiii  (Ktvt^Tily),  Sju'tili  on  'I'Iiito  .Million  hill,  Ffli.  (i,  1.S17.     Wanli.  IS47. 
Jonis  (( 'liarlis  lift),  Sii|i|ilfiiiintal  Mi'niorial  of,  in  nlatiou  to  Capt.  Lico.  W. 

llu'jhcs.      Wasliinu'ton,  ISlS. 
Jones  (WaltiT),  'i'lit!  caMo  of  tlio  llnttalion  Htntfil.     Wasliinpton,  1S47. 
Jortlan   Jolm),  Si'iions  actual  l)aii;,'iTf  of  l''iirci;^ncrs  anil  foieiyu  conuncrce  iu 

till,'  Mtxiian  States,      riiilailcii.liia.  lS'_'(i. 
•Toiiv,  llistoria  I'liiv.  tit;  la  ];^lcsia.     Mexico,  ]S,")4. 
Jouii'.ani't  (1>.),  l)n  .Mcxiiiut!  tin  point  clo  vuu  tie  .son  inllucncc  sur  la  vie  tlo 

riioiiiiuc.      r.iris,  ISdl. 
Jove  y  A'^iiiar  (.Josi';  Alixamlro),  Oracion  fi'incln'c  prouuuciada  en  las  soltiinnes 

i'Xci|iiias  iior  los  J'^spHuolt's.     Mexico,  IbOS, 
Juarez  (I'xiiito),  liioj,iaria.     I'uelil.i,  1S()7. 

Jiulson  (1'^  'A.  ('.),  'J'lii!  Volunteer;  or  the  Maiil  of  Monterey.     Ijo.ston,  n.il. 
Juicio  ill'  Inqii-enta,  l>ocnnientos  rclativos  al,  proniovido  por  !■].  liarron  contra 

1).  (1.  I'Viia.s.     Mexico.  l.S."i(i. 
Juicio  de  los  Locos.     I'uehla,  IS'JO. 

Jiiicio  tie  nil  Tatriot.a  .soliic  las  Difercntes  Opinioncs  Politicis.    Mexico,  1S23. 
Juicio  I'rivailo  solire  I'l  Dictanicn  I'resentadu  al  Con^'reso  (Jcneral.     Mexico, 

1S_'4. 
Julien  (Antonio),  Trasfonnaziono  tlell 'America  o  sia  trionfo  dclla  .S.  Cliiusa. 

lloiiia,  17!K>. 
Junta  I'atriiitiea,  Exposicitm.     Mexico,  ]S,"iO-S;  Re^  auiento.     Mcx.,  ISoO. 
Junta  I'rox  inc>;d  tic  Censura  al  I'ldiliro.     (Mixieo,   l.S^l.] 
Junta  lie  Sefioras,  I'^spo.sicion  i|Ui;  liace  al  publico.     Mexico,  1S40-1. 
Junt.i  Sujirenia  tlel  Iteyno.      ^lexico,  ISIO.   4to. 
Jurisdiicion  Ordinaria.      Defensa  de  Ins  Sefiores  Ohispos  para  conocer  do  los 

nei^oriiis  ill!  los  re;,'ulares.      Mexico,  istl, 
Jii/uailos  lie  llaceduria.  In  Mexico,  Doc.  i'^cles.     MS.  torn.  ii. 

Kar.stcn  (D.  L.  G.),  Tablaa  Mineraltjgicas  dispucstas  scgun  Icsilcscuiirimicntos. 

Jilexico,  1S()4. 
Kend '.11  (dro.  AVilkins),  The  War  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico, 

Xew  ^'ork,  1S.")1.   folio. 
ICenly  (Jolm  i;.),  Memoirs  of  a  Maryland  Volunteer  it.  the  Mexican  War. 

i'liiladelphia,  1S7;«. 
Kiiatrv  (I'Iniil  (!.),  Kaiser  Maximilians  Erliebung  und  Tall.     Leipzi.i,',  1SC7. 
Kcymoleu  (Louis),  Manifesto  fesant  suite  i'l  I'exposij  sur  lo  procOs  dit  de  Llal- 

linas.     Mexico,  IS.V). 
Kirn,'  (l)aniel  1'.),  Siiecch  in  U.  S.  House  of  Eep.  Feb.  4,  1847.     Washington, 

'1S47. 
KingsborouL'h  (Lord).  Antiipiities  of  Mexico.     London,  1S;}1-4S.  folio.  Ovols, 
Kingsley  (\'inc  AVright),  I'reneh  Intervention  in  Mexico.     New  York,  1803. 
Klemm  (t  iustiiv),  Allgcmeino  cultur  Ueschichte  dcr  ^lenscldicit.     Leipzig, 

1847. 
Kollonitz  (Countess  Paula),  The  Court  of  ^Mexico.     London,  1807. 
Ivottenkauip   (Franz),   Dcr   Unabluingigkeit.skanipf    dcr  Spanisch - Amerika. 

Stuttgart,  183S. 

L.  (F.),  ]'2tuiles  Ilistoriques  sur  le  Mexiipic.     Paris,  IS.IO. 

L.  P.  J.,  Memoria  para  los  Soldados  Mexicanos.     Mexico,  1S.?.3. 

Labartlie  (Charles  de),  Les  Sacrilices  liuniains  au  Mexifpie.     Paris,  18G2. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ixv 


I.nc()!i,''i'  (II.  Mcnicr  (lo\  Lo  Mrxii|uo  ct  Icm  I^tats-Unis.     Pnii.s,  18(13. 
J.iicui.zii  (.ln«L' MiiiKi  del,  l)isi;iii's(is  Jlistoiicos.     Mcxito,  184.">. 
i,;u'lli/il  (IllMIl  N.l,  (  kill)  (li;is  li  (licis.       M(     iuo,   IS}!.    4t(). 

Liiti!i;.'iiii  (J.  M.),  .Mc'innriiiiihim  (U' Ins  N\';,'i)cios  I'l'inliciitcs  cntro  Mcx.  yV.^■ 

jiiiiia.    I'oissv.  \>^':';  Afgocios  reiulii'iito.s  tiitiu  Mcx.  y  Kspufiii.     J'aiis, 

ls,,.S. 
l.aiK'astcr-.T<>tn'>!  (Alfonsii),   Ddciiinnitd^  impdrt  ntca   dul  I'l'oceso  do  (IdlnT- 

uadur  (.'(iiistitucidiiiil  lie  .lali.sid.     Mi  xIlo,  \A{',H. 
LalHic'L;(>  y  ixusuiliiz  (.(i)St'|ili  ilc),  < 'iiitii  i'astoriil  del  Arroliisjio  do   Mexico. 

Mexieii,  17 Hi;  Oraciuiiea  fuiielires  eu   los  HoKiiiiie!!  cxentiiaa  del.     MeX- 

id),  17-8. 
Ijinila  (Cuilos  de),  Sohro  el  Sistoina  I'l  iliiliitivn.     Mexieo,  18-13.  4to. 
i.iiiiila  (l)ieLrii  <le),  lielaticjii  des  eliones  do  ^'neatan.      l'aii,-i,  1S(;4. 
J.au^'iista,  l»ict:iiiieii  solae  la,  iiieseiitailo  ^lurla  CiicueliiiiaLiuiial  do  ngl'icnltiira. 

.Mi\iei),  l.S.id. 
Liuigsilmll' ((i.  11.  Von),  Vi)yago  and  travels  in  various  parts  of  tlio  uorld. 

honilmi,  18i:!. 
Lanu/.i  (I'edro  .lose),  Vindieacion  del  Oeneral  Manuel  Ilincon.     Mexico,  1840. 
l.aieiiinidiere,  Kl  I'liiveiso  rintoresio,  etc.     I'ari.H,  1S4(J. 

l.aieii.'Uidierc,  llistoii  ■  Al)r<'gee  de  I'origino  de  la.  (li'DLrraphio.      Paris,  18'J8, 
Laieiiaiidieii',  Mexiijiie  et  <  Jiiateiiiala.      I'aris,  184,'t;  also  I'aris,  1847. 
Lare.-i  ('i'eodosio),  Lcccioncs  do  ilcreciio  adniinistrativo  dadas  on  el  Ateiieo. 

Me\i,(),  18r)± 
Lari.s  (Mariano  (r.),  Discurso  civico  pronunciado  el  IG  do  Sotiembro,  1S,")4. 

Moielia,  lS.rl. 
Lanaiii/ar  (Manuel),  Algunas  Ideas  soljro  la  histori.a  y  niancra  <lo  cscriliir  l.i 

de    Mexico.      Mexico,    ls(;">.    4tn;    l.a  Cucstion   de    Teliiiantepcc.     New 

York,  l8.")"_';  I)iet:iliicn  i)resei!tado;i  la  Socicdad  do  (loog.  y  K.itad.  do  Mex. 

Mix.,  I8()."i;  Kstudios  soKio  la  Historia  do  Anieiica.     Mox.,  187''J.  5  vols; 

Xiitieia  llisturica  do  Soconuseo.     Mexico.  I8I."{. 
I.Mnafia;,'a  (1)111110  ■loseph  de),  roeiiia,  lieinyoco.     Mexico,  1804.   4to. 
LaiTafi.i;,a  (lliuno  Francisco),  I'rospocto  do  una  Encida  Aposti'dicaoEpopeya. 

Mexico,  1788. 
I.asc.iiio  (M.),  Oiicracioncs  iiiilitares  del  Eji'rcito  do  Orieiite.  ji.pl.,  n.d. 
has  Casas  (liartolonio  dc),  Urevo  Itclacion  do  la  Dcstruccion  do  las  ludias. 

Sevilla,  lS-_>-_'. 
Las   Ciisa.s  (Dartolonu^   de).    Cartas,    Represontacionos,  Asientos,   and  other 

l)iiciiiiieiits.     In  I'aclieco  and  (J.irdeiias,  Col.  I)oe.,  toiii.  vii. 
Liis  Ca.sas  ( liartolonie  de),  ( 'olcccion  do  las  Obras  dol  Ubi.spo  do  Cliiapa.     [I'.y 

Juan  Antonio  Lloreiite.  I     Paris,  18'J'J.  "2  vols. 
Las  (.'asas  (IJartoloino  de),  Conqvista  dell'  Indie  Occidcntali.     Venetia,  U!44. 
Las  (,'a^«i!j  (Bartoluiiii:  de),  1  )ecouverto  des  Indias  Occidentalcs.      Paris,  l(i!l7. 
Las  ( 'asas  ( liartolonie  de),  Kxtractos.     [From  his  Ilistoria  do  las  Indias.]  MS. 
Las  Casas  (liaiti)lonic  do),  llistoria  ApologC'tica  do  las  Yndias  Occidentales. 

M.S.  folio.  4  Vols. 
Las  Casas  (Martolonio  de),  Ilistoria  do  Indias.     MS.  folio.  4  vols.;  also  edi- 
tion Maihid,  187"'>.  o  vols. 
Las  C:isas  (liartolonio  do),  Indio  ICsclavo.     Piielila,  18-_'l. 
Las  C.isas  {IJartolonu';   do),  Istoria  6  Prouissiuia  Relatione.     Yenctia,  1030; 

also  Yt'iietia,  l(i4.'J. 
Las  Casas  (ISartolonio  do),  Liberta  Prctesta  dal  .suplice.     Yonetia,  1040. 


Las  Cisas  (IJartolu 


de),  (I'.uvrcs.     I'aiis,  Is-J-J.   2  vol.« 


Las  Casas  (Liartolonie  de),  Real  Cedula.     In  Pachecoaiid  Ciirdena.'?,  Col.  Doc, 
toiii.  vii.;  Ternaux-Conipans,  Yoy.,  serio  ii.,  toni.  v.;  Florida,  (Jol.  l>oc. 

Las  Casas  (ilurtolonio  de),  Rcgionvni  Indicarum  per  Hisnaiios.     Heiilelbei_', 
l(i()4. 

Las  Casas  (Bartolomo  de).  Relation  des  Voyages  et  des  Decouvertes.     Am- 
sterdaiii,  1(>!»8. 

Las  t  'asas  ( liiirtolonid  de),  Tj'rannies  et  Crv.avtez  dea  Espagnols.    An  vera,  1  ol'J. 

Las  Casas  and  Yaldivioso.     In  Cartas  do  ludias. 
Hist.  Hex.,  Vol.  I.    3 


I'.vi 


AUTIIOrJTIES  QUOTBD. 


slilili 


Lan  Casas  y  In  ^Ii'ta  (Lucas  du),  Memorial  rclativo  al  golncrno  du  la  I;j;lo.sia 

Catuclial  (Ic  (iuadaliijara.     .Mexico,  IT-"*,   lolio. 
I.as  Crnccw,  lionlcrcr.     J^as  Cinccs,  lS7-ctsc(|. 
Laso  (l''i'ancosci)),  J'^l  Atlas  Alihrcviailo.     Aiiihercs,  1711. 
Lass:iya  (Jiiaii  Lucas  ilc),  y  .Joai|uiii  \'(lasi|Ucz  tic   Loon,  PiC]iroscntacioii  fpic 

liaccu  a!  l!<y  ;'i  uonibri'  do  la  niinoria  do  Xuova  ICspana,  ]\loxioo,  1774.  folio, 
Lastairia  (.1.  V.),  l^a  Ainorioa.     (iaiito,  ].S(»7. 

Lato  Moiito  (Ludovicu  do),  Catocisino  du  la- Indopoudoucia,     Mt^xico,  1S21. 
Lruroiit  (Taul),  La  j^uonc  <lu  Moxi(juo.     Tari.-f,  18(17. 
J..a,:aro,  < 'ai'ta  I'a.stoial  dol  Afzolji.spo  do  ^Icxico.      Mexico,  IS."). 
Lii;:caiio  (I'raiicisco  Javier),  Vida  oxonii)lar  y  vii'tudos  lien'iicas  ilcl  veneralilo 

padr(!  Juan  Antonio  dt'  Oviodo.     }.lixico,  17i)l). 
L.i;;eaiio  (I'lancisco  XavJoi),  llonias  funei'alos  (juu  al  11.  I'.  Doeur.     Mexico, 

i7<;;». 

Lazeano  (Francisco  Xaviir);  f)|)uscnluin  Tliooiiliilosoiiliicuin  de  ]irincipatu  .sen 

antol.itiono.     M<'xioo,  17.")0. 
Laxcano  (Francisco  Xavior),  Oiatio  funcbris  quo  I'e^'ia  an  Pontifica.     Mexico, 

17(i;{. 
Lazcano  ({'"rancis  Xavior).  Sermon  funelirt^     Mexico,  17<;'l. 
Lazcano  (Maniah,  .Manit'estacioii  ijuo  ol  (li'al  liacc  al  ]iulilico.     Mc^xico,  IS.'S. 
La;'c;!Uo  (M.),  ()i)eraci!"ilUH  .Militaros  del  Lj.'i'cito  de  ( )rieiite.    Voi-.-i  Cruz.  IS(;7. 
J^oiiiija  y  llai'icra,   ijn^vos  lloilosciono.:  sohro  el  analLsis  (|ue  iiau  foi'inado. 

Mexico,  isli. 
Lelirija  y  ]>ari'oia,  Ivejiliea  di;  a  lo;i  Senores  de  la  Compania  Ijnpics.aria  do  la 

Ionia  naeional  del  tal)aco..      Mexico,  1S41. 
Lelii'on  y  Cuervo  (.losojili),   Aiiolii;,'ia  .lui'idica  do  los  dereelios  fpio  tieno  ol 

Seiior  ( 'ondo  do  Santiau'o  del  l'uel)lode( 'a!eniay;t,  I'tc,    Mexico.  177!'.  4to. 
Locluiga  (.Vntonio  ]''ernandez),  Dcdicatoria  ii  Don  i'.  Arias  do  Mora  (Snzmau 

yCalialUro.     Mexico.  I(i7.">.   4to. 
I..eo  (Alfred),  Tiio  Keformation  in  Mexico.     n.]il,,  ii.d. 
JA'fi'vre  {\]. ),  1  >oci!niontos  ( )llciales  reco.:.;idos  en  la  Si'crotai'ia  Frivada  de  Maxi- 

niili.-uio,  Ilistoria  do  la  Intervencion.     ] 5ru .solas,  oto.,  ]S(i!).  '2  vols. 
T<efivro  (I'i. ),  J..e  ^lexiipu'  et  I'inti'rvention  iMiropi'eniio.     Mexico,  IStiJ. 
Lc:mett  (Aaron),  Claiiuy  upon  tlio  }>lv\.  (!ovt,     \\'asliin;,'ton,  ];?I4S. 
Lejaldo,  Se;,'nnda  I'rolianza,  In  lca:'halceta.  Col.  Doc,  toni.  ii. 
],oinprioro  (Cliarlos),  Notes  on  Mexico  in  lS()l-'_'.     London,  ISd-J. 
Leon,  Acta  Munici]ial  July  l.'l,  iSiJ.').     n.jil.,  n.d;  VA  Ayinitamiento  do.  pido 

la  ei'occion  del  I'.stailo  dol  Contro.      Mex.,  1S7();   La   Municipalidad  de, 

soleuniiza  hi  uii'nioria  de  su  Lid<'iH'ndeucia.     Jjoon,  l.S7i. 
Loon  (Antonio  de),  Ccjuti'stacion  del  Ciudadano.     Oaxaca,  IS-H. 
Loon  (Antonio  do),  Tratado  do  coulirniaciouos  Keales  do  Fai"oniiendaa,  Oficios 

i  casos.     Madrid,  Ki.'JO. 
Lo(jn  (Francisco  ].,eou  do),  Ilernaudia.     Tviuui))lios  do  la  fe  y  gloria  do  las 

arnia.s  I'lsjianolas.     I'oonia  lli';i>yco.     .Madiid,  17.")."'. 
Lion  (.loachin  A'elasniU'Z  d(.'),  Ivvplicaeicju  do  los  adnrnos.     ^Mexico,  1771.   4to. 
Loon  (.lo.se  U.  (!.),  l''.l  Ciira  do  Santiago  do  tjuoretaro  d  sus  lielos  liabitantos. 

|;^)iU'relaro,  KslO.  | 
Leon  Muan  l>oinin.;()  de).  Sermon  do  la  ])nri.--sinia.     Mexico,  1710. 
Leon  (.buKjuin  ^'olasl|uez),  Comon'arias  do  las  Ordonanzas  do  .Mineria.     ^I.S. 
].,i;on  (Martin  de),  Manval  brovo  y  forma  do  ailuiinisti'ar.     .Nb'xico,  ](i40. 
Leon  (Rodriguez  do),  I'anogyrijo  Avgvsto  Castollauo  Latino  al  Soronissinio 

Lil"ante.     ^loxico,  Ki.ill. 
Leon  (.Joseph  Antonio  I'onco  do).  La  Abeja  do  Miclioacan.     Mexico,  17."-. 
Loon  (.fosopb  Antonio  Ponco  do),  T..a  azueena  entre  Ivspinas  sobi'o  senta<la  on 

la  vida  y  virtudos  de  la  ni.'i.dro  Luisa  de  Santa  Catarina.     Moxieo,  17.">0. 
Leon  (Xicoliis  I'oi,  e  do),  Ilistoria  do  la  .singular  vida  del  venerable  lionuano 

Cristoval  do  Molina.     I'uobla,  lOSG. 
Leon  y  (lama  (Antonio  de).  Carta   juo  sobre  la,,  Observaciones  critioas,  etc, 

>is.     |17!)-|;  ])escripeion  liistorica  do  las  d(  s  I'iedras.     Mex.,  Ib.'l'J;  In- 

striiccion  .sobro  ol  romodio  du  las  Lagartijas.     ^lex,,  178-. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOIKD. 


Ixvii 


Ins,  Otlcios 


'rciiissiino 


Lordo  (rranci^o  )),  Espo'^icion  sohrc  ol  .Tiiicio.     Mexico,  1''40. 

J.cnl  I  (I'-riiiuio  Maria),  J^spositiiiii  ilcl  J)()(;t(ir  Lcido  uijutra  las  obscrvacioiies 

(K'l  I'ti^ailor  Mc'-ieaiio.     Mexico,  Is-JO. 
Lird.i  lie  Ti'jiula  (liaiicisco),  l^s'io^acioii  sohrc  Adiiiiiiistmcion  do  l;i  Adiiaua 

Mai'ltirna  do  Miizatlan.     Mexico,  IS-IO. 
Lcrd'Mle 'JVjada  (.Mi,'iul  >[.),  Apniitos  llistuiico.s  do  la  lloruica  Ciudad  de 

\'(ra  Cruz.     M(;xii'o,  1,S.">!)-.").  5  parts. 
].(■  .'-^aiut  (L.),  (Juciio  (li  Mexicpie.     J.illc,  n.d.  ;  Tans,  18(57. 
Liir.iu  (.Sail  Jiiau  do'.,  J.,a  .Junta  t'atodr;itica  Dirooliva  del  Xacional  y  piitn- 

itivo  Coloaio  do  Mexico.     Mexico,  is.");). 
Lcv.'iiito  (J..eoiianlo)    < 'lisis  Americana.     Madrid.  17-11.   f  ih  >. 
l.cye.s,  Varias  Allot:. cioiies  a  innciias  Icyes  de  liidias.   ii.]!'.,  li  d.     MS. 
Lcyc;!  y  Oi'donan<'as  Nuev.'iinriito  licciias  ])or  su  ilagcstad,  para  la  gouoniacicj 

(iJla-s  Iiiilias!     ^'alla.(^.lid,  KJO:?.  folio. 
Loycs  y  Ordenan/.a.'!.     Madrid.   [!.")S1.J 
Lexarza(l''.  Manuel^  Jlspulsion  do  los  Padres  Jesiuta.s  y  Vida  conum  di;  las 

Monjas.     ii.pl.,  '.lUiy.      ^IS.   folio. 
Lezai'.ia  (.)osc5  do).  Exliortacioii  do  I'a/;  que,  descuhierta  laiufamcrcvoluciou  do 

tieira.     Mexico,  1811.  small  4to. 
Lilicialisino  _>  •^usEi'ectos  en  la  Rejuihlica  Moxicana.     Mexico,  IS^tS. 
Liliertad  do  linprc  .:«;a  I'elVndida.      I'ucbln,  l.Sil.   folio;  Defcnsa.     !Mcj.,  IS'21; 

I'loliiljida.     :\Icj.,  IS'J:);    Trinnfo  do  la  Mex.  IS-Jl.  folio. 
I.iliro  de  Cabildo,  (,'opia  do  la  mayor  [larte.      l.'iil-U. 
Eilii'o  do  las  ( 'onstitucioiios.     Mexico,  17!>(i. 
Licia  ra  (.Joscj  Maria  dc),  -Vdiciones  y  rectificacioncs  A  la  Historia  dc  Mexico. 

(luana juato,   ]S(iS. 
Lici")  }iIcxicuio.     M<  xico,  1S41.  2  vols. 
Liaiou  (lldefoust  Gomez),  Sermon  quo  en  la  exaltacion  del  Senor  Carlos  1\'., 

Mexico,  1701.     Mexico,  1701. 
Linares  (iimpic  de,  Virey  do  JNlcx.),  Ins'triicci(m  ii  su  Sneesor.     n.pl.,  17)ti. 

-AIS.  W.Vm. 
Linares  (()l)i--po  de),  AelaMcionos  sobre  la  circular  que  espiili(j  en  Tampico  .-i 

Id  de  Ui'tuhro  del  corricnto  afio.  Mexico,  ISIiO.  -Ito. 
Li;K'.ti(0.),  Co.stumes  (111  Me\ique.  I'm^cllcs.  u.d.  4to. 
Liiiieres  (Ivliiardo  Jliiricpio  Teodorode  Tiirreau),  Plan  de  los  Establceimientos 

y  E.itatutoa  (jeneralis  do  la  (Jompafiia  Mcxicana  ( 'icntiiica.   Me'aco,  l.SIl,"). 
Lint< ma  M'lunea  u  .sem;inario  fusoiK'iniieo.     Mexico,  1S'_'2. 
Liot  (W.  1>.),  L'anama,  Xicavai,'naand  Tcliuantcpcc.     London,  1849. 
Li.ipiird  ((ieort;o),  Leycnd,s  of  Mexico.      P)iilade![iliia,  Is47. 
]..i^i;a  <lo   loa  Lndividuos  matrioulados  cii  el  colegio   do  aliogados.     Mexico, 

18:17.  _ 

Lista  liitcrina  do  los  inforinantes  contr.T,  las  vietimas  de  la  noelio  del  li)  \-  11 

dc  Mayo  do  1814.     [  .Mexico,  ISl'O.  J 
Livernuiro  (Ahiel  Abbott),  Tho  war  witii  Mcxieo  reviewed.     Loston,  18.")i). 
Li;;aiia  (Xavier  lie),  Aniniiino  contra  .su  pastoral.     MS.  18!(.'!. 
Li.;aiia  y  JSeanniont  (Francisco),  Carta  (!ratulatoria.     Mexico,   181(1;   Carta 

]  astoral  (|Uo  dirijre  ;'i  .su  elcro  .sobre  la  saiitidad  del  estado.     Mex.,  1807; 

Klogios  Latino  yCaslellano  -2')  y  '2\  de.lulio  do  l8!:..     ^Iex.,  isKi;  Ivx- 

liortacioii  del  Aivobispo  do  Mex.  a  .'iiis  lielcs.     ^I.  x.,    ISIO;  Sernion  «.'l 

dia  IS  do  Agosto  de   1808.     iNIex.,  1808. 
Li/:',iia  y  ISeaumont  (Francisco)  Cartas  Pastorales,  A  eolK^ctioii. 
Lizardi  (.1.  .1.   I'ernandez  de),  Adverteneias  Nccesarias   para  la   El'^ccion  do 

J)iimtados  del  I'lituro  (ami'/ivso.     Mex.,  bSl'.'l;  Contistaeiou  del  pens.ador 

a  la  carta  (pu^  se  dice  diriL'ida  li  el  Coromd  I>.  Anrrustin  Iturbide.     Mix., 

18JI;  Noehes  Tristes.      ^lex.,    iSlS;   I'ensador  .Mexicano.      Mex,,   1>.1;(, 

ct  seep;   <  Jbsi'rvacioiicM  (pie  (d   Peiisador  Mexieano   liaco  A  Lis  eensuras, 

iMexico,  18'.'.');  I'd  I'eriqiiillo  .Sarniento.     .Mexico,  184"J.  4  V(ds. ;  Mexico, 

ISC).").  4  Vols. 
Llano  (.Manuel),  Opi'isculo  sobrc  tclegrafia-elcctro-magiKitica  y  apuntes.    Mex- 
ico, l8i"iS. 


Ixviii 


AUTiiORiTir:;:;  quoted. 


i 


Llaiito  (Ic  la  piicbla  en  la  traslacion  de  su  amabilisinio  prclado,    Pucbla  [ISOO]. 

.MS. 
Lhive  do  Oro  para  abrir  las  piiertas  del  ciclo.     Mexico,  1815. 
L!oroiito  (•luau  Antonio),  AtVnismos  I'oliticos.     ^lexico,  1S22. 
l^oayziiga  {.Manuel),  liistoriado  la  milagrosissima  imiigen  de  Xra  SradcOccot- 

liin.     Mexico,  17i')(). 
Lobo  (Manuel),  llelaeinn  do  la  Vida  y  Virtudes  de  Pedro  dc  San  Joseph 

Jjetancur,  1724.     MS. 
Logrono  (I'edro  de),  Carta  al  Roy  Don  Felipe  II.     In  Cartas  de  Indias. 
Lombanlo  (Francisco  M.),  Int'onno  que  en  contestaeion  al  que  liizo.     Mexico, 

ls,-).>. 
]iOndi)u  (Jeofrrapliicnl  Society,  .Toumal.     London,  18.31-70.  40  vols. 
]^oiig  (Ivlward),  Speech  on  Mexican  War  in  U.  8.   House  of  Kep.,  Jan.  0, 

JS47.     W'ashiuL'ton,  1S47. 
Lopez  ((ieri')iiim()),  Carta  al  Fmpcrador  Oct.  20,  1j41.     In  Icazbalccta,  Cul. 

Doc,  torn.  ii. 
Lopez  ((iregorio),  Declaraoion  <lel  Aiipocalipse.     Mexico,  IfliO.  JIS. 
Lopez  (Ore;,'orio),  Tesoro  dc  Mciiiciiia  y  do  las  plautas  do  la  Nueva  Espana. 

Mexico,  1()7.'J. 
Lopez  (.lesuM  de),  Discurso.     Aguascalientcs,  ISfil. 
Lopez  (Miguel),  Kefutacion  al  folloto  eon  niotivo  do  la  ocnpacion  do  Querc''- 

taro  en  l.">  de  Mayo  de  ],S(f7.     ^lorolia,  1S(J7. 
Lope-  ( 'laroH  ( I'edro),  Defensa  legal  de  D.  Lorenzo  y  D.  Mariano  Sisa.    Madrid, 

1810.  4to. 
Lopez  ]\latoso  (Antonio  Ignaci(j),  Extracto  cuasi  d  la  letra  dc  la  causa  crim- 
inal.    Mexico,  ISIO.     :MS. 
Line/,  Portillo  (Antonio),  Alaniliesto  legal.     IMS.    17(il. 
1^  ipez  de  Salcedo  (l)iig(j),  Instruccion,  deseubriniieiito  del  Desagnadcro.    AfiO 

l.")27.     In  I'acliceo  and  (Tinlcniis,  Cul.  Doc.  vol.  xiv. 
liopcz  de  Silva  (Franci.'^co),  Tratudo  do  Plata  y  Oro.     CVidiz,  1009. 
Li'.pc'/  dc  Zubiria  (.lose  Antonio),  l)ocuinentus  oliciales  relativos  al  Estrana- 

niiento.     Victoria  do  iJnrango,  Is;i4. 
Lorcnzana  (Frnncisco  Antonio),  Aranzcl  jiara  curas  de  la  ciudad  de  Jtlex. 

[.Mexico,  1777.]  folio. 
Loreu'^ana  y  Buitron  (Francisco  Antonio),  Cartas  pastorales  y  edictos.     Mex- 

i(0,  1770. 
Losada  (Juan  Miguel),  El  Grito  de  D-^.lores.     Mexico,  1850. 
Lo.s.sada  (P.  Domingo),  Conipcndio  de  los  Privilegios  Kcgulares  dc  Indias, 

Madrid,  17o7. 
Lowcn.stirn  (Isidore),  Lo  Moxiquo.     Paris,   184.');  Journey  from  the  city  of 

Mexico  to  M:izatlan,  in  London  Ccog.  So.-.,  Jour.  xi. 
Ludecus  (Ivlward),  lieise  dnrcli  die  Mexicanisclie  I'rovinzin,  Tumalipas,  Coha- 

liuiia  unil  Texas  iiii  ls;54.     Leipzig,  1SH7. 
Lull,  Itetiitacion  contra  la  niemoriapresi'iitadasobre  las  Americas.  Madrid,  1S21. 
Luz  (La).     M<!xico,  ISdi)  et  si'q. 
Lnz  (Ln),  Semanario  P.e'igioso.     Monter.'y,  1S77. 
Lvon  (U.  F.)  Journal  of  a  Ucsidcncc  and  Tour  in  Mexico  in  1820.    London, 

1828.  2  vols. 


M.    (•!.),  Mincro  Comen-iantc.     ^Mexico,  ]8*?!>. 

MeDougall(.r.  A.),  Sjieech  in  the  Senat- of  tlio  U.  S.,rob.  3.,  18G3,  on  French 
interfevence  in  M"';;icr.     IJaitiniore,  ISdrl. 

Macedo  (Miguel),  Documentos  ipie  nianiliestan  la  conducta  quo  observ<). 
Mexico,  ISJS. 

jrilvaiii''  (AN'iJliani),  SI  etches  of  Scenery  nnd  Notes  of  Personal  Adventure 
in  California  ■\w\  Mexico.     Philadelphia,  lS,j(). 

Mackenzie  (E.),  Historical,  Topographical  and  Descriptive  view  of  the  U.  S., 
(,'anada,  nnd  Mexico.     Ne\vcastle-u])!)n-Tyne,  IS!',). 

McLano  (R.  M.),  npeeeh  on  Hill  to  .supi'ly  deticient  appropriations  for  Mexi- 
can War,  March  J,  1848.     Washington,  1848. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


L'lix 


l\[cLano  (Ti. :M.), SJpcccli  on  Wiirwith  Mexico,  Jan.  Ill  1818.    AVa.sliington,  lS4'i. 
MoShcny  (lUclumll,  Kl  I'ir'.k  ro.     riiiladLl[iliia,  ]SM. 

.M:iilelOnc  (Henri  do  la),  Le  C'onite  ( Jastoii  ilo  liaoussct  Boullion.     Paris,  187(5. 
MaUli)n->-.Iu  (Felipe  I'con).  Justa  ^Icmoria  tlcl  heroisnio  quo  eu  cl  sitio  ilo 

<ii,Tona  manifesto.     Mexico,  ISU). 
MaUliinailo  (Fernando  X.),  Informo  elevado  .il  Vico-Cobornador  do  Chiapas. 

\'cra  Cruz,  1S.")0;  Proyecto  para  (£Uo  todoa  los  cniplcados  piiblicos.     .San 

Cristobal  Las  Ca.sas,  IS.ll. 
Maldonado  (Francisco  Scvcru),  EI  Teli5grafo  de  Guadalaxara.     [Guiul.]  ISll- 

ISI-J.  4to.  2  vols. 
Mallol  y  Ilerrera  (Manuel),  Oracion  pronuuciada  en  clogio  du  llevilla-Gigedo. 

Mexico,  1791. 
M;ilo  (Jose  11.),  Apuntes  Ilistoricos  sobrc  D.  Aciuatin  Iturbidc.     Mexico,  ISO!), 
^lalo  y  Manrriqiic  (Juun  Leonardo),   L:i  Estrella  do  cl  Xurto  do  Mexico. 

.Mexico,  174!., 
^Malte-lirun,  Les  Etats-Unia  et  Ic  Mexique.     Paris,  1802. 
^[altc-Urun.     Un  coup  dVeil  Hur  lo  Yticatiin.     I'aiis.     n.d. 
^lancera,  Instruecion.     In  Col.  Doc.  Ined.  toni.  xxi. 
!Maneer.i  ((jabriel),  Ferrocarril  lutoroccuuico  Discursodel  19  do  Xov.  do  1872. 

.Mexico,  KS7-'. 
Mancilla  (Antonio),  Iniiiu'cn  Ii'is  dc  hermosnra.     Mexico,  172.">. 
Maiieiri  (Joannia  Aloysii),  Do  vitis  Aliquot  Moxicauoruni.     BouoniiP,  1701-2. 

3  Vols. 
Manero  (Vicente  E.),  Apuntcs  Histcirlcos  sobrc  Ferrocarrilcs.     Mexico,  1S72. 
Maiiil'estaciou  do  la  Validez  del  I)ecrcto  du  l;>  do  Mayo  1.S40.     Mexico,  ISIO. 
Maniiiesto  contra  las  instrucciones  conuniicadas  por  t:i  Enqi.  do  lus  fraiicoscs. 

Mexico,  1811. 
Maniiiesto  del  Aynntamiento  A  los  habituntcs  do  la  Caiiitjil  sobro  las  causas 

del  nial  estado.     Mexico,  1848. 
Maniiiesto  del  Cobierno  Provisional  acercado  loa  ncgocios  do  Yucatan.     Mex- 
ico, 1S4;{. 
Maniiiesto  del  Supremo  Tribunal  do  Gucrra  y  Marina.     Mexico,  1S4S. 
Maniiiesto  do  su  Justicia  quo  producon  los  duoiios  lio  Haciendas.     Mexico. 

\:M.  4to. 
Maniiiesto  f|uo  la  Honorable  Legislatura  dol  estado  librc  do  Mexico.     Mex- 
ico, 18.'{4. 
Maniiiesto  sobi'fi  la  nulidnd  do  las  Elcccioncs.     Mexico,  1820. 
Manjarres  (F.  C),  Defcnsa  do  la  precedcucia  do  los  liernuiuos  cx-Guardiancs. 

Mexico,  1S41. 
Manslield  ( Ivhvard  D.),  Life  anil  Services  of  General  AV.  Scott.     Aidiurn,  18.VJ. 
^lausion  (llyi)olite).  Precis  Historiquo  aur  la  colonic  l'ran(;aise  au  Goa<:acoal- 

cos.     Eondres,  IS.'il. 
Mauso  y  Zvi'iiL;a  (Francisco),  Regla  y  ordcnaciones  do  las  religiosas  do  la  lini- 

l)ia  o  iiniiiacvlada.     Mexico,  ICM. 
^^anual  seralico  u  librodo  la  vida  dc  loa  Fraylcs  nicnores,     Mexico,  1779.  4tii. 
Maii/i  (I'letro),  11  Conquista  di  jSIessico.     Itoina,  1S17. 
Maraver,  Carta  del  presliitero  do  1 '  dc  Junio  dc  l.'tH.     In  Paclieco  and  C;ir- 

denaw,  Cnl.  Doc,  toni.  viii. 
Marld  (.Jacinto),  Xoticias  Instructivas  (j^\io  por  inuortc  del  Sefior  Amarillas, 

etc.     Mexico,  1700.   MS. 
Maria  Santisinia  (.'onqteiidio  historieo  y  noveiia.     Valencia,  179.1. 
Marian  y  Tor(|uemada  (.lose  Xieolus),  I'unogirico  do  San  Juan  Xeponaui'iio. 

Mexico,  1>s;!l'.     BUI.  4to. 
Marin  (Manuel  Gome/),  Def  nsa  Guadabqana.     Mex.,  1819;  Oracion  pane- 

t^irieo  (pio  en  la  funcion.     Mcx.,  18I0. 
Marin  (Miguel  An^'el),  Vida  do  San  I'aplinueia  akid.     Mexico,  1810. 
.Marquc/.  (Leonardo),  .\  las  trojjas  de  tiu  ilivision  luiero  ;U  do  1804.     n.pl., 

n.d.;  lljih-cito   Inqierial   Die.  20  do   1,S08.     n.]]l.,n.d.;   El  Geiieial  ;l  las 

tidpa.s  do  su  division.     Mex.,   1804;    Maniiiesto  (pie  liaei!  a  la,  Xaeion. 

Guadalajara,  l8o9;  Kefuctacion  hccliaporcl  tieneral.    Xueva  York,  180U. 


Ixx 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


^l.'irroijui  (.Tos('' M:iv;'.i),  T)isciirso.     Mcx.,  ISOl. 

:\Iiirsli  ((i.  !•.».  S|,fLH!i  oil  .Me\ic;iiiAVar,  1'lI).  10,  IS-tS.     Wasliingtnn,  1S4S. 
Mm  tin  (Vh. ),  I'niis  <lo«  ovciii'iiiciitsdc  la  i'aiiij)a.i,'iio  dii  .Mcxi(jiio.     I'aris,  I  sG.'i. 
Maitiiie/,  (AiitDiiii)  Feniamlo),  J'^stado  ilo  las  luisioiU'S  a  oarj^'o  ilu  la  I'loviiuia 

do  San  Fianinsco  do  Zaoatocas  ill  l.'{  do  Octubrc  iU-  \~SU.      MS. 
IMartiiii'/  (Antonio  .l()ac[iiin  IVrozi,  Oraoiuii  fiinohro.     Mexico,  l;s{)S. 
Martiiio/  (Maiincl  SilvcstiH'),  Lihrtiria  do  Jnocos  ultilisiiiia.     Madrid,  17!H. 
!Martiiirz  (MiLriul),  El  ronlilioado  y  .!;i  l!oy  do  Jloiiia.     Moxico,  l.'SliU;  SoiinoU 

]>aiio;4iiioo  (juo  on  la  dodi'-aoioii.     !Moxioo,  IIH'). 
Maitiiio/  (llafao'l  G.),  llofntaoioii  a  las  rollocsionos  niodica.s  ile  Don  M.  Davila 

y  Arrillaga.     Mojioo,  \r>',]').     sm.  4to. 
Zslartiiio/.  (X'iotor  Jo.so),  Siiioiisis  IlistVd'ioa  Filosiiiica  y  rolilioa  do  las  Kovolu- 

cioiios  ^Loxioiinas.     Moxico,  1^74. 
Mai'tyr  O'i^'1-oi'),  .VniiliiiiodiolaiKiisis  Opora.     Sovillo,  loll. 


^I.irtyi-  (I'otor),  Do  Nv|i^ 


J).  C; 


I'portis  insiilis.     BasiliiC,  l.vJl. 


Martyr  (IVter),  Do  Orl)o  Docado.s.     Alcala,  l.")l(J. 
^laityr  (I'otor),  Do  Oilio  Xovo  I'otri  Martyris   ab  Aii',doiia  Modiulanonsis 
rrotonotarrii  Ca'saris  si  natolis  ilocadcs.     n.jil.,  l.");>0. 


Martyr  (I'otor),  Do  Rolius  O 


Talis,  l."):iii 


Uait\r  (I'otor),  Lilno  I'riiuo  dolla  llintoria  dollo  Jiidio  (Jocidcntali.     Vin<".ria, 

IXM. 
^[j'.rtyr  (Potor),  Oinis  l']i)isto!annn.     (^)plnti,  l.j.'lO. 
^lasoras  (rjartlioloiiio),  Inl'ornio  t(joaiito  a  las  iiii.sioiics  do  Xayarit  cl  13  do 

Ootiiiiic  do  ITS.').    :m,s. 

[Mason  (U.  IE),  rictai-c:^  of  Life  in  Moxico.     London,  1S.")1. 


lis 


]\ias(jnos  ])u!a  ilo  Xucstra  Santisiiiio  I'adio  cl  Sofior  j,oon  XII.     i'liobla,  IS.'iO. 
MasL-ioras  (lv)i  Eo  J'ronraiiiino  Av  ri']ni;)iro.     Mi^xico,  l.SiU. 


]Ma 


(!•:.),  Ui 


11  ossai  (I  ompiro  an  JloxiijU 


1'; 


ISTI). 


!Mass(^y  ('i'lioinas  Iv),  ^loxico  as  it  is.     Washington,  iStil!. 

Massoii  (I'jiio  .to),  Olla  i'odrida.      I'aris,  l!3(i4. 

Mata  (.E  ]■].   M.),  lli  ilocsionos  sobro  la  guorra  cntro  los  I''t>tados  E'ni<lo.i  y 


:\i 


OJIC :). 


Xuova -Orleans,  184'; 


!Matoos  (liian  .\.),  ('oin))osicioii  loida  por  la  noclio  del  IS  doOctubro  tlo  IS(i(!, 
.M(  rida,  ISti'i;  El   Sol   do  Mayo,     Mcx.,   ESCkS;  Eos  Insurgoiitos.    ilox,, 


M; 


ISCi);  Sacordoto  V  Candillo.     .\lox.,  ISGil. 


ixiiiuian, 


Al 


lies,  cai'ias  otiicialos.     ^loxico,  lS(i' 


xiniiliau  and  tlio  Moxi;an  Jhiipiro.     X'on-intorviiitioii  tlio  tnio  j'oli'v  of 


tho  U.  ,S.     Xi 


M^ 

Ml 
>.b 


York,  ls(i(; 
E 


ixiniiliaii,  Aus  nioiaoui  l.olioii  lu'isosUi/zon 


po 


;'!;:,  lS(i7. 
ixiniiliaii,  ( 'olo 
ixiniilian, 

ixiniiliaii,  Mcinoiaiuhun  sobiv  ol  I' 
!Maxinii!iaii,  Xoiiiia  riio':r;ilica. 


Aph^ 


(led 


do  las  (\iii 
M. 


sicioncs  Iditicas. 


ichtc 


Mexico,  1S(;4. 


L 


'!'■ 


•  Hi'icreiir  dii  Alexiuuo 


1'; 


yu 


XU'O,    1S(), 


}*la\iinilian,  'I'o  Moxica'iH 
MaNiniiliaii  v  (.'arlola,  J 


.1)1.  [ISOE] 


111  S])aiii.- 


A/iec.  (vt.  'J,  l^(;,■').  [Mexico,  l;^;;.-).] 


ji'i'vo  AoUcia.  do 
Ciudad  'do  Piiobla.     I'lioVila,  lSt;4. 


1  U 


•ciliiinU'iito  y 


I'oni 


lanencia  on 


la 


Jilavor,  MSS.     (A  oollocti 


>f  til 


iriy  cop: 


fr 


M 


cxican  iU'cluves. 


Ma_\or  (I'rant/),  History  of  tlie  Mexican  War.     Xiw  York,  etc.,  1S4S. 
iMayor  (liraiit/),  ^Mexico  as  it  Mas  and  as  it  is.     Xow  York,  1844;  also  ]'>alti- 

niorc,  IS4(»:  and  I'kiladoliiliia.  b"^47. 
Mayor  (Eraiit/),  Moxico.     A/too,  Spanish,  and  llopublican.     Hartford,  IS.",;!. 

'J  Vols. 
Mayer  (iJiantz).  Olisorvations  on  Mexican  History,  etc.    Wasliingtoii.  ES.")(i. 
Mayora  (.Iiian).  Eoluion  d(  la  ^'lda,  etc. ,  do  Antonio  Hordoi'iaiia.    Mexico,  17">S. 


M; 
M 


lyorga, 
iV'->rua. 


D( 


reoi'os  soori' 


tal 


(Ma; tin  do),    i'n 

o,  17S(). 


>aco  y  pnli|Urs 


yw 


I7S(). 


laeion   [War  •Nvitli  Great   iJritain]  Jiiiiio  "JO. 


Ml 

Mtt/ario;,os  (.Mariano  Kobles  iVmiingucz  do),  Meiuoria  Ilistorica  do  la  { 


\  iiicia  do 


ell 


Gadiz,  Esi;j. 


I 


ArTirjiiiTiEs  quot::d. 


kxl 


Mcilma  (BalUinssar  del,  riirnnii'ii  ilc  l;i  Santa   l'r(j\'iucia  <le  San  ])ioi,'o  do 

Mc.\ir(».      Mcxiii).   liiM'.    folio. 
Miilina  (l^ilt.  dv),  X'vhi  do  i'lay  I'xi'nardo  llodrigiioz.     ^Ux.,   1(!SS;  Vida, 

Maitviio  y  IJoatilicaiiou  del  iuvicto  I'l'oto-Martyr  de  .Ja[iou  San  Fulipe 

^l.'.jj.sus.     Mux.,  l(i>s:{;     Madrid,  IT.')!. 
Medina  y  SaiaLia  (.Ji)si'i)li  l^icgo  dc),  Ksciito  en  rcsiHic-ita  ;l  lo3  cai'go.i  lu'ihos 

al  c.ipitan.     Mexico,  171-.     I'ulio. 
Minimi  (Juan  liiptistu),  Vida  del  padre  Fraucisei)  Maria  Clallu/./i.     Mexiro, 

ITid.  4to. 
^Frnioiia  rolitioo-Tnstnictiva  cnviada  desdo   Fihidellia  eu  Agosto  de   Isi'l. 

I'iladellia,  l.S-Jl;  Mexico,  IS'J.'. 
>[einorial  Ilistorico.     Mexico,  1S4I!,  ct  scrj. 
Meiia  ( l''ranci.sco  de),  I'lxtractode  loscapitulos  <le  huengoliiernoon  la  Anu'rica, 

n.d.     In  I'ai'lieco  and  ( Virdenas,  I'ol.  l)oc.,  torn.  xi. 
Menile/  (Cireu'ii'io),  llcsena  Ulicial  tie  lots  siucesos  del  Ivstado  de  Taha.sco,  etc. 

^Mexico,  l^siJT. 
Mcnde/,   (.liian    IJapti.sta),    licgla   y   constitucionea  do   las   re^das  religiosas. 

Mexiio,  17:U». 
Meiidex  ( l.nis),  Codii,'!)  Civil  (\v\  r)istrito  Federal.     Mexico,  1S71.    Ito. 
Meade/ (Sauti/igo),  I 'resupnesto  de  un  l'"erro-(.'arril.      \'era  ( 'iiiz,   !S."i7. 
Mendil'il  i  I'aMo  de),  IJesiinien  Historicu  de  la  lie\cduei(in  de  lod  l^stiido.s  I'ui- 

do.s  Mejieanos.      J,oinlres,  l.S'JS. 
Meridieta  i<  it'inninio  de),  1 1  istoria  i '.elesiastiea  Indiana.      Mexico,  1.S70. 
Mendieta  (I  len'ininio  dc),  Cart.-i  al  lley  Hon  I'elipe  desdc  'I'ohica  en  S  dc  ()i-t. 

de  loli.'i.      M.S.    folio;  Corrcspondeiicia  con  varios  [M;rson.a;^'ert  desdc  l.">7i) 

.'-  i."i7-'.   :ms.  folio. 

Meudizalial  (I'Vancisco),  Carta  lldificante.     Mex.,  lsl"_';  lleprescntacion  ijiio 

al  Soliei'ano  ( 'onu'reso  dirijc.     Mi'X.,  l.'vll. 
Mindizalial  \l'edro  Juscf  dc).  Sermon  en  el  l>l)  de  Siptiendirc  dc  ISH).     Mcx- 

ic(j,   ISIO. 
Mendo  (Andrc'^),  Cri.sis  do  la  Companiadc  Jesn.s.     Mexico,  17l'i">. 
Mcndoza  (.Vnt.oiuo),  Carta  ;l  .Juan  <lo  A^'nilar.   In  I'aclicco  and  Cardenas,  Coi. 

J)oc.,  toni.  iii. 
Mendo/a  (Antonio),  Carta  al  I'nijierador.     In  ('artas  dc  Indian. 
Mendo/a  (Antonio),  Carta  al  Maripu's  ile  Oaniottc.      lii  < '.irt.-is  de  TmMas. 
Jleiid,>za  (Antonio),  Carta  I'scrila  al  i'lniperador  (Vcrlos  V.  dandole  cucnta  do 

lo  ocnirido  eu  los  lerrilorios  de  sn  m.-iiido.      In  Florida,  Col.  ])oc. 
Mendoza  (Antonio),  Fi'ai,'nunLo  ilo  la  X'isita  lieclia.    In  Icazlialccta,  Col.  l>oc., 

torn.  ii. 
Mindo/.a  (Anto!n'o),  Provision  dada  ]ior  el  vircy  liO  dc  Xov.  do  l.");!7.      In  I'a- 
clicco anil  C'ardenas,  Col.  J)oc.,  toni.  xii. 
Mi'mloza  (.Viiionio),  lielacion,  apuntaadisitos  y  avisos.     In  Faciicco  and  (  Vir- 

delias.  Col.  Doc,  toni.  vi.  | 

Mendo.  a  ( Antoniot,  lielacion  ilo  !.i  j.iniada  <pu!  liizo  I'rancisco  dc  Saiido\al 

Acazitli.     Ill  lcazliaK'<ta,  Col.  I'oc,  toni.  ii. 
^leiidoza    ilMifeineoi,  l)iscrtacioii  p''escntada   al  .Tnrado  IJcsjicctivo  ]iara   la 

( t[>o<icion  ii  l;i  "  ' 


I'l:, 
tract.idas  de  los  l 


M( 


1.S7 


.xocioilcs  lie  cronolo'^ia  nniversal,  < 


M 


nejorcs  nntores  de  .lalis 


Ciia 


,i.. 


endo/;l  i.favicr  dc),  J,;i  Cucstioii  di^  Mcjico  y  el  coudede  K 


yin 


ISCS. 
M.-uliil,  IS.-'.). 


Meiiilo.'.a  (.liiaii  de),  lielacion  di  1  Santnario  de  Ti 


Mexico,  ICSl. 


Mendo/a  I 


d  Maijuel  A.  lionio,  Xociones  clo  Cionole 


d.    M. 


ico,  ls7t. 


MenonviUe  (Tliiery  del,  llcis 


;h  C 


ivilh;  ('riiicry  dc),  'I'rait'''  di'  l.i  cultnre  dii  Xopal.     I'aris,  1787 


M. 

Meiisa'.'cro  (l'".l).      Mexico,  Is77etseq 
Mensajero  Ivspanol  {I',].)     ^lexico,  l>.i;  »,  ct  rc  q. 
Mes.i  (l"raiicisco  do   I'aiila).  lireve  Manifestaci 


vica  in  Xen-S]>alucn.     I.ei|izig,  \~>y'J. 


w  liacc  nl  pi'dil 


eoiidiictaconio  Cobr  do  (.tiieret.'ii 


M. 


1S4',». 


llCO,  (Ic    .su 


Mesa  y  Lcoiiipurt,  Coin)H'iiilio  ilo  la  llistoria  de  Anierici.   Talis,  lS7n.  '2  voh. 
Mesegiicr  (Francisco),  El  diablo,  diseurso  ij^ue  en  la  eatedral  de  Mexico,  ISU'J. 


I 

ililliiiill 


f 


Ixxii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Mi'toilo  q'.ifi  sc  nbicrvft  coiistiiutemcntc  cu  Mexico,  etc.,  para  reciljir  y  de- 

.sjkicIkii' I'l  (Jalt'ou  do  Fiiipiuas.     Cadiz,  IT'i.'t.     MS. 
M"xiL-;ii;  AllUirs,  I'iipors  l•l;latill,^'  to.     Wasliingtim,  180.J. 
Mexican  Dimdholders,  (Jeuural  Moutiiigs.     JiOiidon,  IS.'iOctseq. 
Mexican  lioiidliolders,  Itepnrts  of  tlio  Committee.     London,  Ib.lO  et  9e([." 
Mexican  ("omiiaiiy,  Ueport  of  Directors,  May  1,  1828.     London,  1828. 
Mexican  Constitutional  Government,   Decrees  inviting  American  emigrants 

to  settle.     New  York,  1804;  Sun  Francisco,  18Go. 
^Mexican  Dcl)t  lleports.     A  Collection.   3  vols. 
Mexican  Kinpire  (Tlie)  and  the  American  Union,  n.pl.,  n.d. 
-Mexican  Finance  KSo^-ti.      A  Collection. 

Ml  xican  liii[>erial  Street  Kailroad  Conipanj'.     Xcw  York,  1865. 
Mexican  Missionary  Association,  Its  Origin  and  Work.     New  York,  1871. 
Mexican  National  Debt  contracted  in  London.     London,  18(i0. 
Mexican  Ocean  Mail  and  Inland  Com])aiiy,  Reports.    New  York,  18.53  et  seq. 
^Mexican    I'acilio    (Joal   and   Iron   Mining  and   Land   Company,   I'rospecto. 

Niieva-York,  ISM;  I'^xploriiig  expedition  to  the  States  of  Guerrero  and 

Miclioacan,  18oO-7.  New  York,  18r>8. 
Mexican  I'amphlets.  A  Collection.  ">  vols. 
Mexican  ^\  ar.     A  Collection  of   U.  S.  Government  Documents,   Scraps, 

I'anqihlet.s,  etc.   12  vols. 
^Mexican  War,    Complete   History   of   the   late,    Ry  an   eye-witness.     New 

York,  ISoO. 
Mcxitan  War,    History  of  the   raising  of  the   first  American  -flag  on   tho 

Capitol  of  ^Mexico.     Washington,  18.")0. 
]\fi\ican  War,  Incidents  and  Siitl'crings  in  the.     Roston,  etc.,  1S4S. 
Mexican  War,  ^Messages  of  tho  I'resident  [liOCong.  1st  Sess.  House  I<]x.  CO; 

Senate  J'^x.  1 1.     Washington,  1817-8.  2  vols. 
Mexican  War,  Ollicial  list  of  oliieers  who  marched  with   the  army  under 

Scott,  etc.     Mexico,  1848. 
^Mexican  War  Pamphlets.     A  (Collection  of  .'lO  pani]ihlcts. 
^Icxican  War  (The)  by  an  I'lnglish  soldier.     New  York,  1800. 
Mexicaiiisclie  Typen  und  .'^ki/zen.     Rerlin,  1870. 
Tdexicanisclie  Zustiinde  aus  den  Yalire  18;J0  bis  1832.     Stuttgart,  etc.,  1837. 

2  vols. 
^Icxicanus  (Los),  Dcscripcion  de  la  Repi>1'".ica  de  Mexico,     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Mexico.     London,  1S40. 
!>K'Nico.     San  Francisco,  1801, 

Mexico,  No.  1.  Sliall  (Mir  ( Jovcrnmont  Act,  etc.  n.pl.  n.d. 
Ab'xico,  No.  2.  Historical  and  I'iiiancial  Items,  n.pl.,  n.<l. 
Mexico,  N'o.  ."{.    Riographical  Sketch  of  the  Constitutional  President  Juarez. 

n.pl.,  n.d. 
^Mexico,  .Mutriginal  Histoiy.     M.S. 

:>Kxico,  Acta  del  Cabildo Vclebr.ido  en  30  do  Mayo  do  18.30.     :Mexico,  18.30. 
Mexico,  Acta  coiistitutiva  de  la  Fcdcracion  ^Icxicana.     ^Mexico,  1824. 
Mexico,  Actas  did  Cou'ireso  Coiistituyente  ^Icxicano.     ^lexico,  1822-.').   10 

vols.;  also  Mexico,  1824-0.  4  vols. 
Mexico,  Actas  do  la  Jiinta  de  Mineria,  1840-7.     Mexico,  18,")8.     MS.  folio. 
^Mexico,  Actas  I'rovinciales  de  la  I'rovinciado  Santiago  de  Mexico,  etc.,  desdo 

I.VIO  hasta  1.".8!).     TdS. 
Mexico,  Aciienlo  (Ida. runtadeguerray  Real  Hacienda,  30deAbril  del  772.   MS. 
^lexico,  .\l  jiuclilo  Mcxicano,  Rdacion  de  las  ciusas  (juc  intlueron  en  los  des- 

graciailos  sucesos  de  20  de  Agosto  1847.     Mexico,   1847. 
Mexico,  Aiiak'S  del  ,Miuistci-io  do  Fomento.     Jlcxico,  18."i4  .").     3  vo'iS. 
Jiexico,  .\nalisis  dc  la  Memoria  do  la  Comision  de  Hacienda.     Mcx..  1822; 

Analysis  of  Memorial  ]iresciited  by  Sec.  of  Treas.  to  1st  Const.  Cong,  of 

I'niteil  .Mexican  States.     London,  182."). 
Mc'iico,  A::'.'"io  <le  Oidines  Imjiciiales  180,').     Mexico,  18(m,  folio. 
^Icxico,  .Vrancel  general  de  Aduanas  Maritinias  y  Fronteriziis.    Mexico,  1842 

et  seq. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ixxiii 


,  Juarez. 

li-2-r,.  10 


■•J.   MS. 

lus  ilcs- 

".,  18-2-2; 

Jdul;.  of 

ho,  184-2 


Mexico,  Aiancel  Parroqiiial.     MS.  170:?.   folio. 

!Muxic(i,  Aianzt'k.s  do  los  Tribiiiuik's,  .Juzgatlus  y  oUcinas  de  Justioia.     Mex- 
ico, IT.V.I.  4to. 
Mexico,   .Aicliivo   Mcxicauo,   Actas   tie   las  Si'siiiies  ile   Camaray.     Mexico, 

KS.")_'.  '2  vols. 
Mexic(\   Archivo   Mexicano,  Colccciou    do    Leycs,  Dccretos,    etc.     ^lexico, 

ls.'i(f-(i;!.  7  vols. 
Mixico,  Aivhivo  Mexicano,  Docunientoa,  Ilistoria  dc  Mexico.    Mexico,  1832. 
Mexico,  AlToglo  del  cueiiio  do  Artilleiia.     Mexico,  IS.'iS. 
Mixico,  Auto  dc  la  nudiciicia.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  wrio  ii.,  toin.  iii. 
^Mexico,  Autos  de  la  leal  audieiicia  a  la  ciudad  y  su  rospuesla  do  Mariiui5s  do 

(iclves.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  ii.,  toni.  iii. 
Mexico,  Auto.s  .soljrocreccicn  donuevos  parroquiua  de  Mexico.     In  Doc.  Hist. 

.Mex.,  si'iieii.,  toni.  iii. 
Jilcxico.  Ayuutamiento.     .Acta  del  Caliildo  en  ISO  do  Mayo  do  IS.nfl.     ^Icxico, 

IS.id;  (.'oleccion  dc  Dociiiiientos  Oliciales  relativos  al   I'arian.      Mexico, 

1S4!!;  Contiiiuaciou  de   docuincntos  ;i  la  cesacion.     Mexico,  1S4;!;    Docu- 

liiciito.s  relativo.s  il  las  contestaeiones  entvo  el   supremo  (Joliicrno  y   el. 

Mexico,  iS4li;  Maniliestct  al  piildico  ijue  liace  el  de  IS4().     Mexico,  1S40; 

Maniliesto  del  do  18.').")  ai  I'liUlico  Mexicano.     .Mexico.  Ks.'JO;  Menioria  <lo 

liis  Itanios  Municipales  ;il  do  Dicicnilire  <le  lS4(i.     .Mexico,  1847;  Ueuda- 

nieiito  do  la  Secretaria.      Mexico,  1844;  llcpresentacion  ijue  liace  en  de- 

feusa    de    Indu.stria    Airricola.     Mexico,    1841;    lieprescntacion    boltro 

Distrito  Fcileral.     Mexico,  182."). 
Mex'co,  r.alan/.a  general  del  Coniercio  Maritinio.     Mexico,  1S29. 
Mexico.  IJandos  pul)licados  a  cousin [iiencia  de  Keales  Ordenes  y  cedulas  do 

Su  Mau'cstad,  etc.     Mexico,  177"2. 
Mixico,  liases  y  Icyes  Constitucioualos  do  la  I'epulilica  Moxicana,     ^Icxico, 

ls;!7. 
Mexico,  I'ases  Orcrauk.is  do  la  Eepublica  Mexicana.     ^lexioo,  1843. 
Mexico,  liases  sol  uo  la.s  que  so  hat'onnado  un  plan  do  Colonizacion  en  el  Ystmo 

do  HoMzacoalco,  etc.     ^lexico,  1S'2;{. 
Mexico,  liattlesof.     New  York.  1847;  New  York,  1848. 
Mi'xico,  Uieiies  de  la  lulesia.     (luadnla jai'a,  1S47. 
^lexico,  Doletin  do  las  leyes  del  linpcrio  Mexicano  6  sea  codigo  do  la  Kestau- 

riicion.     Mexico,  18U;>-5.     'i  vols. 
^Texico,  I'loletin  do  Noticias.      Mexico,  lS44et8cq. 
Mexico,  lioletin  Olicial.     Mexico,  I82!)  et  sc(j. 

Mexico,  I'losqui'jo  llistorico  d"  l.i  IJevolucioM  de  tres  dias.     ^Mexico,  18'2S. 
Mexico,  lliiscpiejo  I.iLrensiiiio  <le  la  revoliu  ion.      I'liiladelpliia,  1822. 
Mexico,    Cabildo    Metropolitano  do   iJolicrnatlor   sede  \  acantc.     MS.    1811. 

folio. 
Mexico,  Carta  del  cabildo  sobrc  el  tuinulto  de  lo  do  Enero  do  l(i24.     In  Doc. 

Hist.  Mex.,  scrioii.,  toni.  iii. 
Mexico,  Casa  de  sus  Mai;cstades  KSfl,"*.     Mexico,  180r>. 
Mexico,  Casas  do  Moiicda,  Moticias  de  .Aeuuacion.     Mex.,  1870;  Onletianzaa 

(pio  ]Kira  el  nianejo  y  gohierno  del  apartado  do  oro,  etc.      Mex.,  1700. 
Mexico,  Causa  Instruida  contra  los  Plaeiarios  del  C.  Juan  Cervantes,  etc. 

.Mexico,  1872. 
Mexico,  Ceremonial  para  la  Fiesta  Xacional  del  1(5  do  Seticmbro  do  iSlUi. 

.Mexico,  18(il(.  4to. 
Mexi'O,  Circul.ir  soliro  nombrnndcntos  1771-^^.3. 
Mexico,  Circulares  y  Otras  I'ublicaciones  lieehas  por  la  I.caacion  Mexicana  en 

Waslnnuton  durante  la  (luerra  iK-  Interv  eiiejnu   l.s(iL'-(i7.     Mexico,  1808. 
Mexico,  (Jodii^'o  Civil  del  Impcrio  Mexicano.     Mexico,  1800. 
Mexico,  (VkH^^'o  do  Comercio.     Mi'xico,  IS.U. 
Mexico.  Codij,'odolaReforma(icolocciou  deLcyes,  etc.,  desdo  IS.IOliasta  1801, 

Mexico,  'l8(il. 
Mexico,  ( 'iidi^o  fundamental  de  los  Kstados-Unido.f  Mexicanos.    Mexico,  1847. 
Mexico,  Coleecion  eompleta  de  los  decretos  generales.     Mexico,  1603. 


Ixxiv 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


m 

Mm 


Mt'xii'o,    f'dlc'ceion   do   constitucioiifs   do    loa   Estoilos    Unidos    Mi'xiianos. 

jMcxico,  LS'JS.  ;j  vols. 
Mexiro,  ( 'olci'iiiiii  do  ducrutos  sobrc  contribucionca  directaa  y  papel  Mtllado, 

Mexico,  1.S4'_'. 
Mexiio,  L'ulecL'ioii  de  disjiosioiones  rclativaa  li  la  rciitade  Alcabnlas.     ^MoxioD, 

^k'xic'o,  (>)loccion  do  Itincrariosy  Lcguarioa.     Moxico,  1S,")0. 

Mexico,  (Jolcccion  du  las  li'yi-'s,  ilocictu.s  y  onleiiod  li3.")0-l,  \S'>',]  ').     Mexico, 

I  sril)-,-).  H  vols. 
Mfxicc),  Colciu'iou   do   Lcyua   y   Dccietoa,   ISIi'J-il,   IS-tl-S,   ISoO.     Mexico, 

l8.')l-'_'.  «  vols. 
Mexico,  ('oleceioii  do  Lcycs,  Decretos  y  Cii'cnlares  18(13-07.     Mexico,  18(5". 

.'{  vols. 
Mexico,  CoIi'Ccinn  do  Lnyos,  Dt'crctos,  Cireulures,  etc.,  relativas  A  lade.samor- 

ti/acioii.     .M(!xico,  Kstil.  'J  vols. 
Mexico,  ( 'oleccioii  do  Icyes,  decretos  y  re^laincntos,  aistcma  politico  dil  Im- 

pcrio.     Mexico,  I8(i.").  8  vols. 
Mexico,  Colocciou  do  los  decretos  eapedidoa  por  el  supremo  gobierno.     Mex- 
ico, 1841. 
^Icxico,  Coleccioii  do  los  decretos  y  ordcuca  du  las  Cortes  de  Espaila.     ^lex- 

ico,  18'J9.    . 
Mexico,  Coleccion  do  loa  Doeumeiitoa  relativos  al  prestamo  do  medio  luillon 

do  pesos.     Mexico,  liS;}!). 
Mexico,  ("oloccion  de  olicios  ori^'inaloa.     MS.   1770. 
Mexico,  (Joleccion  de  Urdeiiea  y  decretos  do  la  Sobcrano  Junta.     Mexico, 

l.S'-'!».   ;t  vols. 
Mexico,  ( 'olcccion  de  ScntoiT  i:.  <  ]ironunciadas  por  los  Tribunulcs  de  la  llcpi'ib- 

lica  Mcxicaiia.     .Mexico,  i8.">0. 
Mexico,  ( 'dlonias  Militares,  Troyccto.     Mexico,  IStS. 
Jlexit.'o  como  Xacioii  ]ii(le]ieiidiciite.  ])escripcioii.     Mexico,  IS'JS. 
Mexico,  Condition  of  Alliiirs.     \\'asliin'_;ton,  ].S(!{I.  "J  vols. 
Mexico),  Conducto  ileyal  del  Ministeiio  do  Ilacieiula  cu  sua  providencias. 

Mexico,  1841. 
Mexico,  ( 'on(|nest  of.     London,  n.d. 
Mexico,  Considcraciones  sobro  la  situaeion  politica  y  social  de  la  Republica. 

Mexico,  1818. 
Jilexico,  Coiisolidacion  dc.  la  llijulblica  Mexicana.     Mexico,  lS."fl-l.   !^  vols. 
Mexico,   (,'onslitucion   federal  do  loa    Estados    Unidos   Mexicanos.     Mexico, 

1824  et  sci|. 
^Mexico,  ( 'onstitncion  politica  del  Eat.ado  do  Mexico.     Mexico,  1827. 
ISiexico,  Ciinstitiiciones.     A  Collection.  2  vols. 
INlexico,  Coiitestacion  A  la  nota  diri^ida  ]ior  la.lunta  dc  Coloni/acion  i'  ru'lna- 

tria.      I'lulila,  1818;  Contcstacion  do  la  Junta  Directiva  del  Uiinco  j\'a- 

eional.      Mex..  1841;  Coiitestacion  de  la  se^'unda  eoniisioii  do  Hacienda. 

Mcx.,    JS.HI;    (\>ntestacion  en  dcreclio  do  JJon   lOstciian  Diaz  (ion/ale/.. 

i\icx.,  18,'JI);  Contcstacion  (juc  da,  el  Ayuntaniiento.     Mex.,  1840;  Conteii- 

taciiin  (jue  da  la  Coniision  do   Hacienda.     Mex.,  1825;    <^!ontestacionc3 

Iiabidna  enti'o  el  jfobierno   Mexicano  y  el  eoniniisionado  do  los  I'lstados 

l'nid<is.     Mex.,  1847;    I'ontestaciones  liabidas  entro  el  Seuor  Arzobispo 

y  el  Ministcrio  de  Justicia.     Mex.,  18.")."). 
^Icxico,  Contraladel  ramo  de  alund)rado  de  las  calles  de  la  Capital  federal. 

Mexico,  18;i,"), 
Mexico,  Corporacioncs  civiles  y  cclcsiiisticas,  Noticia  dc  las  fincas.     Mexico, 

]8,")(i. 
Mexico,  (,'opiade  una  carta  do  un  reli'iioso  conventual  dc  la  ciudad  dc  Mexico 

dando  euenta  del  tumulto  do  Junio  8  do   11J'J2.     Jn  Hoc.   Hist.   Mex., 

seric  ii,,  toni.  iii. 
Mexico,  (Jorrespondciii'ia  <le  la  Legacion  Mexicnn.a  en  Washington  durante  la 

Int<'rvencion  l']str;ni jcra,  l8(!0-(i8.      .Mex.,  I.s7(l;  (.'orrcsiioU(i<iii'ia  <|ue  iia 

inctliado,  IJano  deCaballoa  Mayo 2."),  184t").     Mex.,  1S4>");  CorrcLipoiulencia 


ArTTTorjTir.s  QuoTr.y>. 


bocv 


qiip  lin  mrdindo  rn'-o  ]a  I.ci'M'ioii  Jlxtinoid''  ilc,  y  el  Pep* '  ilo  1'  t;i;lo  do 

Ids  ivUs  rnidiis.      I  iiil.,  l-iiid;  I'oi  ii'sixiiidiiuia  inu'  li;i   iiK'(li;idii  viilru  ul 

Miiiistro  do  Ktlacidiu's  y  l;i  Lcv^aciuii  lU;  I'laiaia.     Mox.,  \Si,'>. 
Mt'xiti),  ( 'I'S.'is.     \'(  ra  ( 'ill/,  IS.'.S. 
MtxicK,  ( 'iiadcni')  dc  l''iirniulaiiiis.      Mi'xii'a,  Is40. 
MfxiiM),  CiU'iita  do  la  ix'ii'i'iH'iiiii,  dist!  iliuiimi  ('■  inversion  ilo  loa  die/  inillniu'S 

(!<■  jiisos  (|U('  ]ir()dn  ji)  il  tiatado  de  Mi  .silja.      Mixicci.  iS,"),"». 
MoxiiM),  CiU'slidii  do  Mijiio,  .si  la  iii(iiian|nia  i(iii.stitiiciiiiial.     Madrid,  Isd-'; 

( 'lli'stii)ii  rclativa  ;i  la,  |iri)vi.>ii)ii  do  (Jliisjiados.      Mix.,   IS,"i(>. 
Mi'xicd,  l>i  rlar.u'idni'.s  .sulnv  »■!  tuiiiiilto.     ]ii  l)i)i'.  Hist.  Mox.,  siiie  ii.,  toiii.  ii. 
Mexico,  l)ecreti)  (A  very  hirj,'o  iiuiidu'r  ipioited  iiy  date,  sulijoct,  ni'  aiilliorityl. 
Mexieo.  Delcusa  Jiii'idii.a  pill' el  veiieralde  I)eaii  y  i.aMldii,  etc.    Mexiio,  17H. 

M.S. 
Mexi.i).  I)creL'lios  Mexieanos  eii  oideii  ii  los  Agcutes  cumcrcialcs.    Veia  I'm/, 

1S.".!». 
Moxiiii,  l>i'i'0(lios  reale.s  do  la  Akaliala.     Mexico,  ISOo.  fnlio. 
!Me.\iiii,  I  >csc;ir.m)S  del  .Maiipus  do  ( ielves  a  Ins  i'ar;4iis.      MS.   folic. 
Mexico,  1  >escii]>tioii  of  till!  Ilipiiijlic.      l'liiliidiliilii;i,  l.S4(i. 
Jiloxico,  ])rstiorn)  del  Ar/oliispo.     Jii  \hn\  Hist.  Mex.,.serio  ii.,  toin.  ii. 
Mexico,  1  •iaiio  do  la  .liiiita  .Nacional  liistitiiyiiite.      Mexii-o,  IS'JJ  et  .sei|. 
Mexico,  1  >iaii()  del  ( lol)ienio  do  la  llepiihliea  .MeNieaiia.    Mexico,  |S4(I  et  se(|. 
Mexico,  Diaiio  do  las  S'^siniuH  do  la.liinta  I'lovisioiial  (.iubeliialiva  del  Im- 

]iclio  Nle\icaiio.      M'xico,   ISJI  I't  sei(. 
Mexico,  1  Maiio  ill  1  Iiiipei'io.      Mexicii,  1SI1."»  et  scij. 
Mexiiv,  ] 'iaiio  Olicial.      Mexico,  IS7()etMi|. 
^iexico,   l)ict:uiieu    (Several   hundred    i'e|i(iits   of  Cuiiuiiittees  of   State   and 

Xatimial  ( lovcniiiieiits  cited  by  date  and  topic). 
Mexico,  I  lie  Aiis\v;iniierillii,' narji  .'\Iexico,  etc.      Lcipiii;.      ii.d. 
Mexico,  !>il'erenci;is  entre  I'rancisc.-inos  y  ( 'uras  IVirrncns.     MS. 
^Mexico,  I  lireccioii  ( leneral  dc  la  iiidiistii.i  Xacicinal.      MS. 
^Mexico,   ]»isciiiso  jironunciado  ante  el  (oiigieso  (ieiieral  jior  .Tosi''  lirrnia. 

Mexiio,  IS  J.'). 
Mexico,  iJisciuso  pronuiiciado  pur  el  I'lesidriito  1' dc  laieio  do  l.S.'i'J.    Mexicn, 

IS.VJ. 
Mexico,  lUscur.so  pi-oiiuiiciado  por  el  rresideiito  l.">  de  Oct.  do  1S.")-J.     Mexico, 

I.S.VJ. 
Mexico,  Pi.^posieiones  le;_'nlcs  y  otros  documentos  lelativos  ;'i,  proliibiciou  do 

Jnipi'csos.     Mexico,  l.S.'iO. 
Mexico,  Doeiuiicntos  Iscle.sijisticos.      MS.   folio.    ">  vuLs. 
Mexico,  ])ociimoatos  iiiiportaules  tornados  del  Ivspudieiitc  instruido.  Mexico, 

IS-.M). 
Mexico,  Documentos  iinprcsos  ]ior  .•tciierdodelSiipiemo  Poder.  ^lexico,  IStM. 
Mexico,  '  '.icunii^itos  jiistilicativossobre  la  iiiversinii  de  Kis  foiidiM  pedidns  :i  la 

Junta  directiva  do  (.'I'edito  Publico.      Mexico,  |S.")|. 
Mexico,  J  >ocuineiitua  quo  publica  la   nirocciuii  do  Coloiii.^acioii  e  Iiidiistria. 

Mexico,  1S4S. 
Mexico,  l)ociiiiiciitos  refeieiites  A  la  euestimi  a'iitada  en  estos  ultinios  di.ia 

.siibre  si  Ins  iiniubraniientos  do  .liicces  .Mllitarcs.      Mexici  ,  1S.')L>. 
Mexico,  ])ocmiientoa  lelativos  a  la  aperturado  coiuiinicacioii  do  'ri.huaiitepee. 

Me;dco,  l.s.Vi. 
Mexico,   I)(icii!iieiitos  relativos  A  las  t'lltinias  ocuirencias  do  Xueva  Mspafia. 

.Madrid,  1S-_'1. 
Mexico,  Diouiiientos  relativos  al  decrcto  sobre  provision  do  las  liiagistiatuiaa 

v;icaiitcs.      Mexico,  lS4(i. 
Mexico,  I).is  Auoseii  Mexico.     ^Mexico,  ISIO. 

Mexico,  Dos  Alios  en  ^lejico  6  nieino>-ias  criticas.     Valencia,  1838. 
Mexico,  Draft  for  !i  Conveutiou.     Wiisliington,  18(51. 
Mexico,  Di-.'.inas.     MS. 
Mexii'o,  ];ilieto  ilel  I'residciito  y  cabildo  Mctropolitano  Gobernudor  del  Arzo- 

bispado.     ^lexico,  18o0. 


Ixxvi 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Jli'xifo.  E.'.ic'.o  sobi'c  pngo  <lc  I'rimicias.     ^155. 

!M(.'.\i('o,  El  Ali'.'iKlu  ]iriiii(.ro  del  Ayuiitiimiuiito  puhlica  la  nianifcstaclon  que 

hizti.     .Mi'xico,  IMt). 
M.'xiiT.,  Kl  CoiiHrcscMh;  lS4-_'.     Mdi'dia,  lSJi>. 
^!l,'xicl),  El  JiiiiK'iiu  y  la  Intirvciu  ion.     Mexico,  1S07. 
Jloxiuo,  I'll  Niivy  ile  iS'iieva  Esiiunii  Don  Etlix  !M.  CalKja  A,  sua  Imbituntca. 

Mi'xiio,  ISU. 
Jlcxico  fii  lS-17.     ^fcxico,  1    1". 
^'(■\ii'o,  EiR'aniaciciii  juisoiK  is,     Loiiis\  illo,  1S4S. 
Jlcxici),  JOMcalafnii  (ii'iK  ral  tU-  Aitillciia.     Mcx.,  ISoO;  Esoalafon  Ooiicval  del 

JCjOrcito.     Mux.,  ES4;J;  Escalatuii  (.Jcncral  do  todas  Armas  del  EjOrciio. 

Ui}s.,  1S4,'>. 
Mexico,  Escudo  di'  Arm.is.     In  l'i;,'U('n)a,  Vindiciaa.     MS. 
Mexico,  Ivstiido  Mayor  (Jial.  del  lljiicito,  Ivscalafoii.     Mexico,  1S.")4. 
ilexiec),   Estatuto  Orj,':'inieo  I'rovisional  d     la  KepiiMica  Mcxicano.     ^fex., 

IS.'id;  Estatuto  para  el  ]te,L,'inieii  do  I'lana  ^layor  del  Ejt'reito.     Mex., 

Es;!!(;  J'lstatuto  jji'ovisioiial  del  Jmperio  Mcxicano.     Mexico,  l.S(i,"). 
Jlcxico,  ]'',statutoa  do  la  Comiiania   do  ('olonizacioii  Asiiitica.     Mex.,   ISCili; 

Estatutoa  do  la  Conipafiia  del  Eerro-carril  do  Orizava  a  \'cra  Cruz.    Jlex., 

KSUl. 
^Icxico,  I'iapcdicntc  con  dos  acucrdos  del  Sonado  sobro  convencioncs  dipln- 

niaticas.     Mexico,  18.J2. 
Mexico,  JOxpedienle  inntruido  en  il  Mini.stiu'io  de  lielaciones  Estcriores  lUI 

CJobierno  Con.stitilcionrd.      \'eia  ( 'ru/,  lS(i().  4to. 
Mexico,  Exposicion  (Several  hundred  l)y  various  connnissions  and  individuals 

on  dill'erent  toi)ics). 
Mexico,  I'lxpulsion  del  Arzoliispo.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  sevie  ii.,  toni.  iii. 
Alcxico,  I'lxtiactos  do  (Jedulas  I'U  los  arcluv(,s  de  la  Ciudad.      MS.   folio. 
Mexico  liel  y  valiento  <n  el  crisol  que  la  pusieron  los  insurgeutes.     Mexii'O, 

IS  10. 
^lexico,  Eorcildc  aliduction  of  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.     Wa.shington,  ISol. 
Mexico,  Eranciscanos  y  (|uejas  do  luditis.     MS.  U>''2.  folio. 
Mexico,  <iaccta  del  tioMerno  Suiircnio.      Mexico,  IS'JO  et  80(1. 
Mexico,  Hacienda,  ES4.">-,")i'.     A  Collection.  (J  vols. 
Mexico,  llistoria  de  la  Itevolucion  de  Mexico  contra  la  Dictadnra  del  t  Icneral 

Santa -Anria.     ^lexico,  IS.'iO. 
Mexico,  Hostilities  hy  ("-"J  Cong.  1st,  Sess.  House  Ex.  Doc.  100).     Washing- 
ton, lS4(i. 
Mexico,  iinjiortant  oihcial  Documents,     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Mexico  in  184'_'.     IS'ew  York,  1S4'_*. 
Mexico,  Indemnities,  Convention  of  .Jan.  'M,   184."}  (28  Cong.  2d  Scss.  Sen. 

Doc.  SI).     Washington,  1845. 
Mexico,  Indicacion  del  origen  do  los  (>stravios  del  Cong.  Mex.     ^lexico,  1S22. 
Mexico,  Jnformacion  sohro  el  tunndto.     In  Doo.  Hist.  Mex.,  scrio  ii.,  toni.  ii. 
Mexico,   Infornio   (A  very  large  nnudier  of  rejiorts   by  various  connnittees, 

coiporations,  and  indivi(hials  on  dill'erent  topics  and  of  dillercnt  dates). 
Mexico,  Iniciativa  del  Cobioruo  para  la  dcmareaeion  do  la  linea  do  Coniercio 

liljre.     Mexico,  IS.Vi. 
Mexico,    Iniciativa  quo   la   Exma  Junta  Departamental  haco  al  Congreso 

CJeneral.     Mexico,  1830. 
Mexico,  Instrucciou  do  los  comisionados  do  la  Dircccion  General.     Mexico, 

17S3. 
Mexico,  Instruccion  del  Iley.     In  Pachcco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  xii. 
Mexico,  Instruccion  para  la  priictica  do  los  padrones  que  so  ban  do  forniar. 

Mexico,  is;').*}. 
Mexico,  Instruccion  para  que  los  administradores  do  aduanas  hagan  la  legitinia 

exaccion.     Toluca,  IS,"],"), 
^lexico,  Instruccion  Provisional  A  que  ban  de  arreglarse  las  Comisarias  Cen- 

erales.     Mexico,  1824. 
Mexico,  Its  present  Government  and  its  Political  Parties.    Washington,  18(J0.. 


ArTiToniTiEs  QroTr.D. 


Ixxvii 


Jloxicn,  .Tiiicio  Imparcial  sobre  los  Acontecimientos  en  18*28-29.     New  York, 
ftc.  is;«). 

^Icxii'ii,  J.ii  liitiTVciiciuii  Knr(i]i('a  c'li  Mexico,     rilinlcltia.  IS."!). 

Mexico,  l.a  IiitervcDcioii  y  1  i  .Nloiiarnuiii.     Wasiiington,  1S(J"J. 

Mexieo,  l.a  Lev.  'I'olueii,  Is,  I  i-t  sei|, 

Mexico,   LeLrisiaeioii  Mejieaiia,   L'uleccion   coiripleta  tic    las  Lcyca    lS4S-,'(i. 

:\iejico,'  1S,-).V(!.    I'J  Vols. 
Mexiio,  Ley  ileerutuila  {mv  el  Coiigrcso  geuenil  cstaMeciendo  un  iinpucsio, 

.Mexico,  1S44. 
Mexico,  Ley  do  4  do  Nov.  de  1,S4S sobre  nrroglo  del  ojt'reito.     Mexico,  1,S4S. 
Mexico,   Ley  do  I'resupuestus  (Jeiicralea  de  la   Kepublica   Mexicaua  Ihlil, 

Mexico'  ]S()1. 
Jlexico,  Ley  orLT.inica  do  la  f;iiardia  do  sofjuvidad. 
Mexico,  Ley  orj,'!iniea  ib^  la  (iuai'dia  Xacioiial.     Mexico,  18.")7. 
Mexico,  Ley  jiara  nl  arre.L'lo  de  la  Admin,  do  Justieia.     (liiadalajara,  1K.^7. 
Mexico,  Ley  ]ie!i;il  para  Ioh  liesortoi-cs  del  Lji  rcito.     Mexico,  l,s;;<). 
Me\ico,  Ley  penal  jiara  los  Knijileailos  do  JIaeit  iida.     Mexit'o,  IS,').'?. 
Mexico.  Ley  i|"<'  arre;,dii  la  leiita  del  pa]n'lsellado  y  los  iisos  de  ostii  dcerctnda 

on  14  do  Feb.  de  IS.'iO.     Mexico,  IS.'i(i. 
Mexico,  Ley  que  arre;L.'!a  las  procediniientos  .Tudiei.iles.     La  T'az,  lS(i7. 
Mexico,  Ley  sobi'o  derochos  y  observaciones  )iaJToi|uialos.     Mexico,  IS.'iT. 
Mexico,  Ley  .solii'c  Libel  tad  deCultos.     Mexico,  ISdl. 
Mexico,  Levos  A  las  r|uo  lia  dobido  aiTt'glar.se  la  eleocion  do  log  Supremos 

I'odercs.     Mexico,  lS4S. 
Mexico,  Lcyos,  Docieto.s  y  (.'onvenios  Relativos  ;l  la  dcuda  estraiigera,     Mex- 
ico, 1848. 
Mexico,  Lista  pormonoriznda  do  los  dafios,  etc.     M.*^. 

Mexico,  Manit'estaciou  do  las  actas  do  las  diseusionos,  etc.     Tlalpam.  1820. 
Mexico,  Manifestacion  quo  linee  al  publico  la  coniision  nouibiaila  poi- 1.  s  aore- 

eilores  do  Mineiia.     Mexico,  l8.">(). 
Mexico.  .Manit'estaeion  quo  el  l^xnio  Ayuntamieuto  Iiacc  al  publico,  contratas, 

de  linijiia  do  oindad.     Mexii'o,  ls.'!4. 
Mexico,  Mauifostucion  quo  la  Kxnia.luuta  Departmental ilc  Mexico.   Mexico, 

ls:i7. 

Mexico,  Manifiesto  do  la  Camara  do  Piputados  on  la  logislatura  de  1831   y 

ls:i2.     ]\lojioo,  IS.'5-J. 
Mexico,  Manitiesto  del  ("ontrreso  General  on  el  prescntc  Alio.     Mexico,  \S'M. 
-Mexico,  Maniliesto  del  (!oV)iorno  Constitutional  a  la  Xaoion.  Colinia,  iS.'i".*. 
Mexico,  Manifiesto  del  Supremo  1'ribunal  do  Ciuerra.     n.pl.,  ii.d. 
Mexico,  Maniliesto  del  iSuprenio  Tribunal  de  (iuorra  y  Marina.   Mexico,  1848. 
Mexico,  Momoria  do  I'luniayes.  In  I'aclu'oo  and  (  Virdonas,  (_'ol.  Doc,  toni.  xii. 
Mexico,  Moniorias  (Kogular  Kejiorts  of  tlio  ditl'eront  frovernnient  dopartuients ; 

Agricultura,    Fomento,  (.iuorra,    Ifacieuda,   Interioi',    Justieia,   ilarina, 

lielacioncs  F.xteriores,  etc.,  from   1822  to  latest  date;   a  complete  set 

eited  !>}•  dates). 
Mexico,  Memorandum  do  los  Negocios  Pendientes  outre  ^Mexico  y  Espafia. 

I'oissy,  1S.'57. 
Mexico,  Memorial  do  lo  succdido  en  la  ciudad  ilc  .Mexico  dosdc  ol  dia  ]>rinu:o 

do  Nouiembrc  de  1(J2;{,  liasta  quinzo  do  Enoro  do  1024.     Mexico,  l(iJt. 

folio. 
Jlexico,  Monsngedcl  Prosidente.     [Cited  by  dates.] 
Mexici^,  Merced  de  S.  M.  do  las  cosas  arzobispalos  al  Obispo  D.  Fr.  .Tuan  clo 

Zumi'irraga  y  sus  succesorca  para  sienipre  januis.     In  Doe.  Hist.  Mex., 

serio  ii.,  tom.  iii. 
IMexico,  Notes  made  in  1822.  Pliiladelphia,  1824. 
Mexico,  Noticia  llistiirica  do  lufantoria.     Mexico,  1840. 
Mexico,  Noticia  Histi'irica  de  los  Cucrpos  do  Caballeria.     ^Mexico,  1840. 
Mexico,  Noticias  do  la  ciudad.     Mexico,  18")."). 
.Mexico,  Noticias  do  Mexico  y  sus  contornos.     MS.   folio. 
Mexico,  Observaciones  generales  sobre  Caminos  de  llierro.  Nuova  York,  1S33. 


I^^l 


Ixxviil 


AUTIIOniTirS  QUOTED. 


i 


II! 

Ill 


Muxioo,  Oli^iorvncioti'^s  ((lU!  luico  cl  cjicutivn  al  I'niyi'fto  dc  Araui'il  Av  Aliri* 

litis.     Mi'xi  >,  Into. 
Mi'xii'M,  ())wci'viK'i'iiu.4  (luo  Hfthro  cl  proycctn  dn  Risi-s.    (riindal'ijara,  I  vlll. 
*Mc'xi  'c>,  Olwui'viiLiDiiLS  mdIm'c  l;i  Iiilluonciii  tlcl  Coiiu'rciv  J^ttrair^'io.    Mcxi'  i, 

l>s;i!». 
Moxic'i),  ()l>sfrva('i(nus  kdIm-c  las  fai'uUailf.s  drl  CDiigruso Coiistitiiyontc.   Tlal. 

J)  nil.  ls"ti». 
MoxuM,  Obsciviicioiics  xiiliru  rcl'oriiiaH  :i  la.s  Ityi'S  constituciolialcs.     Mcxim, 

l;iH. 

Mcxii'n.  Oli.sfrvatioiis  mi  tlio  oiijiiii  iind  ('oiidiKa  .>f  t!;o  war  with.    Xtw  ^'cll  U, 

IM7. 
Mexico,  Occupation  Ijy  I'ltiuli  troops.     Mtssaijc!  of  tln^  Prcsidont,  J)oc.  "Jl, 

l.S'!.-i. 
^Ii'xico,  Ordctiaiiza  dc  la  division  i\v  Li  iioliilisinia  iiiidad  dc  Mexico  en  ijiiar- 

teles.      Mexico,   17S_'.    I'oHo. 
Mexico,  ()i(l,'iiaii/a  di^  la  relita  del  Taliaco,  '21  do  A'.'OMto,  lS4(i.    Mexico,  I  SKI, 
M' xico,  ( )iileiiaii;:a  ilel  ramo  d;i  cailies.      Mexico,   IS."),). 

^lexieo,  ()rdciiaii/a;.;eiierai  dc  Adilaiias  Mantiiiias  y  iVoiitoriz.'i.s.     Mexico,  lS."i(i. 
Moxico,  Ordenaii.a   liiiiilar   paia  cl    ie,:^iiiieii,   diseipliiia,   etc.,  ilel  J'ljireilo. 

.Mexico,  i.s;{;{.  ;>  \dis. 

Mexico,  Onlciiaiizii  inilitar  provisional  ipu^  debe  oliseivar  el  ciierpode  patrio- 

t-AH.     Mexico,  |,s|l). 
iMexico,  OrdcnanzaM  do  ost.i  nobilissinia  eiiidad.     Mexico,  177"'.     MS.  folio. 
Mexico,  Drdi'iian/as  dc  la  licl  execntoriii  fonnadus  por  la  ciiidad  do  .Mexico. 

Mexico,  17;{().  folio. 
Mexico,  Ordenaiizas  de  f.otcria.      Mexico,  1841. 
^lexico,  Ordenanzas  [lara  '1  reuinun  do  lo.s  teiidoros  y  tieiida.s  de  pulporia. 

Mcxi.d,  17oS.   fol. 
Mexijo,  Ordeiianzas  <|uc  so  lian  do  oi..^ervar  y  ;;nanlar  in  la  limy  iioliiljsiiiia  y 

leal  ciis.l.id  do  .Mexico.      (Mexico,  iT'Jit.J  folij. 
Mexico,  I'aJiipldots.     A  (.'ollecMon. 
^I   xico,  i'apeles  N'arios.      ,\.  ( '.  llection. 
Mexico,  I'.ipei:!  ri'latiii;,' to.     \V'asliiiit;to!i,  18(5(1. 
Mexico,  rciiiidico  ( ):ii  i:d.      Mexico,   lS(i:!  et  ^.c^(. 
Mi'xico,    I'iezas  .lustilicativas  del  Ai're,lo  ilo  'a  dcnda  F.stoni.i  do  Mexico. 

.Mexico,  lsi:». 
Mexico  riausilile  con  la  Ti  inini^lial  detnoiistraeion.     ^ilexico,   1711. 
^Mexico,  I'l'csiiit  (.'onilitioii.      Mossmlji's  of  t!ic  rresideiit  ot'  tiie  I'.  .S..  April 

14,  |si;_',  .Ian.  -J;),  lS(i7.     \Va.>liiiiv'ton,  1S(;'J,  IS  ,7.  •-'vols. 
Mexico,  l'iesii|mcsto  del   Ministeiio  dc  (liicrra  y  Maiina  1"  .liilio   do   1S.")1  :l 

iJlJ  (It!  ihinio  d(!  IS.VJ.     Mexico,   IS.V2.    loHo. 
^lexico,  rresupiiesto  del   Ministeiio  do  llacionda  do  T  Jul.  do  1S.")1  a  111)  do 

.Tnnio  <lo  IS.VJ.     Mexico.  1S.">'2.  folio. 
Mo:;ico.  J'resnpnesto  del  Ministerio  do  .lusticia,  etc.,  del  1^  do  .Inliodo  IS.'d 

d  ;>()  <lo  Jul.  do  IS,"):.'.     Mexico,  1  So  I.  folio. 
Mexico,  I'rosnpnt'sto  del  Ministcrio  do  Itolaciones,  etc.,  1S4D,  1"  do  Jnlio  do 

KS,')1  a  :i()  dc  .Junio  do  1S.")_'.     Mexico,  ls4'.»,  IS.")1.  folio.  •_»  voKs. 
Mexico,  I'l-csupiiosto  do  los  ;^'asto.s  (pio  en  nn  nies.     Mexico,  ISoO. 
Mexico,  l'roceedin;,'.s  of  a  iiiecliiiLj  of  citizens  of  Xc'M'  York  to  express  sym- 

]iat!iy,  (^tc,  for  the  .Mexican  repulilican  exiles.     Xew  YorU,  ISO,"), 
^loxico,  I'roceso   instrnetivo  formailo  ])or  la  soccion  del  (dan  Jiirado  de  la 

e;iinara  de  dipiitad os.      Mexico,  ls;{;i. 
Mexico,  I'rovidi'iiciaH  Diocosanas  do  Mexico.     MS.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
^Icxico,  I'royecto  do  I'.asis  do  Ori^anizacioii:  de  ('oiistitucion  ■  do  Ley.  etc., 

vtt.      (\  very  lar-o  inimher  of  inijiortant  bills  introduced  before!  .Mexican 

("0111,'ross.     Citt'd  by  to|iii'  and  date.) 
^Mexico,  I'lmtoa  del  ])arecer  ijuo  ol  Sonor  Auditor  de  guerra,  etc.,  cu  4  do  Julio 

de  1744.     MS.  folio. 
Mexico,  Itazon  do  los  prestamos  rpic  ha  ucgociaJo  el  Supremo  Gobieriio  do  la 

Foderacion.     ^Mexico,  lii'2i).  folio. 


III!! 


ArTinntiTiis  oroTKO. 


IXMX 


I'Nico,  Ki'iilo^  ArnnzfliH  dc  Ids  niiniUios  ilc  l.i  Ileal  Aiiilii  iiiin.     Mixiin, 
'.  I'dlio. 

Ui't.dlli'ctiDii'*  (if,  mill    tlu'  liiiltli:  iif    IJiiriia  XiitM,  hy  iiii    l',M.;iiii  tr 
niliccr.     Hiistmi.  1.S71. 


Mfxiiii,    llt'tlcxiuiu.s  iiiiiHirtii  tiH  .il  liicii   y   !irii<'lli.i(>   <li'  la    Ilaiii  mhi,  rU' 


^^l• 


iio,  I  Mil. 


imiioi'tiiiitt  ■<  Hiiliii'  l;i  iiiL'iiiivciiiiMci  I  drl  iniiti'.itn.      Mcx- 


Mixiro,  lU'llt'xioilcs  Hulii'i'  (1  aciu  nil)  ilfl  Sfiiailn,  ailiiiicinii  ilcl  .-.i-ttciuii  dc  jiar- 


tiua  I 


M<\ii'M,  |:V.lt. 


Mfxii'o,  itilli'xiiiiit'M  Hiiliif  (1  raino  d-  Ali'a1>alas.     Mcsii'K,  1^1'^. 


M( 


i:.'ii 


(•\1(PIU':<  siilirc  la 


liiil. 


lii'iiili'licia.      ( liiailala  ai',' 


IVJI. 


Mi'xii'ii,  Kf.'laliU'iiti)  lie  AihiaiiaH  Mantinias,      M.xii'n.  iS'Jil.   4ti>. 

M('xii'i),  lii'nlaMiciitii  <li'  latMMLilo  MoiKila.     Tlalpaii,  \s2'. 

Mcxii'ii,  IJi'.'laim'iito  lie  la  I  )ii'('i  rimi  ilo  ( "uluni/aiiuii.      Mi'xii'ii,  1S4((, 

Mixii'ii,  JiL'4laiuiiitii  (K'  la  Miluia  Aitiva  y  (Iciicral  ili^  la  Civii'a.     Mcjii'n 

ls;;;5. 

Mexii'ii,  lleglaiiii  nto  iK  1  Aii  liivu  ;.;(iii  ral  v  jii'ililito  ilf   la   Xacicm.      Mcxicn 

is4(;. 

Mcxii'ii,  lio'^laniriito  ili  1  ciuTpo  do  i'ii><crlicros  dc  'raluiro.      Mcxiin,  ISI'J. 
Mi'xii-ii,  Ui'^lanuiito  dul  Ti'a'irci  do  Mox.  Ap.    11.    I7>»<i.     [Mcxioo,   17.S(i.] 

I'lilii). 
Mcxii'i),  IIo'_'laiiiciito  <'•  iii-^ti'iicciim  jiai'a  lin  pro-iidiii^.     Mixi.ii.  Is;!},  fulio. 


yw 


i;.'..'i 


iMii'litii  i_'('licral  lie 


!a  lilK'i't.id 


llll|'l'rllt;i 


M 


r\iri>,   IN-J, 


Mcxiii),  llculaiiiiiitu  iiitiriiiu  y  I'riivi.sioiial  para  la  (Jmiii.-iiiria  ( 'oiitraldo  (liur- 


la  V  .M.ii ma. 


M 


iXUii,    1N'_'.>. 


Mexico,  l;e'j;lainelit<>  pai'ael  col'si)  do  liaitie 
ieo,  lN4(i. 


ularc-i  en  la  pi'e^cnte  ;,'neii-a. 


M. 


Mexico,    l;e;,daiiiento    para  el    cstalileeimieiito  ilo  las  ciloiiias   luilitaic^*    del 


utiir 


T. 


Iiuailte|iec. 


.Ml 


I  S.I. 


Mexico,  l;eL;laiihlilo  para  el  goliieriio  interior  del  C'oivjreso  (leiieial.    Mexico, 

ls4S. 
Mexico,  l!o;.;1ain.'i'to  par;i  el  ( lohii'mo  interior  ile  la  Siipi-i ma  Corte  marcial. 


Me 


Mexico,  ls;,7. 

\ico,  lleijlaincn 

Mexico,  ls;;s. 


to  para  el  (loliierno  interior  dc  los  trihunales 


siinerior<'S, 


Mexico,  Jioglaniciito  para  el  Lioliicrno  interior  y  econi'iuiico  de  la  Secretaria  dc 


Jvxta 


M( 


1S.VJ. 


Mexico,  licLrlamento  para  el  Sniirenio  'I'ribnnal  do  .Insticia  del  Il-^t.ido.     Mex. 

ioo,  ]SJ.'). 
Mexico,  j;ci;]ament(i  p.ara  la  adniinistraeiou  y  eontaliilid.ul.     ^fexico,  l.S()7. 
^lexieo,  l!e;;laniento  para  l.i  ( 'oniunicacion  por  la  via  Intor-Ooeauica  do  To- 


niantep( 


M( 


IS.-, 


Mexico,  KeLrlaniento  jiai'a  la  (uiai'dia  Xacional.     Mexico,  lS4f!. 


I  scccion  .superior  do  los  Ui 


strito.i  do  Hacienda. 


Mexico,  KcLjlaniento  jiara  1; 

Jtexico,  1S.V_'. 

Mexico,  lleudaiiieiito  jiara  la 'IVsoreiia  ^roneral.     Mejico,  is;{l.  4to. 
Mexico,  Iteulaiiieiito  )iaia  los  ."^crs  icio.<  do  Honor  y  cenmoiiial  do  la  C'ortc 


Mc 
Mc 


Mexico,  lS(i(!. 

cxico,    Jle'daiuen 


to   ]' 


rmisumal  vara 


Ml 


ivor. 
1,"  i;e-i 


M 


ex  ICO, 


IS-:;!.  4t. 


las   f 


uiiciones   v  servicio   del   l'',stadii 


aniento  <iii( 


el  eontador  do 
171)0.  folio. 


I' 
los  j 


'  lia'ii  dc  observar  el  jue:',  el  .■idininistradiir  Tesi 
n/uados  do  Acordada  y  IJeljibas  proliibidas.     Mi 


Mexico,    liejilanionto   y   Arancel    do    Cuii'dores    [lara    la    jila/a   do    Mexico. 

.Mexico,  lsri4. 
Mexico,  Ue^lanieiitos  do  los  ( labinetes  Civil  y  iuditar  del  l^niperador,    I'uobla, 

isi;,"..  f,,iio. 
Mexico,  nelaeion  ilc  los  (^ln(l^istado|•es.      In  ]1o(\  Tind.,  toin.  i. 
Mexico,  Kolacioii  del  ostadu  en  ipio  ol  Marques  dc  G..'luo3  hallo  los  Reynos  do 


I 


ill' 


11'! 


If 


Ixxx 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


la  Xncva  Ei^pafia.     Madiiil,  1()2S;  Hii'acioii  <k'l  inincipio  y  en  isa  del  Al- 

Voroto.   ,MS.   folio;  llcliicion  jiarliculiir  y  dL'sci'ipi.ioii  du  toda  la  |ir(vviiicia 

del  Santo  J^vaiii^olio.     iMS.  folio;  Ktdainoii  Sviiiaria  y  I'uutual  did  Tu- 

imilto  en  Mexico  1.")  I'Jiero  1()J4.    n.]d.,  n.d.   4to. 
Muxieii,  Keport  of  the  (Jonimitteo  on  I'uhlic  Credit,  etc.,  on  the  adjustment 

of  the  Iviuli.'sli  Deht.     London,  1S.">0. 
Mexico,  KeiKirts  and  ]  lispatclics  exliihitin,!:,'  operations  of  the  U.  S.  Naval 

forees  during  tiie  ^Var  with  Mexico.      Wa-shinyton.  lS-1',1. 
Mexico,  ]{e)i!escntacion  diiiu'ida  a  la  e;imura  du  l)iputados  por  el  Supremo 

Trihunal  tie  (inerra  y  Marina.     Mexiifi,  1M{."). 
Mexico,  Ittpresentiiciou  diri^^ida  al  Virey  dc  Nueva  I'iSpafia.    Mexico,  1812. 
Mi'xico,  l!ci>n'sentacion  ]»or  la- Junta  direct iva  de  la  Industria  Xacional  soliro 

liecenidad  de  sn  foniento.     ^lexico,  184;{. 
Mexico,  licprcsentaciou  (|uc  hace  cl  xVyuntiiniieuto  cu  defeusa  de  la  industria 

a;,'ricola.     ^lexico,  ISll. 
Mexico,  lve]ir('scntacion  ui'iililc  quo  liace  la  oiudad  en  favor  de  sus  naturales  d 

Cirlos  111.  en  -J  de  Mayo  de  1771.     Mexico,  1771.     MS.  '2  \uh. 
Mexico,  llcpresentaciou  <|ue  la  Junta  de  Foniento  y  Acrniniatrativa  de  Min- 

ena.     5lexico,  1S.")0. 
^lexico,  rvcprcseutacion  .sobro  pago  dc  priniicins  en  las  docti  irvis.     MS. 
^Mexico,  ller^eria  dc  la.s  fcstividades  que  lian  tcuido  lugar  en  I'l-ebla  de  Sara- 

f,'o;;a.     I'm.bla,  l!S70. 
Mexico.  I'esena  histoiica  dc  las  negociaeionea  entre  Espafia  y  Mexico.     Ma- 
drid, ]S.")7. 
lilexico,  llescna  hi.sturica  y  explicativa  de  lo3  ultiuios  suoesofj  do  Mexico, 

Paris,  isr)7.  4to. 
Mexico,  Kt'sena  sobre  el  cstado  dc  los  principales  rainos.     Mexico,  1850. 
Mexico.  Kcvolucion  en  M.'xioo.     Mar/o  do  18(iO.     M(jntcrey,  1800. 
Mexico,  Segunda  represent'icion  que  liaee  cl  coniereio  de  Mcgico  al  Supremo 

l.'ongre.so.     Megijo,  1840. 
Mexico  (Serviciu).     In  rachcco  and  Ciirdeiias,  Cid.  Doc.,  toni.  vi. 
IMcxico,  Scsion  secreta  ordinaria  de  11  (h'  Mnizo  do  18li0.     |Tlalpaui,  1830.] 
^lexico.  Sesione.s  tenidas  jior  cl  (Jongreso  Constituyentc  del  Kstado  eu  los  diaa 

'28  y  20  del  ultimo  Mayo.     Tlalpam,  KSoO. 
Mexico,  Silver  Mines  in  Mexico,     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Mexico,  Sindico  scguudo  del  Exnio  Ayuntamiento  sobre  la  nueva  rcspnesta. 

[Mexico,  I8:18.J 
Mexico,  Silio  do  I'uebla  de  Zaragoza.     Mexico,  1803. 
Alexico,  Stories  of,     N'.'W  York,  n.d. 
Mexico.    Tarifa  para  el   cobro  uo  los  derechos  do   Alcabala  y  ^Municipal. 

Mexico,  \^oA.  4to. 
Mexico.  Tarifas  do  los  Ilabercs  IfqUidos  monsuales  quo  eorresponden  li  todas 

las  olnses  pertfnecii'utes  al  ramo  clc  gucrra.     Mexico,  1S4(). 
Mexico.  Tercora  parte  Hobre  C'onsoliilaciou  de  la  Republica  Mexicana.    Mexico, 

18,-)  I. 
Mexico,  Terrible  fill uarion  dc  la  Rcjiublica,     Mexico,  '8.V2. 
Mexico,  Ti'stimonio  do  la  averiguacion  practicada  '  or  orden  del  Supi'tmo 

(.iobierno.     Mexico,  1801, 
Mexico,  Testimonio  Biniplc  do  los  autos  dc  la  Audieni  a  en  el  asunto  de  la  ex- 
pulsion del  Arzobispo  1()'24,     in  Itoc.  Hist.  Mex.    scric  ii.,  toni.  ii. 
Mexico,  The  complaint  of  Mexico  and  conspiracy  i    aijist  idjcrtv.     Boston, 

184;{. 
Mexico,  Tlie  Country,  History  nnd  People.     London,  1803, 
Mexico,  Tlic  .Marino  Corps  in  Mexico—Trial  of  First  Lieutenant  J.  S.  Devlin. 

Wiishinuton,  18,V2. 
Mexico,  The  Mexican  l']m])irc,  its  actual  situation.     Ke\v  York,  ISOO. 
Mexico,  The  lte|)ulilic  of  iMexico  restored,      Mexico,  1807. 
Mexico,  TiieWest  Coast  of      \\'ashingtou,  18S(). 
Mexico.  Tiiitado  de  Aunstad,  etc.,  .Vustria.     [Mexico.  i843.j 
Mexico,  Tribunal  del  rrotomcdicuto.     MS. 


AUTHORITIES  OUOTED. 


l.wxi 


Mexico, 
Mi'xioii, 


Tiini'illo  lie  1()'21.     Ill  Poc.  Iiist.  !\K'\-.,  si'iic  ii,  tdiii.  ii. 
L'ltim.-is  Nutas   I)iiil')m:itifaf<  liiiiiliiadiis  clitru  el  .Ministro  ilc  lUl 
lis  Iv-ili'i  i  )r«s  y  las  IcLracitjiiiH  csti'aiiLjoias.      Mexico,  ISdJ. 


M. 
Mc 


ritin 

N'ariii 


il  CoiiLrrcso  Cimstitnvcnto  del  Jvslailo.     Mcxicn,  ls:!(). 


rtas  lid  i.al)ili 


tlUllUltll  lie 


l.">  do  KlKTl! 


iloilc  .Mi'Xicu  a,  los  KuiioicH  del  coii.sejo  .solii'i 
KJ-M. 


1 


eXlco  iim 


Mexi. 

M 

Ml 

Muxic 

Mfxie 


,  enlauelll 


Xi.ti 


do  los  'J'lt'S  Dias  do  Miiiistoi  ii 


Mc 


).s;;!). 


1 1; 


A  ViiVauc  to.  .  .1)V 


It 


iliaii. 


New  York,   IS4! 


•o  and  .  11- roinsott,  Kcply  to  a  ISritisii  I'aiiipliL't.     riiiladclji'iia,  !  >e 


M,  1S:2<». 


tlic  Moiiroo  Doctri 


•  111.,  11. d. 


ml  tlie  I'liiti'd  states,  An  Aiiiuiican  vie.v  nf  tlic  Mexican  Question 


^aii  l-iancsco, 


iMid 


M 


exico  aiiii  11' 


L'ldted  States,  'J'reati 


i.s;i 


■tc,  IS.-J-d'J.    11  vols. 


Mexico  \'  (liiateinala,  (Juestion  de  Liinites.     Mexi 


ilS;   1.S40:  ISO: 


1S7 


Me 


M 


exico  V  la  tntervenelon. 


Me 


Mexico  vsii.s.vlrcdedoies,(,"oI(' 


iNiil. 
de\'istas,i'tc.    ^Mexico,  IS.").")- 7 


atlas.  Mlio 


.M 
Me 

Me 
M 


exico  \    Sll: 


]ii-turlii(,s.     MS. 


•2d 


.Ses ; 


u.  i; 


Canada.  Mess;i,L;eof  the  President,  Jan.  S,  Ib'M  (J.'itli  Ci 


1).     Wasliiiiu'ton.  ls;!S. 


Alls  einer  Discussion,  etc.     \c"/  Vori<,  ISd."). 


exii|Ue 


1  )c  l.i  Ja'Volntioi;  an  Mexioui 


^I'/xic|ue,  1  )esci'i]itiou  Sitiiat 


'I' 
mil  a  Ml  ■  lie 


M, 

la  Villi 


IV) 


Me 
Me 


M. 


isco. 
ii.p 


d. 


ivit. 

'oeuincns 


ts  I'elatil's  ;i  la  jirotectioii  de.s  sujet.s  etraii;.'er.s  residaiit,  etc. 


siir  le  Coniinereo. 


V: 


isiy 


^Me.xiiiuc  ;Le)  et  riOuropo  on  eX| 


la  sitii.'iti 


actue.' 


IS  17 


!Mcxiiiue 'I.e)  et  ITnti'iveiilioii.      Talis,  Isdi. 

Mexiipio  (I.e)  efc  ses  liicliosses.     >.'i)iivelle-Orli';ins,  ISIi'J 


Ml 


Me 
Me 
Me 
Me 


(|UC 


:.i([U( 

^;il|u■- 

IKs 


i:tiic 
Lc  <; 

;,  ls(;;i 


llisto\ii|iiea  an  ]ioint  de  vne  iiolitii|no  et  .social.    I'ariM,  IS.'O. 


d  1 


Lo  Seiiat,  etc 


il.iiis  la  I 


•i" 


eslioii   du    Me.v 


Xllpl 


.inpi'i'eiir  ( 


In  ^1 


i[ii( 


I'ari.s,  1S()4. 


t  rinterventioii.      Lei; 


in[iire  e 
ntci  x'eiitioii  iVancaise  an 


Ml 


XlqlR 


ISOO. 

I'aiis.  ISCS. 


^\!cinonindniii    des    lU'goliulions    lpelldallte^j   enlre    lo    Mcxiipie    et 


lia.u'lie. 


Mexiiine,  Kecnei 


I'oi.s 
1 


!S.)7. 


M. 


]; 


I' 


L'lati 


ecneil  (seeoii 


■Ijdcv 


laC 
I'aii 


"•te  de 


]• 


ls;!s. 


IvK; 


^I'xiijne,  Coiii'iiisiion  iScieiitili'ine,  Arcidves.     I'aris,  ISO."-!).  .'!  vols 


,\1.. 


■C. 


■mIa').      Talis.  17")-'. 


.Is 


JIicliik'na(lese  .Mariano), ('ontestaeion  (|ne  dii'i  aiiti 


I  ■j\:\\\  .liirai 


IS!; 


K 


eacion  lie  la  comlncUi.  en  al''i.'>i 


Mi 


All 


eiiorario.s  y 


i.s  Jvstadi.iti 
dereelios 


diciidi. 


por.l.  J.  J..  Ml 


])inti 


Ml 
IS'Jl; 


IS:: 


lino  we  liaii  ile  colirar 


Ml 


U'alicel  lie 
IS  I!); 


Ml 

•hoac; 
lo.S  I: 

('ollslitlleiou   Jiolilica   del    J^stado.      .\lex.,    lS-_',">;   Deeietus   del   ( 'oil^M'es.j 
Con.'titnvi  nie  l^L't  .">.    .Mix..  1S2S;  Jd  Senor  I)i|>tit:idi)  al  <'on';resi)  l! 

Don  llic'    

dil  Tstii 


•do  V: 


ir  V  sn  J;i'(raelaei(iii.  etc.     .Mux.,  iMil  ;  ( lolici'ii.'idcr 


il  todos  su.s  Iialiitaute.s,  Mar: 


:o  -JS  (lc 


is; 


Morel  ia,  Is:!") 


(Ilistnria,  de  la  i'rov.  do  San  Micohisde  Tolentino  del  oideii  de  ,San  . 


tin);  1. 
'j;ide()ctid'-,e  do  i; 


del  Oliispo  acerca  do  las  niissiones  i 
MS.     Inftii'ine.s  d;i 


leli 


iio  N'erde    sll    I'ei  'i  I. 


d   Si:p.   liiil).    lie  la  lie- 
dilica  J.  ir  lat!  antoridade.s.     ^.   I'elia,  IS-I.");  ]nicia(i\;i  que  la  .Nsamldea 


1'  , 

(pie  par.i  justilieiir  :into  la  ojiiiiion  piililica.      .Mi 
la  Adiijon  ]iiil)lieii  del  Jlstiido  de.      Moi'elia.    I 


.•partaiiieiiial  elevo  en  'JS  de  Fel 


de  ISI.").     Moi'elia,  is l,"i;  Maniliesto 

ISlil;  Meinoria  de 

IS;!i>;   Trotesta  del    Senor 

Olii.;!")  y  veiuiaLle  caliildo  contra  la  ley  de  I  I  de  l^nero  de  1SI7.    (iiiada- 

'ajai-a,    |S47;  Keprcseiita 


Ii 

ISo.').    Ite 

Jdsr.  Mi;x.,  Vol..  I. 


Clou  en    ileleiisa  ik' 


SLsteina  l''edi  r.-d.     Mex. 


ACTIIOIMTIKS  OroTlvD. 


im 


Micr  (ScrvMiiilo 'I'ci'i's.i),  I'riil'i'ci.'i  jmlitica,  iliscinsn  I,"!  ilc  Die  Isi!.'!.     M( 

IS  III. 
MitT  (Scrviiliil'v  'I'rrcsa^,  ^'ic!,•|,  ;i\i'iitiir;is,  t'scr  itnn,  y  via;'t'S.      MiAiru.  lS(i, 
Micr  y  'I'cfaii  (Mamn  1  dc),  Maiiilc.-^lariiiii  del  citnladalio  al  |inMii 


.M^ 


IS-J.). 


■Mills  (XiclKilas),  Jlistdiy  of  Mexico.     I.onddU,  IS'JI. 

Miiia  ( Kiaiiii.sci'),  IJrmc  I^stiaulo  ilc  l.i  viila.      Li'inlnn,  ISJ" 


]\li 


M. 


ill'  la  Jai/,  l\vi 
ISIS. 


lie  At<lita<l 


■n:  alLriini'H  do  Ins  (liicuns  i 


.!,■  \: 


iinc'iii's  ill'  \  ai'iiis  : 


^liiia  ilr  Sail  (.'Iniiciitr,  l>irl. 

IS  10. 
Miiicli.i,   lllfiirinc  dado  iior  el   Ivstaliliciiiiiriid)  dr.  ;i 


iL'adus  snliri'  il  f; 


v, 


la,  ( 


olMIMO'.l  I 


li'  Iiidiistiia 


•IC 


)ll;/l'i';;i)  ((('lliT.- 


.M('\.,  Is;',l) ;   liit'iriiH'  ill  1  Mstalilcriiiiii'iito  al  .'-^I'lmr 


-Miiiistro  dc  ]l: 

llnl.l  [Lisa 


M. 


ISIIS;  M.iiiilcstai-ioii  iiiic  ■■oil  iiiutiMi 


11'  1.1 


-Ml 


IS,")();   111  |iii'.-t'iil; 


ll'lillHS  lU 


IK.  an 


nimiiai  lU'. 


-Ml 


I7!tl. 


M 


jMlIli  11. 1  il 


■;i!rs  (iiilriian/a  <  ivira  l.'i  liiri'iTi'iii,  rr;;iiii('ii  y  yj>- 


\)\vvi 
M 


M: 


d,  i7s;i.  il 


i: 


lilii;    liiiarsiliiarliiia.'S   il 


[    llv.A    'I'ldaaial    di 


CMfO, 


ll|Ur'prci| 


Minimal-  X  Mexico 


17SI.   folio. 

1  (.\llj,'lislill  de),  ^'id,■l  lie  1  l  A'eneralile  Madre  .M  ii.iia'1,1  Jnsejijia  do 


.1  riirilie.aeii)ii.      riielil.i.   I' 


la.|. 


d. 


M 


Carlota.     Ori/alia,  ISO  I. 


iiilH'reiir    .MaMinihaiio    y    i 


de    la    !■: 


i[>;'ratii<C 


Milallioli,  1  >efeiit-a,  do  loH  lliiliistros.      A  er)lleelioM. 
Miraiiioii  (Mieliel),  ({eiii'ial  de  division  Clief  de  TArii 


■t    I'l'i'siilellt  silljsli- 


(ilt.  dii  la  j;r'|>lit)!ii|lU'  Mesieailie  ;i  l.i  XatiMii.      |(  iKqiiilti'iiee,   |S.')I). 


Miranda  (Callialilia  de),  I'loei 


so  V  1 


ansa  eriminal  e.iiitia 


M.' 


I  CUD. 


Mi 


d. 

foli 


da    (Iraneiseo  .Javier),    .\1  iiui.-is    Uellexione.s   wohre    li   eiiestioii  ile  la 


.M. 


Oil. 


ISdf);     I'!-, 


losuioll.       11. 


is.,',):  J. 


d.;    1' 


Miraeda  (Fraiieisco  Mmitero  de),    .M 


eiiHina   .^1 


.lire   1, 


uieiiincri  iiroiiiiiiei.ail 


l(> 


llerli 


.1.,  ls,-,7.  M- 


i  )irii\iiieia  lie  \  eraiia/. 


.M.^ 


10 


toli 

■iiilol,  ( '.-iiisa 


lie   jiiiinlelitio. 


M.S.,    17',l'_'.    loll 


I'l  dio. 


Miseelaiiea,  A  ( 'I'lleeti 


lis 


Miseeliiliea  (  ' 
M 


isei'lalie.a  i 


Mi.seelhi 

M 


lei  Ml 
1 


a,   A  (  'ollei'lioll.       It  Vol.-J 
Nsieo,  A  <  'olk'itii'li. 


iiieoii.s  I  arii{>liu 


t.s,  A  Colleeti 


AC 


/limi.      1(1  Vol.-; 


Mi 


i.seen.iny. 

issa  ( lotliiea  sell  .Mo/araliiea,  eti'.      All'.'eloi)oli,  1770     fi 


Missa' )in)  del'iilied.s.      li.|il.  li.d.   'Ito. 

Mitllieliilll,!j;eii  eilies  jliiiLjeii   ri;iy<'l's  iilier  (lessen  See  !M  iiiielieil,  ISJ 
Muderados  (Lo.«)  y  el  Kstado  de  Me\ieo.      'I'ulue.-i,   l.siU. 
Modern  Tiavellel'  (The),    Mexico   and    ( iii.aleinala.      l.ondii 

Jloslon,  is;i(t.   i>  vols, 
^loliiia  (.\lonso  de),  ( (iilinaneaz  ))ara  estas  (Isjiitalles.     ]MS. 
Moliii.i  (.Vloiiso  de),  N'ocalailario  en  leiiuiia  ('a -ti  liana  y  .Mi 


l.s-J 


I.    'J   vols. 


^Iv 


I. -.7 1.  '2\> 


toli 


Moliiiero  del  ( 'erro  (('aralaiii|iio),  Caitas  de.      Mexico,  |S(IS. 

^loiiardes  (.Nicolas),   llistmia  liiediciiial  de  l.is  cosii.s  (|Uc  se  ti'aen  de  Indian 

Oocident.des.     Sevilla,   \~t~\. 
Moii;.,'Ia\e  (iMii^'eiie  de),  llesuiiii' do  I'liistoire  dii  Mexii|iie.      I'aris,  1S-2(>. 


Monitoi' Coiistitiieional  ludependicnlo.      Mexico,  ls.(,1(t.  seij. 


Monitor  ritr;iiiiaiiiio  (ill).      .Madrid,   l.S'_'"J. 


Ml 


i.y  (.\iiti 


M. 


Villi 
171tl 


isei'ior),  < 'raeioiies  |i,'iiiej,'yi'icas 


fiinol 


iroa  oil  las  ex- 


MiMit.ina  (.losi'|)li  Isidro),  l"l  corazon  ile  las  llimas.     I'lioMa,  17<»."). 
Ment.ina   (liiiis),  < 'araeter  iiclitico  y  niai'eial  de  los  illsl^l•^elltes.      Mi  v.,   ISIO; 
(liianaxuato    liivadido   "JS    de    Se^it.    de    IslU,      Mex.,   ISIO;    KeiiexioiieM 


AUTIIOKITI 1  :S  QUOTi: D. 


1.x 


s(>l)i'o  l(iH  iilliorotoH  iic.Ti'iilns  en  ;il;,'iiii()s  jmclilos  df  Tii'rr.iilcntrii.     Mcx., 

Mfilllcjo,  'rrslillinili;l.     Ill  Col.  l)(ic.  Iliril.,  tiiin.  i. 

Mniilciiiiiiiir  (.lii.iiiiicM  Fr.iiicisi'.is),  llMvliatioiu's  Suiiiici  ntviii  ix  Ihcisinniliiis 

i;iL:i:o  (.'li.iiirclliiri.i'  S.iiHti.     Mi'Nici,  KKiT. 
Miiiitiiii.iiin"  (.)o:iiiii(H  Fraiiciricus),    I'a.stur   liouiis  Dnmiiiiis   Jc-iiiH.      Mrxim, 

Mcji,  riiiaidi-   (.Tiiini    l''r.iiiiisci)   dc),    Disciirsi)    )iiiliticc)   lii.sti'ji'iro  .Iiiiiilii-c)   del 

<liiiili<)  y  i(  jiartiiiiii  iitii  <lc  jnesas.     Mi.xicii,  is.'i.s. 
Mniilniiayor   y   ('I'lnldva  i\i:   Ciicina  (.Iiiaii  Fi;iiu.is<(»   di),   S\Mla^in^^  iK;  laa 

'.."t- Ivias  Oiiloui'H  |iiJi- HU  Ma,'i-.tail  li:i:;t.i  l(i77.      Mfxiio,   |(i7S.   -Iti). 
Mi'i  l(iii'i;n>(A.  ilo  li  1', ),  Itiiuiario  )iaia  ['ainilids  dc  Jiidins.     AiidMiis,  1 7.'!  t. 
Mmiti  iiiii,  Jicglaiiii'iilo  para  (1  ( invu  rim  di  1  MiiiiLi,'  jiio  viiidas  Ar  lllilli^^ll•ll.s  i\v. 

Aiidi<'iiiiaH.      Madrid,  1770. 
Miiiiti:  I'io  dc  Ol'iciiia.-i,  I'lniitiiaric)  ficiicnd  in  ciiifo  Taiifas.      Mcxii"),  17'^l. 
Miinirid"  ( I'cdro  M.  dc),  I'loclaina  cjiie  cl  Ink  inlcntL-  do  la  I'niviiicia  dc  .Mcx- 

icM,      Mexico,  l.sKI. 
M.ii!lc~i  do   Oca  y  ((lirc'jiiii   ([.uiiacio),  Ofacioii  Tiiichrc  qui' cu  las  Imnr-as  do 

.luau  Itniz  ilo  AlafcDii.      Moxicn,  1S7S. 
Munt. -clariis,  Cal'la.      hi  I'aclnciiand  (  aidciias,  dil.  l)iic.,  <iiiu.  vi. 
Mulilc-idcoca  (l)ciiictiio),  Oiacidii  civica d  dia    KidcScpt.  dcis,"il.      (iiiaiia- 

jilatii,  ISol. 
Miiiilcsi(iiicii,  l';s])rit,  dc-i  Icis.      Paris,  lS(i7. 
Mniitu'iiiiM  ry  (II.),  i..ilc  nl'  Zacliary  'iaylur.     Auliiirn,  IS.'d. 
!Muiitiiiii!,'  (U'illicliii  vim),  .Viilliciitisclio  JMitliiUliin^'cii  iilicr  die  lc(/(cii  Mrii;,'- 

lii.M!iii  .Mexico.     Still t;.'art,  ISflS. 
Miiiili'ii'ar  ;Li)rcii/ii),   llcspuo.st.i  al  Si','iiiidi)  Opi'isciilo  siiliri' JcsuitaM.     liCiJii, 

ls7:!. 
Mciiuiiaclito.S  llisti'iriciis  di'  l;i  dniiiiiiacinti  INj'ariola  en  Mc\ic<i.      ^IS.    folio. 
M"iiiiiiiciiti)s  ili.-itcriuos  y  I'olilico.s  ilc  l.t  Adniiiiislracinu  <  'dlipijial.     A  Collcc- 

lion.     MS.   folio. 
Moore  (N'alliaii  Ji.),  (ici.Io"ic:il  Skctcli.     MS.   f,,lio. 

Mora,  Mexico  y  .siis  Kovoliicioncs.     In  l)oi'.  Hist.  Mcx.,  Hcri<'  ii.,  torn.  iii. 
.Mora(I..M.  L.)  Mcjico  y  sii.s  Kcvolmioiics.     Taixs,  ls;i(i.  ;j  vols. 


Mo'-a  {.los(''  .Ioai|iiin),  l\  !:i  JJIicrtad  del  ( 'oiiicrcii 
Mora,  (.low'  .Mari;i 


.M. 


i.s.-,:{. 


ciMoi'i:i  (iiio  iiar.i  iiikiniiar  ^<ollll^  d  oiilcii 


y 


st;id( 


(|1I0    1 

lu.d  do  1 1.)  Ia;,'iiii;is.     Mexico,  \H'2'.\. 
Mora  (.l(jsc  Mariii  Liii'-),  Oijra.s  Sucllas.     Paris,  Iv.'iV 
MoiM  (.Iiiaii  Auloiiio  lie),  Aliuiito.s  li.  la\'ordadcra  ( 'oiiliaii/a.     Mexico,  li 


lis 


Mor.ile.i  (liiiu  U.uiti-ila),  Disortacioii  contra  la  T 


ih-raiicia 


llcli'di 


I   :;i;  I.Klallo  Pita-orici).     Mex.,  isM 


Mrji 


M. 


y    r.iilroii  (laciiitlio),  La  .\/\ceii.L  dc  (,>\ito  (luc  hroti'i  in  el  lloridi) 


(  aiiipi 


Moxico,  I' 


Moi.i.i  y  CrivcHi  (Toina.^l, 


•ritioo  Koliro  c\  mi.stcina  dc  Jfacii^nda  en  Mox- 


Mt 


ISli, 


Ml 


.1,  Iiiiciativa,  <iiu'.  il  laiii  Iliistrc  Ayiintainicin' 
'17;  iti'pro.'iciiiaciou  ijuc  fl  X'cciiidario  de.     .Mi 


(o  do  Morclia.     Ml 


IS.");i;  Siiiil 


.Ni'iiMcro  1"2  lie  la.  d 


Morcni)  (Uiu;.'o),  Maniiicslo  koI 


1.SC11.--10I1  ((lie  so  lillli.ic:!  en. 


Morclia,  ls.i7.    Iti 


plcinento 


irc  la  conilii 


•ta  ol)i 


dc  M 


iciii  acaii.     Mexico 


Is; 


ci\aila  ai  ilcj:i 


■I    e,,l, 


Moreno  (llcroiiyiiio),  Uc'.^da.-t  ciiTtas  y  prei^isatncnto  necc.i.sariii.s  jiara  .rnc/es  y 
niini.sl.ro;i  lie  .In.stiii.i.     Mexico,  l(i;i7;  Mexico,  I7;i"_'. 


Moreno  (.lii.:ii  ii 


l),  Jt 


,Mi 


Sciicf  l)i>ii  .Manuel  i 


Iclacion  del  I'tiiicral,  eiitierio  y  exeiini.is  de  i  I  illn 


(.Ml 


\ida  V  M 


Morli  (I  nan  .Nj^nstin),  ( ' 
he  ad\  icl'tcn  en  el  Ni 


iiiuii)  V  ^alulas 


einoriai^ 
leceioii  do 


M 


eXl  o, 


17tit). 


J.ondrcs,  liSl'J. 


I  )oc 


Mexii 


litoH.       MS.    folio;    Desiirdi 

ptc.     MS,   17!i-'.  folio. 


iMort'i  (.luaii  Aiij,nistiiO,  I.n.  iiolile/a  y  Picdad  dv  lo.s  MoiitaiicscH  dcinonstrada 

jMir  el  ( 'rislo  do  lliilL'o.s.      Mexico,  I77">.    folio, 
Moiyii  (Antuuio  de),  Suuesos  de  lus  islas  Filipiiiua.     Mexico,  lliO'J.  4to. 


Ixxxiv 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


I 
III 


I 


ii;il 


!M()ri;nia  v  Zaf.illa  (Miircos),  Snloiniioa  excquias  el  9  y  10  tk'  Mayo  do  ISIO. 

MlNUIl.   ISIO. 
M(jrilli>  (l'al)lol,  Mi'innires  rclatifs  aux  canipagncs  cu  Annjrique  do  1S15  d 

l.SJl.     Paris,  ]S2(i. 
Mori)  (Clcrarilu),  liitoiiiic  cii  ilen'clio  sobn^  (|Uo  la  coiiipailfa  ilu  el  Ifcal  asiu.'.ito 

do  la  CJrau  lintaua.      .Mexico,  17'Jt.   folio. 
Mor.so  (Isaac  ]•<.),  Spuccli  in  iIlIculc  of  the  Mexican  War,  Deo.  ISKJ.     ^^'ash• 

iii'.'toii,  l.sKI. 
Mosaico  Mfxicaiio  (l",li.      Mexico,  ]S40-)'J.    7  vol.s. 
Muta  Fadilliv  (Mafias  dc  la).  Historiado  la  conijuista  do  la  Nncva-flaliiia. 

Mexico,  ItSi;;.   MS.;  ^lexicd,  ).S7(». 
Mofoliiiia  (Toribio),  ('arta  al  Einiierador  CVirlos  V.    In  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Due, 

toni.  i. 
Motolinia  (Toribio),  llistoriadc  los  Iiidios  de  Xiieva  Esp;.fia.    In  Icazbalceta, 

( '  il.  J  toe.,  toni.  i. 
Motolinia  (Toribio),  La  VIda  y  Miierta  dc  trcs  nifio.s  dc  Tlaxcala.     MS, 
Motolinia  (Toribio),  ^'idas  y  Martirios  di'  ires  Nifio.s  'i'lascaltecas.     MS.   folio. 
Jlotf.'znina,  Testaniento.     In  iV.chcco  and  (':;rdcnas,  Col.  ]>oc.  toni.  vi. 
Moya,  y  Contreias  (I'cdro),  Carta  al  I'rcsidcntc  do  lo3  Kealcs  Cousejos  de 

Inclio-i.     Ill  Cartas  do  Indias. 
Moya  y  Contrcras  (i'cdro),  (Jarta  ]lelacion  al  Rey  Don  Fcliiic  II.     In  Caitis 

do  Indias. 
Miicliarrcz  (■fuse  Antonio),  Contestaeion  del  I'aiaayador  y  .Inez  de  lialanza. 

,Mex.,  ISKi;  J'Isposicion  solirc  refoniias  cons-'titntionales.     Mex..  1S41. 
Mivrde  (^>ucdito  (JOI),  I'apcl  joeoso,  scrio,  .'^atirico  y  inor.il.     MS.    1711. 
Midler  (I'.aron  .1.    W.  ve.-i),  lleiscn  in  den  Vcreinigteu  staatcii  Canada  e.nd 

^lexico.      LcipziLT,  1S(!1.   ;{  vols. 
Mungnia  (Clcnienti'),  l.)(d  Dereclio  Xatiii'al  en  siis  prineipios  eoinniies.     ^lex., 

|S-1!).  4    vols.;   .Maiiiliesto  i|iie   dirigi^    A    la  iiacion    Mejicana.      ^loi-ei'a, 

1S.")1;  Mex.,  is,")!';  Uii  voto  indcpcndicnto  cu  la  eilcstion  del  jnraniento. 

Moreli;i,   bS,-)l. 
^lunL'uia   (Clenicnto   do   .Tesns),    Defcn.?a   Eclosiilstica.     Mex.,   IS.'iS.    Hn.  '2 

vols.;   Instrncciones  I'astorales.     Mex.,    IS,")7;   (.)!)ras  diversa.i,   I'riniera 

Scric.    Morclia,  IS.'i'J-.i.'i.  '2  vols. ;  Obras  divcrsas,  8cgunda  Seric.    Mex., 

1S,V_>.  2  vols. 
Mnimuia,  I'.istor.alcs,     A  Collection. 

iMmio;'-  (luaii  liautist.'i),  1  listori.i  di I  Xncvo  !Mnndo.     ^ladrid,  nO-*?. 
^liuio/.  (.(nan  J'.inf  ista),  Menioria  sobre  las  Aiiarieioncs  y  el  cnlto  dc  Xuestra 

Scnora  lie  <Inadalupo  dc  .Mexico.     [Madrid,  I7!I4.] 
Muqiliy  (Tonia;:),  ^lenioriasobro  la  Deuda  esterior  dc  la  Rcpublica  Mexicana. 

I'aVis.  IStS. 
Muzzarclli,  Opi'iscnio  dc  la  esconiurion.     Cnadalajara,  lSi.'4;  Opuscnlo  xi,  do 

las  riipuv.i.^  dcl(''lcro.     (inad.,  1S'J4;  Opiisculoxviii.    Inniuuidadeclcta.is- 

tica  pensonal.     lluad.,  lSu'4. 

Nacion  (La),  ^Mexico,  ]^'tC<  et  scq. 

Xai'iiiu  Mexicana,  I'laii  dc  la  coiistitncion  politica.     Mexico,  1.Sl!3. 

Xahuall  MS.    l.')7(!. 

Xajer.i  (liumiugo),  l']stracto  del  luforine  qnc  ante  la  tcrccra  sala.     Mexico, 

IS(i.">. 
Nardi  ( l''ranccsco).  Visita  dell'  Inipeivitore  li  Impcratrice  del  Messico  ul  S. 

Tadrc.      lionia,  I  Mil. 
Narte  (Sejo  Amira  de),  Claniorcs  de  la  America.     Mexico,  ISll. 
XanticaN>escriiition  of  tlicCnll  uf  Mexico  and  1  lay  of  llonduraa.     London, 

l.s.-)(!. 
X'ava  (.losc])li  lL;iiacio  Maia'a  de),  l^'logio  funel>rc  (]ne  en  las  honras  dc.     ^lex- 

ico,  l,S(t2. 
Xavarrctc,  Hiotfralia,     In  Hoc.  liu'd..  toni.  ii. 
Navarretc  (h'ranci.-co  Antonio),  Ivelacion   l'ei"griua   de   hi  Agua   Corricnte. 


Ml 


17;:!». 


ArTiioniTiEs  Qr()Ti:n. 


lx?:xv 


XiivniTfto  f.T.  C),  Es])iisiiiciii  que  diri'/n  iil  ("  iii^iH's')  (Icnoral.     M(  xiin,  In')!, 
X-iviiinlu  (.M;i!UR'li,  J'lutri'tiniiiiifulws  1V»  tu'o.s.     Mi'xico,  ]V>2X  "J  vmIs, 
Xavarrclr  (.M;ii  tin  I'VtikukIi'/),  (  (ilroiDii  ilc  los  N'i.'igrs  y  JV'.sculii  iiiiii  utn.-i  (jiio 

liicioinii  1(VH  l';>jKiu(ilf.s  (.losile  linos  iK'lSl;.;lo  W.   Mailriil,  hS'_'.>-."!7.  5  voU. 
?>'avarii>  (.Iils'  Aiiluiiiip),  Jlstai.lu  ilu  la.s  iiiisionc'.'i  <lc  Aayaiit,  iut'oniic  ilailo  i.ii 

•J()  (!<■  Julio  dv  ]7.S.">.   M'i. 
XavaiTi)  y  lliana  (.Iiia(iuiiil,  ])isciir.so  i)r(muiiciail<j  il  "JT  do  Sept.  do   I'l-J."). 

Moxicd,   ISi."). 
Navarro  y  Xoriogii  (Ft-niamlo),  Catalogo  do  lus  Curatos  y  Misionc-' (jiir  liiin! 

la  Niieva  lOspafiii.     !Moxi(.'(),  ]>>\'i. 
Xiivarnj  y  Xurio^'a  (Foniaiulo),   }.louioiia  koIji-c  la  poblaciou   dol    lioiii.j   do 

N.   ]■:.     Moxioo,  IH21). 
Xayarit,  l"ra',^iiioiito  llistinioo.   M.'^. 
Xayarit,  Iiifonnc  do  la  aiidioiioia  do  (inadalaxara  fooliado  ;l  '2(5  do  Ayosto  do 

*  ITS."..  MS. 
Nayaiii.is,  liclarioii  do  la  Coinniista.      Madrid.  [17--.] 
N'.bol  (f'.irlos),  Viago  piiiturosoo  y  Ar(j^iiooli.jioo  do  la  R(;p,  Mo.;.  Paris,  oto., 

IS."!). 
Xobrija  (.\ntiiiiio  do),  I'^xplioaoimi  do    los   Iil)ros  cvarto  y  qiiiuto.     I'li.lila, 

k;:).").  Itn. 

Xogooios  do  .Moxioo,  Disciisiou  iii  ol  Soiuido  I'spafiol  a^Aivc  lus.    Mexico,  1803. 

4io. 
Xo;,'ooi(i.s  l''ondioutos  eiitro  M^xiooy  Kspafia.      I'ai  is,  ISr),S. 
No.'Moios  J']olosi,istioos,  ])iot.iiiioii  <lo  lal.'oinisioii  do.      jMox'on,  IS.'W. 
Nopoimu'oiio   (.Mariana   J  nana),    Vida   do    la,  dol    .Nfoiiastovio  do    roligiosas. 

Moxioo.  ISOS.   4to. 
Nowi'imb  (Jainos  I'.),  History  of  Socossiou  Times  in  Toyas  and  Travol.s  iii 

?doxii;o.     iSaii  Frauoisoo,  l.S(i,'!. 
Xioolio  (l^livd),  N'owo  vnd  warJiall'to  relation  vou  dome  was  .sioh  in  V'oodoi'Iv. 

.Mimoiion,  nil!).  4lo. 
Kicolin  (.lo.so  liiiiniundo),  ].,a,  ].)ivi.->i()u  dol  Torritorio  eu  Yucatan,     Moxioo, 

isc.l. 
Kioroiuljorg  (J.  ]■'.),  I'e  la  dovooion  y  patrooinio  do  Sau  Zvligiiol.     Moxioo, 

|i(ii:}.j 

Xioiiw  Sjiaaiijc.     In  .\a.,toin.  x. 

Niloa  (•loliu  M.),  History  of  iSoulh  .Vniorioa  anil  >.''"xico.    ILirtford,  Isll.  '1 

vols. 
Xilos  (Jdhn  :M.),  Speech  iu  Son.  of  the  U.  S..  IMi.  fl,  ISIS.  Washington,  1S-4S. 
Xiaos  Mxiiositos,  J'^xpo-siiion  (|Ho  haoeal  ]nililioo.      .Mexico,  ls;!S. 
Xoamira  (f.  1!.  Z. ),  Momoria  Instructiva  lohro  (.1  ^laguoy  <j  Agave  Moxicano. 

Mexico,  ls.')7. 
X'o  IS  lo  iiias  ol  Juranionto  sino  .si  salx'  Camplir.     [^^•jlC0,  182.^.] 
No  Mo  Olvides.     ].,on<ires,  1S24  -JS.   ,">  v.ils. 
Xorioif-a  (Joso  M.  D.),  i'unestod  iiecuerdo.s  dol  Liln  rtadnrdo  Mexico,   .Mixico, 

ISda. 
Xoiman  (l>.  M.),  Ivanihles  hy  T-ind  .ind  Water.     Xew  York,  lS-1.'). 
Norniau  (IJ.  M.),  Jiaiiiblcs  iu  Yucatan.     X'ew  Yurie,  1S4U. 
Notas,  Yoeahulario  (ioouralico.     In  (.'artas  dt!  ludias. 
Xoticia  lliogriilica  dol  A'-chidnqiio  I'eiiiaiidip  Maxi'.iiiliano  <le  .Vustria.    \\.]>\. 

n.d. 
Xo'icia  do  loR  Procodiiaioiitos  en  la  lleposieiou  do  la  Sagrada  Ini'igo!!,  oto. 

Mexico,  lst(i. 
Xolirii  J'lstraordinaria,     Division  ik-  ojioracionos  on  la  I'arra  do,  Taui[iioo. 

I.Mcxici,  Ivj'j.J  f,,lio. 
Xoticia  i»<Uvi<iunl  do  los  denrhos  (pio  scgva  lo  rcglado  <'U  1 1  ultimo  nal 

jiroy.    to.     litivceli.iiia,  17;i-'. 
Xiiti .iasdc  las  ospodioiones  ipie  li.in  lioclio  los  I'spafioles  paia  la  Con^uista 

Mvv.  MS»  tolio. 
Xoticias  lii.st<'i'k'as  'k-  la  Xnova  Ivspafta  puhlicadas  con  la  proteccion  del  Min- 

istei'io  lt«^  ^"oI1K■nttJ.     Madrid,  Ks78.  folio. 


Ill  I 


mil 


II  ill  mill '!> 
Ill  ■ 

'I  111  ill;  I 
iii ' 


r 


!: 


Ixxxvi 


ArTITORiTIKS  QUOTHD. 


N'fitiji.'is  intorr=i;nitisiinas  cintr.;,  l:i  iiiik'poudoiicia.     ^loxico,  IS'Jl.  folio. 

Kotii-iipso  ( It  luTiil.      Mexici),  ISITi  I't  !^cc|. 

Js'oiiL'  <U'  lu  J>()k:  .,*c  Tcrru  fcrma  XoiNuju'iitc  troiuito  in  Imlia.     S(;villi,  l."iL"2. 

Nncvii,  Ivniiifin,  vVoiR'i'dos  do  la  Junta  Superior  do  Jical  llai'ifiida.  .Mcxiin, 
ITilk     MS. 

Nueva  I'-spaiia,  T.rcvo  Rcsinncu  del  l)t'SC>il.)rinuL'iito  dc  la.  Madrid.  [IT'iT.] 
MS.  loyal  folio.  "2  vols. 

Nm^vji  Iv-^pruKT,  Rcspucst.'.s  :i  las  pri';^uutas  ln'clias  soliro  d  estado  dc  los  lu- 
ll io.s.     ;ms. 

Xufvas  lIi'dcNioncs  solivc  la  cucstion  Francij-Mi'xicana.     Mexico,  1S()2. 

K\u^vo  Diocioii.irio  do  la  leii^ua  L'astellana. 

Kuevo  Leon,  l»ictauien  de  la  eoinision  celesiaslico.    [Apr.  ,10,  ISIit.   Monterey, 

is;i4.1 

Xucvo  Leon,  L>ii;t:unen  preseutado  sobi'o  introdneeion  de  Al^'idnn.  Mon- 
terey, ISI.'i. 

Xuevo  Leon,  1  )iet;!inen  Kolir(^  reforina,  de  Lis  I'lie^es  Or'^;inieas.    Jlonten'y,  LSi.j. 

>i'nix  (Juan),  Kelli'xiones  Jiiipareiali's.      Madrid.  IT^-. 

Xunoz  (.Monso),  ( ':irta  I'lisle.ral.     Mexico,  1777.    Ifo. 

Nunez  (Alonzo),  ('<  nsLituiiones.     .Mi'xieo.     |l77."i.  | 

Is'une/  (.\ntonio),  })i.stribucione.s  di;  las  obr-as  onlinariiis  y  cxtraordinari^iss. 
Mexico,  171-.  4to. 

Nufie/  (Ildelonzu),Kelaeioi!  de  la  fnncbre  cereiuwniay  exi'ijuias.  Mexico,  1;S;>2. 
4to. 

Nunez  lie  llaro  y  Per.'dta  (Alonz')),  Carta  Pa.storal.     Mexico.    [177<>.] 

>.ufio  I'iuto,  ]ii  JJaniire",  I'r oee-^o  eonlra  -Mvarado. 

Kyc  (Jiiini'S  ^\'.),  Spec.'li  in  Sen.  of  U.  S.,  Jidy  I 'J,  lS(i7.     ii.pl.,  n.d. 

Ojijaca,  Asuntog.     in  .Mex.  Doc.  I'lelos.     !MS.  torn.  ii. 

Oajaca,  ( 'art;',  del  A   'iiitaniii'ito.   in  l';u'liceoand(  Virden;is,  Col.  TVic,  toni.  xiii. 

Oajaea,  Coiistitueioudel  Ivstadoclc,  Oax.,  LS."")7;  Copiais  cl,^  las  ( 'oiitcstacioiios. 
Mex.,  lS2."i;  Di4CUr.'o  (|no  I'rouiincio  (d  ciudadano  J.  }il.  Artea;ja  '2  do 
Kliero  do  IStl].  Oax.,  ISiri;  Ksposioiou  por  (1  (!i>l)ierno  ;d  Solieiano  ( 'on- 
^reso,  IS4S  et  .SJfj.;  Inieiativa  quo  hi  Ai^ainlilea  eleV()  1!)  Jeli.  l>il,")  ^loliro 
ref(.nnas  do  bases  O'Lranien.s.  Oax.,  lS4r);  ]^ey  de  Instinccion  I'ubiiea 
1807.  ii.pl.  Vi.d.;  Ley  Oru:iniua  para  td  (inliienio  y  Adiiiini.stracion  In- 
terior. ()ax.,  '807;  ItcLrlainento  cspedido  )ioi'  cl  iloii.  Asanil)lea  7  do 
Fel).  1S44.  Oax.,  H44: 'l;eiiiiraeion  de  la  Catedral  do  Antivpiera.  .MS. 
17-;!-4;  J.aVietuliii.     Oiij.,  )S7S  ct  se((. 

Obispo  do  la  I'ueblH,  ■Nleiuori.n  al  J{''y.     ^18.    l(;"i'2. 

Obser\aeioncs  nccrea  del  I'areeer  I'iseal  y  Acuerdo  d  ■  l:i  eorto  snpreiua  do 
Jnsticia.     Mexico,  1;;48. 

Observaeiones  al  diotiiineu  de  la  sogunila  coniision  di;  Ifaeieiid.-i  de  la  (,'iniar.i 
do  Diputados.     Mexico,  1S4(). 

Observaeiones  do  los  Fabricantos  y  .Vi^rienltores  d  •  Mexico.      Mexico,  18(51. 

t)b.sei'vacioncs  liin);iveiales  acerca  ilo  la  .■\dinini>.tri.<i"ii  FiiiHW//i''i'a.  Mesieo, 
ISl.-). 

Oliser\'acionos  sobre  las Cucst i ones  epic  ol  abate  Test ory,<'te.  ('•it;ri\i)\n']nvn,  ISIm. 

( Miservaeioiies  y  conieiitarios  A  la  <  ,irta  (pio  Manuel  l';iyiio  liii  liilifiiUi  ill  rioii- 
er.il  Forey.     [\'era  Cruz,  ISli;!.  j 

Ob.-ervailor  do  la  Ju'piiblica  MexicMiui  (I'd).     Mexico,  1SJ7    -i  vols. 

Observado)' Judicial  y  di;  Levislacion.     ^lexieo,  1842  et  he'/. 

Ocan.i,  Ci.   fa.     In  Facheco  and  (,'ardenas.  Col.  Doc,  tolll.  xiiJ. 

Oi'iioa  (.\liastacio  de),  Don  All'-mso, 'l'ra,i,'edia.     .Moxii'o,  IMI.      M.'^. 

Olnio  (.Josil  del),  Ivelaciou  lli-itorica  del  auto  ^'Oiu  ral  <1(!  Fe.     Mejico,  l»«4'). 

Onate  (Zai  iiiias),  Algo  holu'o  los  Ultiinos  acoutfciinientos  de  Qucretaro.  </n«'r«J» 
taro,  18(1!). 

Ouis  (liUis  de),  Letter  of  oih  of  jMiiu.iry,  1818.  In  .\nii;ds  of  Congress  isjl). 
vol.  ii. 

Ouis  (Luis  de).  Memoir  upon  the  Negotiations  between  S[iaiii  and  tiie  Unit<  d 
States.     IJaltiniore,  1821. 


AUTIIOIIITIES  QUOTED. 


IXXN 


Opii-iiilii  iK;  la  vtrihul  y  dv'  li  lazmi  ('outra  ul  inoycfto  do  un  inomiiiolii)  co- 

iikii'ImI.     Mi'xico,  Is.ilt. 
()r;ii'iiiiii-H  ("ivii'MH.     A  ('(illcccinn. 

()i:itc>ria  l'NiiaMi)la  y  .Viiioiicaiia,  Disi'iirso  Ilisti'irioo-* 'n'tico.     M>i.    folin. 
((rinla;.M  I  l>iij:'>  Aiiilirusii)  ili'i,  l>a  L'.i:',  dil  I'liai'ii.Mas  I'liia.    Mi\ii.i),  171!^. 
Oiili  iiaii/ii  d(!  la  ic'iita  d(!  TaliiiLM).      Mo.ioo,   ISKi. 
Orik'iiiiiu'.a  Mi!it:ir,  ti'atadi)  i^uartu,  J!i'i;Iaiiiuiit.)  i)ara  il  Ejrivicio  y  Maiiinlira.s 

di!  la.  iiilaiitciia      Mexico,  JS.Vt.  "2  volci. 
Oidi'iiaiizas.     ii.pl.,  l.")4S. 
Orili'iiaii/as  du  India.s.     A  C'dllfctinn.     4to. 
OrdiiiaiiAH  <lo  l:i,  .hiiita  dt!  ( iiuira  d(!  Iiidias.     [Madrid]  l(!"-t. 
Ordiii  du  Cirliis  It  [.,  Ui;al  J)('.'ii)aclio.     Madriil,  177").   I'olio. 
Onliiics  do  la  Corona.     A  C'lllcctiini.     M.S.   folio.  7  vols. 
Oirllaiia  (Manuel),  Manifestation  ([iio  liaeo  al  I'ldilioo.      ^[exico,  IS.'O.    Ito. 
Ori/ava,  i.iin'o  curio.-jo  (|Uo  eonticuo  al.,'iino-i  a|nuite.s  iial'ticulares  aeaeeidos  en 

esta  Viila.     ^I.>.;  ]i(:,danii':ito  a  ijiio   delio  snjetar.se.  el  eueipo  do  eoso- 

eiiems  del  di.stvito  lOdoMayo  ISJi".     MeX.,IS4:2;  Ke'.'l.inielito  del  eile'.po 

do  eoseeheU)ti  do  Taljaoo  ilol  di.strilo  do  l.'J  do  A'_'o.sto  do  J.S-IJ.      Mexieo, 

IStJ. 
Oriaiva  y   ('(irduva,   Docunioiitos   nfeiento;i  ;l  lo.s  suce.so.i  ocnrridos.     \'er;i 

Cniz,  l^.'M. 
OraiiPi'li'  a  (.Juan  IJ.),  Oraeion  ftinoljio  en  las  soloniue-;  linnra.^,  ,lo-i6  Santia;,'(). 

Mexieo,  ISi,'). 
Orozeo  y  lierra  (Mannel),  C\it'>';i-afia  M^  xieaua.     Mexico,     n.d.;  (leo'^'ratia 

do  Ian  Len;,'na.s  y  ( '.u'ta  J']luo;.;r:iliea  di;  .Mexico.      Mexieii,  IWA;  lli.sio-.-ia 

do  ^Mexico;  Meinoria  jiara  il   I'lano  lU)  la  eindad  d:^  ^ilex.      Mi-x.,  I.H(',7; 

,\Ieinoria  ]iaia  la  (.'arta  lIidro'.f|-.;.;ea  del  \'ai!  •  do  Me\.     Mux.,  If-All.  -ii-u.; 

Xoticia  Uisti'ii'iea  del  Mai'ipi.  .s  del  Vidlo.     ?»U'\.,   1S,'.;{. 
Oriji'.esta  (La).     Mexico,  l.'i7->  it  .seij. 

Onio  (iVanei.seo  X.  .V.  do),  Solui-ion  del  (Ir.an  I'lolilenn..     ^le.'.ico,  )7<).^.  4to. 
Orta  (!'i"anei>eo  do   1'.),  llcrutacion  al  nianiiitslo  do   la    (iuaruieio;i  do  W'l'.'i 

Ciu/.     Mexico,  iS'.i'.). 
()rte;.,'a  (Ainad  il,  Voto  iuiulado  do  uno  do  l>js  niinistros  do  la  eorte  do  jii.sticia. 

-Slexico,  Im;).'!. 
Ortc,  L  (Ihilaliu  Maria),  Plaiiloyor  sar  rincor.i[ietenco  du  eonseil  do  (luerru 

1  Vaii-;i;is.     Mexico,  IS.il. 
Orte;.':i(Rt,  Poesias.     Mejico,  IS.'IO. 

()rte;;a  (Feniando  do),  Ale'^'acion  Juridica  ]iMr.     ^loxiio,  17!  1.   folio, 
Ofte,:_:a  (Jesii3  O.),  I'rotesUi  del  I'roidenlo  do  la  ( 'uj  le  .Sn[iienia  ile  .Tustieia. 

i-Mexico]  1SU.J.  4t(). 
Orte.  a  (L:iea:l  Fernandez),  Villa  <le  l.i  Macli'o  Man.a  Ma;,'dalena,  leli.i'sa  d,  1 

.Moii:i:.terio  do  Saa  (leroniino  do  Mciv.      M."^.  |  Ki.'V!.  |   Uo. 
0^te,^'a  (Mamul  .kl  C),  VA  'I'lono  do  .Me.\ieo  |.S(i4.      Mexico,  l,s(i4. 
Orio;.;;i  y  *-'au  Aiiti>liio  (•ro.--eiiii  Joacliinj,  Xiiova  Aljaba  apo.sti'ilioa  con  v.ii  i.i.s 

eaneii««ies.      Mexieo,  17o7. 
Ortiz  (Taii.'u),    Mexico  cuu.siderado   como    iiaeion    indi  poudiento.     IJavdeo--, 

is:;.'. 

Ortiz  do  .\yala  CTadeo),  Reminien   do   la   Estadi^t;  a  del   lnil)eiio   Mixie.j'ii'. 

Mcxie.'i.   l'^^. 
Oshoriu.'  (.loliu),  Lfuido  to  tlie  \\\.st  Indies,  Madiir.i,  ^lexieo,  etc.     London, 

1S4.-.. 
Os.sorio  (DSeyo),  Americano  si-r;ipIiieo  ll.nilo  do  istaprovinoia  dil  S.inio  Ilv  in- 

gelio.     Mk'xico,  I7.'i7.  4to. 
Onscna  i.lViix-liin),  I'ereLrrinaeion  eliristiana  ])or  1 1  c'lniino  I'lal.     Mexieo,  I7"iil. 
O.sw.-dd  (I'elix  1..K  Sinniaerland  ski'teiies.      i'liilad.  Iplii.i,   jSHO. 
OteiM  (M.uianoi,  ( 'inuinieacion  .sobro  las  neguciaoioni  s  lailrc  ]vstados-l'nid>iM 

y  Mexico.     Mexico,  1 847. 
Otero  (.M.iiiano),  ihisayo  ,soln>'  I'l  verdadiTo   eaUido  do   la  cucstion  .social  y 

IJoiitie.i,  Mexico,  KS-ii     Me.\.,  lt>42. 


T 


bcxxviii 


AUTIIOrJTIi:;^  QUOTED. 


Otovo  (>Tiiiiiir,')V  Ohrns.     MS.   ],S,-n-r,0.  7  vols. 

Otc'.-i)  (M;iri:iii(il.()i':icioii  civira  cl  .li.i  ]i\  ilo  .S(U.>!nl)ro  do  \M?>.  M  ■xico,  1R4I'. 

Oviudo  (•!  11,111  Aii;ii;iii)  dc).  \  itia  adiiiiialdu,  aiKoLolicu.^  iiiiui.sU'iiu.s  y  hcniiciid 

virtiidrs.     Mcxifd,  17"'-.  4t{i. 
Oviudo  y  \'iild('s  ((idu/.ido  iVTiiaiidrz  dt),  l)o  la  Xutiiral  llystuiia  di^  las  la- 

d  as.     Toledo,  l.")'J(). 
Oviedo  y  A'aldcs  ((I(Jiizalo  I'Vrnaiiilcz  dc),  Jli-stoiia  (Itiioral  y  Xatuial  dc  laa 

Jiidias.     Madrid,  IS.'il-.").  4  vols.   4to. 
()\  icdo  y  \'aldit4  ((.ioii/alo  i'uniaiulu/  <lu)  Sonunario.     In  Itanui.sio,  \*ia;.".,'i. 

toni.  iii. 
()\ici'.o  licni'ia  y  liucda,  (l.uis  .Xiitoido  dv),  Pooina  sacro  dc  la  pa.<ioiid(!  .Jisu 

(Visto.     Moxieo,  I7,S().  4to. 
( )\von  (Toiiil,  Aiicedotc's  and  Luttors  of  Zacliary  Taylor.     Xcw  Yoik,  lfS4S. 

I'al  1(11(111  Xaoional.     Mexico.  lS4tctser|. 

Tacliceo  (•luainiiu  F.)  and  Cardenas  ct  al.,  Coloccion  do  riocuincntos  Tiu'ditos 

rclaiivo:)  al  I'c.scuhriiiiieiito,  (.'on(jui:;ta  y  L'ol'jnizacuju  de  las  roscsioind 

Kspafiola.s  en  America.     JIadrid,  lf;iJ4-81.  litvoLs. 
Pacheco  (  los.'-  Kaiiion),  C'uestioii  d(j  }dexieo.     Mexico,  1S(J,"  ;  Dcsoripcion  de  la 

bok'Umidad  I'l'inebrc  etc.  do  ihirhide.      Mex.,  ISIU;  ]'^x[Kj.sici()ii  del  exniiii- 

istro  do  lelacionos.     Qnoi'i  taro,    1S47;  (iuirra  do  ll.pana  con  ^lejico. 

Talis,  IS.IU;  LoUrcs  siir  Ic  Mexi([Ue.     ISordeaiix,  is;i;i. 
racto  (social  hoIjiv  J,eyes,  Juccos  y  Alio;,'ados,  contra  el  inuvo.     [Mexico,  IS'i'J.] 
I'alacio  (Mariano  Kiva),  and  I'afatl  Marliiuz  do  la  Tone,  ]\Ioiiioranduni  .sobro 

el  Troceso  del  Maxiiuiliaiio.     ilcxico,  l.'-i)7. 
I'alacio  (V'iccnto  Jliva),  .Solu'iaiiia  de  lob  Kstados  y  la  Supienia  Coito  do  .Iiis- 

tioia.      Mexico,  IS74. 
Talat'ox  y  Mi  ndo::a  (.liiar.).  Oliras.     Mridrid,  170'-.  folio.   1 J  vols.     [Most  of 

wliii  li  works  al.so  exist  in  separ/ito  )orni.J 
I'alane.i  (l.a).     (luadala  jara,  IS'JIJ  et  .'^i  (j. 
I'aiics  (DioLj'o  (Jarcia),  Extension  iiitcresauto  dc  la  I'laza  do  Vera  C'niz.     MS. 

)Ki;0. 

Pi'iics  y  -Vliollan  (Diego),  C'ronolorcia  do  los  Vi-reyc3  do  Xiiova  Kspafi;i.     ^IS. 

1  apidotla,  liistalaciou  do  .su  Ayantaiiiiciitc.      MS. 

I'apcl  do  llstrasa  on  rpic  so  (iltra  el  ISaratiUo  y  so  cuela  do  Xulgo.    ]\1S.    17."i;). 

I'apc'.cs  en  Dcrccho.     A  Collection. 

I'apolcs  do  Jcsuitas.     A  Collection.     ^!S.   f(.ilio. 

l\r iclcs  1  ranciscanos.     A  Collection.     MS.  folio.  2  vols. 

I'apelcs  Sueltos.     A  (ollcction. 

I'apolcs  Varios.     A  Colleclioii  of  Spanit;li  and  Mexican  P-nmiddets.  'Jl.'>V(>ls. 

I'arada  (Vicente  (iuliioz),  Scguiida  esposiciou  <pio  liaco  al  .Si^heiano  Con^'reso. 

Me:;ioo,  IS  11. 
I'avdo  (Dic'^o),  ^Ii'trica  exposicion  do  la  royla  sori^fica,  etc.     MS.   Ki.'iO. 
I'arcecr  dc  los  Scuores  TliC','>lo,';os  de.     Salanianea,  l."i41. 
I'aredcs  (Antonio  do),  Carta  edilicantc.     Mexico,  17(11;  Carta  cdificanto.  ox- 

tin^'iiida  (,'oinpania  do  .Tesvs.    Mexico,  17;'4;  \'oto  Paiticalar,  en  la  .Junta 

<le  .Mi:i('ria  do  10  de  Marzo.     Mexico,  ISOS. 
Pavedcs  (Mariano),  Prove  l^spesicioii  ipio  el  (lenoral  laicc.     Mcx.,  1847. 
Paredciy  .Vri'Jlla^^a  (Mariano),  Prevo  esposii  ion  ipio  liacoji  suseoneiuiladnuoa. 

JSIox.,  1S47;  Contestacioncs  (|Uo  a  la  circular.     S.  L.  Potosi,  lt-'4."(;   Iv-jio- 

sicioii  (]U0  il  sus  conciud::daiios.     Mex.,  I;i41;  Manilicsto  do  la  Kepuh- 

liea,  -Mexicana.     .Mex.,  IS  10. 
l\irescer  6  Dotoriniuacioii  do  los  scuorea  tliet'iloLjos  do  Salamanca.     I.ondres 

Ps.U.  4  to. 
Parian  'Jll),  Coloccion   do   diKnnneiitos  ofuiales  reliitivis  a   la   e  in'-truceiou, 

etc.,  del.    Mex.,  IStli;  I'isiiosicioii  a  la  t Viinara  jior  1  iei.M,illcio;i  de.    .Me\., 

1.S44  ;  Primerareprisontacion  del  Coniereio  solicitaulo  una  indcmnizacion. 

Mix.,  1841). 
Parke,' (TlieiKlore)j  ASinuoii  on  the  Mexican  Vv'ui'.   Juiie^o,  1848.     P>oston, 

1848. 


AUTHOR  ITHvS  QT'OTF.D. 


1 


xxxix 


railcmaii  (V.).  Tnfovino  que  dio  t'l  pciito  f.uiiliativo,  luiii.'is  i 


ilrl 


,1   .1.1 


CaUo.     Moxico.  ISkS.  -Iti 


I'lina  (Francisco),  ('oiii|iii 


sta  «lc  la 


Calioia,  etc.     MS.  llS(l.-)j  ^to. 


jiro 


lia  do  Xulisco,  \i 


I'ana   (li'si'iih  Gomez),    Jiniiortaiitissiiuas   y   viTil, ultras   I'lsolucioiKjs    para, 


Vx] 


IcsKisticdS. 


I'uvl.l 


I'arri'S  (Luifi 


,    Manifest; 
Mataniuro; 


ili'l  Cniitailiir 


A.h 


M 


intinia  ili 


Mat; 


is:;i). 


]';ii'ioili  (A.),  Mi'moriji,  tn>ljro  l;i  ]^vacii;iriciu  niilil;ir  del  pnrrtu  do  'l';iiiijiii. 


'J' 


I'artl 


ini;iidi|';i 


ISK! 


).  l)io  Intervention  in  Mt 


Leipiti.;  ami  Stutt-art.  ISOt. 


]';is;itieniiii)  (l-H,  (Aiieccion  do  \ovelas,  Anoodotas,  et.'.     Mijioo,  IM!!). 

l';istoral  u»  do3  Actus.      MS.      IS'JS. 

r.itino  (I'edi-i)  r;il)lii),  l)isevtacii)ii  eritieo  tlieo-fdosijlica  suljro  la  coiiKervacioa 

do  l;i  S;!nt;i  iniiigen.     McNicD,  ISO!.  4ti). 
ratr(in;ito  fin;di/,ad()  eiinti';i  el  l'ation;itu  enilirolladi).     Mcjieo,  ].s;i;). 
]';iU'un;;ti),  lii;r.<)_L,'o  intrc  un  enr;i  y  nu  .\l)iiL;atlo.     ^lexico,  Ib-'T. 
l';itriinatii,  ()iist'i:iculos  solire.     A  (.'(ilection. 
l'a:t(  r>iiii  ((.ieo.  ^V.),  Across  Mexico  to  ('alifonii;i.     MS. 


l\:ttron;ilto  do  r;irtto  (17-l>  li 


ITI'.').     y\' 


I'auw  (Coi'iieille),  llct-jicrohcs  pliilusopiiiiiucs  siir  les  iVnici 


L'.ndr 


etc..  177.).     ;i  VI 


r;'.vno,  ( 'r(>noloL'i;i  do  ^fexico.     In  Soc.  Mex.  Goo;;'.,  15olrtin,  to'.u.  vi. 


ruyno  (.Manuel',  (Jomiiendio  dol:i  llistori;ido  .Mox 


sinuinico  I 


ilo  la  llisLoria  Anl 


.Ml 
.Mexico.     ^lex.,  1.^' 


•o.  I'i7;i;  Cuadro, 
( 'lu-ntas.  (iastojj 


Aercedores   v   otros   asunlos.      Me\.,   ISGS ;   La  Convenciou    ]•; 


JIcx.,  1S.")7  ;  La  Deuda  h 


ir  do  .Mex.     Mex.,  Isd.");  Memori;i  soliio  el 


;\r;i<:iiev  .Mex.     Mex.,  liitil ;  Mcnioria  Hohro  la  Kovohicion  do  Die.  do  IS.'i? 


y  ]•: 


<\c   18.">S.     Mex.,  ISGO  ;    Mc:aco  and  lier   Fin;!nci;d  Qaestions 


v.iih  Lnyland.     Mex.,   ly(j:2;  I'roycctos  do  arreglo  do  los  g;ist(j 

iracionili.     ]\lex.,  IS-IS. 
r;iz(La).     Mexico,  IS.'iS  ot  .'cq. 
I'lU  (.Iosi5  lynacio),  I'lau  dc  est;ituto<,  eon.stitueioncs  y  ej(  rcicios. 


do  l:i 


Mc 


XICO, 


T 


ISIO. 

S 


[x'odi  on 


'JVn  1 


ic^nnen 


rc;irce,  Siiecch  on  Tlnot^  ]*,lilliiin  Lill.      M;irc]i   I,    l.S-t7.      Wasliinvrti 


r. 


tBill.     ,Tan.  1.^,  isll'^.     W;'«!iin"t(in.  1S4'^. 

1847. 

lr;i::a  (.M;iiniel  Gome;'),  Acus;icion  ivresent;ida  en  la  e;ini.iv;i,  do  dipui;ulos,  '.J 
])ic.  \''<>0,  Mex.  IS.'l:);  lniim"n;icion  ;i  l;i  eiinlc.st;icion  dvl.  .Mex.,  lSJ7  ; 
.'\!;uiiueslo  (Inl.  .")(),  UiJ.'!).  (.Mex.,  l;r_';!);   Xotas  ;d  nianiliesto  I'uljlicado. 


Mt 


l!!;;i ;  ] 


cllexionos  luqiortan 


tes;dM. 


.re  lU;  1  <  (Iraya. 


M<'x..  is:;;}. 


lVclri>/:\  (F.  do  ,!.),  ]')io;;rafi;is  do  los^irincijiales  ( 'amlillos  dc  la  Imlepondencia. 


L;i  Faz,  1878;  Conqiendio  ILsturico  do  l;i  L'oncpusl;i 
I8i7. 
Pcllotan  (Fufl^cnio),  Profession  do  f('.  del  Si.Jo  ])irz  Y  Xi 


.Mt 


L;i  Faz. 

Mexicl.    IS'il 


Fciiii  (I;;n;icii)  ilc  l;i).  'i'rono  Me 


cainii.'hUKis. 


.Madrid,  17-J8.  -iU 


en  el  (Amvento   do  reli 
:\na  pero  M;)din'a.     Me; 


iihri 


r 


Fefi:i  (Luis  dc  l;i).  La  .Muerto 'iV 

l'cfi;i  V  Fena  (.Manuel  do  l;i),  Cole^'cion  cle.  lis  tlocunientui  ma-;  i!n'"irt;uito3 


relativos  ;'i  la  inst;d:icion  y  liceonoeiinieuto. 
bcntados  ;i  hi  Ac;ideniia  ilo  Jurispnidenei; 


Fr;ictica    1 


orenso    Moiio;ui;i 


M. 


sancion  p'r  el  Lien  clo  l;i  X: 
en  l;i  c;ius:i  contr;i  Al;ini 


M 


ex., 


M. 
I.' 


Mex. 
A).    4    v. 


1S!7;  1) 
IViO;    1 


i; 


:sciir.--os  pre- 
icceione.s  do 
iMMii'sc    t'st;i 


1811.   folio;  ^'olo  funiliido  po 


Feua  y  Fena  (.M;inuel  do  l;i),  Coniunic;icion  ('ircul;ir  solrc 


l;i  Ci 


dc  F 


6  ( luorra.     (.hierct;i 


]84f- 


Fcnsiiniiento  X;ioionii 

IVnuclas  (Fid)lo).  Sermon  (pie  en  iicoiou  do  gracias  por  l;i  ex;dt 


I  (VA).     .Mexic'o,  18.V)etseq. 


;icion  ;d  trono 


M 


]7»1. 


FcuiK  his  (Falilo  .\iitonio),  Drove  uotieiii  do  la  prodigioKa  ini;igen  ilo  Xucstra 


Sehora  do  Los  Aiiuek: 


.M 


exico, 


1781. 


xo 


AUTIIOPvlTIES  QLOTKD. 


h:;ii 


Pei'iilla  (Antonio  ilc),  Disertacioncs  scholustica)  ilo  Divinia  Dccretis.    Mexico, 

17:27. 
IVnilta  (.Juan  Suarcz  du),  Xoticias  IIi!jturiu.'is  do  la  Nueva  Kspafia.    Madrid, 

iS7S.   iolio. 
rcraza  (.Juiin),  I'roccso  contra  nct^o  csdauo  dc  Guillen  Poraza.     ^IS.,  l.-iilj). 
iVivdo  (V'li'CMtn  ilcl),  llistoiia  do  la  Saii'.'sinia  ViiHru  Marl.i.     Mexico,  IfS'JIt. 
I'orc;;,  rr<)(;'iuiia  (lol  ( 'ajpitan  (Iciioial.     Mcxii'",  ls()!). 
IVri'/.  (Aiit'iuji)  .I(;aiiuiuj,  Uraciun  fiiiu'lirc,  .Salvador  15iuni])iea  y  .Sotoiiiavor. 

^Madrid,  1S(I4. 
IVtcz  y  CaiiKilo  (l''lorcii(i<il,  Rcprosentucion  que  A.  favor  del  lihro  conicrcin, 

etc.     Haltaiia,  ISlS.  4to. 
Perez  (Clio.),  and  (lio.  Jlatlista  Zappa,  sec  Relatione  Delia  Miasionc,  etc. 
Perieo  (Kl).      iMexico,  LSdlJ  et  secj. 
I'erii  dicos  Mi.seelaneos.     A  Culleetion. 
I'eriodifos  Vario.s.     A  CoileetiDn. 
Pcrrv  (•!.  A.),  Travels,  Seene.s,  and  Suffcringa  in  Cuba,  Mexico,  etc.    Bo-ston, 

■i.s,".;t. 

Pesiiino  ,i  los  Mexicnnos  ]ior  la  Tnucrtc  do  la  Patria.     O  Sea  Oposicion  ii  la  lej' 

buhi'u  euliro,  Taljae(j  y  Tojas.    Aiexieo,  IS-U. 
Pesanio  do  Pe^iniiiCH  y  Kespectu  do  respeetos.     MS. 
Peterson  (C'liarlcs  J.),  I'lio  Mi.itary  llei'oes  of  tlio  War  of  1812  and  of  tlicMar 

witli  .Mexico.      I'liiladulpliia,  l!~:.")S. 
Pcyi'Us  (Ficilericl;),  l!in  ans/ug  ettliclicr  scndbriefi"  dem  allcr  durchlcucliti- 

gisten.     ?v  mend  an;,',  l.VJO. 
Plieljis,  Spcccli  in  U.  S.  Senate,  .Tan.  '.'7,  1S4S.     Waslun.c'ton,  IS18. 
I'hillips  (-lolui),  Mexico  Ilinstiated.     London,  184S.   folio. 
Pierard  (A.),  Sonvonii'S  dii  .Mexiiine.     Piuxelles,  1S07. 
Pierron  (ivliiardo),  Datos  para  la  (Jcogratia  del  Iniperio  Mexicano.     Mexico, 

18Ci(j.  4to. 
Piescliel  (Carl),  Die  Vulkane  der  Pepidilik  Mcxilco.     Ikrlin,  ISoO.  folio. 
Pillow,  Pefeiiceof,  before  court  of  in(iuiry.     n.pl.  [1848.] 
I'iiiientcl  (l'"rancisco),  (_'u:;di'o  descriplivo  y  coinparativo  do  las  len,''oui3  indf- 

j;ena;3  do  Mexico.     Mex.,  18IJJ.  '2  volt). ;  Disertacion  leida  i  n  la  Sociedail 

!Mc;;icaiiado  lli.st.oria  Natural.    Mex.,  IHO'J;  La  Lcononn'a  Politica.    Mex., 

ISllG;  Menioria  soliro  las  L'ausas  ijuo  lian  oriyinado  la  situaciun  actual  dc 

la  raza  indi.','cna  dc  Mex.     Mi'xiio,  IsOl. 
Piua  y  Cuevas  (Manuel),  Lsposcion  al  Tribunal  Superior  del  Distrito  Federal. 

Mexico,  I8lil. 
Pinal  (Ii.),  Catecicimo  do  cconouiia  po1i!i(,'a.     ^Mexico,  18,"iG. 
I'inavt  (-\l|iIioiise),  C'olecciou  do  docunicntos  originalcs  para  la  liistoria  do 

Mexico.     MS. 
I'inetla  (iJnictcrio),  Descripeion  Geot^rafica  del  departmento  do  Cliia[ias  y  So- 

conusco.     Mexico,  1845. 
Piquero  (Ignaeio),  Prove  Instruccion  sobre  las  Contribuciones.    Mexico,  IS4j, 
1  lua  v.,  Lulla  ( 'onlirniationis.     loUo. 

Pizarro  (Xicol;is),  Catecisnio  politico  constitncional.     Mejico,  1807. 
I'izarro  y  Oreliana  (Fernando;,  Varoncs  llvatres  del  Xvevo  Mvndo.     Madrid, 

](,:]{).  folio. 
Plan  do  Hacienda  para  la  Ecpublica  Mcxicana.     Mexico,  1847. 
Plancarto  (Joaepli),  Sermon  do  gracias  quo  en  la  exaltacion  al  trono.    Mexico, 

17!>1. 
I'lateria,  Ordenanzas  dc  la  nobilissinio  arte.     Mexico,  1715.  folio. 
Plausible  !.'ozo  do  la  X.  Kspaiia  pur  la  prision  do  crueles  insurgentcs.  [Mexico] 

n.d.  4to. 
Plaza  do  Mexico,  P)alanza  ^Mcrcantil,  1843-5.     Mexico,  1844-G.  folio. 
I'leitcs.     A  Collection.  0  vols. 

Poblanos  (Lo.s),  A  los  habitantrs  do  Mejico.     Puebla,  1821.  folio. 
Pobre  Peregrino  (ill).     V«a'a  Cruz,  1844.  folio. 
Poesia.-i  .Mexicanas  1700-1800.     A  Collection.  2  vols. 
Poinsett  (J.  P.),  Coutestacion  del  Mini:jtro  Americano.     Mex.,  1829;  Esposi- 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xoi 


cion  lie  la  cnnd  •  •' 1.  politiia  ill)  lo.i  l/st!)ilos-Uiiii1<H.     'Mcx.,  T^JT;  'Mniii- 

fiistixlo  lo«  piiiici^  iurt  liolilicos.    Mox.,  l;sJS;  Notes  on  MtxicD.    Ldinlan, 

IS  J.-., 
rnlicliimllc  (Pliitoiil,  Kl  Area  dol  I'licMo.     .McNiw),  IS.'iS.  2  vols. 
I'liliti.  M  (lu  lu8  I'spuuolua  c'li  lii  coiKjuidta  y  culonizauiua  ilc  AiiiLiica.     Madriil, 

l.ssi. 
Pfill;  (J.  K.),  Monsft'.'c  del  Prosidcntc  do  I03  Kstados-Uiiidog.     Mtwico.  IS-IS. 
roiiiiiiiicdo  (.r.  A.),  Xouvcaii  iiinyuu  do  provcnir  Irs  Jiniuilatitiiis  do  la  X'illu 

1 1  la  Vallo  do  .Mc.x.     Mexico",  iSOO. 
Pooi'o  (i)cu  IVtIcv),  J-ifo  of  (nil.  /arliiiry  Taylor.    Ijoston,  n.d. 
rortoL;tiL'da  (Jiiau  X'oiitiiia  dt),  .Soutiiiiioiitod  sublimos  do  ioli.,'ioii.     Moxito, 

ISIl. 
rortcr  l( 'liiiili  s  T.),  Ilcvii  w  of  the  Mexican  AVar.     Auburn,  IS^U. 
INjrtl'olio  ('Jlio).     riiiladcljihia,  IMT. 
roitilla  (.Viisiliiio  do  la),  1!  [alia  011  Mexico.    Mexico,  1871;  Mcjico  en  IS.VJ  y 

ls,")7.     Now  York,  IS.'iS. 
I'ortilla  (J.  do  la),  l';i)isodio  llisturico  del  gob.  dictatorial  on  la  Kopiilili  11 

Mcxiiaiia.     Mexico,  Isdi. 
I'ortil'a  (losus  Lope/),  E  iiosicion  que  diiigc  al  riiblico  el  Goboriiador  do 

Jalisco.     Mexico,  lS,');j,  4to. 
I'ortiUa  (iVdro  do  la),   lLei)resi'Mtaeion  que  el   ciudadaiio   liacc  al    solieraiu) 

( 'on!.'rc.-;o,  ISiII}.     Mexico,  lS'J(j. 
rortu-ai(.liian  Cayetano).  [fa-^toial  letter  22  do  lub.  ISoO.]     MS.  [Moielia, 

LS')',).  I 
Po«idaa  (Manuel),  xVli-.'ato  do  defeiina.     Mexico,  1S.30. 
Potestad  Poaliticia.     Madrid,  iS-JO. 

Poussiu  (CuidauinoTell),  Do  la  I'liis.saneoAinericainc,  etc.     Pari-;,  1'-''4S.  2  vols. 
PowiU  ((J.  I'rauk),  I-i''-  "(  M:ij.-(ieii.  Zaciiary  Taylor.     Xew  York,  l,S4(i. 
Pradt  (Dufoiir  do),   The  Colonies  and  the   Present  Ainericaii   Jtevolutions, 

Loudon.  IS  17. 
Presas  (.losi'))  Juieio  Iin;iarcial  sobre  las  principales  eausas  do  la  rovolucion  do 

la  America  Ksjiauoli.     IJurdcijs,  I  SJS. 
Presas  (Josef  do),  Menioria  sobre  el  estado  y  situacion  pnlitica  en  que  so  luil- 

laba  el  reyno  do  N'ueva-l^spaua  en  A;:!osto  do  iS'JIi.     Madrid,  ].s2f.   -tto. 
Prescott  (William  11.),  Ilistoria  do  la  ( 'onqui.ita  do  Mexico.     Mexico,  18-14-0. 

y  vols.;  also  ^Mexico,   ).s4.j-tl,  .'i  \ols.;  also  Madrid,  IS47-.">0,  4  vols. 
Pre.-cott  (William  II.),  Ilistoria  do  la  L'oiii[uista  del  I'erii.     Mexico,  ISjO.  2 

vols. 
Prescott  (XVilliam  II.),  Ilistoria  del  Reinado  do  los  Reyes  Cati'dicoa  D.  Fer^ 

iianilo  y  Isaliel.     Mexico,  18,')4.  2  vols. 
Prcscott  (William  II.),  History  of    the  Contpiest  of  Mexico.     Xew  Y'(nk, 

1S41.  Mvols.;  also  Pliiladelphia,  IsdO.  :i  vols. 
Pi'estanios,  Contribuciones  y  !-]xaccicmes  do  la  lL;lesia  dc  Guadalajara.    fJuada- 

lajara.  1847. 
Prioto  ((.iuiUerino),  Aluiinas  ideas  sobre  orcraui;:acion  do  la  Ilaeienda.     Mex., 

iNiil  ;  Iiidicaciones  sobrc  el  origcn,  etc.,  do  las  Iteiitas  (Ic'iiei'ales  clc  L'l  led. 

]\ri>N.     ^lex.,  18.')();  Lei.'oioues  l'".lemciitales  do  lOcoiiMiiiia  l'l  Jitica.     Me\., 

lS71;  Viajc  u  los  Estados  Unidos  1877.     Mex.,  l877-i'.   3  vols.;  Via.,'ej 

do  C    len  Supremo.     Mex.,  18r)7. 
Prim  (Goiieral),  Discurso  en  el  S'Miailo  Espauol,  Cncstion  Mex.    Mexico,  Iso-J. 

4to ;   iSpcecli  upon  the  Mexican  (piestioii  in  tlio  Soiiato  of  Spain.     San 

Francisco,  1803. 
Primer  gcfc  del  Ejercito  imperial  a  los  habitantes  do  Mexico.     ^Mexico,  1821. 

folio. 
I'rncesoporel  Real  AudienciauclaEspauola.  In  Tcazbaleeta,  Col.  Doc.,toiii.  i. 
I'roceso  sobre  la  fuga  dc  sioto  religiosos  del  Couveuto  do  la  ]Slerced.     iLS. 

.Mexieo,  18(10. 
Proclama  dc  una  Americana  .1  fcus  compatricias.     [Mexico,  1810.] 
I'rocbiina  del  Arzol)is])o  \'irey  contra  los  eiiganos  perlidos  do  los  ilouapartcs. 

[Mexico,  I8l0.] 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


l'rf)cliiina  <[\v:  (lirij,'c  it  loa  espafiolc!*  Europeos.     ^fexico,  1810. 

I'miitiiai  ic>  por  iiiatciias  y  I'n'ilcn  airalxHico,     ,Me\ioi),  IS'J.S. 

rio.<|H'(tu  ;  and  Aft  Incui'poratiiig  tlio  Aiiiei  icau  iiml  .Mexican  Railroad  ftinl 

'I'lii'^i-ipli  ('()iii])ai!y.     New  Ycirli,  lh(i!). 
]'rot('>fla  del  Uliiiu  fScuur  ^Vi'ZobisiR)  do  Cesareii  y  vicario  Capitular.     Mexico, 

1.S4S. 
I'rovicU'iieian  utAiro  AzogucH,     l(i70-7.'l.     MH. 
rrovincia  du  .Saii  Diego  do  Mexico,  Altcriiativa  que  so  h:i  oljscrvado.     MS. 

177-'. 
I'roviiicia.  d(!  San  Xicolaa,   (For  la)... Do  la  Ordcn  do  Sun  Augustin  on  el 

I'lcyt")  '''III  i)  Tadrf  presentado  I'ray.     n.jil.,  n.d. 
I'roviiieia  del  Santo  I'lvangeUu  do  Nueva  Espufia.     [A  collection  of  MSS.  of 

tlie  Kith  ci'Utury.  j  folio. 
I'roviiu  ial  dil  ('anncii,  Esposicion  que  jx>r  lus  cxcnciones  do  la  Provincia  de 

Mexico.  1S.">1. 
I'roviiicia.s  Iiitornas,  Copia  do  una  carta  del  Miniatro  de  Gucrradc  Espafia  do 

L'-l.lc.lnlin,  IcSlL'.      .MS. 
I'roviiicia.s  liitcrnas,  licalOrdi^n  do  11  do  Marzo  de  Mi's  conccdicndo  al  virey 

do  X.  Kspaiiit,     MS. 
I'rovincias  liitcnias.  Real  Ordcn  do  la  Kcgencia  do  12  de  Julio,  ISI'J.     MS. 
I'rovi.siiiu  <lc  Oliispados,  (.'ucstion  rclati\a  a  la.     Mexico,  IS.'A). 
l'roy<'cto  de  Conmnicacion  Oceiinica  por  el  Cciitro  de  la  Itipiililica.     Vera 

Cruz,  |.s.-)l. 
I'roycct'  1  'Ic  nil  Fcrrocarril  y  Tdcgrafo  dcsdc  la  Linea  Division  do  Mexico  y  loa 

Ivstadi'.s-riiidds.     Jlc.\ico,  l)S(i.S. 
I'royo'to  para  iialeoncs  y  I'lotus  del  I'eru  y  Nueva-Espaila.     ^ladiid,  17-0. 

folio. 
I'royccto  isi)l)rc  nn  ostiiMccinionto  do  Pnpel  Moncdn.     Mexico,  IS'J'J. 
l'u<lila,  Aiaiicil  de  Ids  lionorarios  y  dereclios  judicialcs.    I'uclila,  IMl  ;  Mcx., 

ISIO;  \'A  Ayuiitaiiiiciitodc  I'lielila  ;'i1<js  lialiitantcs  de  sti  coiiiaica.  |.Mc\., 

1S'_'I.|  I'olio;    IJrcve  l)c;<crii)cion  de  los  ft.stivos.     n.jd.  |I7(!7|  4ti);  ('I'U- 

testM(  ion  dada  por  el  Sr-  Oliispo  do  I'ueola.     Mcx.,  1817;  C'lntc^tacinn 

dii'i,L;ida  al  cxuio  Sr- (iol).  I'uclila,   l.S."il.  4to;  CoJitc.staci(jn  al  Miiiilicsto 

c|iio  f-cis  iiidividuos  del  Aj'unt"  de  I'lMa.     l'iul)la,]S40.  4to;  Ciihccion 


do  Acucr<los  y  Decretos.  I'ud 
etc.,  del  I  ■  Cong.  Coiistitucion 
tnciou  I'olitica  del  l^stadu  l.iiirc 


.■_'.  4to ;  Colcccion  de  lis  Dccrctns, 
(Sl'I'i-.S.  I'uclila,  IS-.'S.  folio;  Coiisti- 
I'ueMa.  I'ud.la,  IS-.'.");  I'ud.la,  I.S4S; 
I*\u'l)la,  ISdl  ;  CoroiiaCivica  A  los  heroes  del  "J  dc  Aljril  do  l'i(17.  Mc  rida, 
1S(;S;  Dccreto  do  128  de  Setiendin^  do  iMil.  n.pl.,  n.d. ;  I'd  ('.  I'laiui.sco 
Itiai  ra  giihcniador  intci-inoii  sus  liabitantc.:.  salnd.  [I'uclda,  ISO.'i];  liuci- 
ativa  i|uc  para,  inipcilir  la  iuiportai^iou  de  liila/a  estrangcray  dciiiasi  fcctoa 
I'ruhii.i.los.  |l'uchl;i,  1S41.  |  4to;  Do  la  .Inula  de  indu.stria  iK'  Tuchla, 
i\.\)\..  ]S4o.  4to;  Libcrtail  dc  I'uehhi.  [Mexico,  IS"JS|;  Mauillisto  (|U<' cl 
Ratallon.  I'ui'lila,  KS;!();  Mauilicato  del  Seuor  Oliispo  con  otros  ducu- 
nu'utoi  para  descnuafio  do  l<i3  incautos.  Mi'xico,  IM'i;  M.iiiiliesto 
<pic  li.!ci  n  al  jiiililico  el  Alcalde,  Rcgidorcs  y  Siudico.  I'utlila, 
184(1;  M<  luoria  preseutada  nl  Congrcso  de  I'lU'lila  do  lis  Aiigch'-.  jiorel 
Sccrctario  dil  Di.spacho  de  (loliO  .s(djre  el  eslado  de  l;i  Adniiu.  ]i.ili'.  ano 
do  18:27.  Mcx.,  18'J7.  4tii;  .Mcuioria  jirescutada  al  Cinigrc.xo  ilc  I'uchla 
do  Lo.s  Angeles  jior  el  Sccrctario  did  de.siia<'ho  dc  Goli"  .soiire  el  cstado 
de  la  Adiuin.  pub",  ano  do  1830.  Mcx.  |1.S.'!UJ  4t(.;  Xoticias  Sa'rradaa 
(pic  ;i  mayor  hoiira  y  gloria  dc  Dios.  i'uclila,  n.d.  4to;  Xuevos  ^ledioa 
para  una  Coinnnicacion  Intcr-Occanica.  I'nebla,  1851;  Ot'reciuiicnto  do 
los  Sciiadore.s  Eclesi;islicos  de  lii  Ciudad  dc  I'uebla.  Mcx.,  l8Ji;  Orde- 
nnnzas  jiara  elnui^vo  estab.  de  .\lcaMe8  de  (,>uartel.  I'uebla,  17!'(>.  folio; 
Parte  ticn.  (pic  sobrc  la  cainpafia  de  I'uebla.  Mex.,  18o0.  I'l-odauia 
Oct.  "24,  1840.  [I'uebla,  184(1.]  folio;  Rctlcxiones  so'io  varios  Articulou 
del  I'royocto  dc  ('oimtitucion.  I'uebla,  I8'j;t;  Rcfutacion  a  la  Contesta- 
cion.  I'uebla,  1840;  Representacion  del  Ex'""  Ayuiitainii  nto  il''  la  cap- 
ital  do  Pueblu.     I'uebla,  1830.  4to;  Reprcsentiicion  (j^uo  la  exni»  junta 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xciii 


Dcpnrtmcntftl  de  Pucbla.  [Putljln,  ISJl.]  4to;  roprcsentacion  que  l;i 
j'liit.v  iHscctiva  lie  imliistria.  riulilfi,  1H,'»I.  4to;  lto]>rf«('iitn('i()ii  ilo  la 
.lunta  do  imliistria.  ii.]).  1S40.  4t();  Ui'iiri-Hcntacion  (iiie  la  juiUa  du  iii- 
(iustria  lie  I'lulila  c'.ova  al  lioiiornMc  coiigreso.     ruclila,  IS.VI.  4t(). 

I'm  l)!a  do  lu8  Aiigelfs,  Notiiiati  Kiyradas  (luc  ;l  mayor  liuiira.     ruobla,  KiiU. 

liic Mil  do  Zaia^jDza,  SItiu  do.     Mixictt,  ISli.'J, 

I'liolilii  .Moxicai)i>,  Itolaoiou  tie  las  oausas  citie  innuycron  cu  lo8  degrociadua 
siKc-ii.s  del  dia 'J(J  do  Agostode  1,S47.     Mex.,  Ks47. 

I'ucuto  H.-oaia  noreo,  Li;.'ora  do.scrii)eion.     [Mexico,  1S4I.1 

I'luiito  (I'oclio  do  la),  Uetluxioitca  sobre  el  Ijandu  <lc  'J.'i  do  Junio  Ultimo. 
.Mo\ii-o,  ISl-J.   4t.i. 

I'liorta  (Juan  do  la),  (.'arta  nl  Emporador.     In  Cartia  do  India.s. 

I'luite  it  al.,  Carta  al  (,'c)iisoji)  do  la.s  Indias.     in  Cartas  de  Indias. 

I'm  rtiH'.irn  TO,  TeHtinionio  do.  In  Col.  l)oc.  Inod.,  torn.  i. 

ru;.ii  (Vasou  do),  [Codularioj  I'rovisioncs,  Cedulas,  lustrumentos  de  su  Ma- 
•   gostad.     Mexico,  1.')(>.'I. 

l'iii;:lil:iiioh  (^Viitunio),  La  inquisicion  sin  milHcara,  6  diaortacion.  Mexico, 
1SJ4. 

ridi|iio  lil.-inco,  Ordcnam^ns  do  los  Sefiorcs  VitToyes.     [Mexico,  ICmS.]  folio. 

rmoliii.s.  His  ril^rrinios.     London,  Ki'J.VO.  .">  vols,  folio. 

I'liidv  (.loiin),  \\  liittlc  and  I^urio's  complete  Mailing  Directions.  London, 
is)  a 

]'iisd;.';it)  (Ignacio),  El  Xigronidntico  Mejicano.     Barcelona,  1838.  2  vols. 

(,»\i;ii  tirly  lioviow.     London,  1S09  et  scq. 

<,iuo  Miicivv  ol  ra])ol  Monoda  ya  que  Conicnzi')  A.  Enfennar.     [Mexico,  1823.] 

(.,'iioipn  (M.-inuol  Abiid),  Carta  ])a.stnial  del  iltistnsinio  Sofior  Oliispo  olooto  y 
<  lol)orn;idor.  Mexico,  ISKt;  Culoocion  do  los  esoritos  nuis  iiiipi)rt;into3 
i|\ic  diii;,'ii'ialGobierno.  Mex.,  ISIU;  Edictoiiistructivo,  [Sept.  30,  IhlU. 
Mix.,  IMO.j 

("^ncj.is  di'  lo.s  Moxicanos  it  su  Ilustre  Presidonte.     ^Icxioo.  1S41. 

(^Hiori  lull).  Caida  d«'...on  lS(i7.  Mox.,  ISO.S;  (.'oiiMtituoion  I'olitica  d' 1 
l".>t:ido  cl  12  de  Acosto  dc  1S2.').  Mox.,  1S.'J;{;  l)ioti'inien  qiii' la  .Iiinta 
ilo)iart;iiiioiital.  (^luori' taro,  l.S4();  l)iis  I'alaliras  en  Jlonor  do.  Quor., 
l'A2;  V.l  (.'ongresD  do  Qiien'taro  ■•I  su.s  Coniitantos.  Mox..  |K4'.I;  LI 
Cuia  do  >Santia;.'o  Ac,  ii  sus  (iolos  lialiitantos.  n.pl.,  n.d.;  Kspodionte  for- 
m.ido  sobre  la  .siisponh^ion  que  deorotii  ol  Sii]iromo  (iobiorno.  (,'"oi'..  Is44; 
Kstiidistica  del  ])opartaniento.  ti>uer.,  liS4(i;  Inioiativaqno  la  ilonoriiblij 
LoLii-^latura.  Quti'.,  1H4S;  Quen'tiiro  Liliro.  Mex.,  iJS.'iO;  Noiiis  esta- 
dislioas.  Mex.,  1.S4S;  Ucurroncias  en  los  dias  18  y  10  do  Enoro  de  1.S47. 
<iMior.,  1S47;  Onlonanza  que  ].ara  la  l)ivision  do  la  oiiidad  do  Santia;.'o. 
MoN.,  17yO;  Kelucion  Historica  que  liacc  la  Exnia  Asamblea.  tv>uor., 
1S4.-.. 

Qnijiir  (<!er6ninio),  Alcgato  do  Buena  Prucba  presentado  per  cl.  Durango, 
1S71. 

(.'uijolit.i  (I«n),  y  su  prima.     Mexico,  LS31-2.  4  vols. 

•  .•ninot  (Kdiirar),  La  Espodioion  de  Mexico.     Mexico,  ISO,*'. 

(.Uiiiionoj.  (.biso  liarcia).  Jk'scripoion  dc  la.s  domohtraoionos.     Pnobla,  IHOO. 

IJuiutiiiui  l!uo  (Andns),  Acu.sacion  jir' .sontiida  on  la  C;minra  do  1  >iiiUiiido.s  (  I 
2  do  Die.  do  1830.  Mox.  LS;J0;  Anipliciuion  (|ue  ol.  Mox.,  l.s;iJ;  Cuiiit.i 
roprosont.ioion  li  la  (Viui  de  Diji.  Mex.,  ls;(l;  Disourso  en  la  Alamodti 
el  III  dc  Sept.  do  184.").  Mox.,  184.'>;  Int'ormo  del  Apodoriido  de  los 
Acroodore.s,  etc.  Mex.,  1834;  Observaoionos  sobre  uii  informe  que  dio. 
Mox.,  1835. 

<>ti.iidL.'ii,  Carta.     In  Paclicco  and  Ciirdenas,  Col.  Doc.,  torn.  xiii. 

•  Juiroga  (Uomingo),  Conipoulio  brcvc  de  la  Vidu,  et<!.     Moxii'o,  1720. 
t^'uirns  (.Joso  Maria),  Monioria  do  Estatuto.     Vera  Puz,  1817;  V'oz  iniperiosa 

do  la  Vordad.     Mex.,  1810. 
Quixano  (Dr),  Discurso  Bobre  la  InuuiTCcion  dc  AuiC-iica.     Mexico,   1814; 
Ciiiudulaxara,  1814. 


sdv 


AUTIIOniTIKS  QUOTED. 


Ramirez  (Antonio  «lc  Onada'iipc),  Brcvc  Con)i)cnilio  do  todo  lo  quo  dcln;  pnlior 
y  «'nttMi(l(-T.     ^I"xic(>,  17f>'>. 

Iluniirr/  (.JuNi'-  I'crn.'ni'lo),  At"i3;i;'io!»  proscntadfi  nl  (iviin  .luradi).  Mijii-o, 
11. '1.;  A;m!it<H  i  .iia  <  .;iTiti'r  la  llistiiia  del  viilor  y  ori^i'ii  <li,'  lis  Moni  ilm 
qi:(!  coiriaii  in  ^Icxico  en  cl  «i;,'l(j  di;  ku  tMinrjiiistn.     AIS.  fulii);  AjmnU'S 

icir.'i  HCTvir  il  l:i  liisloria  do  las  (.'tinvi  iicioiu.  a  l)ij)li>m;Uica3.  Mix.,  is.VJ; 
Kjctmifntos  nlalivos  A  la  fundacioii  dol  lio.'^pitui  di-1  Aiiioi-do  iJins.  MS.; 
Iiit'(ii-nio  (juo  lii/.o  111  dcfiiLsa  do  iJoiiilla.  ]Slcx.,  IHUI;  Mcinonas,  Xcl'o- 
ciafiiinc';*  y  1  >iH:nini'i)toii  para  scTvir  ;l  la  Ilisturia  tntre  Mi'.xici)  y  l)S  Ivs- 
t.i<i<i3-l'iii<Ii>M  (<nc"<ti()!i  'l'cluiaiiti;pcc|.  Mcx.,  IS."-;!;  Noticias  lli.sti'n'icas 
y  JI.stadi.stica«  <lc  l)iiran,L;o.  Mux.,  IS.")!;  ()i)si'rvaci(>i)c.s  hccliaa  al  d^iuii- 
iiKiiti)  II" -i  do  la  iiiuimria.  Mcj.,  IS.'rJ;  I'rocf.so  do  lli-HidoiR-ia  cmitia 
I'cdio  do  Alvaiado.     Mex.,  1S17;  ^'ida  do  Mutuliuiu.     In  Ica/bahxta, 

Cil.  line.,  tolll.  i. 
liamirc/.  (.Ji»o  Miu'uol),  Voto  Particular  al  proycfto  do  rtfunnas  do  las  leyi'S 

cdiiKtitucioiialo^.     [Mix.,  l.'i};(|;     Xobt  I'liriicular  <jue  soIjio  cl  jiuntij«lo 

I'atioiinto  jircsciilo  al  Sob.  Cell;,'.     iKx.,  IS'JJ. 
Iluniirc;'.  (.I.)S('pIui8),  Via  laotea  sou  vitu  candidi.-tsiiaa  S.  Philippi  Xciii.    Mcx> 

i'O,  Ki'JS. 
Iianiirt'Z  Punco  do  Leon  (Juan  Folix\  To.stimonio  del  Tcstamento  Mcmoria  y 

d.M(')lMlii.'illo3.     MS.,  1714.  foliij. 
Raniiicz  do  l'iad(»  (.Marcos)  and  J.  do  ().  Mont^flcz,  Colcccion  do  las  Ordonan- 

i'a.^  que  1  ara  I'l  (johionio  d(!  ( 1  Oljjsjjado  do  .MiclKiaoan.     Mexico,  177<i. 
Rainiicz  y  Sfsniii  (.loaquin),  Colcccion  do  Dccrcto.s  para  cl  Kjcrcito.    Mexico, 

Puimon  (Doniingo),  Dcrrotcro  para  las  misioncs  do  los  presidios  internos.     In 

Mayer  MSS. 
ll«iiu),i  (Alonso),  Lvz  <lo  Verdades  Catholicns.    Mex.,  1091;  Primcra  Parte  do 

li;s  Prodijrio.s  de  la  Ouiliipotciicia.      I'uclila,  his!(. 
];aiir:ey  (.Mliert  ('.),  'J'lie  Otli«  r  Side.     New  Veih,  IS.'iO. 
llaniusio  (Ciiovaniii  liattista),  Xavi;,'ationi  et  \'iaggi.     Venctia.  torn,  i.,  1.554; 

loin,  ii.,  l.")S:{:  tniii.  iii.,  l.")().").  .'t  vol.i.  folio. 
l{anj,'el  (.lo.-niuiii),  Defeiisa  quo  el  SeiVir  <  ieiicrai  Tom.'is  llc(juona  IiIot.     Mox., 

\>A'i;  Msposicio!!  India  pop  lo.s  iinlividuosile  la  estiii';uida  Corte  Maicial, 

via.     Mex.,  hS4.");  Senumla  defcma  ilcl  Sr.  <!en.  Ii'iijuena.     Mex.,  iS^ri; 

'i'ercera  I'lrij^ad.-i  del  Kji  reit(J  .Mexicauo.     .Mex.,  1S47. 
T{.'Ui!iiii  (.Ml  Hilda),  Tweaty  Vea:«  auioiiL,'  the  Mexicans.     Cincinnati,  ISSl. 
Pa:;kiii;,'  (.Jolin>,  Historical  researcliea  on  tlio  CuiKpiost  of  Pern.     Mexico, 

( !c.     J.,ondon,  1;>27. 
liaio.     in  Soc.  Mex.  (Icoj;.,  Polctin.  torn.  iii. 

liatos  Ivitrotonidod  o  ^Mi.sceLinea  lUil  y  euriosa.     Mexico,  1810.  2  vols. 
iLiit/el  (I'liediidil,  Aus  Mexico  lleiseskiz/cii,  1S74  und  1.S7,").      lireslau,  187S. 
]!avi;xiiai\  (.\.l,  Do  los.lesuitas  y  de  sii  Institiito.      Mexico,  lS4"i. 
Jta'.vson  (Wiliiaiir,  'i'lio  present  opi'ratioii.s  and  future  jiiospcctd  of  tlio  Mex- 
ican .Miiio  .\ssoeiatioii8.     Loudon,  1S'_'."). 
ll.iyinoud,  Del  Catolicisiuo  en  la  i  tueiodades.     Mexico,  IS.'il. 
Jiayou,  .\sedio  y  Def 'iisa  do   Me\iri)  6  .siicesos  del  13  do  AgoBto  al  15  de 

Seiiciuhre  do  IS47.     Mexico,  1847.     MS. 
lti/on(La).      Mexico,  l,S."i7  et  seq. 
]t  i/o'iador  (F.l).      Mexico,  |.'-il7  ui  seq. 
Kcali'.s  Ciilida.s,  drdeiics  y  Decretos.     In  Col.  Doc.  Tn(''ilitnH;    Xavarrete,  Col. 

d.'  \'ia;-es;  Ordeiies  de  la  (' HMua;   Paclieco  and  Cii'deims,  < 'ol.  Doo. 
Ileal  Meelaracion  do  17  Juiiio  1773  Kobro  Moiito  I'io  niiliUir.     Madrid,  1773. 

f..Ho. 
Peal  lv\e<'iitoria.     In  Paclieoo  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  torn,  xii. 
KeavisiL.  U.),  The  Xew  11  ■i>nl)lic.     St.  Louiii.  lS(i7. 
liccopilaeion  do  las  Leye.s  del  Ctobierno  Ksjiafiol  quo  Rigcn  en  la  Rcpiiblica. 

Mexico,  1851. 
Rocopilaeion  <le  Loyes  do  Los  Reynos  mivndudas  Ininrimir  y  Publicar  por  Cdr- 

lo.s  II.     Madrid,  171>L  folio.  4  vols. 


AUTHOHITIKS  QUOTi:n. 


xcv 


Rcflcccionps  subro  cl  Dict:'iinpn  dc  las  Coinisifncs  Eclesiiistica  y  Jo  rclticioiica 
lu-nri'ii  lie  t'liviadoa  Ikimia.     Mexico,  |.S'_'(i. 

]li.'llfi'.si(nu;s  Huln'c  ulgunas  iviornias  ii  la  Cuii»titucion  Fcflonil  tic  lu  lU-piih- 
lica  ^Irxii"iria.      Mexico,  I  hi!."). 

KclK  \io:ic3  Conlidcncialcs  6  sea  Cartn,  d  im  Ainigo  soLre  cl  Opusculo.  Mex- 
ico,   |S((.'(. 

llclicxiijiios  siibrc  la  ley  quo  di^clnra  irrcdiiniblos  loa  capitiilcs  pcpteiiecieiitcs 
ii  coiporacioncs  y  obl'an  jiias.     Mexico,  KS17. 

Itcl'utaciuii  lie  un  espauol-.Viiiericuiio  ii.  in'oclainas  do  Joa(5  IJoimi)artc.  Mex- 
ico. ISIO. 

llcfutacioii  cii  Irt  parte  lustijrica  del  jirticido  dc  foudo.     Mexico,  1849. 

l.tljiitroTiiiiuistri'.     Mexico,  iHSlJ-S.  "2  vols. 

l;cj,'i-stro  Vucatcco.     Mi'rida,  l.s4."i.  1*  vols. 

llci^^la  dc  la  riiiis.sima  C'onci  (icioii,  ( Inleii  (jue  se  ha  dc  /riiardnr.    ^I('\ico.  n.d. 

]ie;,'la  y  ('olistitliciolies  dc  las  licli'.'iosas  Descalwi'i  iji'  laOiilcii  de  la  gloriosis- 
^illla  \'n;.'eii  Maria  del  iiiontc  Caniiclo.     Madrid,  IT^llt. 

llf.laiiii  iito  de  las  Oi'deues  luilitarca  do  l'"cniaiido  y  .Sail  Ilennenegildo. 
Mexico,  ISIO, 

];e;,diiiiu  iito  dc  uuu  sooiedad  para  cl  fomento  de  la  industria  Nacional.     Mex» 

k\>,  isa'j. 

lli'i'laiiHiito  en  los  Ilospitales.     In  Kealcs  Oi'denos.  tmn.  ii. 

i;e;,'Iaiiiento  para  cl  cstablecenucnto  de  una  Cuinisaria  dc  yuerra.     Mex. ,  1817. 

folio. 
iJc'jlas  dc  la  Compafiia  dc  Jesus.     Mexico,  1712. 
lieuularcs.     A  Collection.     Mexico,   l.SO'.)  et  scij. 
llcji in  (Manuel  Crccencio),  Justilicacion  do  la  con<lucta  de^'dt^  Oct.  de   1S41, 

liasta  l.i  feclia.     Xc\v-(Jrieans,  IS-ld;  Oliservacionesdel  I  tijiulado  Siiliento 

contra  loa  Tratadoa  do  i'a/.     (iMunvtaro,  ISIS, 
licl.aiiun  Annniiua  dc  los  disturbios  ucaecidus.    lu  raclieco  and  Cardenas,  Col. 

Iioc,  toni.  vii. 
Itelaiimi  do  las  ciiusas  que  influyeron   lus  Dcs!,'raciailoa  .Sucosos.      Mexico, 

1S4:. 
llelacioii  dc  lasTribtdacionos  de  los  Fielcs.     Mexico,  |S(*1. 
llelacion  d(!  id  Tiiniulto  dc  1.")  Ihncro  lii:2l  en  Me\ico  eo.iel  X'invy.  etc.    M.S. 
luhuicinc  d'akvnc  co.sc  della   Xuoua  S|i;!;;n;i  della  irran  riifa  de   Tenastitau 

Mcasico  fatta  ]icr  un  pnliT  liuoino  ilel  Sitjnor  rernand)  Curte.sc. 
Ueli'.'ion  IJetldeniitica,  Kcjda  y  ( 'oiistitncioncs.     ^Mexico,  IT'd. 
Jteli.i.iosas  do  Santa  ]}rij;ida,  llejila  y  Constitiicioni  s.     Mexic,),  IS'22. 
lMi,L.'ii:sos  dc  la  Ntieva  Espaiia,  Copia  y  rclaciou  ile  las  tacultudcs  y  brevca 

a[i(i>tiilicos.     MS. 
]!<li,'-,'ious  Ceremoiiies  and  Customs.     Lnnilon,  IT.'H.  folio.  ,1  vols. 
KeuK  sal  (.Vnionio  de),  llistoria  dc  la   I'roviucia  de   S,  Vicente  dc  Cliyapa. 

Madrid,  Kll'.l.  4to. 
llenta  di  1  'I'abaco,  In.struccion  gencnd  ymrri  los  vi.sit:idores.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
KepartiniientoM  de  Jndios,    Tarecer  del    I'adi'e   rr(ivin<ial  y  otros   rili;L,'ioso8 

tlie(iloL,'os  de  la  Orden  dc  Sa:i  rrancisco.     ^IS.,  loiio.     .Mex.,  ir)lt4. 
llepcrtorio  dc  Literatura  y  \'aried.iile.-i.     Mejico,  lS4l-'i.   .'1  vols. 
lUlocsentacion  de  loa  Caporetus  al  .Scuor  (iitliernailor  del  l)i.strito  I-'cderal. 

[Mexico.  is;i;i.] 

llepi'esiMitacion  jior  el  clero  de  Alcxico  nlfJobierno  Suivenio.     [Mexico,  1S47.] 
llepre  entaeion  cpie  los  subditos  in;,dese.s  liacen  al  Scii.ir  ,Mini-;tro  di:  S.  .M.  Ii. 

Mexico,  1S.">!». 
Kepidilica  Mcxicann,   Considernciones  .sobre  la  situacicn   jioliticjv  y  social. 

Mex.,  1S4S;  Lijera  licsefia  dc  los  I'artidos,  etc.     .Mr\.,  ls."i|. 
l!c  jiiena  (Tonias),  Defcnsa.     ^b'X.,  1S4.1;  Si  ;:unda  clefrn"a.     Mex.,  1S4."). 
Kc.si  riptos  Uvales  sobre  Asuntos  I'iclesi.isticos.     M.*^.  folio, 
llcsi'ua  Ilistorica  do  la  forniacion  de  operacioues  del  ejircito  del  Norte  durante 

l.i  iiitcrvoncion  francewi,  etc.  4to. 
Ueseiia  Histurica  y  Explicativa  dc  lu:i  ultimos  Suceaos  do  Mexico.     rai'U, 

lbJ7. 


sovi 


AUTIIORlTIi:S  QUOTKD. 


l-fpspiiosta  i\  las  D>!<l;i8  8ol)rc  Odbienio  <lu  la  I';lisin.     Mo>;ioo,  IS'JT. 
l{t'8i>iR'stii  ilu  nil  Ainciicano  li  las  I'regimUis  ijuo  liizo  Iturbidc  ul  I'cnuatlor 


.Mfjicano, 


j.M. 


\ici.,  IS-JI.J 


IJ-^'spiK'sla  (Hic  ila  nil  Sdldadi)  <li'  la  Aliniranta.     li.])l.,  n.il, 

lli'slainailor  (1^1-)     Mtxiii),  lS4(i  ct  koi. 

lluviila  (.losi'  (Ic  la),  Ufsi'iiiRii  i listuvii-)  do  la  (\in4uitita  dc  Xucva  Espana. 

In  Solis,  Hist.  Mcx.     Kditioii  Mailriil,  \>A'A. 
Kuvilla  Ciiyeilo  ((Jundo  dc),  lOxlractDS  do  la  cartii  ile  -7  do  Dicioinln-o  ilu  ITI'.'l. 

MS.;  iii.stiuc<ii)ii  quo  del)o  olisorvarso  para  li  arrcglo,  ( to.     Mox.,  ITI'h 

Itistnuiioii  Kosorvada  (pie  dio  A  sti  siicosor.     Mix.,  lS,'!l-_';  l!i.strucri()H 

soliro  id  oahivij  dc  inoniviH  y  cria  do  )^'usan().s  do  soda.     |.Mo.\.,  ls;!Ol; 

Ileal  ('(  dula(si)l))o  I'ldipU'  Idaiico  ID  do  Mayu  17")lt.  Julio!!.  IT.i.'t.     [Mcx., 

17"i.'l.|  'Ito.  '2  vols.;  Itcsidoiicia  tlo.  |17U.">J    MS.  folio;  Yi;»trucciou  ipio 

el  I'.xiiio.  Sr.  dijo  escrita  17>S'.l-tl4.     ^IS.  2  vols, 
rovi.sta  Catdlica.     [.Sicxico]  l.S.")l  et  soq. 
lleviiit.'i  llspauoi.'i.     Madrid,  18.'J()  et  i;fi|. 

llevi.sta  Miiieia,  I'oriodioo  Cieutilieo  e  Industrial.     Madrid,  l.S.'if)  rt  .scq. 
lievoluoion  do  Ntiova  luspafla,  \'erdadero  origon,  eanioter,  causjis,  resortes, 

etc.    Moxioo,  ImJO. 
lltivolaeion  do  \'era  Cruz,  Xucvas  ocurrencias.     [Mexico,  lS2iI.] 
lio\u<'  Oticiitale  I't  Anu'rioaine.     I'aris,  Is.'D  ct  se(|. 
l>eyf,'adaH  ( Ferniiii),  Disourso  contra  el  fanatisnio  y  la  inipostura  de  losreljcldea 

do  Nuexa  jlsiiaiia.     Moxioo,  Ihll. 
liihadonoyra  y  i!;u-iienti).s  {\.  J.  doK  rscudo  Real  en  Defciisa.     ^IS.  4to; 

.M.'inii.'d  i 'iimpi'udio  do  I'l  l{eui(j  I'ationato  Indiaiio.     Madii<l,  17."i.">.  'Ito. 
liiha.s  (Andrc'd  Tore/  de),   Historia  <lo  ]"»  'J'rivinplios  do  Nvestia  >auta  I'lS 

eiitr(>  frentoH  las  )iia.s  l);hl>aras  y  floras  del  Nuciio  Oiho.     Mailriil,  I(i4.'». 
liibeva  (Ai'tmiio  di;,  Kazoii  do  la  hentonoi.i  iloiiiiiitiva  quo  dio.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
IMliera  (.Mi;,'iul),  llitorino  (pio  jior  el  doieolio  (pio  assisto.     Moxirn    1771. 
l;ihoro(L.  -Mi;,'Uol),  I'royooto  do  M(iiiar(|iiia  i  n  Mijioo.     Madrid,  l.s^O. 
llioliards  (.\iitiiiiio  1).),  Kl  (ieneral  W.  S.  lloseeraiis  y  el  I'enooarril  dc  Tux- 

jiaii  al  i'aoiiieo.      Mex.,  l.S7tl;  Jlistoria  do  la  (  oiioosion  ilel  leiTooarril 

I'myootaclo  do  Tuxpan  al  i'aoilioo.     Mex.,  1N7-. 
lliolitlioli  11  (Ihnil  K.  H.  F.  von),  I)ic  Ausscivii  iind  iiineren  riditisoheu  Zus- 

t.-iiido  do  Kopuldik  Mexicana.     IJerlin,  ls.")4. 
liielitliot'eii  (Mini!  Freili),  iJio  Moxioaniselie  I'rago.     Berlin,  1SG2. 
Kiesj^fo  (l'a^oual),  f,a  tiranArtista  y  la  (Iran  Seaora.     Moxioo,  IS.").  ,1  vols. 
Kinooii  (MaiiuoU,  .liistilioado  A  los  ojos  do  los  Mexioanos  iinpareiali-.s.     Mox., 

IS,")]  ;   Maiiitioato  que  dirigc  ;i  bus  t'onqiatriotati.     Mox.,  U-i^i);  Vindica- 

eiiin  ante  el  (.'nii.sejo  do  (iuena.      Mex.,  1,S4(». 
IJios  ([■].  .1.  do  los),  ("ompcndio  do  la  llistoria  do  Mexico.     Mexico,  l.S,V2. 
Riperdii  ( llaron  de).  Carta  al  Souor  liaron  de  Croix  conmiidautu  general  do  lua 

proviiuias  iiitornns,  'J7  do  Aliril  do  1777.    MS. 
l!ipcrd:'i.  Carta.     In  'I'exits,  Doo.  Hist.  Eoles. 
Kipley  (K.  S.),  The  War  with  M-...ioi>.     New  York,  1849.     2  vols. 
Itivas.  Cartas  I'astoralca.     A  CoUootion.    2  vols, 
llivas  di'  \'elasoo  (Diego  IJodiiguez),  Carta  I'astoral.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Rivera  (.Fuau  Antonio),  Diario  Curioso  de  Mexico.    In  iJoc.  Hist.  Mex.,  aerie 

ii.,  torn.  vi. 
Rivera  (Mainul),  Historia  Antigua  y  Modcraa  dc  Jalajx-v.     Mexico,  18Gl*-7l. 

.")  Vols. 
Rivera  (Manuel),  I.os  GolKM'naiitos  do  Mexico.     Mexico,  1S72.  2  vols. 
Rivera  (  Mariano  (lalvaii).  I«i 'J'iena  Santa.     Moxioo,  1S42.  .'{vols. 
Ri\era  (Mali, mo  1'.  de),  Maiiifestaoion  que  liaoe.     Mexico,  ISIO. 
Riviere  (F.I,  San  I'clipe  de  Jesus  I'atron  do  Mexico.     Mexico,  183.3. 
liivi'i-o  (Luis  .M.  d(  1),  Mejioo  en  1.S42.     Madrid,  1,S44. 

Robertson  (. I.  1>. ),  Ri'niinisccnces  of  a  canipaigu  in  Mexico.     Xasliville,  1840. 
Robertson  (William),  The  History  of  America.    London,  1777.    2  vols.  4to.; 

abo  London,  I7.s.'t.  ;t  vols. 
Robertson  (William  I'urrisli),  A  visit  to  Mexico.     London,  1853.     2  vols. 


ArTnoRiTiK>5  QUOTr:D. 


xcvil 


i;..l)crtson  (William  Prri^li),  Fnrci;^;!!  ilolit  cf  Mexico,  rtc.     Loii'lon,  IVK). 

l;ol)iiis()ii(l''iiy<'tti').  Mf:;ic'i)  ainl  licr  iiiilita:y  oliicltJiiiKH,     I'liiiaiU-lpliia,  IslT. 

II  iliiii-^oii  |\V.  l*.i.  A  cursory  vic.v  '>(  Spv.nish  America.     (;e<)r;^'i'tii\vn,   ls|.'>. 

i;.il)iii.sim  (Williaiii  l)avisK  .Nlciiidirs  «(  tiie  Mexican  liuvolutiou.  riiilatlel- 
jijiia,  IsJ!);  iilso  Loiuldii,  IS-JI.  "J  vdIs. 

lloljleila  (Maria  <lc  la.s  Nieve.-i),  Kl  Seiiador  Mogicano  6  Carta  tie  Lcnniii  \ 
(  lau.dl.le.      Maclri<I,  iS.'Mi. 

hollies  (Aiit(jiiio  lie),  Diario  ile  los  aflos  1005  y  170.1.  In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex., 
serie  i.,  toiii.  ii. 

Kobles  (  Mariano  Robles),  Meinoria  liistorica  do  la  Provineia  tie  Cliinpa.  C;iili/., 
IMIt. 

Kocafiitrtc  (Vicentel,  Tnrta  A  Tiirlos  M.  r.ustnmante.  Mex.,  IS.^l  ;  Consiiler- 
aciones  generaU'H  Holirc  la  Itomlad  de  iin  j,'oliii'rno.  Mex.,  ls;{l  ;  Contc,.- 
tacion  (■'  Hca  IJamlerilla.  Mex.,  iS.'ll  ;  Ciiailenioijiiu  coiitieneel  jire.sta!:i  > 
hccho  A  (I'oloinliia.  .Mex.,  ISJI);  Knsayo  I'olitico.  Xueva  York,  1-^'j:!; 
Kiisayo  sobrn  el  niicvo  Ki.>teina  ile  c:ircelc3.  Mex.,  ISHl);  l''iisayo  solirn 
Toleraneia  lieliu'iosa.  .Mex.,  1.S.31  ;  Ideas  Neccsiirias  ;i  todo  I'licMn 
Americano  Inde|)endieiite.  Me\.,  isiil  ;  Imi)\i;,'naci(in  -X  la  niiev;i  serta 
do  Sidilime.sCri.stianoi'.  Mex.,  I.S,'}"2;  Olisurvaeiones  Holire  la  carta  inscrta 
en  el  reiristro  olieial  del  4  de  Oct.  Mex.,  IS'M  ;  Un  regalo  de  aAo  naevo 
para  (.1  Sefior.     Mex.,  IS.'J'i. 

Koilie  ([.  I..),  Fernand  ( 'ortez.      I.illc,  I8.')S. 

];(j(Ieiil)aiiyli  (Tlieo  !•'.),  Trom  K%'er;,'liide  to  Cafion.     New  York,  1S7.'). 

Uodri^'iie;;  (iL'nacio),  Mufioz,  N'isitador  do  .Mejico.     Mejico,  I.S.'iS. 

]!odn„'uez  (In.sepli  Manuel),  Uelacion  .Iin-jdica  .sohrt!  Fray  Andres  T'icnzo. 
.Mi'\.,  170!);  Vida  I'rodiyio.sa  del  Y.  Siervo  de  Dios  Fray  Seliastian  do 
Aiiaricio.     Mix.,  17''^. 

Kodri;,'aez  (Matiiias),  Kxiilicacion  do  las  scsenta  y  cinco  propfwiciones  prolii- 
!)iilan  por  Iniiceneio  XI. 


1S.'j3;  Ensayos  po»Hicf)s, 
Mexico, 


I'uel.la,  KIS-I. 

liodri>,'.icz  y  Co.s  (Joso  M.),   Kl  Analmac.     Me 
Mex.,  l.S4'». 

lludri;,'.:ez  y  Yalcro  (JosiS  Antonio),  Cartilla  historica  y  Sagrada. 
17.-|1». 

Ilnmaii  (.J.  Dixon),  Spcecli  on  ^lexican  War,  .Tan.  "J.",  1S4S.   Washington,  ISIS. 

Knnierip,  'J'lic  .situation  of  Mexico.   Spfodi  on,  Dec.  10,  lS(i3.   Xev^  York.  lSi!4. 

Konicro  i.losc  Cu.-idalupe),  Xotioia^*  para  formar  la  Historia  y  la  K.stadistiea 
del  Ohispado  do  Micboacan.     Mexico,  ISO'i. 

Konuro  (Matia.s),  Apuntes  para  formar  \\n  l)o:-i(iUejo  Tlisti'irico  ilel  Regreso  ;i 
la  llepuhlica.  Mex.,  ISCJS;  ("ontratos  lieclio.s  en  los  Ivstados-l'nidos,  eti'. 
Mex.,  ISOH;  Dinner  to.  .  .on  .March -J!),  ISOI.  Xew  York,  l.SOO;  Inicia- 
tiva  do  Hacienda.  Mex.,  iSOit;  Tnld.i  siniiptica  di>  los  tnitxidos  y  con- 
vcnciones  rpio  lian  ncgociado  los  Est.  Un.  Mex.     Talmsco,  I  Sot). 

Koo  (Andres  (^>),  Informe  del  Apoderado.  Mejico.  1S.14;  Ol)servaeione8  sohro 
un  informe  mic  Dio.  ^lejico,  183r>;  Mul  .Maromero  salio  el,  etc.,  do  los 
Faiiaticos.     Slex.,  IS'J.'l. 

Hoot  (.Joseph  M.),  Speeclus  in  U.  S.  House  of  Rep..  May  1.1,  1S40;  Decend.cr 
:.'4,  1S40;  March  !.'>,  1S4S.     Washington,  1S40,  lS4s.  .'J  vols. 

llosa  (Agiistin  de  la),  0]>nsc'alo8.     A  collection. 

llosa.  (Luis  do  la),  (,'ontest;»eion  del  .\rzoliisjio,  etc.  Mc\.,  1S47;  Disciirsocn 
la  .Mameda  10  de  Setiendiro  1S4().  Mex.,  Is4i!;  ]'.us;iyo  sohre  la  .Admiii- 
istracion  I'uhlieado  Mex.  Mex.,  1S.");{.  4to;  Inipresiones  lie  un  vi.ige  ilu 
Mex.  d  Washington.  N.  Y.,  1844;  Observaeiones  sobro  varios  punto.s. 
Halt.,  1S.-.1. 

Piosji  y  Figneroa  (F.  Antonio  de  la),  Qucjas  contra  Indios.  A  collection  of 
Memorials.     MS.   J7-'2. 

Uosas  (Landa),  Manifestacion  quo  hacc  al  jn'iblieo  con  motivo  do  la  conducta 
(juc  observi't  en  la  eampafia  do  la  Sierra  (tonla.     Mexico,  1S."»7. 

Koseio  (.r.  <t.).  El  triunfo  do  la  libertad  sobre  el  despotisino.     Oajaca,  IS'JS 

Uoaecrans  (W.  S.),  Actual  E.stado  del  Asunto  del  Ferrocarril  Interoceanico. 
Mex.,  187.1;  Kl  Ferrocarril  Interoceanico,  I'ltimas  Conninicacioncs  Cam- 
llwr.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    7 


xcvm 


ArilloniTIES  QUOTKI). 


Itiadns.  Mcx.,  I'i"^;  Fcrnicurrilcs,  Carta  <1';1  Goiicml.  Mcx.,  \'u'2', 
Fcri'toHiTih's,  |ji  ( 'oiicfsioii  liri'liii.  Mc\.,  |s7'2;  Hixtoiiailc  l.i(  Diici'sion 
del  F'Trocarril.  Mix.,  ls7"J;  Mexico  iii'ix'sita  .-.as  rcnucairilvs.  .Mcx., 
1872. 

Rome  (M.  P.).  Conqiii'to  (111  Mi'xii|Uo.     Tjiris,  ISII. 

llilMi)  (('.),  Ilifornu!  il<;  la  rmiircsa  ilc  taliiica-  al  imlilico.     Mcxifo.  ISJl. 

Kul>i<>  (.(iiiiii),  Kjcniiilos  Miiralis  t\  laN('imsi'(ii('ii(i,».siU!  la  IJiuiia  y  iIli  la  Mala 
J'Miii'acioli  c'li  lin  Variiis  l)c.stiiins  Ar.  la  Socii'  Uul.      Mi'xicct,  l.'-.J;l. 

lviil)i'>  (Manuel),  ItcniaiKJa  pmiMiviiia  rii  tltiaiiajiiato,  Miiia  ilc  la  Ln,'.  Mox., 
ISlK;  ])enmnila  ju'diiiiivida  i-ii  (iiiniiajuatn  jidi-  Io.s  litTcilcrus.  .Mcx.,  IS4.S; 
lufiirini' i|iio  I'll  cuntcstacidii  al  ijiU'  liizofl  Sr.  I.ir'l"  ])(iii  .iosr  .MnCiit'va'i. 
]Miiia  <1(!  1,1  L>i/..  Mc'x.,  IS.VJ;  Iiifiprinc  <\nv  liizD  d  Lic'l"  l)ii.  .Insi'  M* 
(.'uevas  [suit  aliniit  Miua  di!  la  l,u/|.  Mcx.,  IS,"i'J;  liifoniic  ijuc  i  ii  cdii- 
tc.stacinn  liizn  d  J.ic<l"  rraii'""  ,M.  Ivjuibaiili)  Iniiic  i;l)iiut  Miua  <lc  lii  Ln.']. 
Mcx.,  I.S.")2;  I'ciliiiiriitodc!  Sr.  Fiscal  iaijiliutc  |suit!il)i>ilt  Minadcla  Lii/j. 
Mcx.,  IS.">();  I'cdinicntu  ill  Sr.  ti.scal  sujilciitc,  niina  do  la  Luz.  .M' x., 
1S.")();  Itccursd  lie  aUlitadi)  (jiic  iilj^'UllD.s  dc  Ids  ducfiDS  dc  la  iniiia  ilc  \a 
Luz.     Mcx.,  IS4S. 

Ruliid  y  Salinas  ( Manuel  .Ir>sc])IiK  Aranzcl  <lc  dercclio  ])arriiclii<il.  Mcx.,  I7.")7; 
Carta  I'astoral  ([uo  el  ArzDhispo.  Mcx.,  I7,"'!!;  Carta  ('ircul.ii-.  .Mcx., 
17(!-;  Carta  Circular  "JS  Sep.  I7u4.  n.]il.,  ii.il.;  Fxiilicaeion  dc  cl  Arco 
i'li;^id()  c'li  la  )iuerta  Ai'  d  r.alacii)  Arz.  dc  .Mcx.     Mcx.,  I7<">". 

I!iidcr(l''.  .\.),  ( Jedrangtes  ( Icmiddi'dcsZustaiidi  s  Von  Mexico.    l.ii|izi,L'.  IS28. 

liniz  (Ivan),  1  )iscuiso  liccliosolirc  dos  i  in  press  ion  c;i  meteor,  ilogicas.     n.pl.,  n.d. 

Ruiz  (.Insi  ),  Scptcnario  l>ev(ito.     M.xico,  |;i(il. 

liuiz  (.Manuel),  lufornic  ijuo  anto  la  .Supnina  Corto  d<;  Ju.sticia.     Mexico, 

Ruiz  (Tclcsforo),  Ajnintos  Poctioos.     Mexico,  ISCn';. 

Itui/.  i\r  <  "alirci-a  (Cliristi'Ual),  .\.!;ninoa  s'lc^ularcs  y  cxti-uor<linarios  sncesos  del 

gouici'iso  lie  Mar(|Ui's  dc  ( lalvcs.      .MS.   i'!)lio. 
Ruiz  y  Cervantc:*  (-losciili   Manuel),   Mcniorias  do  la  portciitosa  Scfior.-i  do 

XuMuila.     Mi'?<ico.  I7!M. 
RuhU  (Tlicj.  J.),  Speech  un  Mexican    War,  l\\).    17,   1;>4S.      ^VasllinL;toll, 

1848. 


Ill  'Ifil 


Sacramento  del  Altar.     A  Collection. 

Saenz  dc  Santa  Maria  (Ins, ),  l.'urta  cdificanto  o  relacioii  sumaria  do  li  vida. 

(Vidiz,  l;;i)7. 
Sagazcta  ((Salnicl),  Acu.sacion  (pie  eleva  contra  .Io.-!c  Cloniez  dt;  la  Cortina. 

Mc;,'ic<),  is:}(i. 
Saliagnn  (Bemurdino  dc),  Ili.'iLoria  de  la  Coiiipiista    do    ^lexioo.     Mexico, 

Salui'iun  (Heniardino  de),  Tlistoria  Cencral  de  las  cosas  de  Xucva  lv-;paua. 

Mexico,  l.S-_'<t-:!0.   :J  vols. 
Sahntiun  (Uernardino  ill  ),  IJclacioii  de  la  Coiupiista  dc  esta  Xucv.i  J'/Spafia. 

.\lcxico,  ISiO. 
S:,int  Cloucj,  Jlistoria  secreta  dc  la  corte.     Mexico,  1808.  "2  vols. 
iSaint.Tiirc  {.J.  ]>.),  Ml  liondirc  cs]iiritual  o  la  vitla  cspiritual.     .MS.  n.])l.,  n.d. 
.Saint-Martin  (\'ivicn  di),  li^ipport  fait  a  la  Coniission  Scicntiliijuc  dii  Mcx- 

iiiue.     Paris,  ISii."). 
Rala  (.Tuiin),  lliistracion  del  Dcn-clio  Real  de  Espafla.     Mcxkc,  lii.">'_'.  i2  vols. 
S;:la  (.Inan).  Sala  llispano-M- ,  icano.     [Paris,  1844.]  2  vols. 
Sal.i/ar  (I'^raiicisci)  Cci'vantc'),  Mexico  en  l.V»4.     Mexico,  187'). 
.Snla;ar  (.luan  l■'r.■>uci.^co  lt(;jis).  Sermon  finieral  en  las  lionra.s.    ^fcxico,  17.">0. 
Sala/;ir  de  Mcndoza  (IVd.'o),  Monanpiia  dc  Espafia.    Madrid,  1770  I.  folio. 

:{  vols. 
Sala"ar  y  Olarto  (T^'nac'o  de),  llistoria  do  la  Conquista  de  Mexico,     .Sogiuida 

Parte.     fContinuaUon  of  Solis.J    Cordova,  174.').      folio;   ulao  Madrid, 

17S0.     4to. 
Saldaiia  (Ignacio),  La  Pciiitente  Palunia.     Mexico,  17.>8. 


;i  i'Mii 


AUTHOIIITIKS  Ql'DTHD. 


xciz 


Palosii  (Frnnciari),  Dc  cimfesiionibiis  scTupulosoniiii  l»revin  tractatiiii.   Meoici, 

171-.. 

Sal 'UriM  (r<''li''i),  Villa  (If  r-:..r  DicT'i  liiu'li'ii'iin'.     Mt-xim,  lOCit.     4,o. 
S;ili:iiH  ilcl  IViKni  1>liiiiii>,  « '(miniii<-;iil>'s  y  I  ►'"•iiniriit'iH.     Z;ic;itc<'a«,  Isj.'i. 
iSaliii  Siiliii  (FcUx  lit).  ( '.  iiiti'st.uiini  li  I>iiii  MiLjiU'l  Ij<\h:/.     Mexico,  iMiT. 
Nihil  Saliii  (1-Vlix  dij,  Mis  iiu'iiiiiiiait  «i)l>i-c  (^iicMtarny  Maxiiiii.iiiii'>.    Mi'xioo, 

)s.;;». 

Salin  Salni  (Felix),  My  Diary  in  Mexico  in  isr,7.     Lomlon,  IMW.     '2  vols. 

Saliii  Sal;M  (Felix),  Ten  Yeaitf  of  my  lite.     Itetr-iit,  Is77. 

Sulai  Salin  (lues  ile)  (^Miefetam,  Aimiites  del  l»iario  tic  la  rriiieewi  Im  .s  ilo 

.Salin  Salin.     Mexii'o,  IStJlt. 
Sahiieioii,  (  aita  .'iO  ile  Marzn  ile  l.'t.ll.     In  I'aehcco  and  Cdnlenaji,  Col.  ])oc., 

toni.  xiii. 
Saliiuron  (I'eilrol,  Viila  <lu  la  Venerable  Madrc   Ixaljel  ile  la  Enearnacion. 

Mi'xico,  l(i7").     4to. 
Snlvati'Tra  (.\ii(Irrs  A'enial  ile),  Kl  ramiiio  VitiLtUto.     Mexico,  171S. 
Valval iei-ra  }•  Zaji^a,  (.'orresiiondencia  eiitre  loa  \'eneral>les  radies.     ^ISS., 

l(i7S-!i:{. 
Saniiinicgi)  (Fmncisco),  Reprcaontneion  locanto  H  ru  salnrio.     Mexico,  1(>47. 
S.iinano,  Ordunanzas  Iteales.      In  I'aclieeo  and  (':irli  iia.*,  • 'ol.  Dix'.,  toin.  >:ii. 
Sail  .\','u.stiii  do  las  'Juevua,  Ivsjiosicion  docunientada,  (.'ole^jjio  y   Kncutlas. 

Mexico,  1S-J7. 
Sin  .\iia.-<tasio  (.liian  ilel,  Coloijuios  rnni'mico-morales.     Mexico,  1810. 
S.in  (  leniente,  l)ict;inieiiis  do  Vaiios  Aixjgados.     Megico,   1S40;  l-.-^crito  d« 

Sai.lica  Especial.     Mix.,  IS.S'J. 
San  I'laucisco  (hian  del,  Vindicacion  del  II.  I'.   Provincial   do  Cannolitos. 

Mexico,  iSKi. 
Sa:i  riamisco  dc  .Mexico,  Libro  dc  cntruilas  y  profesiones  d'j  los  novicios, 

MS.  ll.-)!)7-l»;s4.1 
San  IVaiieisco  dc  Mexico,  Libro  do  rccepciouesducste  Santo  Xoviciado.    M.S. 

|I..!»7-1().S().] 
Sail  i'r.'uici.'-co  de  Mexico,  Libro  segundo  do  rccepciones  y  Profcsioncs  en  este 

ciiiivcnto.     M.S. 
San  JTiacio  (Maria  Anna  .\;,'iicda  de),  Varias  I>evf.rionr».    Pueblji,  17."S. 
fiaa  Luis  I'otosI,  ('oiiiposicioiieM  leida.-*  en  el  feadro  de  Al.iro'in.     S.  h.  I'otosf, 

r>(i7  ;  Diclaiiien  do  la  eoinisioii  Net,'iiiida  do  [inntos  i  "nMiitiicioiiaU's.  Mex., 

li.'O;    r.xpo-^iciiiii   do   la,   .Xudioncia.     Mex.,    IS*_'(!;   l^Xi'msiiion    ij'io   la 

llonondile  F.i",'i>latura  del  Fst.-ido.     ,S.  J,.  I'oto-i.  I's.Vl;   L  is  }.'aianti;i«  in- 

ilividiiales  111  1 1  dcpartanieiito  do  Mex.,  IStl  ;  Prote.ita  di  1  ilniio  >eiiiir 

Olii.spo    do.     I  Mex.  J    |.S,")S;    Kelai'ion   do  las  deinostnnione.i   eon  ipie   la 

ciudadde.    n.pl.,  n.d.;  lievoluoion  conienzadu  el  dia  14  dc  .Vbiildo  I.s;i7. 

Mex.,  is:{7. 
.«?an  Mi  Mill  (Kvaristo),  Ilistoriii  do  Felipe  I[.     M.ulrid,  1S44-7.  4  vols. 
San  .Mi,,'uel  (ruaii  KodrignezK   La  I'einiblica  Me\ic;ina  iii    1S4'!.      Mexico, 

ISt):  Paiidcctas  His|)aiio-Me;;;ieanas.     l'.iri<,  IV.-J.  .'{Mils.;  Uectilieacion 

il^  (Jr.'ives  Ki]uivocacione.s  del  Fondo  Piado^o.     Mexico,  l,s4"i. 
San  Miguel  (Maria),  La,  dignidad  do  una  .K.si«i>a  do  Cri^to.     Mexico,  108*2. 

MS.  4to. 
San  .M'lian  (Frnnci.«co  Lorenzol,  .Inez  oficial  de  l;i  rasa,     n.pl.,  n.d. 
San  I*'   ill)  (.Ioai|iiiii),  and  F.  ilodriguez,  Comentarios  :i  las  li'yes  de  iiiinas,  etc 

Mcliid,  iSdl. 
San  S.dvador,  Carta  do  un  padre  A  sua  liijos.     fMixicn.  1^|()  | 
San  Salvadiir  (.\^nstin    P.    FeiMiaink'/l,    1  •iseni.ariiis   ijue  .'i   los   Tnsitr'.'entos. 

-Mex.,  ISl'J:  .Meinoria  Cristinia  Polilica.     -Mex.,   1^10;  .'^l•ntllc;iellto  ila 

la  Xiieva  F.spana.     n.jd.,  n.d. 
San  Salv.'idor  ( Fernamlo  Fernandez),  Fkfensa  jiiridica  de  la  .Sra.  Maria  Micacla 

K;mioro  do  Terreros.     Mex.,  1700;  Kellexioucs  del  I'utriota  Aniericuuo. 

Mex.,  ISIO. 
Sail  Vicente  (Juan  M.inuel  de),  Exactu  Dcscripcion  dc  lu  maguilica  Corte 

Moxicana.     Cidiz,  n.d. 


0  AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 

SaiR'lifz  (rmiicisco),  Iiifomu!  y  r.in-cor  nci-rca  de  la.s  rnzonfs.  Pnclila.  l'^0! ; 
I'rimipiuH  do  JUtmiai  y  iVtic.i.  ikx.,  1S"J.'»;  K<M*uii()  de  la  N'ligcii 
Mariii.     Mi'x.,  KhS-t. 

Sant'lH/  ( lunii  de  Villa),  .liistaH  y  dthiilns  lionrasqiic  liicicron.  Pm-Ma,  I7">ii; 
I'uclila  Sagiada  y  I'rnfaiia.  I'luhla,  iSJioj  iSuriiiun  fiiiieluc  el  1 1  de.Iiili  j 
de  1T4.S.     ^loxic),  17  lit. 

Saiidi)vnl  (IVudnicio),  lli.stnria  do  la  vida  y  heclios  del  Einpcradur  Clrlos  A'. 
l'aiii]>ioiia,  Iti.'U.  folio.  '2  vols. 

Suiita-Aiiiia  (Antonio  Jjoik-z),  Alogato  lioclio  ante  fl  Jiicz  Priincro  ilc  lo  crini- 
inal  jMirt'l  Apoi'or.ido.  M  'x..  1S4!(;  AiM'lacion  al  Imen  ciitorio  dc  las  n:i- 
cioiialfsyoHtniiigi'nw.  Mi'X.,|.S4S»;  Apiuitauiioiitusparalahistoria.  Mc\., 
iSil;  Hioj;iafia,  Mox.,l.S,"i7;  I5io,'.;rafiadol(ion.  ,M(X.,IH47;  CaUHa  criminal 
iiistruidanl  ICxinoSr.  Mcx.,  1S4(>;  Collootion  of  l'anll"!hlut^<;  lVniniiiii'acii>:i 
otiiialdolKxnioSr.  Uri/ava, l848;(Juadalajaia,184S;  Contostacionalolii  io. 
Oriaiva,  1S47;  ('orrcspondoiicia  rooogida  il  lo.s  agontes  do  Santa-Anna. 
Zacat-iaH,  l.S.">.S;  Dofonsa  do.  Mtx..  ISiJl';  Detail  do  las  oiHiacioues 
oenrridaa  cu  la  dofonsa  do  la  CapiUil.  Mex.,  1847;  Diiilogo  outre  iiii 
iihogado  y  un  oajiitan.  Mex.,  ISIJ'J;  l)iotainon  do  la«  scsione.s  niiidas  il  I 
(Iran  Jurndo.  Mex.,  l.S4."»;  Kl  <  loneral  A  los  MexicanoH,  .liinio  .'i,  lS()(i. 
I'.lizaliollifort,  lS(i(i;  Kl  •  ienoral  a  sns  ('oinpatriutas.  San 'i'lioniiis,  If'tS; 
Kl(ieneral  tie  diviNion  ii  Hns  eonipatriotaM  [dated  Die.  1."),  IS'2',1.]  Mex. 
l.S-JO;  K.stas  h1  son  Claridades.  Mex.,  ISH.'t;  Ksjwjsieion  dirigitla  al  Kxnio 
Sr.  (ion.  I'rosidente.  Mex.  IH.").'!;  KsiK>sieion  (jne  dirigo  desde  la  Forta- 
leza  do  S.  (Jailos  do  INroto,  Mex.,  lS4."i;  La  dosiK-dida  del  (ieneial. 
Mex.,  1S47;  Mailife«t4ieion  que  liaec  un  eiudatlani)  Mex.,  etc.  M<'\. 
1,S."!4;  Maniliesto,  C'artajon.i,  I.S."»8;  Manitiesto  i»  hus  ooiieiudanos.  Mc\., 
ISJ.'J;  Maniliesto  del  ICxnio  Si'.  Mix.,  1844;  Maniliesto  del  (loneral  dij 
1  )i vision  IJeiieniento do  la  I'atria.  Mex.,  1848;  Maniliest<^>  del  I'rosidente 
lie  la  ]{ei)iil)liea  ;'.  la  naeion.  Mex.,  1847;  Maniliesto  do  ."Us  Oper.aeinn  ■( 
en  la  Canipana  do  Tejas,  etc.  \'ora  Cruz,  18;C;  Maniliesto  (ruo  liai'o  -A 
jiublieo  |()et.  10,  IS'Jl  |.  Mox.,.l8'Jl;  Maniliesto  (jno  Laeo  do  la  eoinhieta 
(|Ue  Iia  ol>serva<lo  7  dc-  Julio  do  Is-Jl.  ruel)la,  I8JI;  Miierto  del  1  r. 
Toneiia,  Maniliesto,  Out.  ."i,  I8'JI.  Mex.,  18'J1;  I'roeeso  deKien.  M(x., 
184."i;  rroclania  del  inipavido  T<'nieiito  Coronel.  Uot.  it,  18'21.  Puelili, 
[I8'21|;  Proelanias  a  los  haltitaiites  y  tropa  de  Vera  (Jrnz.  Mex.,  ISJJ; 
Pnmuneianiiento  do  Porote.  Mex.,  18'J',(;  lliipida  Ojcada  solire  la  C';i!:i- 
iiana  &  Hogunda  parte.  Mex.,  1847;  Iiepresentaciou  dirigida  al  CongriHo 
Kaeional.  Mex.,  IS;t7;  Vindieaeion  dolosCrinienes.  Mex.,  ]8.'J7;  Wli,.t 
SanUi  Anna's  professions  of  Uepniilieanisni  aro  worth.     n.i)l.,  n.d. 

Santa  Ainia  ('astro  ( lose  Manuel),  Diario  do  snccsos  noUildes,  eomprendo  loa 
arios  do  I7.V2!\  17"i8.     In  Doe.  Hist.  Mex.,  seric  i.,  toms.  iv.  v.  vi. 

Santa  Iniiigeu  de  la  Maeana.     In  Papelos  do  Jesnitas.   MS. 

Santa  Maria,  Carta  al  Kniperador  Don  Ciirlos.     In  Cartas  do  Indias. 

Santa  Maria,  Poder  (juo  otorgu  el  Provincial.  Iii  Pachecoand  Cardenas,  Col. 
Doe.,  toni.  vii. 

fitmtii  Maria  (Miguel),  Exposieion  y  Protesta.     MS.,  1834;  also  Mexico,  1S:!4. 

Santa  'I'lierosa  (Manuel  de),  Coninendio  dc;  Institveiones  ( iraniatieales.  Mex., 
17-4;  Instruettirio  Espiritual  do  los 'I'ereenis,  etc.     Mex.,  ISIO. 

Santa  Tiresji  ile  Jesus  Silver  Mining  (,'oiniwny,  Ueports,  etc.  San  Francisco, 
18(i4. 

Santander,  Carta  el  Kmpor.ndor.     In  Doc.  Ini''d.,  torn.  xxvi. 

Santangelo,  (().  do  A.),  A  Circular  to  the  \Vorld.  N.  Y.,  1842;  Claims  on 
Mexico,     IWiitiniore,  184(i. 

Santiago  do  los  Doniinieos.     In  Pachceo  and  CArdenas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  v. 

Santiago  de  Papascjuiero,  Deseripcion.     MS.   l''M. 

SantistolMin,  Carta.     In  Pjielieeo  and  C;\rdonas,  Col.  Doc,  torn.  xiv. 

Santo  ( 'atharina,  Panegyrieo  ;!  la  vida  y  glorioso  Martyrio  de.    n.pl.,  n.d. 

Santo 'riioniiis  (Diego  de).  Ceremonial  y  ^lanua!  .saeado  del  Missal  llomano. 
Mexico,  KWiO. 

Sard  (Antonio  de),  Ensayo  eohre  las  (ilorias  rraneiscanas.     Mexico,  18(J0. 


li-^l  '11 


AUTHORITIES  QroTi:n. 


cl 


I  Fmiicisci), 


fSanlo  (Toaqiiit)))  R«.liicioii  liistDiiiii  do  hi  iiorti-iitosa  iiiK^gen,  »'t<\     Moxir 

IslO. 
S:i'i;i.iiiii  (Si'Vi-ro  M.K  Tiovaa  Mi'xiL'anas.     Mi'xii-n,  IS.V). 
■Siiriiijiiia  y  (.'lU'iifii  ^Vsiilro),  .Swli'imio  ilcdkiuioii  lU'l  'IViiijilo  MetrdiMilitaui 


Ml 


KKW. 


Sartiiriiis  iC'iirl"»),    Iiiii)ortuiicia  ilo    Mi-xico  pivra  la  cinigraciou    AlfiiiiiiKi 


S;mssmc  (lliiui  <k),  Coup  d'dil  Hiir  I'llydrologic  <lii  Mi'xi<|UC.    (ic 


ICIIUV 

t^i'liudikr  (' •"■•*'''^'').  I'oininii'iitos  nlativun  li  l;i  iidiiiisioii  jmr  la    Minta 


(11^ 


di'i,  \i>\: 


\''V  (111  Mcxniiu',  vie. 


1'; 


IS.-, 


|S(i: 
Ml 


il  do  I'ciliiiiiti 


Mixifc.  ISJ-t. 


Schorr  (loliiiniu.s),  l)!i.s  Frauorsiiitl  in  Moxiko.     Leipzig,  ISK'S. 
^1  liiiiidt  i(iustavii.s),  Tho  Civil  l^iwuf  S|iaiii  ami  Moxioo.    Now  Orleans,  1S,">I. 
s>(>tt  (Wiiiliild),  llhistrattd  Lil'o  of.     Now  York,  l!>47. 
Sc<itt  (WiiiMold),  Life  of.     Now  ^■<lrk,  IS.VJ. 

SiMtt  (W'iiiliild),  MoiiioirH  of  Lioiit.-( Joiioral  Scott.  Now  York,  1S()4.  2  vols. 
Si  jtt  ami  Tuylur  (.'orrospouiluiico,  Mossai^'o  of  tlio  I'rosidoiit,  Marcli  "JO,  IMS. 
[;!;»( 'on u'.  IstSoa-i.  If.  Kx.  hoc.  .">(;.]'    Waslijn^toii,  ls4S. 


1>.  \V.),  Tiio  llosiuirces  of  Mexico 


Ml 


l.stl 


(Henry  L),  Speech  on   Mexican  War  I'ubruary  \',\,  1S47.     Wn.sliing- 


.'«ea-er  { 
teaman 

ton,  1.>4T 
Scdicion  en  ia  ciiid.id  de  Mexico  el   L")  de  Knero  dc  l(i»4,  t'atisxis  y  prineipio 

(Icel'a.      MS.   folio. 
Siyiiiiilo  (j'uin-'e  de  Knero  de  la  t'orte  Mexieana.     Mexico,  17o0. 
Srgiir,  l.a  Itevoliicion.     Mexico,  ISO,'!. 
Scgui  a  ( I'rauciseo  lldephouso),  Consultas  Varias  Morales  y  Mysticaa.     Pnehla, 

17'JS. 
Segnra  (N'icolas  do),  Pefensa  Caiii'iiiica  ])or  las  Provineias  di  la  Coniiiania  dc 

.lcsn.4  de  la  Nnelia  Lspafia  y  I'iuliinna.s.     MS.   (17<>7.| 
Scjjui-a  (\'icentc),  Apiuites  pa:u  la  Kstadastiea  del  l)epartanieiito  dc  Orizava. 

.lalapa,  l.s;!l. 
Select  Pamphlets.     A  Collection. 
^  e.iiaiiaiio  de  la  inihistria  Mexieana.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
SenKinaiio  .luditial  do  la  Fcderaeion,  Coleccion  de  lasSoiitoncias  pronunoiadaa 

p'li' lo.s 'I'nliunales  l'"oderaU's,  etc.     Mexico,  I.S7I.   4to. 
Sciiiaiiario  I'l  lilico  y  Lileiario  de  Mojico.     Mexico,  18-0- 1.   J  vols. 
•■^ciaiMiario  l{eli;,'ioso.     n.pl.,  n.d. 
Senihlan/uu  do  lo.-t  ndt'iuliros  <jue  lian  eomimoslo  la  C:iniara  <lc  Dipntados  dil 

Coii;,'ieso  d  •  la  Kip.  Mex.,    IS27-'2N.     ,\c\v  York,  If'JS. 
SeniM:iii;uia  do  los  Kepreaeutantes  (jue  eonipusieron  al  Coni,'.  Const,  de  iSIJii. 

Mexico,  ls;i7. 
Sonmics  (Kap'.iai  1),  The  cain])aign  of  Clcneral  Scott.     Cincinnati,  IS.Vi. 
^einiiics  (U.ipliaell,  .Service  alloat  and  ashore.     Cincinnati,  I.S.M, 
Scries  of  intoiccpteil  letter.s  eajitured  hy  the  American  tiuard  at  Taculjaya, 

August 'J-J.  1M7.     Mexico,  1S47. 
Sermmie.i,  A  Collection  of  034  sermons  preached  in  Mexican  Towns,  1017-lStiO. 

(i4  vols. 
Sorniiines  in  IVstis  Sanotoniin.     JIS. 

Srinioues  Varios,  A  Collection  of  MSS.     Sermons  probahly  preached  in  Mex- 
ico,    folio. 
Siiiia  (Juan  I'erez),  Auto  cessatio  i\  Divinis.     In  Doe.  Hist.  Mex.,  soiie  ii., 

toiii.  ii, 
Sirna  (.liian  I'erez),  Auto  en  (pie  levanta  la  cesMicion  A  Pivinis.    In  l)oe.  Hist. 

Mex.,  serie  ii.,  toin.  ii. 
Scrn.i  (liian  i'orczi,  Hoereto  del  dicho  declarando  exconiulgados.     In  Doe. 

Hist.  Mex.,  serie  ii.,  toni.  ii. 
Scrna  (.liian  I'ere/),  Otra  informaeion que niando  recibir.    In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex., 

scrio  ii.,  toni.  ii. 
Scrna  i.Iiian  reiez).  Keprcscntacion  a  la  Real  Audiencia.    In  Doc.  Hist.  Mex., 

seric  ii,,  torn,  ii. 


cu 


ArTiioKiTiKs  QroTi:n. 


Strim  (.Timii  Pori'z),  Rcprcsi-iitAciDU  A  iiiio  ilc  ]><■*  luiiiiHtroA  del  confcio  vu  »;iio 
(lii'c-  lialicili-  ii;;riiviu<lu  lu  uuiliuiKMu  ilo  Mexico,  lli'.'-l.  In  iloi'.  IliHt,  .M<'.\., 
Hcrif  ii.,  tmn.  ii. 

Sowiiiil  (Williiiiii  H.),  I'flatiiiiis  Mith  Mt:xico.     Wasliiiiirtun,  IS,"),!. 

Miiiikfuicl  (CliiirlfB  C),  A  lili/oHH  iippcal  in  reyunl  tu  tliu  Wur  witii  Mexico. 
Host-.n,  IMS. 

Slirjiai-.l  (A.  K.),  TIk-  Ij)n.l  of  tlio  Azti-c.     AIImiiiv,  lS.-.f». 

MciTii  ilvan  lie),  I>ii't;iiii('n  «li.'  < '(iiiHcicncia,  iiitoi'iu  «ii<il'i;^rfiro  ilcl  i'»<tu(l<>  y 
govii  inn  (If  I'Htii  l'ro\  inciii  tli'l  Suiito  I'lvangflio.     MS,    17(I'J.  folio. 

iSit'iia  y  ItoHso  (lutnat'io),  Aiohkh  civii'ii  fl  II  do  Nrjit.  iS.Vt.  MfX.,  IH.M; 
Jiix'tirso  ijuo  jior  iiicarjio  ile  la  .luntii  l*ati'i>>tii.'a.  .Mtx..  IS4'J;  IMmcuimo 
Olio  proniinrii'i  en  la  colocaoioii  en  Santa  Paula.  Mex.,  IS4-;  l'AjH>-icioii 
tlociinientaila  <|iit!  iliri^ii't  el  niinixtrotlu  llaiiemla.  Mux.,  18<V.';  Ki'j^)ru- 
.Miifariuii  iliiii.'iiLml  ( 'oiiv'i'i  w>  N'acion.-il.     .Mex.,  I^.'l". 

Si'.'alti  ((ieroiiiino  Moralis).  1  )isi,-iirso  'riieoj\iriilit'o.     Mcsico,  17-H. 

feigiieii/ii  y  •ion','or;w  (Ciiiio.-*),  Ml  Fenix  do  la  .\in.  rica.  [  Mexiro,  KWH.]  MS. 
folio;  Anotai'ione.s  Criticat*  nolifc  el  jiiinur  iii)oj*tol  de  *.u('va  l■'.^ll.•i^lll  y 
Holno  el  Ini;i;,'eii  de  ( iiiadaliipe.  MS.  folio;  Carta  iil  AliniranU-  I 'on 
Andri'S  do  I'lZ  hoIhv  idlHu-otu  y  niotin  du  lo^^  Indio.s  dt;  Mexico,  MS. 
folio;  (ilorias  de  (JiierOtaro.  Mex.,  l.S(K{;  I'araiso  Occidintal  ]ilaii'.'do 
y  Cullivado.  Mi'xico,  l()!S4;  Teatro  do  Virtiide.s  I'ulilicuH.  In  I>oc. 
Hi.it,  Mex.,  Herii;  iil. 

Silieeo  I  Ignacio  Nunez),  Oniciuii  civica  i>runuitciada  en  la  ]ilu/a.  Guanajiiiito, 
iM(i. 

Sil\a  ( lU'iitri/  de),  Vida  dc  funiladera  dc  la  6rdcit  de  la  priniera  conccpeion. 
.Mexico,  J.S'iO.      MS. 

Sisteiiia  Mctiico- Decimal,  Tulilas  fjue  estal)lecen  la  rclacion.     Mexico,  1S,">7. 

Slliitli  (S.  ( 'oiniit'iii),  Clii'e  con  I'anie.     New  Voik,  1,S.J7. 

fSiiiitli  and  Ilaiclc.i--tlc,  .Map  of  the  ^'al'ey  of  .Mexico.  Iteports  of  tlu"  Secre- 
tary of  War,  January  l7iind'Jtl,  |Si;»  |;{(K'oii,!.'.  I'd  Seh.-i.  .Sen.  Kk.  l!>;;il 
Coil!,'.  IstSem.  Sen.  ivx.  4\.     Wa.sliin.utoii,  IM'J.  '2  vola. 

Sociedail,  Huiiilioldt  Aiiales,     Mexico,  l;i7-. 

Socicdacl  de  .Mejoias  Materiale.s  Moiah  s  IJeneficeiieia  y  Soeorros  Mutuos  do 
Texcoeo,  l)ocunieiiti;.4  lelativos.      Mexico,  I.S(j.">. 

.'^ociedad  .Mexit'anadi^  (Ico'rrafiay  Kstiidistica,  ISoletin.  Mexico,  ISCil  et  Re(]. 
I  Includes  liintituto  Nacional.  j 

Socicdad  .Mexicaiia  de  (leoyialia  y  E'-    .dfstiea.  Re|.;laniento.     Mexico,  l-()2. 

Sociedail  .Mexicaiia  I'roniovedora  du  Mi  joras  Materiale8,Keglainento.  ^le.xico, 
is.-.  I. 

Socicdad  Tatriotica.  Kstracto  de  las  sesioncH  de  la.     Mexico.  IS.IO. 

Soilcii  (luliii.  i,  l)ie  Spaiiiir  in  I'cin  \ind  Mexii'o.     T.erlin,  I71>-l.  "J  vols. 

Solaiia  (.luan),  I'rontutiiio  o  iiiunnal  y  coneBi.ondencia  de  delitoa  y  penas. 
Mexico,  IS4I. 

Solano  (l'"ran<'oi,  Kl  Tnnante  de  Fal)ioo  pintura  du  Buenaiiarto.    Mexico.  ISOS. 

Solis  (  A'  tonio  de),  llistoria  de  la  ( 'oiii|uista  de  Mexico.  .Madrid,  KiSI;  Itar- 
ccloiia,  Kl'.tl.  folio.  "J  Vols;  Ainberes,  171^1;  I'ariM,  1704.  '_*  vol.s. ;  l^omloii, 
17-1.   folio;  Madrid,  17>'~';$.  4to.  2  vol.-!.;  Londres,  1M07.  3  vols.;  Madrid, 

is4;j. 

Soloivano  Tereyra  (Juan  de),  Obras  VTrias  rostlniinna.     ^ladrid,  1770. 
Soria  (I'ranii.seo  de),  l.^toria  y  l''undaeion  <lo  l:i  Cindad  de  'I'laxcala,  171''^.    MS. 
Soria  (I'ranciseo  Joseph),  l)escripcion  I'iesUis  Tehuacau  Teniplo  do  Nuestra 

S(  flora  del  Cariiun.     Mexico,  17S;{. 
Soriano  (liian  (Iiiadaliiiiel,  I'ridoj^o  liistorial.     MS.  folio. 
Sosa  ( I'raneisco  de  1'.),  Manual  do  IJiogriifia  Yiuiiteea.     Merida.  ISfifi. 
Soto  (.Manuel  ]•'.),  I'^l  Niievo  Kstado.     Mex.,  IHM;     rroyccto  dc  Conuiuica- 

cioii  Interoee.niica.     Mex.,  IMOO. 
Sotomayer  (<;ali.  i,  Kpitomo  del  eoiii])Uto  eclcsi;l8tico.    Mexico,  18-7. 
Spain,  Constitucion  I'olitica  ile  la  Moiiarfjiiia  Kspanoln.     Mex.,  liSltJ;  Mail) 

tie.sto  de  los  rroeediinientos  del  Coiisejo  Ileal.     Madrid,  1808. 
Speeches,  A  Collection  of. 


ArTno!:iTri:s  ql*()Ti:d. 


eiU 


ith  Mexico. 


SjKi  olic'i  in  ronrTosi,  A  ('••Ilci'tic  n  if. 

,sta|'ii  (W'llliiiiii  I'ri'slon).  'I'lic  I'ri'oiiii'rM  uf  Pcrotc.     I'liilnddplim,  IS-t.'i. 

.sti  ii|i(iisi>ii  ( lliltimiiilii),  I'riyi'cto  hdIiii-  forininiiMi  ilc  < '(itnpiiina^  Naiinnalcs 


m^tniii' ftintnii'Tilv-i  vu  la  lU'iuililJca.     MfX.,  iMiil;  Siu't'cli  l^lVlt. 


i.'l,  |s(il|.     {(iuaiiajlia'  >    \rni] 
SttTii  (.\il"li),  KaistT  Maxiiii,'  ''ii  I.  von  Mexico.     I)rpsil<'n.  1H(JS. 
Stt'Vi'ii.i  (Imiuic  I.),  Ciiinifuigiiii  (it  .'."  i(ii>  (iraniiu  and  of  Mexico.     Now  York, 

IS.-.  I. 
.Stewart  (Win.  M.),  Speech  in  U.  S    11.  oi  l!up.,  Feb.  1.1,  1H^»7.    Wu.sliin^tun, 

I.S47. 
Sti(Mi,'(  William),  Spcechin  U.  8.  House  of  Kep.,  Mureli  4,  1S48.   Wu.sliinnlon, 

r.s»s. 

.stinviii.-i  (r.nre.  Oottli.),  IJililiotliecii  liisti'irica.    LipHiao,  ITH'2-lHO-l.  'J'JvuN. 
Miiriii  (llii-iiiiin),  Tiio  Iie[)ulilic  of  Mexico  iiinl  itn  Ann  lii'un  (.'lediturs.      In- 


iliana|Mi||M, 


I  Still. 


Siiaic/'.  V  .Navarro  (Juan),  Kl  (ieneral  Saiitii  A.ma  Ilurliiinlos 


la  \i 


Mix.,  Is.'il!;  HiHti.riade  .Mexico  y  dil  <  Sen.  .\.  1,.  lit!  .S'liii..-  Viiiia.    Mi  \., 

IsM);  Inforino  Hubrc  las*  causas  y  cariicter  do  losj  frci.'uen'u.-i  canil>io.i  poll- 

ticin  III  Y'licaLiin.     Mcx.,  ISOI. 
Siili.silio  |'.ili«i;i.>itico  en  Lw  Imlias.     MS.    17-1-02.  fo'' > 
."Miiiiaria  ciiinilial contra  Tie^  Heli'^ioMKS  AiTiistiiios.      Mi.  ISll.    f.ilin. 
Suiiiai  io  del  Derecho  ropular  dedicudu  li  las  Nucionca  ilo  Auieri<  .i.     Mcjico, 

I  :ii 
.Siniipu  r  ..vrtlinr),  The  lives  of  (ieneral  Z.  Taylor  an. 1  (.tei>  .ul  \V.  Scott,  etc. 

New  Vorli,  ISIH. 
Sun  of  .\iialiuac.     Ve.u  Cruz,  1847  et  sofj. 

Tal'iH'ii,  Ih'iiiKstracion  de  los  tenninosen  (|iii!  In  olit  ■nidnl;i  Rcitn  del.  Mc:., 
isjli;  Idieiinieiitos  one  justilicin  el  ilusistiniieiitii  ilr  1  i.  Miniiresa  ilc.  Me\., 
|S4I;  Iiifoniii'  de  l;i  iMupresa  dc,  etc.  Mex.,  ISH;  ()lis(i\aiinnes  al 
diet. 1111(11  de  la  ■Jseoniisiuii  de  llaiieiidn.  Mi'X.,  ISK);  ():icii)  ilni  ,id  >  i 
la  ciiiiii.Nion  de  Hacienda.  Me\.,  Isti;  ()nliiian/as  dc  la  It'al  ll'^uta  d>  1 
Tatiai  o.     Mex.,  170S;  ILestableciniientodel  e.stanco  de  la  .sienii)i:i.     Mex., 

i.s;;:). 

Taliasfii,  .Mi;niricsto  del  Oobeniador  del  Ivstado.  Taliasco,  1,S47;  Ueprrscnla- 
einii  dtl  r.atallun  ( JnavdacostaH  do,  .luuio  iS.     S.  .Juan  Jiautititi,  ISl."). 

'I'alieU'i  (  ieiitilicon.      .\  ( 'ullection. 

'layle  (I'raiu  isco  M.  S.),  Disciirso  sobre  ereacion  de  nil  I'oder  Con.ser\ udi ir. 
Mex.,  ls;r.;  (Jbras  I'o.'ticaa.      Me\.,  IS.'iJ.   •_'  voU. 

'J"aniau!i|ias,  C'or.vei.siones  del  l;io\'erde,  I'i'innco  y  'J'anipicn.  n.])!.,  n.d  ;  I'io 
]>ciit.s(lio  CoUiiiiu  in.  IJaltimoie,  I.SH;  Ue','laiiiento  i>ara  el  ;,'obi(  run  in- 
liiiur  dc  l.i.s  nninicipalidailcs  del  1  )e|)art;iiiK'nti)  de.      Victoria,  Is-l."?. 

Taniliicii  lie  'i^•lIlla^llipa^^,  Meinoria  subre  la  evacuacion  niilitar  del  i'uertn. 
[San  I.iii.s  roto!>i,  1S4.S.] 

T.ipia  i.\iiiln''si  de),  Keluciuu  sobre  la  conipii.sta  do  Mexico.  In  Icazbalce^a, 
<  'ot.  J)i)c.,  toni.  ii. 

T.ipia,  (Mu'^cnio  de),   Febrero  Novfsiinamente  redactado.     Madrid,    l.S.l.l-.'i. 

fS  Viilsl." 

Taiavre  {{■'..  nnillcinin),  Exploration  Miner.iloginue  de.-i  Kiyioiia  Mexicaiiii's. 
i'aiis.  lS(i!>. 

'i'a-iti'ra,  et  al..  Carta  nl  Einperndor  Don  C/irlos.     In  Cartas  do  Indias. 

Taylor  (I'ltdi  W.),  The  liroad  I'eiinant.     New  Vuik,  l^tS. 

Taylor  (Fit.li  \V.),  The  Fla;,' Ship.      New  York,  ISlO.   '_*  vols. 

Taylor  (Isaac),  The  Mine.      I'hiladelphia,  l.s^l. 

'J'.iylor  (Zacliary),  A  brief  review  of  the  careei ,  eharncter.  .Tiid  campaigns  of. 
AVa.sh.  n.d.;  A  review  of  the  life,  character,  and  ])i>'>itic.'d  opinions  of. 
lioston,  1S4S;  A  Kketcli  of  the  Life  and  charaeter  of.  '"■'  the  oiie-leL,'ged 
Serj^eant.  r>oKtoii,  l,s47;  A  Hketcli  of  the  Life  ami  I'liMic  Services  of. 
\\asli.  |1,S4>S];  liiopraphy,  A  Collection;  (Ieneral  Ta_\ '.i-rw  moral,  in 
toUoctual,   and  prufessiuual  cliuructer.     Wush.,   u.d.;  Letters  of,   etc. 


CIV 


AUTHOniTirS  QUOTED. 


!    '  y\ 


X.  v.,  r-^l"^;  Life  niul  V:\]>]]c  SltvIocs  of.  I!y  nn  officer  of  tlie  U.  S.  A. 
X.  v.,  l.S4(i;  \.  Y.,  I.sr>();  Lifciiiid  I'lihlic  Scrvires  (,f.  alsi)  lifo  iiml  si  r- 
vicc'Sdf  Milliiid  I'llliiiDii'.  Ilartfiiiil,  ISJS;  Lifu,  liiittlLS,!Ui  I  |)i's])!iUlic^. 
Phil.,  IS47;  'I'liu  l.if.!  mi<l  I'lil.lic  Soivk'f.s  of.  I'liil.,  11..I.;  Tli<'  i.ilV  •  f. 
N.  v.,  IS47  ;  'i'lio  Lifo  of,  mid  ;i  liistory  of  tlio  War  in  .Mexico.    X.  V.  1S47. 

T.nyloraiid  I'illinoro,  Slictcli  of  the  lives  of.     llostoii,  11. d. 

'J'.'iylor  .'Hid  1  lis  ( 'aiii]i!ii«.'iis,  A  liiov'raiiiiy.     I'liiladelpliiii,  1848. 

'I  a\lor  ami  His  ( Iinu  rals.      I'liiladi'lpiiia,  IS47. 

'I'aylorau.l  His  Stall'.      I'liiladulpiiia,  1S4S. 

'ieliuaiiU'iiff,  All  AiTouiit  of  tiu"  Istiiiiiu.s  of.  London,  1840;  Analisis  did 
l>ictaiiu'n  do  la( 'oiiiision  soluc  (1  iit'i;ociu  di'.  .Mc.\.,  I8,"r2;  ( 'amino (.'ariv- 
ti'i'o,  ('amino  do  l''i<-ii()  y  Canal  ])or  il  istnio  do.  ,Mcx.,  IS70;  < 'ilcstioii 
do  Nuova-^'oiU,  18,")^;  Dooroto  del  Sii[iroino  (ioltiorno  pani  la  upoi-tura 
dol  Istino.  Mox.,  18.");?;  l>iit.imon  do  lii  ("onii.siou  Ivsiiooial.  con  niotiw) 
ilol  iiri\  iU'irio  concotlido  a  .losi'-  ( iaray.  Mcx.,  18.")l  ;  l)iot;liiicn  <Io  la 
Jlayoria  do  la.s  Comisionos  do  Luliistria.  Mcx.,  )S.")_';  Dict;iinon  do  la 
Mayoiia  do  la  Coiiiisioii  csjiocial  do  la  (".iinara  do  l)i|)uladirs.  Mox., 
]8.)1  ;  l)iscnrso  ]ir(Piuiiu'iado]ior  cl  Scnor  l''iU'iito,'J!)  ilo  Xoviomlirc.  Mox., 
IS,"(-_';  Ddciimciitos  rolativosTi  la  ajurturado  una  via.  Mi:x.,  IS.^'J;  Moiiioiia 
insti'iictiva  do  los  doroclios  y  justas  cau-sas  (|Uo  tiono  ol  (.loliicino.  Mox., 
IN.VJ;  I'royocto  (K- col(>ni/;ir  ol  istino.  f.Mox.,  18"_':!|;  licj^Iamonto  ]iaia  cl 
llstalilooimionio  do  las  ('nloiiia.s  Miiit.'ircs  dol  Istino.  Mox.  LS,")!  ;  Loitliv- 
liionto  jiara  la(  'oinunioaiion  por  la  via  Intci-Oco.inioa.  Mox.,  1;-),'J7;  Uii;lit 
of  way.  n.pl.  [ISoliJ;  N'indicacioii  dulaconducta  politicade  los.  Oa.xaca, 
1847. 

Tchn.'Mitojioc  Canal,  A  Collection. 

1'cliuantei)ec  Canal,  A  memoiial  .scttiiii;  forth  the  rij;ht3  and  just  reasons  for 
not  rcoo^nizinj;  tho  validity  of  the  privilege  granted  to  D.  Joso  Liaray. 
Xow  Yoik,  Ksh-J. 

Tohuantopec  Canal,  A  Review  of  tho  Tchuantepec  Controversy.  Georgetown, 
l8,-i:}. 

Tcluiantopec  Eailway,  Ita  location,  features,  and  advantages  under  tho  L:v 
Sore  (Irant  of  islj!).     X'ow  York,  18(J!». 

Topic,  -Maiiiliosto  <[Uo  ol  Ayuntauiicnto.  (  Uiadalajara,  184.");  Santa  Cruz  (| no 
so  vonora  en  ol  convento  dc  lieligiosos  iVanciscaaos  do  la  ciudad.  ( luada- 
lajaia,   lS.");t. 

Toin.inx-( 'omjians  (Henri),  Kccneil  do  Documents  et  Mi'moircs  o''i;:ina\ix  .snr 
rilisioire  dos  I'ossos.sioiis  l']spa^'nolos  dans  rAm('ii(|Uc.      r.ois,  1S4I). 

Tornaux-l.'ompans  (Henri),  \'oya;;os,  lielations  et  Momoires  origiiiaiix  poi'.r 
sorvir  a  I'liisloire  do  la  DOeouxerte  do  rAnioriiiue.  I'aris,  lh;)7-4l.  'J 
si.'rio.s,  It)  and  S  vols. 

Testinionio  a  la  lotia  did  Kspcdientc  niandado  formar  por  el  Ar/obispado  do 
Ce.sarea.      ^Icxioo,  1S4S. 

Tostimonio  do  lliilal','uia  do  Corti's.     In  Col.  Doc.  Iiic'd.,  tom.  iv. 

Tostory  (Aliato),  Ml  Inipoiio  y  d  Cloro  Mojicano.     Mexico,  18(jj. 

'i'ozozomoc,  Ji'ocopilaoion  do  tradicinncs.      MS. 

Tezozonicjc  (.Vlvaro),  Histoiic  du  Moxii|uo.     I'aris,  18">IJ.  'J  vols. 

'i  l.icrs  (.v.),  llistoiia  dol  ( 'onsulado  y  dol  linpi  lio  do  Xai)olooii.    Mexico,  184."). 

ThuniJis  (Lewis  F.),  (Jortoz,  thi'  Coni|Ui'roi'.     \\'a-iliiii^ton,  18,")7. 

Tliompson  (John  l..ewis).  History  of  the  wars  of  the  United  States,  riiila- 
dolphia.  ISOO.   'J  vols. 

Thom[)son  (Waddy),  liocolloction.s  of  Mexico.     X'ew  York,  etc,  1847. 

'ilioilio  (T.  I!.),  Our  Army  at  Monterey.     I'hiladoli.hia,  1S47. 

I'horpo  (T.  ]>.),  Our  Army  on  the  L'io  (Irando.     I'hiladelphia.  1840. 

IlK'.uimol  (.\.  II.],  .Moxiko  und  die  MexikaiK'r.      llrlaii,'on,  184S. 

'I'hiimn'.ol  (.\.  1{. ),  Xouesto  (iesohiohlo  dor  Uciiublik  Mexiko.    Kriangen,  1S4S. 

Tieinpo  (  Lli.      Mexico,  ISIiletseij. 

'iildcn  (Daniel  Iv. ),  Speeoh  in  U.  S.  House  of  Hep.,  July  14,  1840.  Wash., 
1840. 

Tipogrufia  Mexicaua.     Mexico,  1878  et  seii. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


cv 


TIascala,  Almsns  i\o  Ins  mauddnoH  ili;  Ii;ilios.  MS.  'Mov.,  lf1-^0;  Ai-usaci  in 
iiiic  !:i  llxiiia  J)ii)Utacii)ii  'rcnilDrial.  Mix..  IS.VJ;  i>osiM>i(>  ;i  iiuiiM  ai- 
liiada  iMir  il  i'rcficto  du.  I'liulila,  1M!>;  Disiiir.s.i  )Mi)iiiiuria(li>  cl  "Jtl  ili- 
l)ii'.  <lo  IS.'il.  ruil)!a,  lS,"i2;  Kstatiit.)  (irganico  del  tcnitniii.  Mux., 
1S4!(;  rramiscamw  6  Imlioa,  MS.;  llcprodcntaciuu  quo  lu,  Itiputucioa 
Tonitoiial  do.     Mix.,  IM!). 

T'ld  I  tifiii!  n;lii"dii)  .siiiido  il  a\  iso  opiirti'.no.     M  •xicd,  lS-2*2. 

TnlLiaiic  ia  du  Cidto.s,  Opi'isculo  <(iie  conticne  una  CorUi  DclVusa  do  Li  lltligitiii 
dc  .Fi'su  ( 'risto.     Mi.'xico.  1M!I. 

'J'dkiaiicia  lvi'liu'i<i».'i,  l)i!icrtaci(iii  caiitrn  la.  Mijico,  ISIJl;  Rcpn'sintaciMn  al 
Si>l>.  Con;,',  cuutra  fl  Art.  lo  del  I'royecto  do  coustitucioa  subio.  Mcx., 
]S.")(i. 

'I""!uca,  Eleccionos  do.     [Mexico,  ISili.] 

'Jciiniikiiis  (I'atritk  \V.),  Spccclas  in  U.  S.  House  of  Rep.,  Jan.  19  and  March 
It,  IMS.     u.pl.,  n.d. 

Toiiisiin,  Viaire  de.     In  Siic.  Mcx.  Ooog.,  lioletin,  G'l"  Ep.,  turn.  i. 

'i'wral  ( l'"ianciscii),  Carta  al  .Vdchuiladu  de  la  i'lui-idil.     In  Cartas  ilo  Indias. 

'r<ir;;l  {l'ian<is<(i),  Carta  id  Itey.     In  Caita.-<  de  Indias. 

TdiihI  (Jwse  .Maiia),  Carta  ilel  ( len.  A  8us  anui;iis.  Mex.,  IS.IO;  l)isciii-so  en 
I  I  .si.sioii  did  IJ  tie  Oct.  de  lltJ.  Mex.,  is4l.':  El  (iiiieial  :i  sn.i  a'lii  ,'ii-i. 
Mix.,  In,'!'.);  I'astus  niilitarea  de  Iniipiidail.  Mex.,  lSi;{;  Manile^t.ieion 
di  1  C.  Mix.,  IM!.">;  .Maiiil'estacion  iiie<ent;iila  ;i  la  Caniara  do  Sen.  .Mex., 
ISU;  Maliiliesto  delUri'^'i'n,  Causas,  l*r(it.'i'e.S(i.s  y  Estado  de  la  Ivc^volueicin 
del  iDiperii)  Mexie.'uui.  ruelil.i,  ISlM;  I'luyeeto.s  do  iti"li,^'o  eiiniiiial  y 
I'enal.  Mex.,  IS.")."!-,  R('i)liea  do  Vaiicis  i;>i)ariolea.  .M(\x.,  ISU;  lUv-^- 
jiuesta  del  (Jen.  Mex.,  ISJO;  V;irii)s  lv-.pariiili.s  al  Sr  Ti'inil,  ultima 
respuesta.  Mex.,  KS41;  \'otiJ  I'artieular,  etc.,  relatives  al  l.stnio  de 
'reliuaiite|iec.      Mex.,  1S."»'J. 

Tnrii'  1  y  Meiidivil  (J.  .TiUiaii),  La  .Vparicion  de  Xuostra  Sefiora  do  (luadaliipo 
di''MeNiei).     Oii/ava,  1S4!).   '2  \oh. 

Turml  y  ^lendivil  (.foso  Maria>,  Ijrevo  Resofui  llistiivica  de  lus  Acnnteciniien- 
to.s*  Mex.,  IS.VJ;  Decretos,  Dec.  I'i),  iSi'S,  Ahril  -'■.',  l,S-2:>,  Aug.  -Mi, 
1S2D.  Mcx.,  iS'JS-It;  1  liscuiiso  pronunciado  en  la  .Vlauieda  "27  do  Sept.  do 
ISrKl.  Mex.,  IS.'id;  Discur.sii  (pie  en  la  Solruniiilad  1!  do  Set.  do  lvS4:j. 
Orixava.  lS4:i;  iJiscui.so  <|uc  al  .solenndzarsu  el  t'eliz  iialalicii)  del  Enip. 
Maximilian  (i  do  Julio  di'  istil.  Oii/.aba,  ls(i4;  l>iscursii  (pie  prnnnneii) 
el  Exin..  Sr.  C.^n.  Mcx.,  ISKt;  Elf,'ritodo  la  patria,  Aii.i,'.  4,  1  vJl  [  l'u,.|,la, 
ISlMJ;  l>iis  Ilcincs  doDiiiorts  v'-idicadcs.  Mex.,  l!v')();  rnpclaiuacinnes, 
Dec.  -JT,  ISJ.S,  .Marzo  17,  l.V21»,  Ahril 'JS,  ISJi).  .M(.x.,  1Sl'S--!I;  IVotcsU 
del  tien.  eiintra  el  decreto  es|j(.'diilo.  Mix.,  Is;;,);  Rivspiiesta  del  Cell. 
-Mex.,  KS40;  Vindicaci.iii  del  Coniucl.     Orizaba,  l.S4'_'. 

'i'oripu  luada  (liian  de),  Mi'iiar(pii:i  Iiu'iiana.     ^la.lrid,  17-1!.   ."!  vi.I-:.   fulio. 

'J'one  (Jiiaii  de  la),  llelaciou  do  li).s  Re»idiioH.  In  I'aelicci)  and  ( '.inicnas,  Cd. 
l)i>c.,  t(im.  xii. 

'i'liliv (Martin  de  la),  Carta  sobrc  el  Conieta  de  lUSO.     In  ^Mdrfi,  ( '•>!.  Doc. 

Tuirciite  (.Mariaim),  Ilisturia  do  la  Kcvuhlcion  llisi).in()- Americana.  Madrid, 
18:it).  ;i  vols. 

TiiiTes,  Ccrtilicacii'n.     In  Doc.  Hist.  Mix.,    .snie  ii.,  t.nii.  iii. 

T..1T1S  (C.  A.  de),  IV  Laudihr.s  .Mari:u  ilarhanc  lic^;in;c  17-VJ.     Mexico,  1  ,(;0. 

I'urres  (.liisii  .1.  (1.  di'l,  DcsciiLraui)  ;i  Ins  Kcb-'des  lii^lirc  mi  nuni.strunna  coii.sli- 
tlicidll.      |.MeX.,    ISl.")|;    Villilicacidll  di  1  Clern  .Mrxiiaiin.       ?\1(\.,    |Sl-'. 

'I'nrres  (Luis  dc\  Secinnn  fiiiiebre  ipio  en  las  lioiua.s  ipie  hiricrnn  en  "il)  do 

Mayo  do  I7l>7.     Mexico,  17tiS. 
Tiirrcs  (Miu'uelK  ^'ida  ejeinplar  y  innerto  preciosa.     ii.i'l.    117-^!]    lio, 
'Jcrns  del  Talacii)  ( i'rancisii)  del,  I'roceso  colli  ra.      MS.,  |.)!).i-7. 
T(jri'es  y  Ricedo  (Marcos),  Testainentarv  disptjbiiion,  leaving'  (iovernnient  of 

Mexico  to  Iteal  Andicncia.      MS.  [fuDll.J 
Trait  D"l'iiion  (Le),  .Mexico,  1,S(!1  et  sci|. 
'J  ian.--latiiinn>3  liispanisclier  sprach  zii  Fruntziisisch  gemucht  so  durchdoVioo 

liey.  etc.      \o-J.2. 


CM 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Wr.fi 


'''IIP 
!lr, 


Tra-Jtour    P.  E.),  Moinorial-claim  against  Tclnxantepcc  Railroad  Company. 

:,\'w-()r!f.iii:i,  IS.'^. 
Trel>ari-a  (Xiij)  iloon),  Ia>a  Misterio>i  do  Chan  Santa  Cruz.     Mc'rida,  1834. 
'VivH  !)i'n  lU;  .MinistiM-io,  Vordadora  Xoticia  do  \oa.     Mfxici>,  IS.'JO. 
'l'ril)uiKU  clrl  ('r)iisiilado.     In  Sue.  Mex.  (icog.,  Uolctiu,  toni.  ii. 
'J'rih'.uiD  ( I'.n,  (liiadalajara.    KS27  I't  suij. 
Trilmt  )  X  la  W'rdad.     Mexico,  1847. 
'I'rilmtds.     MS. 
Triljiit  Ki,   Hcu'lamonto  do  Ion  tributos  do  esta  capital.    Mcx.,  1702;    Rcgla- 

nil  iito  y  Ordunan/a.i.     Mex.,  1771. 
Trigacni.-i  (lixnacio),  Dcfensa  romitida  al  Gran  Jurado  cl  13  do  Jul.  do  lo4(j. 

Mtxic  .,'  ISK). 
'J'l-iiinfu  (111),  do  la  justicia  on  Ins  vilcs  insurqentcs.     Mexico,  ISIl. 
'JViijill)  (liw  ■  Sanciii/),  I'niyccto  .sohro  jinidiicton  y  rceursus.     Mexico,  1SG5. 
'l"ul)in>  I  i''i;HR'it<ci)  M.),  Uii  iroiio  en  Mi'jico.     Scvilla,  1802. 
'I'r.iiiultivs  do  Mexii'i).     CulleL'tinu  of  DDCuineuts.     M.S.   folio. 
Turdd  (AiKolato),  Culeccion  do  loa  discursoa  mas  intcresiuitca.        Mexico, 

IS.").!.  2  vols. 
Tyler  (ivhvard  IJ.),  Analiuac,  or  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans.     London,  18(51. 

I'lloa,  ^Ii'iiiojro.i  riiilo.sophiques.     Pari.i.  1787. 

riua  (S.  ,luan  lie),  I'roclama.     Mexico,  1822. 

I'lida  ( I'.  V. ).  So!pre:ia  del  eauipo  do  Aliuatepec  el  ailo  do  1828.  Mexico,  1831. 

I'nion  d"  Ivfjiaii.'i  eon  la  Ini^laterra.     ^lexico,  hSOO. 

United  Me.dcan  MiniiiLj  A.-isociation,  Repoit  of  Directijrs.     London,    182,")- 

1827.  2  vols. 
United  States  (ioveriiniPut  Dacumonts.  [Coast  Survey  ;  Commerce  and  Xavi. 

^'ation ;  Coiiiiiieicial  Kelations;  Foreign  Relations,  etc.     Cited  l»v  tlieir 

dati.i.J 
United  States  Govcniinont  Documents.     [Senate,  House,  Miscellaneous,  etc. 

Cited  liy  (heir  ci  ii ;,'i(:s.s  and  s^ession.] 
Unitetl   Sui(es  and  Mexican   Boundary   Survey.     V/ashiugton,  1S.")7-!).  4to. 

3  vols. 
T'niveis;d(i:il.     Mexico,  1849,  et  scq. 
I'nivevsiihid  de  Guadalajara,  Real  CV'dula,  Deciembro  20,  1815.    Guadalajara, 

bslli.  folio. 
Univeisad   do    Mexico,  Constituciones.     Mex.,   177").  folio;    Mauifiesto   d.d 

llustiv  Claustri).     Mex.,  ISIO;  Ohras  do  eloiiueneia  premiadas  el  2>  do 

Die.  17'.t>.    Mex.,  I7'.ll  ;  Sunlemento  a  la.s  (Jonstituciones.    Mex.,  I.s;i!». 
Urbano  \'lll.  Breve,  acerca  do  la  Teruativa  de  los  Religiosos,  etc.     Mexico, 

l(i:i;). 
I'ribe  (.loseph  A.  1\),  Discrtacion  Ilistoriea  critic.a.     Mexico,  1801. 
Uricoeclie:i  (i;.K  M;ipotecaColondjiana.     Londrea,  18(J0. 
Uri/ar  y  lv-i(rada(.)uau  de),  Defensa  cauonica  do  la  jurisdiccion  do  los  I'relados 

Reu'ulares.     n.pl.   n.d. 
Urrea  (■lose),  Diario  de  lasOperacioncs  miliiaros  de  la  tlivision,  etc.    Purango, 

ls;{S;  I'rotesfa  contra  la  violacion  do  las  eapitulaciones  do  Tanipico,  etc. 

.Me\.,  18;{;». 
Uruena  (■losti  Antonio),  Defousa  do  la  Sccularizacion.     Mexico,  1810.    MS. 

2  \ols. 

Vacuiva  (f.ii),  rnstrueeion  para  miuistrar.     Mexico,  1814. 
\'al(lr8  (.lotieph  EuL;enioK  \ida  .Vdiiiirable  y  ])enitente.     Mexico,  1705. 
^  alilivielso  ( 1','nacio),  Ap\iiites  biogi'aiicos.      I'aris,  I8(')l. 
A'aldoviiios  (Mueio),  (^arlilla  de  los  Madivs  de  l''-.m\lia.     ^Mexico,  1855. 
N'iileneia  ((ialiriei),  .Mauiliesto  sobre  .sii  eondticta.     ^lejieo,  1841. 
N'i'.kiui.i  (Olii.-ipi  de),  ]!e|iresi'n(aeiou  a  las  Cortes.     Valencia,  1820. 
N'aKiuia  et  al  ,  ("ai'ta  al  MniinT.idor.      In  Cartas  de  Indias. 
Valendu  (I'll.),  N'urtrag  idjcr  den  Mexicauisclieu  Culender-Stein.  New  York, 
1878. 


AUTiIOPJTirS  QUOTED. 


evil 


,uii.l;il.ij!na, 


Vallid-ilil,  E\hort.v-ii  1  que  <lin';;e  Alos  h.ahitantcs 'If  la  Provi:icia.     'Mvk., 

|S|();  K\\t  ><\c\ij\\  '.Hi  vl  Ileal  Ayini'ainicnt;!  (K'  la  liiulinl.    Miriilii,  ISM. 
Vallartu  ( lL,'iiai'iip  L),  l.a  (,'tu'stioii  do  .lali.scn.     ML'.\ii.''i,  ISTO. 
\'a!lu  (I.  N.  doll,  Kl  \'iajcro  111  Mixii'.>.     Mcxici),  IS.'d). 
N'allicill'i  Miuiii','  Coiiii>aiiy.     Xtw  VurU,  IS.Vi. 
Vallej.)  (.ru'-cf  l;.'nacio).  \'ida  do  l;v  Aladro  do  Dios.     Cosona,  1770;  Vida  (Kl 

.Sii'iiif  Sail  .l(is('.     Mcx.,  lS4r). 
Valli'j"  ( Mi"'-'"i"  *'•)•  <'.il"i'iiuii  du  Docuinentos  para  la  Historia  du  Moxito. 

MS.  and  initit.   f'lli  >.   "J  vols. 
Valoii  I  Henry  do*,  L'Kxpcdition  du  Mexiiino.     I'aris.  lS(i4. 
A'alvmli'  (A'atiinic)  .S.),  Idea  ilel  valor  di-  la  Isia  Ivsjiafiola.      Madrid,  I7'<'. 
\"aiid'-rLiiiden  (I'eilro),  Meiiioria  bobre  el  Cuerpu  do  Salud  Militar.      Mexieo, 

I  M.".. 
Van  I'yke  (.1.1,  Speeeli  in  V.  S.  House  of  Hep.,  Ap.  2,  IMS.      n.pl.,  ii.il. 
\'ar'.fa-i  (.loHcjili  ^lariano  de),  Carta  do  pOsamu  pur  ol  fallccijuiento,     Mexico, 

I7S7.  4tj. 
\'a:ia<  I'oisias,  A  Coll-'ction. 
\'aliedade.=i,  A  Collection.    .'{  Vols. 

\'ariedades  de  la  Civilizaeion.      Mejico,  1.S,")'2.   3  vols. 
Vaiieilade.s  de  Jnris|irudeiieia.     Mexico,  ISdO-j.   'J  vols. 
\','!ied.ides  del  Monitor,  A  Collection. 
\'arins  Imjircsos,  A  Collection,   .'{vols. 
\  ai- iH  I'ap'le.-i,  A  Collection.  '_'  vols. 
\'att(l,  l>crecho  do  C.ontcs  (>  I'rincipios  do  la  Ley  natural  Aplicados  si  la  con- 

ilucta  0  Interesos.     liurdeos,  lvJ-_».   4  vols. 
Vaz<|iiez,  A;>untainiento.     In  Doe.  Ined.,  toiii.  Hi. 
Vazipie/   (i;o(lri;:o),   Miinoiial    roferento  il  la   ro);articion  y  trihiito   do   lai 

ticrra.s do  la  .Viiova-lispana.     In  rai'liocoand  ( '.udcnas.  Col.  I)mc.,  toiii.  \'\. 
\"aziiiu/.  de  .\vi!a  (Inan),  Carta  al  Kniporador  10  do   Feb"  do   I.nJK.      In   I'.i- 

clieco  and  C:ird"nas.  Col.  Doc,  toni.  iii. 
\'i'ciiujs  del  Di.-^tiitu  (Lo:s),  Solo  pidon  igualdad  y  ju.'sticia  en  los  iinpuo.'^tos. 

Mexico.  IS.VJ. 
VoLra  (.lose  Sixto  <  Jonzalez],  Exliortacion  ;i  los  .\inericaiu\s.     Mex.,  1>^I  I. 
Vcj.a   (I'liicido),  Docnniento.s   para   la   Historia   ilo    Mexico.      MS.,   IStJ'J-'^ 

1.")  Vols. 
Vo^'a  (I'hUiilo),  Da  Ciienta  al  CSohiorno  do  la  ]{cpul>lica  Mejieana.     Topic, 

lSi>7;    Deposito  Cieneral  do  Annas.     MS.;   l^cpiiblica  Mejieana  Dlieial. 

ii.|.l.,  1,S(;7. 
Vega  (Koiimlo  Dioz  do  la),  Manifestacion  fpic  hace  &  los  halutantes  do  Yu.a- 

tan.     Merida,  1S,'.4. 
Ve;.'a  (S.  D.  do  la),  Di.si'urso  sobro  el  ol>jeto  do  las  dran^'n.     Mexico,   17'^'i. 
^'eitia  Linage,  Ciiatro  lniai;cnes  niilagrosas  do  Xuestra  .Sonora.     MS.,   17")4. 
\'ejacionos  ;l  los  ln<lios.     ^IS. 
Velasco  (Alonso  Allierto  de),  Ivxaltacinn  de  la  Divina  ^!i.«ericordi,•l.     Me\., 

l(Hi;»;    Mex.,  17l'4;    Mi:x.,    177<i;    Mex.,    l.S()7;  Historia  do  la  .Mila-r-i 

Kciuivaeion,  etc.     Mex.,  1S4.'>;  Mex.,  UmN;  Maniliesto  en  di  feiisa  i\r  la 

Nola.     Mex.,  17(H). 
Vclasco  (Andres  Miguel    Perez  de),  Kl   Pretendiento  do  Curatos  instruido. 

I'lielila,  nii.K 
Velasco  (Luiz  do),  Carta  al  l!ey  solao  rolio  por  navlos  franceses  en  el  Puerto 

do  Caliallos.     MS.,    I.mS. 
Velasco  y  Arellano  (.losepli  Luisl,  Aiunestria  Hen'iicc^     Mex.,    1711;  Saita 

Aniorosa.     Mex.|l7ll|;  Tierno  lecnenlo  do.     Mex.,  17'-(>. 
Velasco  y  Texada  (.Vutonio  .lose|ili),  Historia  ilo  la  niila;;r'>sissinia  iinrmeu. 

Mex.,  17'J0;  Vo;a'S  Jnridic.as  <pio  en  el  Tnl)U"al  do  la  razon  do  jusficia, 

MS. 
Velasi|uoz  (Aiidri''s),  Carta  del  ;V  los  P.  P.  Suporiorcs  do  la  Conip.  do  Jesus. 

PiuOila.  I71H. 
Volazi|uez  (Antonio).  Tnstrucciou  (pie  dio  ol  adolaiitado  A  lleruan  Cortes.     In 

Col.  Doc.  Ineil.,  toni.  xii. 


cvm 


AUTIIOniTIES  QUOTED. 


I 
ii 

llP 

iilr 

i  ■iiii' ' 


i 


Vcla::f|ncr,  i\j  IlizaTi  (Antonio),  ^loniorial  del  nc.ijocio  do,  ccrca  do  la  nicvc^l 
(J  10  piilo  :i  !i;i  MaricUiiil.     I;i  rucI-.'-'O .»  and  C  ivk'nxs  C.;l.  D.k-.,  ten.  x. 

^'claz(|U^.;  (DiL;:;o),  Carta  eii  la  quo  relacioi'.a  l:i  dcJobcdioiRi  i  do  Jlcn;'.;i 
Corti.:i(lcOLtul)ro  TJ,  lolO.    In  Pacliuco  and  (Airdcnas,  Col.  DdC.tDiu.  :.ii. 

\\la/.L'0  (Krantisci)  dc),  Ifci'Iio  tKl  Lili^'i  >.     .Vcxico,  h'tM.     ilS. 

W'k'z  (I'fdni),  (Jli.icrvacionL'a  shIko  el  ncuord  )  dc  la  c:'iinara  ilo  sonadmc  ■!. 
Mt'x.,  is:;.');  Vindicaciou  do  la  piinioia  hala  do  suiirunia  curtc  do  Ju-slii  ia. 
Mox.,  lS.i4. 

Vcnailiio  (Cinde),  Docnmont  lcaviii'»  tlio  fiovernmcnt  to  D.  Tran.  Xovtl'.i, 
July."),  ISJI.  Me\.,l-Jl;  Fidcli:  inion  lialiitant Mileostacapital.  Mo..., 
18J1;   lV(x:lama:(do  Marx.xlo  I.yJI.      Mcx..  ISl'l. 

Vtiu':.;a9  {I'ranoiaco  Xavi.r),  Manillosto  do  S;i  Viroy  a  la,  Xnova  Kspafia,  Ort. 
'J7,  ISIO.  Mo.x.,  1  il);  I'roni'i.-itico  do  la  Foliuidad  Aniorioaiia.  Mo\., 
ISIO;  ViniUcaf.'ii)n  do  lis  a;:,'iavi(w.     Cadiz,  1^11. 

VoncLTas  (Mi.iruol),  Vida  y\'irtndos  (kl.Fuan  IJautista  Zappa.    Ijarcclona,  17"1. 

\'ora  Cruz,  Araucil  do  loji  1  tdiinraiio.s  y  iKrodios  Jnilirialts.  Mcx.,  1'.4!  ; 
Dalanza  dol  (AHiHTcio  Maiilinio,  afio  do  ISOO.  Mcx.,  I^IO,  Cirtado  Li 
Ju:;tioia  do  10  do  .Iidin,  1."  lit.  In  C'irti's,  C;:l'tas  ;  Cai't.a  del  Aj  iMitan:i;'nti>. 
In  Cid.  Doe.  Iiu'd.,  toni.  i.;  I)((ciiinoiitos  rot'orontos  ;i  lori  kuoomks  ocnnidod 
en  Ori/.;iva.  \\  ra  Cruz,  \i<','A;  I'A  I'lan  lloipulilioano  di  1  Triunvi'iit  ). 
Mox.,  \fy2',];  Exp'isicinn  dc  los  J'.nipi'esario.s  do  nuovoa  Caminos.  Mox., 
l''.'U;  lispo.'ioiou  tliri^ida  al  Con'.'nsuConoral.  Mox.,  1'  10;  K:itad;:  lica 
<1(1  esta^o  lil):o  y  sol/riviMo  do  .lalapa,  Is.'il.  '2  vols.;  IVdjiica  do  raii.i- 
<[uiii  <ii  l:i  Anii^,-u.'i.  M.S.  lys.*}.  folio;  Maniiiesto  dol  CouLjres.o.  Jalai"), 
1S27;  Monioria  leida  por  el  (Joljornad(jr  del  I]stado.  \'eia  Cruz,  1^71; 
Moinoiia  prescntnda  al  Hon.  ('(jngreso  dol  I'stado.  Vila  Cruz.  I.)(;.l; 
Jlonifiria  rolativit  a  la  adininistraoif)!!  iiiunioipal.  ^'o!•a  (.'ruz,  I' ().">;  (Ui- 
cios  d^-l  Coiisulado.  Vera  Cruz.  18:21 ;  Itoglainento  d"  adnuuirfti;;cion  <!o 
piorios  dol  Aynntamioiito.  \'era  Cruz,  I'iJS;  lieglanient'.)  d(!  juli'ia 
y  bi.on  ;:roliiorno,  eto.  Vera  Cruz,  ISJI;  Ivojdanieuto  j'ava  la  polioi.i  ii- 
toriordel  Departaniento.  Jala[)a,  I84I;  ]{e]uvsentacionalCoiiL;ro.soi  .!,;  o 
Caniinoa.  !Mox.,  IS3.'i;  ]]epr< ■^;entacion  dil  Woiiulario.  \'era  Cruz.  1S_'1 ; 
Sesiun  did  lion.  Congicso.  Vera  Cruz,  lb3o;  SucoboiS  do  la  aotual  rovn- 
lucion  en  el  I'Istado.     Mex.,  U-.")"J. 

Vcrdadora  Idea  sobro  el  iniprcsotitulado  "donativo  do  medio  niillon  dc  Pesos." 
Mexico,  IS-lo. 

Verdadei'.T,  Xiiticia  do  los  Trcs  Dias  do  Mini  torio.     Mexico,  IS.'iO. 

A'erdado)  do  suni.i  importaiuia  d  1 1  nacion  Mo.^icana.     Moxivo,  ISifi. 

^'el•JJ;ara  y  Ivstrada  (Manuol  I'.),  Lucas  I'Jspa.nd.     Mexico,  I7."(i. 

^'erona  (I'acionto  lic),  raroinolo;,'ia  do  el  l)i[>litlioii;:o  do  (^Juirc'taro  en  la  ]iro- 
ccsiou  de  id  corpus  desdc  el  afio  do  1700.     M,'"'.  ( 1740)  4to. 

^'et^nlcvrt  (Av;;vstin  de),  flannel  ilo  adniini.strar  los  sauto.s  sacramcntos  C(jn- 
I'ornie  ;i  Ja  rcf.irnia  do  I'aula  V.  y  Crliano  VII  [.     Mmico,  \~CA. 

\'i'tanovrt  i  AvL;vstin  do),  Mouolo.do  Franciscano  do  los  Varonos  :na.s  Souala- 
diia.      n.pl.,  11. d.    folio;  Mexico,  lS71. 

Vetancvrt  (Av^;vstin  dv),  Sorinon  a  la  npnrioion  do  la  niila;;rosa  ima;;oii  do 
Xuestra  .Sciiora  do  I'ilar.     Mexico,  l(i74. 

\'otaiicvit  (Avgv.stin  do),  Tcatio  ^lexicano.  Mexico,  lOOS.  folio;  alsoeditiou 
Mexico.  1870-1.  4  vols. 

^'etallcvrt  (Avgvstin  do),  Trntado  do  la  eiudad  do  Mexico,     n.pl.,  n.il.   folio. 

\'oytia  (Mai  iano),  llistoria.  .\iitinua  ilo  Mojico.     ^Mexico,  lSI!(i.  ;i  vols. 

\'oytia  (Mariano),  .Suniaria  Kelacioii  do  todas  las  cosaa  en  la  Xuova  E.spana  y 
quo  los  tultecas  alcan/aroii. 

X'iago  j'l  los  Kstados-l'iiidos  del  Xorto.     Cincinnati,  18.14. 

Vicarios  Cenerales,  rreguntaso  »i.  .  . doban obteuor  lionores de  Ex-Prcvinciales. 
n.pl.,  n.d.  4to. 

Mctoria  (tJiiadalujio  de),  Derrotero  de  las  Islas  Antillas.  ilox.,  lS'2o;  I'ro- 
claina  ;l  las  provincias  de  Oriento  y  (.)ccideute.     Mox..  18'JH. 

Vidai  (Joseph),  Fspada  Aguda  de  Dolor.  Mox.,  lODJ;  Vida  del  Migvel  do 
Oinaua.     Mcx.,  1082. 


nil Ill 


AUTriORITIES  QUOTED. 


cix 


Viu'il  fT.  MJ,  .iml  Juan  B.  Ilij.-ir  do  ILiro,  Eiisayo  Ilisti'irico  del  Eji'roito  do 

Oiiidfiito.     -Ml  xici>,  isTI--. 
Vi'.riii!  (<!.  'I".).  Ti-.ivcls  ill  .Mrxici,  Smith  Aincrica,  etc.     London,  ISCi.'!.  2  vols. 
^'lp^n(.•.•nlx  (Krni'st),  Souvenirs  d'un  I'risonnier  di-  Guerre  au  Mexicjue,  18.14-."). 

I'aris,  lS(i:{. 
^'ilall!an  I  (Hcnnenegildo),  Breve  Xoticia  de  la  portentosa  conversion.     Mox., 

I'M;  Histcini.'o  y  Saixrado  Noveiiario  do  la  niilairrosu  iinau'en,  etc.     Mux., 

17<m;  N'ida  jiortoiitosii  del  An)ei-iiani),  etc.     .Madii<l,  177<">. 
Vi!la-.\iiior  (MantU'l),  Bio^'i'al'ia  del  (leiieral  Santa  ^Viiiia.     Mexico,  lSr)7. 
\'illa_'iitieiT(^  SutiiMnvor  (.fiian  ile),  llistoria  de  la  L'oii<iuit)tu  de  la  l'ru\  ineia 

deellt/a.     (Ma-hid,  I7(»I.J  folio. 
A"ilIalul)os  (( ionif/,  de),  ItehK'ion  del  viaje  qiut  liizo  desde  la  Xueva   Esjiaua 

1"  (le  A).'osti>  tie  l."(S4.     hi  I'acliceo  and  ( 'ardi'iias.  Col.  Doe.,  toiii.  v. 
\'ilialovoH  (.loacliiii  ,\ntoiiio  de),  Jielox  de  soinliras.      I'uelila,  17-!*. 
\  lila  .Manniiiue  (Manjiuvs  de),  Carta  ul  lley  Don  Feliijo  11.,  March  2.3,  l-jSiJ. 

Ill  Cartas  de  liidias. 
\ilhirroel,  Mexico  jior  ])eiitro  y  Fue  a.     Mex.,  IS.II. 
\'illarroil  (Iliiiolito),  Eiiferinedadi  .s  iiolitica.s.     MS.   4  vols. 
\"i;la  Sei'ior  y  .Sanchez  (.Jo.se  Antonio),  Theatro  Americano.     Mexico,  1740. 

folio.  2  voU. 
A'illaviceneio  ( J\an  .Tosc|)h  de),  Vida  y  Virtudes  dc  el  veneraldc  P.  Juan  do 

I'uaite.     ^lexico,  17.">2. 
X'illeiias  (.losejili  de),  Llanto  dc  las  Estrellas.     Mexico,  \~2o. 
Nilhieiida.-i  (Francisco),  Estado  do  la  niisiun  de  Laredo  en  23  de  Noviembro 

.le  I7.S.-..     MS. 
\  iiiiliiiicioii  del  ( ieneral  Presidentc.     Mexico,  l.S,'^7. 
Aindicacion  del  I'uehlo  Mexicaiio  eu  la  Invasion  Franccsa  de  1SG2.     Mexico. 

lS(t7. 
\'inv  Cerralvo,  Acnaacion  contra  el,  por  los  Procuradorcs  generalca  ilel  ('<>- 

iiiisario  General  de  la  ordeu  tie  San  F'rancisco  en   Xueva  l*]spafia.    MS. 

folio. 
Vireyes  do  Mexico,  Instruccioncs,  TleHidenci;!S.     M.SS.  and  print.   2  vols. 
^"ivl■s  (.luaii  J^ui.sl,  ])i;dot,'o,s  de.      Mexico,  ls27. 
\  iv()  ( iiiuiiaviiitura),  .Mciiiorias  del  niinistro  de  Mejico,  en  Espafia,  IS.")."-"!, 

Madrid,  lsri();    Tratado  Consular  por  el  Consul  de   los  Estados-Unidos 

Moxicauos  eu  la  llahana.     Mex.,  IS.'iO. 
\'izarroii  y  E^'uiarreta.  Copia  de  dos  cart;is.     [Mi'x.,  1742.]     MS.   folio;  Kes- 

puesta  y  Satisfacciou.    Mex.,  1772.  folio;  Seutencia  dada  y  prouunciada. 

Nlex.,  1742.  folio. 
VocalnilarioVocabulario  filosofico-Dcmocriitico,  Xuevo.    Mexico,  1834.  2vols. 

Walileck  (F.  de).  Voyage  Pittorcsquc,  etc.     Paris,  1.S3S.  folio. 

AVai)]iiius  (.J.  E.),  Geogiaphie  und  Statistik  von  Moxiko  uud  Central- Anierika. 
J^ei|)/i}.',  1S()3. 

^'i  '•  'ifh  .\Iexico,  Reports,  etc.,  of  Operations  of  L^.  S.  Xaval  Forces,  lS4()-7 
,  ...hCoiig.  2d.  Sess.  H.  Ex.  Doc.  1,  Pt.  ii.].     \Vasliini,'ton,  1S4.S. 

Ward  (II.  ii.],  (iedr:iiigtes({enialde  des  Zustandes  von  Mexiko.     Leipzig,  1.S2S. 

Ward  (H.  (;.'.  Mexico  in  I.S27.     London,  1828.  2  vols. 

Ward  (H.  G.  M'"'*),  Six  Views  of  the  most  important  towns  and  mining  dis- 
tricts of  Mexico.     London,  1821).   folio. 

Wilister  (Daniel),  Speech  on  Mexican  War.  March  23,  1848.  Washington, 
1848. 

Wi lister  (Daniel),  Speech  at  Philadelphia,  December  2,  1840.  Washington, 
1847. 

Welila  (Otlion),  Dos  Proycclos  sobrc  fundacion  de  Colonias.     Morelia,  ISO.j. 

W(l/li(.fe.'(.Max  Moritz),  ])ie  Republik  Mexico.     Leipzig,  1802. 

Wcst-Indisclie  Spieghel.  door  Atiianasium  Inga.     [Amsterdam,  1024.] 

^\'<•stlllinster  JU'view.     Loiulon.  1824  et  seii. 

AMiitehead  (Charles),  Letter  May  11,  18.")."),  to  G .  W.  Lottsom  on  debt  of  Mex- 
ican  Goveriimeiit  to  British  Bondholders.     MS.  folio. 


,i  111 


•1  ■  i. 

1    li  H  S"^ 


^^ 
^v 

\v 

\v 
\v 
\\ 
\v 
w 
\v 

^v 


t  AUTIIOUITinS  QUOTED. 

liitj'ienil   (riifirlcO,  raviviciit   of  tliviilciuls  liv  Mexican   Oovcnimont   to 

Kilti.li  i:<>ii.lli..l.k;s.  "  Mav  II,  l>.:;.\     -MS. 
illii  I'll  I'l  lii)iii;i.s).  llistD'.y  nf  t!i<'  i;i;.'litli  V.  S,  Iiifiintry.    n.jil.,  IST.'J.    -  V(>ls. 
illaril  (Ijiiina),  Lift  Jii'avcs  (jf  Aiin'i-icaii  Jiistory.     Xcw  Voik.  \S',',]. 
il!iaiii.  ( r.  J.),  'ri:e  I  ahiiris  nf  'I'lliiiaiit'pco.     Now  Vnik,  Is.rj,     -J  vols. 
illii-(I!i'l>i'i'ti>  Ciiclit(iii).  -Mtixii'i).  Xotii-'ia  soliro  sii  Ilaciiuilii  I'lihliua  Iwjo  ol 

i  i-.t  !    1 ' .-...I    .,   i\ I..  1..   I  ...1..- 1 ;..         ^  f ....:....     I  ^- «  r 


( (olili  run  llspafml  y  l)(.".-i[nu's  de  la  Imli'peiKU'iiLia.     Mexico,  lS-1."). 
i.lsua  (  Miriius),  Aiiioricau  iiistory.     Ciiiciiiiiati,  1S47. 
'uMn\  (IvolMit  Aiiiloraon),  A  New  lliatory  of  the  CoiUjiicst  of  Mexico.   I'hila- 

»l.lplii:i,  lS,-,!». 
'i'.s')u  (  Ciilicrt  Anilerson),  Mexico  nnil  its  Religion.     Xew  York,   lS,"i. 
ilson  illiilxTt  AuileMon).  Mexico:  Its  Peasants  anil  its  rricsts.    Xew  Ym'k, 

etc.,  l.S."ill. 
inllin.M,  S;ie<'c!i  on  the  Mexican  W.ir,  .Tail.  8,  1S47.     Wa.sliinLTton,  IS17. 
itte  (Nicol  is).  Carta  al  lMiiper;i(l(ir.  .July  l">,  l.").'iil.     In  (^',irta.-i  de  ludias. 
1,11  (.\.ili  iaiii,  l",.-;j)()siri;)n  piesentada  al  i'resideiite.     Mexien,  \S'>2. 
'i«>d.;  (l);i!iii  1  ]J.),  Sixti-en  iiionl'is  at  tlie  (Jold  di  ;;;ini,'s.     \cw  ^^ll•k,  1S,")1. 
o.il  (liiliM  i"..),  A  SUetclidf  the  Life  and  I'lililic  Services  of.   New  York,  IS,")!, 
orndl  (  Tiinvis),  K\;iinen  d(d  nii''rit(M|ue  puedan  tener  los  fundanioutus,  [ired- 

t:.iiio  cl  Sii-Mlulj".      Mexico,  is:;ii. 
'ortii  (W.  .L),  Ch'irpea  nL'aiust  l>y  (iener.al  Scott,     n.pl.,  n.d. 
'oiLliiii,'ton  (C.  J.).  'i"he  Woman  in  B.ittle.     Hartford,  IS7<i. 

Ya':ez  (Mariano),  Ale::ati>  de  lincna  prueba  por  parte  de  la  Cmnparu'a  Avia- 


iloia. 


etc.     Mexico,  1S(;_' 


ifie/. 


(.rnaii)  y  ^ocioa,  l^xh-acto  de  l;i  causa  f'irinado  al.     ^Ic;;ico,  ISriO. 


Ylan'e,'i'.i  (lo.sti  Sahizar),  l>atus  do  los  traliajo-i  astrononiicos  y  topugnilicos 


lstl)-.">l)  I'or  1,1  eoiuisi  i  I  de  limit  H,     M 


I'onni,'  ( 1 


Ob 


ras  Seleetas. 


Mc 


1,S.")(». 

is:{:(.  4  vols. 


Yrolii  {Ni 


:  (Philip),  iiistory  of  .\iexieo.     t'iiiciniiati,  IS.'iO. 


I)e  las  J''seri[iti 


[Mexico,  ICO.").  I  4to. 


^'Lurri,L!iirai  (lose  Manueli,  Acta  Literario  con  que  la  ileal  y  Po  liificia  I'niver- 


d 


Ml 


Ml 


1  v):{.     V 


Yucatan,  Actas  de  l;i  .Ttmta  I'.leetorid  de  I'l'ovincia  12  do  IMc.  lSi,"l).  Mc'rida, 
1S;>0;  < '.isu  of  IL  M.  subjects  .settled  on  the  coast  of  ^'ucatan.  Loud., 
17f>!l;  Compendio  historico  I'a/ouado  del  ori,'en,  etc.  Jlex. ,  ISiTi;  l»ic- 
t.lir.en  i'iir(ji(a<lo  per  la  ICxma  Junta  l)e[iartaniciital.  Merida,  |s;!S; 
Liscurso  |)ronuiiciailo  por  el  I'.xnio  Sefior  Uobernador  21  de  A'.rosto  do 
1840.  ]Mrrida,  IS4'.I;  Hocunientos  intercsantes  y  decretos  del  Icuitini) 
Cong.  Const,  del  ]''stado.     n.pl.,  n.d.;  l''.l  proyeeto  de  ley  del  Si'.  Senado 


:U';.';as   jiira  ji.ieiiicar  e 


4   INti 


Ml 


is; 


lii'iue 


los  pi 


lines. 


Mex..  is;! I  :  Lstadisti 


Ml 


Ks  el  iviiiisterio  (luien 


Ks: 


!• 


I< 
xauien  sobro 


Mex.,    ls;!2;   Kx] 


HJSICIOII     I 


1.4  (.ol 


iieiilO. 


il   actual    estado   del 

Merida,  IS4.");    I'ixpo-iieiou  del  (lobierno,  den)!,'acion  del  deci'eto  21  Feb 
Lxposicion  del  (!.)l)ierno  S(j!>r<;  reeouociniieiito  y 


1814.     .M. 


ri(ia, 


1    ;4:    ] 


aniortizacion  de  los  creditos.     Merida,  ISiiS.  4to;  Ksi 


Ayuntamiento.     Mf^riihi,  1S;!(>;    Haco  pocos  dias  (pie  so  publi 


(pie  el  Leal 


Ml 


1;>:!1;   I 


M( 


niHimiacioii  ii   las    ol)ser\ 


X.,  1  ■•:il ;   liniiUL:naci 


111  ;l  l 


lies    hechas    por  varios   Yiicatecos. 

l!»(iel()et.      Mex., 

nneva 


:is  oliservaciones  (pie  en 


l;.;U;  Liiciativa  de  la  le-islatura  del  estado.     .Merida,   ls:'.2:  La 
liiopo>icion  (111  Sci'ior  Uejon  .sobrc  Yucatan.     Mex.,  1S;U;    Las  facultades 
lie  los  supremos  jiodcres  federalcs  en  euanto  ii  la  orgaui/aeion.     Mex 


ls;i2;  .Mai 
del  ( 


on 'reso  a 


•sto  (le  la  Couveneion  del  estado.     MOrida.  1S;!1 ;   Mauiliesto 
los  liabitaiites  de  los  estados  de  la  (.'oufcderaeion   Meji- 


catia.  Ml  rida,  1S24;  .Maniiiesto  del  uefe  Superior  ;i  los  pueblos,  Merida, 
Pvll;  Maui  Ijsto  del  (lob.  Provisional  il  la  nacion  acerca  do  los  lU'u'oeios. 
Mex.,  Isi:!;  Manifestaciones  dil  Exnio  Consejo,  ilustrea  Ayiintaiuientos. 


la,  ls;!l;  Mcnioria  Icida  ante  el  Augnsto  Coni,'rc,so  Extraordi 

,1 


M. 

Mi'riila,  ISlti;  Memoria  k,  'a  ante  la  I'.xcnia  Asaniblea del  Departaniento 
do  7  de  Mayo  ilc  1843.     Merida,    lS4o;   Newc  zeittniig  von  ileiii  lande 


AUTi ion iTi : :^;  q uotkd. 


93^ 


(Ics  <lic  Sponier  fmidcn  ]i;il>oii.  I'-Jl.  Mcx.,  1N7">;  01)sorv.'.cioncs  sobro 
el  ilict;ilii>  a  111  l.i  jir  iposieiDii  <1'1  Sofior  \'iir;;;is.  .Mox.,  ls.,|;  Oh^iurva- 
cioiR's  siiliri'  la  actual  sitiuainH  ilil  ili'paitaliuuui.  Mix.,  lS4."i;  ( >piitiii;'.i» 
rcclaina  a  l.i  caiiiani  tic  l)iinita(l(is  sii  rcprisLiitaii'ii  li'L'al.  Mix.,  |N2G; 
I'ii'/as  jiistiiicaliva.s  de  la  foiidiRta  jxililiiM.  MOriila.  IMii;  rruyucto  ilo 
l".ji.M's  para  la  rt'u'i'iu'racinii  ]ii>litica  lie  la  Ui'inililica.  M  rida,  ISJI;  Kcj)- 
rcscntacioni'S  y  J)cuiiiiu'iiti)s  justilicativus  ipa-  la  Li'u'i.latiiia  Ciiistitu- 
cioiial.  Ml  I'iila,  1S71;  S(';^umla  caita  del  N'maloco  al  Tayu  do  Itosaiiu, 
Mcx.,  ISJK;  Tratadi)  epic  cclcbi'o  la  adiiiiiiistracioii  priivisimial  con  iiis 
autoridadis.     M.x.,  1.S45. 

Zaciui.is  (Luis  (lon/aqa),  Kcprcscntaciou  que  el  lie.  diriji<>  al  Iliiio  Si".  Oliispo 
dc  csta  I'i.icesis.      I'uclila,  lS(i."). 

Zacatccas,  Aitoilc  uii.luiciip  vcrb.il  cd'^brad)  en  cl  J'lZ'ado  dc  ilistrit  i.  Zac, 
|s4l ;  Availed  dc  Icis  liouorarios  y  dcrochns  ji;dici,!lc.<i[Uc  .sc  lam  dc  col)nir. 
^Icx.,  Is40;  t'oiiiuiiicaci.iiu's  olicialcs  flitrc  el  Sa|i.  ( loli.  dt  1  Kstado  y 
el  Siipcri'ir  JaUs.  dc  la  1  lii'icesi.-s.  <luad.,  IS.").';  ( 'oiitcitaci  'a  al  t'cilleto 
titulado  "  l.a  Ojiosicidii  ycl  (luliicnio."  A^.'sia-'caliciitc-i,  Is.');!;  ( 'i)iitiir.ia- 
eii'ii  do  la.s  coiiHiuicaiiMncs  (ilici;dc-^,  I.iy  ilc  I'.aiiciida.  (luad.,  !,s.~).I; 
Decrcto  siilifc  estal)'"-  dc  uii  Uaiuo.  Zac,  l^;ii>;  Dii-taiueii  jirc.ciitado 
pur  la  Ciiiiii.-<iiiii  l'-spcci,l,  .sdmic  calillcaciou  dc  1  iM  Klcccimics  Nov.  ,■)!), 
1-411.  Mi'x.,  1S4.'J;  Dictaiiicu  hhIpi-c  llct'onu.is  < '.lustitiicinualc-t.  Mi'X., 
l^'ll;  liiaiio  exacto.  Mex.,  l.s;i."i;  inipU'.'iiaridU  ii  la  iuiiM.itiva  tld  lion. 
Cuir.  dc,  .  .dc  !t  dc  .Tun.  clc  ls;!4.  snluc  KclornKn  licit  si, i.-.|ica  <.  .Mex., 
IMU;  luiciativa  tie  la  llnuiirahlc  A.sainli'.ca  l>cpa;  tat  acuta  Is  )l)rc  lUtOrr.iaa 
de  las  r.a-cg  tic  ()ry;anizaciiin  imluica  tic  la  licjiuhlica.  Z.ic,  Is!.'); 
Meinyi'ia  pi-c.sentaila  jiiir  cl  Kjceiilivo  «  la  Hiiii.  Lc;,'i.>latura.  Zai'.  1S7I; 
Plan  para  el  estahlcciiuiciito  tie  una  (,'alt)iua  eu  d  llstaili-.  i'laltiiilorc, 
1S.")'J;  licllcosiaucs  al  Hun.  Cuiii;.  sabiv  la  e.sposicitJii  <pie  liacu  al  .Sup.  (job. 
Mc\..  is;u. 

Zacotiiic  (IVmIi-..),  K1  Hijo  ilcl  Cielt).     Mcjict),  IS.-.S.  •_•  v(,!s. 

Zalafitau,  I'rulcsta  ipio  d  cuia  y  l'Vli;.;rcscs  ilc  la  l'.':n'oquia  tic  Zal  ititun  liaccii 
contra  la  'I'raicioii  ccnsuiuaila  en  Wracniz.     (iuadalaiara,  lS(i(). 

Zuniaciiis  (Xiceto  vie),  1)1  .laral)c,  MJna  tlu  (.'Dstniiibrt  s  .Mejicana.s.  Mejictj, 
lS(il;  lli-ituria  tic  MejicD.  Ilaivelona,  etc.,  lS77-Sn.  II  vols.;  Lt)3  Ilco.-i 
dc  mi  Lii;i.  Mex.,  lS41t;  Mini.stcrins  tic  Mexict).  Mcx.,  |S.)0.  •_'  vols.; 
Sahiil  ilcl  Alma,  l>cvi)cion:iiia  en  verso.  Mi\.,  1S.")1;  In  .\iutl  ])ester- 
rado  del  Ciclo.      .Mcx.,   Is.).'). 

ZMiuli.mi  (I.  I'oituuato),  Imisivo  tic  una  un'iuoiia  sobi-c  la  iicccsidatl  tic  pre- 
vfiir  :i  los  incautos  contra  lo-s  aitilicios  ilc  aluiinod  lisioloqos.  }ilc-ico, 
Isiil. 

Zaialiiano  (  Tuaii  A.).  Apuntes  sobfc  Ci.minos  dc  I'iciro  y  I'lu'iliilnl  ilc  IT.-iciT- 
los,  Mcx.,  l;ii)7;  Coiuunicacioue.dtclativas  .i  la  lleaiiiui.i  i|Uc  tit  1  Cargo 
dc  Tcsoiei't)  (iciieral  tic  laNiui.in.  in.co.  Mt  \..  istil;  'I'.iril'.i  dc  .Siuldos 
Militarcs  arriL'lada  para  cl  u.--i)  tic  los  cuer})iis  de  lij  rt  ito  dc>  la  Kc[iul). 
Mc\i.aiia.      .Mcx.,  1S.14.  , 

Zaiiiora  (.Vutoiiio  I'cnianilc,^),  I'lau  dc  ll.uicud.i  i>ara  ,a  ];i!;>ublii-a  Mi  xicana. 
-Mexico,  l;-.-!7. 

Zaiuora  (N'ictoriaiio),  Tnforiiie  Iicc'.ti)  a  la  I'"xni;i  "J"  S,i!a,  felativo  li  los  liui- 
ilosos  Autos  lid  neiiuni  io  li"  .'S.iu  ('lieiaentc.     Zicatc^as,   \  <V.K 

Zninora  y  .\zc\cdo  lA.  M.  and  M.  l>.i,  Prucbas  tic  Nobli  >a.     MS    I7i;s. 

Za]ipa  (liio  ll.it'iist.iK  Coitia  tli  N'ialisi  i  Leitcre  .'<erittc  tlal  I'aiiif  al  Sij,'.  ,\ni- 
lii-o-io  Z  lap:!.      -Miiano  |  I()''i7|. 

Zarauz  (Jo.cpLU  dc),  Contestacion  ;i  la  viiidicacion  y  lit  spuesta  ipic  el  c.ipitan 
de  navio  tic  la  Ucal  arin.ula  l>n.  .Iu;in  dc  Zarau/,  ilii  al  supleuieiito  del  di- 
ario  dc  Mcxi.t)  til  vicincs,  S  tie  Noviiinbrc  lU-  bSO.').     Mexico,  ls()7. 

Zarco  (l'"ranciscM),  Historia  ilel  Con^'ivsi)  Extraordiuario  Cjustituyeiito  de 
ls,")()  y  ls.")7.      .Mexico,  I  ).")7.     -  vols. 

Zir/a(.ruaii  .\.l.  Sit>stas  I)oj:ni aliens.      Mexico,  I7<).'). 

Zarzos.i  (I'etlro).  licprcsentaciou  ipic  elcva  .i  la  Caniara  ild  St  uailo.   Mex.,  18'25, 


cxii  AUTHORITIES  QUOTHD. 

Zavala  (Lorcnw)  de),  Dict.'iincn  sobro  el  proyocto  <lo  Ley.     Mcx.,  iri"4;  I'n- 

8;vyo  luMtorico  ill)  lii-i  Kovolucioues  ile  Mcgict).     I'aris,  etc.,  I.S.'{1.  '2  vn!:j. ; 

Mt'X.,  lS4.'i.  2  vols. ;  Muiiiliesti)  lie  los  iiriiicipio.s  jMjliticos.     Mcx.,  l'''JS; 

I'rovf^i'tcj  do  rcfi)rin;i  ilfl  ('Dii.irrcsii.     Mcx.,  ls2J;  Viaju   A  lo.s   I'^studM 

UiiiiloH.     MOrida,  1S4(J;  Voto  del  dipiitado  sobro  el  proyocto  de  ivi,la- 

mouto  politico.     [.M(.'x.,   Isi'.'}.  | 
Zavala  {.Manuel  Quixaiio),  La  veiieralde  congrcyacion  del  oratorio  do  Felipo 

Neri.     Mexico,  \'S'2. 
ZoLui  e  IIidal>,'o(.Io8i5  Maria),  Discnraos  panogiricos  6  Sermoncs  varies.    MS.; 

(jlorias  de  QnenHaro.     Mex.,lS0.3;  Viila  I'ortoiitosa.     Mcx.,  lSi2; 
Z'-'laeta(Jtiaii),  Maiiilie.tto  a  huh  compatriotas.     Mexico,  IS.'JT. 
Zerecero  (Aiiiistasio),  Memoriae  ])ara  la  lli.storia  d<'  las  Jievolucionos  en  Mex- 
ico.   Mcx.,  ISli'J.  '2  vols. ;  Ubscrvacioiica  del  ciudadaiio  il  la  constitucioii, 

Me.x.,  IH.-.7. 
Zcvallos  (Fi-aiieisco),  Vida  del  P.  Fernando  Konsag.     Mexico,  17G4. 
Zoniera  y  i'iiia  (Manuel),  ]']sposiuion  quo  hacc  dc  sua  actoa  de  la  inva.sion 

franccsa.     Mexico,  1<SU7. 
Zorilla  (lose).  El  L'jlator.     Mex.,  18.j7;  Lecturas.     Mex.,  1804;  Traidor  in- 

confcso  y  Miirtir.     Mex.,  1S.50. 
Zoritii  {.Vlon.so  de),  IJrevc  y  .suinaria  relacion  do  los  Bcfiorcs  en  la  Nueva  Es- 

pafia.     In  I'aclicoo  and  ("anlenns,  t'ol.  Doc,  toni.  ii. 
Zozaya  (Jose  M. ),  Apelacion  al  Tril)unal  de  la  Opinion  I'liblica.    Mexico,  1  S.T). 
Zua/.o  (Die,L;o  de),  Oracion  Evangclica  y  I'ancgyrica  do  la  I'urilicacion.     !Mcx- 

ico,  17():i.     MS. 
Zuazo  (Lieenciado),  Carta  al  Seiior  de  Xovros.     In  Pacheco  an<l  Clrdenas,  Col. 

Doc,  torn.  i. 
Zumarraga,  Carta  A  su  Magcstad  del  Obispo  electo  I).  Jnan  do  Zumilrraga, 

.Xgosto  "27,  l')'2',).     In  I 'aelioco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc,  toin.  xiii. 
Zunii'ii  raga  (Juan),  Pastoral  sobre  fuudacion  do  la  Catedral  do  Mexico.     Jlex- 

ico,  i:);i4.    MS. 

Ziifti.'a  y  Ontivcros   (Felipe),  Calendario  Manual  y  Guia  do  Forasteros  de 

Mexico.     Mexico,  1781). 
Zurita  (lianiou  M.),  Esposicion  al  Sii^ircmo  Gubiomo  dc  la  Republica.     Mcx- 

ico,  1845. 


.,  ia?.t:  fn- 

]M(X.,  1'1'S; 

;o  do  ivy  la- 

io  do  Felipo 

irios.    .Ms. J 
,  1812; 

103  en  Mcx- 
Jiistitucion. 

4. 

la  invasion 

Traiddi-  in- 

Nuova  Es- 

[?xico,  ISX). 
ion.     Mix- 

■dcnas,  Col. 

5um;irraga, 

xiii. 

ico.     Mux- 

rasteros  de 

ica.     Mcx- 


I  (irii'iiMlch  u; 


•r--     .«*■ 


Lihti\&  O      V      L 


•iu 


o  r 


M    i:    X    I    c 


o 


.Afllh.KUli.     „  T....llJ,(!.M    "'•'"I' 


sv 


HISTORY  OF  MEXICO. 


CHAPTER  I. 

VOYAGE  OF  HERNANDEZ  DE  c6RD0BA  TO  YUCATAN. 

1510-1517. 

A  Olance  at  the  State  of  Epropkan  Discovery  and  Governmest  in 
America  at  the  Opexivo  of  this  Volitme— Dieoo  VELAzgrKZ  itt 
Ci'UA— Character  ok  the  Man — A  Band  of  Auvexturers  AuKivba 
FROM  Darien— The  (Joveunor  Counsels  them  to  Kmrark  in  Slave- 
Catching — Under  Hernandez  de  Cordoba  they  Sail  Westward  and 
Discover  Yucatan— And  are  Killed  with  Astonishment  at  the 
Large  Towns  and  Stone  Towers  they  See  there— They  FuniT  the 
Natives  at  Cave  Catociie— Skirt  the  Peninsula  to  Chami'oton  — 
Sanouinahy  Battle— Return  to  Cuua — Death  of  Cordoba. 


During  the  first  quarter  of  a  century  after  tlie 
landiiii^  of  Columbus  on  San  Salvador,  three  thou- 
sand luasjuesof  mainland  coast  were  examined,  chiefly 
in  the  hope  of  findinj^  a  passage  through  to  the  India 
of  Marco  Polo.  The  Cabots  from  England  and 
the  Cortereals  from  Portugal  made  voyages  to  New- 
foundland and  down  the  east  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica; Amerigo  Vespucci  sailed  hither  and  thithpr  in 
the  service  of  Spain,  and  wrove  letters  confounding 
knowledge;  Vasco  da  Gama  doubled  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope;  Columbus,  Ojeda,  Niiio,  Cuerra,  Bas- 
tidas,  and  Pinzon  and  Solis  coasted  the  Tierra  Firme 
of  Central  and  South  America;  Ocampo  skirted 
Cul)a  and  found  it  an  island;  Cabral  accidentallv 
discovered  Brazil;  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  hunted  for 
the  Fountain  of  Youth  in  Florida;  Vasco  Nunez  de 


Vol.  I.    1 


VOYAGE  OF  CC^RDOBA  TO  YUCATAX. 


Balboa  crossed  tho  Istlimiis  and  floated  his  ships  on 
tlie  South  Sea.  Prior  to  lol"  ahuost  every  province 
of  tlie  eastern  continental  seaboard,  from  Labrador 
to  Patagonia,  had  been  uncovered,  save  those  of  the 
^lexican  Gulf,  which  casketed  wonders  greater  than 
them  all.  This  little  niche  alone  remained  wrajiped 
in  aboriginal  obscurity,  although  loss  than  forty 
leagues  of  strait  separated  the  proximate  i)oints  of 
Cu!)a  and  Yucatan. 

]\reanwhile,  in  the  government  of  these  Western 
Indies,  Columbus,  lirst  admiral  of  the  Ocean  Sea, 
had  been  succeeded  by  Bobadilla,  Ovando,  and  the 
son  and  heir  of  the  discoverer,  J)iego  Colon,  each 
managing,  wherein  it  was  possible,  worse  than  his 
predecessor;  so  that  it  was  found  necessary  to  estab- 
lish at  Santo  Domingo,  the  capital  city  of  tlie  Indies, 
a  sovereign  tribunal,  to  which  ap})eals  might  bo  made 
from  any  viceroy,  govciiior,  or  other  representative 
of  ro3'alty,  and  which  shoiJ.l  eventually,  as  a  royal 
audiencia,  exercise  for  a  time  executive  as  well  as  ju- 
dicial supremacy.  But  before  clothing  this  tribunal 
with  full  administrative  powers.  Cardinal  Jimenez, 
then  dominant  in  New  World  aft'airs,  had  deter- 
mined to  try  upon  the  turbulent  colonists  tho  effect 
of  ecclesiastical  influence  in  secular  matters,  and  had 
scut  over  three  friars  of  the  order  of  St  Jerome, 
Luis  do  Figueroa,  Alonso  de  Santo  Domingo,  and 
Bernardo  de  ]\Ianzanedo,  to  whoso  direction  gov- 
ernors and  all  others  were  made  subject.  Just  be- 
fore the  period  in  our  history  at  which  this  volume 
opens,  the  Jeronimite  Fathers,  as  the  three  friars 
were  called,  had  practically  superseded  I^icgo  Colon 
at  lilspanola,  and  were  su[)ei'vising  Pedrarias  Dilvila 
of  Castilla  del  Oro,  Fi'ancisco  de  Garay  governor 
of  Jamaica,  and  ]  )iego  Velazquez  governor  of  Cuba. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  Diego  Colon  had  sent 
Juan  de  Esquiv^el  in  150!)  to  Jamaica,  where  ho  was 
succeeded  by  Francisco  de  Garay;  and  Diego  Velaz- 
quez had  boon  sent  in  1511  to  Cuba  to  subdue  and 


DIEGO  VELAZQUEZ.  3 

pfovcrn  that  isle,  suhject  to  the  young  .idiniral's  «lic- 
tatioii;  and  beside  these,  a  small  cstablislunent  at 
I*uerto  Rico,  and  Pedrarias  on  the  Isthmus,  there 
Avas  no  European  ruler  in  the  regions,  islands  or  firm 
land,  between  the  two  main  continents  of  America. 

The  administration  of  the  >r//r/<o.s'o,s  showed  little 
im))rovement  on  the  governments  of  their  predeces- 
sors, who,  while  professing  less  honesty  and  piety, 
])ractised  more  worldly  wisdom;  hence  within  two 
short  years  the  friars  were  recalled  by  Fonseca,  who, 
on  the  death  of  Jimenez,  had  again  come  into  power 
in  Spain,  and  the  administration  of  affairs  in  the 
Indies  remained  wholly  with  the  audiencia  of  Santo 
Domingo,  the  heirs  of  Columbus  continuing  to  agi- 
tate  their  claim  throughout  the  century. 

It  was  as  the  lieutenant  of  Diego  Colon  that  Ye- 
lazquez  had  been  sent  to  conquer  Cuba;  l)ut  that 
easy  work  accomplished,  he  repudiated  his  former 
master,  and  reported  directly  to  the  crown. 

\'elazquez  was  an  hidalgo,  native  of  Cucllar, 
wIjo,  after  seventeen  years  of  service  in  the  wars 
<if  Spain,  had  come  over  with  the  old  admiral  in  his 
second  voyage,  in  1493,  and  was  now  a  man  of 
age,  experience,  and  wealth.  With  a  connnanding 
iigure,  s[)acious  forehead,  fair  complexion,  large  clear 
eyes,  well-chiselled  nose  and  mouth,  and  a  narrow 
I'uU-bearded  chin,  the  whole  lighted  by  a  |)leasing 
ij) '  L'llectual  expression,  he  presented,  when  elegantly 
attired  as  was  his  custom,  as  imposing  a  preseiH-e  as 
any  man  in  all  the  Indies.  In  history  he  also  formed 
(|uite  a  figure.  And  yet  there  was  nothing  weighty 
i:i  his  character.  He  was  remarkable  rather  for  the 
absence  of  positive  qualities;  he  could  not  lay  claim 
even  to  conspicuous  cruelty.  He  was  not  a  bad  man 
as  times  went;  a.ssuredly  he  was  not  a  good  man  as 
times  go.  He  could  justly  lay  claim  to  all  the  cur- 
rent vices  but  none  of  them  were  enormous  enough 
to  be  interesting.     In  temper  he  was  naturally  mild 


4  VOYAGE  OF  c6RD0BA  TO  YUCATAN. 

and  affiil)lc,  yet  suspicious  and  jealous,  and  withal 
easily  influenced;  so  that  when  roused  to  ancrcr,  as 
was  frequently  the  case,  he  was  beside  liimself. 

Chief  assistant  in  his  new  pacification  was  Piln- 
filo  de  Narvaez,  who  brought  from  Jamaica  thirty 
archers,  and  engaged  in  the  customary  butchering, 
while  the  governor,  with  three  hundred  men,  quietly 
proceeded  to  found  towns  and  settlements,  such  as 
Trinidad,  Puerto  del  Principe,  Matanzas,  Santi  Es- 
piritu,  San  Salvador,  Habana,  and  Santiago,  making 
the  seat  of  his  government  at  the  place  last  named, 
and  appointing  alcaldes  in  the  several  settlements. 
Other  notable  characters  were  likewise  in  attendance 
on  this  occasion,  namely,  Bartolome'  de  las  Casas, 
Francisco  Hernandez  de  Cordoba,  Juan  de  Grijalva, 
and  Hernan  Cortes. 

Discreet  in  his  business,  and  burdened  by  no  coun- 
teracting scruples,  Velazquez  and  those  who  were 
with  him  prospered.  Informed  of  this,  above  one 
hundred  of  tlie  starvin<x  colonists  at  Darien  obtained 
permission  from  Pedrarias  in  1516  to  pass  over  to 
Cuba,  and  were  affably  received  by  the  governor. 
Most  of  them  were  well-born  and  possessed  of  means; 
for  thougli  provisions  were  scarce  at  Antigua,  the 
South  Sea  expeditions  of  Vasco  Xufiez,  Badajoz,  an. I 
Espinosa,  had  made  gold  plentiful  there.  Among  this 
company  was  ]5ernal  Diaz  del  Castillo,  a  soldier  of 
fortune,  who  had  come  from  Spain  to  Ticrra  Firme 
in  lol4,  and  wlio  now  engages  in  the  several  exi)e(li- 
tions  to  ^Icxico,  and  becomes,  some  years  later,  one 
of  the  chief  historians  of  the  conquest. 

Ready  for  any  exploit,  and  having  failed  to  receive 
certain  repartimientos  promised  them,  the  band  from 
Tierra  Firme  east  glances  toward  the  unknown  west. 
The  lesser  isles  had  been  almost  depopulated  by  tlu; 
slave-catchers,  and  from  the  shores  of  the  adjoining 
mainland  the  affrighted  natives  had  fled  to  the  inte- 
rior. It  was  still  a  ])rofitable  employment,  however, 
for  the  colonists  must  have  laborers,  being  themselves 


SLAVE-CATCHING.  6 

tiitiivly  opposed  to  -work.  Tlio  <^rovcrnor  of  Cuba, 
particularly,  was  foiul  of  the  traffic,  for  it  was  saib 
and  lucrative.  Thougli  a  representative  of  royal  au- 
thority in  America,  he  was  as  ready  as  any  irrespon- 
sil)le  adventurer  to  break  the  royal  command.  Durinj^ 
this  same  3'car  of  151G,  a  vessel  from  Santiago  had 
loaded  with  natives  and  provisions  at  the  Guana ja 
Islands,  and  had  returned  to  port.  While  the  captain 
and  crew  were  ashore  for  a  carouse,  the  captives  burst 
open  the  hatches,  overpowered  the  nine  men  who  had 
been  left  on  guard,  and  sailed  away  midst  tlto  frantic 
gesticulations  of  the  captain  on  shore.  Reaching 
tlieir  islands  in  safety,  they  there  encountered  a 
hrigantine  with  twenty-five  Spaniards  lying  in  wait 
for  captives.  Attacking  them  boldly,  the  savages 
drove  them  off  toward  Darien,  and  then  burned  the 
ship  in  which  they  themselves  had  made  their  en- 
forced voyage  to  Cuba. 

As  a  matter  of  course  this  atrocious  conduct  on  the 
part  of  the  savages  demanded  excm})lary  punishment. 
To  this  end  two  vessels  were  immediately  despatched 
with  soldiers  who  fell  upon  the  inhabitants  of  Guanaja, 
})ut  many  to  the  sword,  and  carried  away  five  hundred 
captives,  beside  securing  gold  to  the  value  of  twenty 
thousand  pesos  de  oro. 

Happy  in  the  thought  of  engaging  in  an  occupa- 
tion so  profitable,  the  chivalrous  one  hundred  cheer- 
fully adventured  their  Darien  gold  in  a  similar 
voyage,  fitting  out  two  vessels  for  the  purpose,  and 
choosing  for  their  commander  Francisco  Ilernandez 
de  Cordoba,  now  a  wealthy  planter  of  Santi  Espiritu.^ 


'  111  tlie  memorial  of  Antonio  Velazquez,  successor  of  the  ndelantado,  l)ie(,'0 
Vchizi|uez,  MeiHiirial  del  ni''ii}<'i>(l<'  I  >.  Antonio  I'elirj/in'z  di-  Boznii,  in  .\/rnilo~.'i, 
Co'.  I>'H\  Iiir'L,  X.  .S()-(t,  taken  from  the  areliives  of  the  liiilies,  the  credit  of 
tills  expedition  is  claiiiiod  wholly  for  the  t:nveiiior.  Indeed,  \'elaz(|iie/.  hiiii- 
Bilf  leiteatedly  asserts,  as  well  as  otiiins,  that  the  ev]iedition  was  niaile  at  liis 
Cist.  |{iit  knowing  tlie  man  as  we  ilo,  and  considering  the  claims  of  ntlnis, 
it  is  safe  enough  to  say  that  the  governor  did  not  invest  much  money  in  it. 
'J"hc  Imrdeii  <loul)tless  fell  on  Ci')r(lol)a,  who  was  aided,  as  some  tliiiil'  liy  hid 
nssiici.'ites,  Cristoljal  Murante  and  Lope  Ochoa  de  Caicedo,  in  niakinj,'  up  wliat 
the  men  of  Darien  lacked,  T^'n/iiriiiti'ln,  i.  ;U!I,  notwithstanding  tlie  claims 
for  his  fraternity  of  lierual  Diaz,   Hint.  I'erdiuL,  i.     Ogilby,  JJid.  Am.,  70, 


6  VOYAGE  OF  C0RD6BA  TO  YUCATAy. 

Velazquez  added  a  third  vessel,  a  small  bark,  in  con- 
siileratiou  of  a  share  in  the  s})eculation.^  After  lav- 
ins^  in  a  supply  of  cassava,  a  bread  made  from  the 
yucca  root,  and  some  salt  beef,  bacon,  and  glass  beads 
for  barter,  the  expedition  departed  from  Santiago  de 
Cuba,  and  went  round  to  the  north  side  of  the  island. 
There  were  in  all  one  hundred  and  ten^  soldiers,  with 
A)itonio  de  Alaminos  as  chief  pilot,  Alonso  Gonza- 
lez priest,  and  Bernardino  Iniguez  king's  treasurer. 
Here  the  chief  pilot  said  to  the  commander,  "  Down 
i'roni  Cuba  Island,  in  this  sea  of  the  west,  my  heart 
tells  me  there  nuist  be  rich  lands;  because,  when  I 

says  the  three  associates  wore  all  Cubiiii  planters;  that  they  equipped  three 
ships,  Velazcjuez  adilin;:^  one.  This  Hernantlez  do  dirdoha  was  not  he  who 
served  as  lieutenant  under  I'edrarias,  thougii  of  tiie  same  name. 

-  Opinion  hiis  been  divided  as  to  the  original  imrposo  <if  the  expedition. 
As  it  turned  out,  it  was  tliougiit  best  on  all  sides  to  say  nothini,'  of  the  in- 
human and  unlawful  intention  of  capturing  Indians  for  slaves,  llence,  in  tlie 
iiublio  documents,  particularly  iu  the  petitions  for  recoir^ienst;  which  invaria- 
bly followed  discoveries,  pains  is  taken  to  state  that  it  was  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, and  promi>tcd  by  the  governor  of  Cuba.  As  in  the  DccfukiA  Ahri  rhutriM 
(/(- /(w  Ih.tfulirinikiilii",  Mi'iiduyt,  {'"I.  Dnr.  Jim/.,  viii.  ,")-,">4,  we  fmd  that  '101 
adelantado  Diego  Vela/,(|uez  de  Cuellar  es  autor  del  descubriniiento  de  la 
Nueva  Kspafia,'  so,  in  etl'cct,  it  is  recorded  everywhere.  Indee<l,  IJernal  Diaz 
Kolenmly  asserts  tliat  \'elazi|nez  at  first  stipulateil  tliat  he  siiouhl  have  three 
cargoes  of  slaves  from  the  <iuauaja  Islands,  ami  that  the  virtuous  one  linn- 
dred  indignantly  refused  so  to  disobey  (iod  and  the  king  as  to  turn  fi'i'e  ])eo- 
))lc  int'»  slaves.  '  Y  des(pie  vinios  los  soldados,  (pie  ai|Uello  (jue  pediael  I  )iego 
A'llazipiez  no  era  justo,  le  respondimos,  (jue  lo  riuede/ia,  no  lo  mandaua  i>i((s, 
ni  el  Key;  (jue  hiziessemos  a  hn  libres  esclavos.'  J/l-'t.  I'lTilod.,  i.  On  tlie 
strengtli  of  which  fiction,  Zaniacr>is,  Hi-<t.  Mrj.,  ii.  'I'lA,  launches  into  lamla- 
tion  ot  the  Spanish  charactei'.  1'lie  lionest  soldier,  liowcvei-,  finds  diiHculty  in 
making  tlie  worKl  believe  his  statement.  Las  Casas,  Hist.  I  nil.,  iv.  H4S,  does 
nut  iiesitiiteto  say  veiy  plainly  that  the  ex])editii>n  was  sent  out  to  capture  In- 
dians, '  ir  e  enviar  j'l  salteai'  indios  para  traer  ii  ella.'  for  whicii  jnirpose  there 
were  always  men  witli  money  reaily;  and  that  on  this  occasion  ('lirdoba.  Mo- 
ran  te,  anil('aieedos\ibscviticd  l,.")(l()or'_'.0()()castellanoseach,  togoand  eatcli  In- 
dians, ■.itherat  the  I.ucayas  Islands  ov  elsewhere.  Tonniemada,  i.  'M\),  writes 
niiirt!  mililly,  yet  ]>lainly  enough  ;  '  ])aia  ir  ;"i  buscar  Indins,  a  las  Islas  ( 'on- 
vccinas,  y  hacer  Ucscates,  como  hasta  entonces  lo  acDstnmbraban. '  Cngolludo, 
Hi"'.  Y>i''iilhiiii,  1  (i,  follows  tJernal  |)iazalm'ist  Htcrally.  Oomara,  Hist.  Iml., 
(111.  is  non-<;ommitt;il,  .stating  tirst  '  jiara  desciibrir  y  rescatar,'  and  afterward, 
'  Otros  dizeu  <|U(!  )>ai'a  traer  esclauos  dtlas  yslas  (luanaxosa  sus  minas  y  gran- 
jcrias.'  Ovieilo  ami  Herrera  pass  by  the  ((uestion.  Landa.  f'el.  (h:  Ymiitini, 
|(i,  'a  rescatar  esclavos  para  las  nuiias,  ipu;  ya  en  Cuba  se  yv.a  la  gente  apo- 
eando  y  (|ue  otrosdizen  ([nesalioa  dcscubrir  tierra.'  Says  the  unknown  author 
of  />!'  J{i  liii.t  (tcsti.t  /■rnliii/iiii/i  ( 'Drit'sii,  in  /nrJitiJi'i  ti,  Col.  Dor.,  \.  ,S;{,s,  'In 
has  igitur  insulas  ad  grassanilumet  [)r:eilaniluni,  \it  ita  dicam,  ire  hi  de  (|uibu3 
su|ira  dictum  est,  constituerant;  mm  in  lucatanam. '  It  is  clear  to  my  nun<l 
tiiat  slaves  were  the  first  object,  and  that  discovery  was  secondary,  and  an 
after-thouglit. 

'  lUrnal  Diaz  holda  persistently  to  1 10.  It  was  1  lOwhocanie  from  Tierra 
I'irmc,  and  after  divers  recruits  and  additions  the  number  was  still  110. 


CAPE  CATOCHE. 


rra 


sailed  as  a  boy  with  the  old  admiral,  I  romeniljcr  he 
iiR'liiUHl  this  wa}'."  Suddenly  the  vision  of  Cordoba 
cnlari^ed.  Here  might  be  something  better,  nobler, 
more  juofitable  even  than  kidnapping  the  poor  na- 
tives. Despatching  a  messenger  to  Velazquez,  Cor- 
doba asked,  in  case  new  discoveries  were  made  while 
on  tlie  way  to  catch  Indians,  for  })ermission  to  a(fc 
as  the  governor's  lieutenant  in  such  lands.  The  de- 
sired authority  was  granted,  and  from  the  haciendas 
near  by  were  brought  on  board  sheep,  j)igs,  and 
mares,  so  that  stock-raising  might  bejjrin  if  settle- 
ments  wer-e  formed. 

Sailing  from  the  Habana,  or  San  Cristobal,  the  8th 
of  February,  1517,  they  came  to  Cape  San  Antonio, 
whence,  on  the  12th.,  they  struck  westward,  and  after 
certain  days,^  daring  two  of  which  they  were  severely 
tempest-tossed,  they  discovered  land;''  first  the  jxiint 
of  an  island,  where  were  some  fine  salt-fields,  and  cul- 
tivated ground.  The  peo[)le  who  appeared  on  the 
shore  were  not  naked  as  on  the  Islands,  but  well 
dressed  in  white  and  colored  cotton,  some  with  oi-na- 
jnents  of  gold,  silver,  and  feathers.      The  men   were 

*  Authorities  v.-iry,  from  four  days  jrivcn  liy  I^as  Casas,  ami  six  liy  Ovieilo, 
to 'J!  hy  I'xrnal  |)ia/anil  llorroia.  'J'lie  date  of  dciiartnri;  is  al>i)  di^  (Hitiil, 
but  tlio  (lilj't  ToncL's  aru  iiiiiin[)<)rtaiit.  (V)nii)arc  I'fl'  r  Marfiir,  ilco.  iv.  eaj). 
vi.;  l)ni'>;i,  Iti.^iunr  IliM.  Am.,  i. !).'{;  ('Inriiji'm,  Storia  Mvk.i.,  ill.  IJ;  I.h.i  ('u.-^m, 
Hist.  I'luL,  iv.  .'MS-O;};  Coil'iHiii/n,  ni.it.  Yili-dthiiii,  W-H;  (iniiHim,  I  list.  J,,,/., 
GO-l;  liirniil  JJiaz,  Jfi4.  Vm-ilad.,  l-'2;  H>:rreni,  <k'c.  ii.  lih.  ii.  cap.  xvii.; 
8iAi)i,  Hist.  Mi'x.,  i.  ■2'J-4 ;  Viilaik  ('nrlrs,  or  JJc  llclin.t  (li>.^ti.-i  Ffrfliiididli  Cnr- 
/«■</(.  in  lrirji(tlri-ta,  ('ill.  J)i>i\,  i.  ;iHl-4l ;  Mrirrh  >/  Jjufjorfi,  Mnrimi  Esixiiiuld, 
i.  4(i.'{-S;  ]'i,l/('rfioii'.i  llixt.  Am.,  i.  '-'.'JT -tO;   r(tiiiiiiirt'.i  ///,</.  Yin-.,  .VS. 

'Tluiugh  niiiarkalily  fair  and  judifious  in  the  main,  Mr  l'ro.scott'.'<  ])arli- 
ality  fur  a  tcrtain  class  of  Ids  material  is  evident.  'J"o  the  cu])ies  trom  the 
Spani.sh  archives,  most  of  wiiicli  have  been  since  jMililished  with  Imndrcds  of 
others  ei|ually  or  more  valuable,  lie  seemed  to  attach  an  im|iiirtancc  jirnpur- 
tionate  to  tluir  cost.  Thus,  tliroui.'h(>ut  his  entire  wurk,  these  [ia|iers  aie 
paraded  to  the  exclusion  of  the  more  reliable,  but  more  aci'essilile,  st/indanl 
authorities.  In  the  attempt,  at  this  ]Miint,  to  fnUow  at  once  his  doi nment 
and  the  ])lainly  current  facts,  he  falls  into  an  erim-of  wiiirh  la'apjieai-s  niicun- 
Bcious.  He  states,  ('mii/.  Mt.i:.,  i. 'J'.'"-',  tiiat  ('iircli(ba  'sailed  with  three  vi-;scls 
on  an  expe<litioii  to  one  'tf  the  neiuhiiorinir  l).iliama  Islands,  in  ijue-t  nf  Indian 
slaves.  He  enconntered  a  succession  of  hejivy  gales  uhich  drove  him  tar  mit 
of  his  course.'  The  lialiama  Islands  arc  eastwaril  from  Habana,  while  <',ipe 
San  Antonio  is  toward  the  west.  All  the  authorities  agree  that  the  expedition 
sailed  directly  westward,  and  that  the  storm  clicl  not  occur  until  ;ifter  ('a|M; 
San  Antonio  I'.ad  l)ecn  jiassed,  which  Icavi's  Mr  I'rcscott  among  other  ermrs 
in  tiiat  of  driving  a  tleet  to  the  westward,  in  a  storm,  when  it  has  already 
Bulled  thither  by  the  will  of  its  commander,  in  fair  weather. 


!   : 


i3 


it' 


8  VOYAGE  OF  CORDOBA  TO  YUCATAN. 

bold  and  bravo,  and  the  women  well-fornied  and  mod- 
est, with  head  and  breast  coveJ"ed.  Most  wonderlid 
of  all,  however,  were  some  great  towers,  built  of 
stone  and  lime,  with  steps  leadini^  to  the  top;  and 
chapels  covered  with  wood  and  straw,  within  which 
were  found  arranj^ed,  in  artistic  order,  many  idols 
apparently  re})resenting  women,  and  that  led  the 
Spaniards  to  name  the  })lacc  De  Las  Mugeres."  Pro- 
ceeding northward,  they  came  to  a  larger  point,  of 
island  or  mainland ;  and  presently  they  descried,  two 
leagues  from  the  shore,  a  large  town,  which  was 
called  El  Gran  Cairo. 

While  looking  for  an  anchorage,  on  the  morning  of 
the  4th  of  March,  five  canoes  approached  the  com- 
mander's vessel,  and  thirty  men  ste])ped  fearlessly  on 
board.  The  canoes  were  largo,  soniu  of  tlitini  capable 
oi'  holding  fifty  persons;  the  men  wore  intelligent,  and 
woYo  a  sleeveless  cloak  and  apron  of  cotton.'  The 
Si)aniar(ls  gave  them  bacon  and  bread  to  cat,  and  to 
each  a  necklace  of  green  glass  beads.  After  closely 
scrutinizing  the  shij)  and  its  belongings,  the  natives  put 
oH'  for  the  shore.  Early  next  day  ap[)eared  the  caci(|Uo 
with  many  men  in  twelve  ca'^oes,  making  signs  of 
friendship,  and  crying,  Concx  cotoch!  that  is  to  say, 
Come  to  our  houses;  whence  the  place  was  called 
Punta  de  Catoche,^  which  name  it  bears  to-day. 

*  Following  Goinani  and  Torquemada,  Galvano  mentions  the  name  of  no 
otliLT  [)laL'o  in  tlii.s  voyage  than  that  of  Punta  de  las  Dnenas,  wliioli  lie  jtlaces  in 
latitude  •_'().  lie  furtlier  reniaiks,  /Jcarohrhwiitiin,  l.'-ii,  '  He  gete  uiilhor  at-iu- 
iada  i|ue  ha  em  neuhua  outra  terra,  &  eruzes  em  (('  os  Intlios  adorauam,  &  os 
imuhaia  sohre  sens  detuntos<iuando  faleeiani,  donde  ]iareeiaiiiie  em  algiim  tejio 
se  seiitio  .ily  a  fe  de  Cluisto. '  The  anonymous  author  of  /)<■  Jlehiis  Ui  ftisixwA 
all  tlie  l>est  atithoritiet!  reoogni/.e  this  as  the  first  discovery.  'Sieipio  non  ad 
(iuana\os,  (juos  petehant,  aiipulerunt,  se<l  ad  Mulienim  promoiitoiium.'  Fer- 
nando Colon  l)laoes  on  his  map,  lo'JT,  ,'/.'  de  iniijcrcs;  Diego  de  Uihero,  1,VJ!1, 
(/■  iiiinirir't,  the  next  name  noi'th  being  niii(rM)i(i.-<.  Vax.  Dourado,  l."i7l,  laya 
down  three  islands  which  he  calls  /*;.  de  mn'jrclf.t;  Hood,  I.VJ'i,  }'.  (h  iiim  rr.<; 
Laet,  l(i:i;{,  >■"••*  (/('  111  Id- hi' /■('<;  Ogilliy,  1071,  //"■*  (/'■■■n-onoriilft;  bamjiier,  KiilJ), 
/.  iiiiKirrds:  Jctlerys,  ITTU,  /i' i/c  J//y'('rc.-i,  or  IVoinan'-'i  /.  It  was  this  name 
that  led  lertain  of  the  chroniclers  to  speak  of  islands  oil"  tlic  coast  of  Vu(..taii 
iulialiited  liy  Ama/ons.  '  Sirvio  de  asilo  en  miestros  dias  al  celel^rc  pirata. 
Liilitte.'   liolrtin  Je  In  Socictlnd  .l/c.r.  di'  Ocoi/.,  iii.  'J'J4. 

'  For  a  description  of  these  people  see  JlitiirrqlTK  \atirc  /iVuvs',  i.  f)4,"i-747. 

•*  See  l.niida,  livl.  <lc  Yiic,  (>.  '  l>oiini.ni  Cotoche  sonat;  iudicatiant  enini 
domus  et  oppiduni  luuul  longe  abesse.'  iJii  livbu'<  LlvMia  Fcrdinandi  Vortcnii,  iu 


ARRIVAL  AT  CAMrECHE. 


Thus  invited,  Cordoba,  with  sovoral  of  his  ofliccr-s, 
and  twent^'-tive  soldiers  arnu-d  with  cross-hows  and 
lircloeks,  aot'oni}>anied  the  natives  to  the  shoiv,  where 
the  caei{]ue  with  earnest  invitations  to  visit  liis  town 
managed  to  lead  them  into  ambush.  The  natives 
fought  with  flint-edged  wooden  swords,  lanees,  bows, 
and  slings,  and  were  protected  l)y  armors  ol"  <|uilted 
cotton  and  shields,  their  faces  being  painted  and  their 
heads  plumed.  Thej  charged  the  enemy  bravely, 
amidst  shouts  and  noise  of  instruments;  several  of 
the  Spaniards  were  wounded,  two  fatally.  At  length 
the  natives  gave  way  before  the  sharp  and  sul|ihnrou8 
enginery  of  their  exceedingly  strange  visitants,  leav- 
ing til'teen  of  their  number  dead  upon  the  ground. 
Two  youths  were  taken  prisoners,  who  were  after- 
ward baptized  and  named  Julian  and  ^Eelchor,  and 
})roiitably  emjdoyed  by  the  Sj)aniards  as  interpret- 
ers. Near  the  battle-ground  stood  three  more  of 
those  curious  stone  temples,  one  of  which  was  en- 
tered by  Father  Gonzalez  during  the  fight,  and  the 
earthen  and  wooden  idols  and  ornaments  and  plates 
of  inferior  gold  found  there  were  carried  away  to  the 
ship. 

Embarking,  and  proceeding  westward,  the  Span- 
iards arrived  a  fortnight  later  at  Campeche,''  wliere 
their  amazement  was  increased  on  beholding  the 
number  and  beauty  of  the  edifices,   while  the  blood 

Iriizh(ilc(t,i,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  XV.).  '  Concz  ootoclie.  (7  (jiiieru  dczir,  Ainlinl  noa  n  mis 
casa.s.'  llirrvr<t,  ilco.  ii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  xvii.  '  C'Dtolic,  totdliu,'  that  is  ti)  way, 
'a  liiinse.'  FanvoiirCn  lli^t.  Yur.,  (i.  '  Cotoclu',  ("i  (luiLMc  ilczir  casa.'  (I'luiinift, 
J/if^t.  hill.,  01.  '  Vun  (scv/(ir/i,  con  curoloc/i,  y  (|ui(-Tu  di'/ir,  ainlad  acji  a  mis 
casa.4.'  JiiriKil  />iaz.  Hint.  I'eiilail.,  -.  'J'liis,  llio  iiortli-castcni  iiuiiildt  \'iua- 
taii,  is  (111  Fcrnanilo  CoIoh's  map,  l.VJT,  ijolwhi';  on  tiioiiuqiof  hicirixlL'  iJilicri), 
]."i'Jlt,  /i:  <r  rotor  hi';  Va/  Douiado,  l."i7l,  (':.  ilr  i/iioter/ii;  I'ih.'stiiiia,  r:,  ilr  sum- 
I'ltl'l.  ll()i)d  places  a  little  west  of  the  cape  a  i)ay,  Ii.  dr  roiiil;  the  next  iiamo 
Wi^iitXA  Atdliiia.  (lolihrliiiiiilt'ii  (iirtn J.  Par.  <  'ini.-<t,  .MS.,  i.  ,'{.")S.  Kohl,  linilni 
iilti  stfii  knflrii,  Id.'l,  brink's  tiie  expedition  here  tlie  1st  of  .Maich.  I.as('asan, 
y//^^  ///(/.,  iv.  .'J.'JO,  coiitonnds  Ctpniolia's  and  <  irijalva's  voyautes  in  tiiis  respect, 
tliat  brings  the  former  at  once  tu  Co/iimcl,  «lien,  as  a  matter  of  tact,  Conloba 
never  .xaw  that  islaml. 

"So  called  by  the  natives,  but  by  the  Spaniards  namc(l  San  l.azaro,  l)e- 
causc  'it  \va.s  a  l)on»ini;i)  de  La/aro '  when  tliey  landed.  Net  Jiibcro  writes 
rliil/iit,  while  Va/.  Dourado  cnqiloys  llnyirn,  and  }[ood,  <'iiiiii>r'li>/:  l^aet  gives 
the  name  correctly;  Ogilby  anil  .lelt'eiys  call  the  i)lace  S.  /'/•■"  '/'/  Caiiijitc/ie. 
'  Lod  Indios  le  dezio  yuunpecli.'  Jlmtra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  .wii. 


10 


VOYAGE  OF  CORDOBA  TO  YUCATAN. 


,«Jll 


1^  .';: 


and  other  evidences  of  human  sacrifice  discovered 
about  the  altars  of  the  temples  filled  their  souls  with 
horror.  And  as  they  were  viewing  these  monu- 
ments of  a  sujierior  culture,  the  troops  of  armed 
natives  increased,  and  the  priests  of  the  temjiles, 
])roducing  a  bundle  of  reeds,  set  fire  to  it,  siijfni ly- 
ing to  the  visitors  that  unless  they  took  +heir  de- 
parture before  the  reeds  were  consumed  every  one  of 
them  would  be  killed.  Remembering  their  wounils 
at  Catoclie,  the  Spaniards  took  the  hint  and  de- 
parted. 

They  were  soon  caught  in  a  storm  and  severely 
shaken;  after  which  they  began  to  look  about  for 
water,  whicli  had  by  this  time  become  as  precious  to 
th(!m  as  the  Tyrian  mures  tincture,  of  whicli  each 
shell-fish  gave  but  a  single  drop.  They  accordingly 
came  to  anchor  near  a  village  called  Potonchan,  l)ut 
owing  to  a  sanguinary  battle  in  which  they  were 
driven  back,  Cordoba  named  the  ))lace  I^ahi'a  do  Mala 
Pelea.^"  In  this  engagement  the  natives  did  not 
shrink  from  fighting  hand  to  hand  with  the  foe. 
Fifty-seven  Spaniards  were  killed  on  the  spot,  two 
were  carried  off  alive,  and  five  died  subsequently  on 
shi])boai'(l.  Those  whom  the  natives  could  not  kill 
they  followed  to  the  shore,  in  their  disajipointed 
rage,  wading  out  into  the  sea  after  them,  like  the 
bloodthirsty  Cyclops  who  pursued  the  Trojan  yEneas 
and  his  crew.  But  one  man  escaped  unharmed,  and 
he  of  all  the  rest  was  selected  for  slaughter  by  the 
nati\'es  of  Florida.  Cordoba  received  twelve  wounds; 
Bernal  Diaz  three.  The  survivors  underwent  mucli 
sufierinu:  before   reachinir    Cuba,    for   the    continued 

'"  X<n\'  Cliainpoton,  npplieil  to  river  nnd  town.  Ribcro  writes  camri); 
Hood,  ('hmiipoto;  Mereator,  ChnpOloii,  and  town  next  north,  il/«c««,'/rt.  I'o- 
toiicliaii,  ill  the  ahoriginiil  tongue,  signifies,  'Stinking  PUieo.'  Mereator  lias 
als()  tlie  town  of  Potoi-han,  west  of  Tabasco  River.  U'cst-/iidinc/ii^  S/iicii/trl, 
J'ttiH-hiun.  ]jH't,  Ogilby,  and  Jetlerys  follow  with  ChaiiifxHoa  in  the  UHiial 
variatidiiH.  'V  Uegaroii  fV  otra  provineia,'  says  Oviedo,  i.  4!).S,  '(jne  los  iniiios 
Hainan  Ai/iianil,  y  el  prineipal  pueblo  della  se  di.  e  Moncnlm,  y  el  rey  6  eavi'pio 
de  a(|n('l  seudiio  se  llama  Cliiapoton  ;'  and  thus  the  author  of  J)<'  lli'hus  Ui'st.'m 
Fcnliiitni'li  Ciirfr^ii,  'Neo  ibu  navigaverant,  eiini  Mochocobocuui  pervuuiuut.' 
Jcazbulctht,  Col.  Doc,  i.  340. 


RETURN  TO  CUBA. 


It 


hostilities  of  tlio  nativos  jireventod  their  ohtaiiiing 
the  iieedliil  suj)iily  of  water. 

There  heiiiLi^  no  one  else  to  curse  except  them- 
selves, they  eui'si'd  the  pilot,  Alaniiiios,  for  his  dis- 
covery, and  for  still  persistinjjj  in  calling  the  country 
an  island.  Then  they  left  Mala  Pelca  Bay  and  w- 
turncd  alonof  the  coast,  north-eastwardly,  for  three 
days,  M'hen  they  entered  an  opening  in  the  shore  to 
Avliieh  thev  ijave  the  name  of  Estero  de  los  Lajjartos," 
from  the  multitude  of  caimans  found  there.  Afti'r 
hurning  one  of  the  ships  which  had  become  unsea- 
worthy,  Cordoha  crossed  from  this  point  to  Florida, 
and  thence  proceeded  to  Cuba,  where  he  died  from 
his  wounds,  ten  days  after  reaching  his  home  at  Santi 
Kspiritu. 

J  )iego  Velazquez  was  much  interested  in  the  details 
of  this  discovery.  He  closely  questioned  the  two  cap- 
tives about  their  country,  its  t;old,  its  ijreat  buildiiiirs, 
and  the  plants  which  grew  there.  When  shown  the 
vucca  root  thev  assured  the  i^overnor  that  they  were 
familiar  with  it,  and  that  it  was  called  by  them  talc, 
though  in  Cuba  the  ground  in  which  the  yucca  grew 
bore  that  name.  From  these  two  words,  according 
to  Bernal  Diaz,  comes  the  name  Yucatan;  for  while 
the  governor  was  s|)eaking  to  the  Indians  of  y\(cca 
and  tule,  some  Spaniards  standing  by  exclaimed,  "You 
see,  sir,  they  call  their  country  Yucatan."" 

"  rinzon  nnd  Snlia  must  have  found  alli^iators  in  tlicir  nortliwanl  cruiso, 
otluTwist!  IVtor  Martyf  couM  nut  lioni'stly  lay  down  on  liis  map  of  India  I"-, 
voiiil  thf  dfiiKjis,  in  |,")I0,  tilt'  /«;///«  (/'  liiijiirtiiH  nortli  of  ijuana.'ie.  Maiincrs 
must  liavc  given  tin-  coast  a  Imd  name,  tor  diri'ctly  noitli  of  tiic  A',  de.  Id  of 
Colon,  tlie  li:.  di-  lafi  /'■'<)<  of  llilicro,  tin;  AV.  </'■  /'V/itrt^  of  Vaz  l^oiirado,  and 
till'  li.  </<•  l,aij(irtiM  of  Hood,  an'  placed  Home  ivi'f.s  by  all  these  chart-makii-s, 
and  to  which  they  give  the  name  A/'i'-niiif/',  Scorpions.  The  next  name  west 
of  L'lgartos  on  Maj)  \o.  x.,  M  itn'ich  Alius,  i^i-ti>'tiini.^(t,  and  on  No.  xiii.  Oslitmii. 
-Again  next  west,  on  lioth.  is  Mcdniinx.  On  No.  x.,  next  to  roaln  ni.sa,  and  on 
No.  xiii.,  west  of  PunUnh  hi.-<  Ariii(i<,\'A\\w\\n.\w'  Aiiriiiirs.  Ogilhy  gives  iiere 
11.  di'  I'dii'd,  and  in  the  inferior  south,  a  town  t'ltiid;  I'ast  of  JL  dc  L((ijiirl'i.i\n 
also  the  town  (,'".'/">  "'"^  '"  large  lettci-s  the  name  ('hinu-d. 

"  '  Dezian  los  Ksjianoles  (j'estavan  halilailocon  el  Diego  Velazquez,  y  con  los 
Indios:  Senor  estus  Indios  dizen,  (pie  sii  tierra  se  llama  VuiJita,  y  assi  so,  ipiedo 
loeste  m'lbre,  <|ue en  propria  lengua  no. sc  dizeassi.'  Hi-<l.  I'.rilml.,  .").  (iomaia, 
///>/.  Iiid.,  (iO,  states  that  after  naming  CatiM-Iie,  a  little  fai'ther  on  the  Span- 
iaiils  met  some  natives,  of  whom  they  asked  tlie  name  of  the  town  near  liy. 
Tucteta,  wad  the  reply,  which  mean.s,  'I  do  not  uuderstand. '     The  Spanianls, 


12 


VOYAOE  OF  c6RD0BA  TO  YUCATAN. 


The  |)i(>|ilt'  of  tliis  coast  scciiumI  tt>  ]\i\\v  licaivl  (»f 
the  Sj)iuii;ii-tls,  for  at  several  places  thev  sliouli'd  '( 'as- 
tiliaiisl'  and  asked  the  straiiLTers  bv  sii^iis  il'  thev  did 
not  come  from  toward  the  i-isiniif  sun.  Yet,  neither 
the  <jflimj)sc  caught  of  Yucatan  by  l*in/,on  and  Soils 
in  I. ■)()(!  while  in  search  of  a  strait  north  of  Guana ja 
Island  where  Cokunbus  had  been,  nor  the  piratical 
expedition  of  Cordoba,  in  1517,  can  properly  be  called 
the  discovery  of  Mexico.*^  Meanwhile  Mexico  can 
well  afford  to  wait,  being  in  no  haste  for  Eur()i)ea;) 
civilization,  and  the  attendant  boons  which  Europe 
seems  so  desirous  of  conferring. 

nc'ccptiiiii  tliia  as  the  answer  to  their  question,  calh'd  the  cmintrv  Ycetetan, 
and  soon  Yucatan.  Wahleek.  Toi/.  Pillorcsi/iir,  '2'>,  ilvrivfr*  th»!  name  I'loiii  the 
native  Vionl <iiii/uitrku/fin.  'hstentowhattliey  *<">■•'  The  native nanu'  was  Maya. 
See  lliiiHioj't'H  Salivf  iiiicax,  v.  (il4  .'{4.  'I'heie  are  vaiioiis  other  tlleolies  and 
renderiiijis,  among  tiiein  the  folk)\ving:  In  answer  to  Curdoli  I's  ini|iiii y  ;is  to 
the  name  of  their eountiy,  the  natives  exelaimeil,  '  /(//  /( /«(//,  esto  i"< :  ('/''■''  <'<""" 
/idliliii''  ZiiiiinriiiK,  lllsl.  Mij.,  ii.  '2'2S.  'Que  jireLtuntundo  a  estos  linlios,  si 
iiuia  en  sii  tierra  a(]nella.s  rayzes  quo  se  Ihima  Yuea. .  .  .  Ues])(iiulian  Ilatli,  jior 
hi  tierra  en  (jue  se  ]ilantan,  y  (|Ue  de  Yuea  juntado  eon  Ihitli,  se  dixo  ^'u^■att;l, 
yde  alii  Yueatiin.'  //irrcrn,  dee.  ii.  lib.  ii.  eaji.  xviii.  Wlieneesccver  tlie  nri^'in, 
it  was  elearly  a  mistake,  as  there  never  was  an  aboriginal  designation  fur  tho 
whole  country,  nor,  like  the  Japanese,  have  they  iianu's  for  their  straits  or 
bays.  Forsonu!  time  Yucatan  was  supposed  to  be  an  island.  (Iri jalv.i  called 
the  country  /.•.■/<»  dcSniitd  Murknh'  Rema/ioH,  though  that  term  w;is  cmjiloyed 
by  few.  In  early  documents  the  two  names  are  united  ;  instance  tlie  instruc- 
tions of  Velazquez  to  Cortes,  wiiero  the  country  is  called  /  (  )'.</((  (/<•  Ynfntiin 
Sid  }/iiriii  <lc  /^emnlinn.  On  Cortes' chart  of  thetJulfof  Mexico,  I.VJO,  it  is 
called  Yiiriitdii,  and  represented  as  an  is;and.  ("olon,  1.VJ7,  and  Ifibcro,  l.'i'J!), 
who  write  /iviitaii;  Ptolemy,  in  Miomler,  1,">.S0,  liii'ittniiii ;  .Orontius,  on  his 
globe,  l.'i.'U,  Iiii-otmin;  Munich  Alktit,  no.  iv.,  \'uM  40,  ciicnliiii:  liiiptista 
Aguese,  I'lW-itO,  iiicalaii;  Mercator,  l.KiO,  Irratiui ;  Michael  Lok,  l.")S'_*,  //(• 
(■(il')ii;  llondius,  lo'X),  Luet,  Ogilby,  etc.,  yucat'tii,  which  now  assumes  penin- 
Bular  jiroportions. 

' '  The  term  Mexico  lias  widely  dilTi'rent  niciiiuugs  under  ditFcrent  condi- 
tions. At  first  it  signified  only  tho  capital  of  the  Nahna  nation,  and  it  was 
live  hundred  ye;irs  before  it  overspreail  the  tei'ritory  now  known  by  that  name. 
Mexico  City  was  founded  in  lltl'."),  and  was  called  Mi .liin  '/\'iioi/i/i//,iii.  Tho 
latter  appellation  has  been  connected  with  Tiiiin/i,  the  Aztec  leader  at 
this  time,  and  with  tho  sign  of  .a  no]ial  on  a  stoiu",  called  in  A/.tn',  re- 
spectively nofhtli  and  letl,  the  final  syHable  representing  locality,  and  tho 
tii'st,  /(',  divinity  or  suix'riority.  The  word  ^Ie\ico,  however,  was  then 
rarely  used,  'renochtithm  being  the  ctmnnon  term  employed;  and  this  was 
retained  by  the  Spaniarils  for  some  time  after  the  cotKpiest,  even  in 
imperial  decrees,  and  in  the  official  records  of  the  city,  though  in  tho 
eoirupt  forms  of  Tim'iXiitun,  Tenusfititn,  etc.  See  l/ihio  dc  ('(iliilihi,  ir)"_*4-!), 
:MS.  Tonjuemada,  i.  293,  st^ites  distinctly  that  even  in  his  time  the  natives 
never  employed  any  other  designation  for  the  iincieut  city  than  Teiiochtitlan, 
which  was  also  the  name  of  the  chief  and  fashionable  waril.  Soils,  Co/c/. 
Jlrr.,  i.  ,S!K),  is  of  opinion  that  ilcxico  was  the  name  of  the  wanl,  Tenoch- 
titlan  being  applied  to  the  whole  city,  in  which  case  Mexico  Tenoehlitlan 
would  signify  the  ward   Mexico  of   the  city  Tenoclititlan.     Gradually  the 


TlIK  NAMK  MKXICO. 


13 


Spiuiisli  rroonls  ))pjinn  to  ndtl  Mexii'o  to  T'MUH'lititlnn,  nml  in  those  of  the 
first  |ii(iviiu'iiil  ociiiiu'il,  helil  in  I.Vi.'i,  wo  tiuil  written  'J'l  ini.rtillni)  Miriro. 
< 'iiiii-ili'iK  /'/•()('.,  i.  ami  ii.,  MS.  In  tiic  lourse  of  time  tlic  oUltT  luul  more  in- 
triiati'  name  ili»ai)|n.'ari'(I,  th()ii>,'ii  tlio  I'ity  arnist  ulwayn  rt'tnint-'d  tho  Hynilxilio 
uul>iil  und  atuuu.  t'lariyi  ro,  Storia  Mv»».,  i.  IGSj  iv.  iJlw-70;  Soc,  JJtx.  O'eoj/. 


Abmm  of  tub  Repudijo  or  Mexico. 


14 


VOYAOE  OF  CORDOBA  lO  YUCATAX. 


^fer!rn  in  Bmnll  letters,  inlaml,  as  if  npplied  to  a  town,  nltlioii^h  no  tnwii  U 
(lesit-'natetl ;  I'toleiiiy,  in  MiiiiKlir,  \'u\\\  j,'ivits  Ti  ini^iititii;  Mnnir/i  AthtK,  no. 
vi.,  ^^\lIlIH)Me(l  to  liave  iKJcn  drawn  In'tween  l.'i.'J'J  anil  l."(40,  TiiU'liittan  n I 
Minirhii;  liaptistA  Aifneso,  l.'>4(>- 50,  'J'imilin/ilii  tri  Mixirit;  Haniusio,  I, ")(!.">, 
Jiiriiii;  Mcriulor'n  All'ix,  l,")(il),  J/ij'iVo,  an  a  citv,  ami  Triiiichilldti ;  Michael 
Lok,  l.")S'J,  Mfxko,  in  HondiuH,  alwuit  1  ")!(.">.  in  l)i-<(kr'n  iVorltl  Kiifntiiiinnxiil, 
the  city  m  Mrrico,  ami  the  gulf  lia'ia  ili  Mi'rifn;  Hiin<1iuH.  in  I'lirrhaH,  11  in 
J'il'iriiiicn,  Ijiot,  Ogilhy,  Dainpier,  Wcnt-fiidinche  Sji'wjhil,  .Facoh  Coloni,  anil 
otlier  Heventeentli-eentury  authorities,  give  uniformly  to  the  city,  or  to  tlio 
I'ity  ami  province,  but  uut  to  the  couutry  ut  large,  the  name  (u  ut  present 
writteu. 


CHAPTER  II. 


JUAN  DE  GRIJALVA  EXPLORES  THE  WESTERN  SIDE  OF  THE 

MEXICAN  GULF. 

1518. 

Vela/qvez  Plans  a  New  Expekitiox  — Gives  the  Command  to  ni.^ 
Nei'HEw,  JfAN  deGkijalva — Who  Emdakks  at  Santiacd  ani>  Stuikes 
f  HE  Continent  at  Cozi'mei.  Island— Coasts  Soithwaud  to  AsrENsiox 
Bay — Then  TruNS  and  Doi-hles  Cape  Catoche — Namino  ok  New 
Spain — Fight  at  Champoton— Arrival  at  Laoi-na  de  Tekminos  — 
Al-vminos,  the  Pilot,  is  Satisfied  that  Yicatan  is  an  Island — 
They  Coast  westward  and  Discover  the  Rivers  San  Pedro  y  Sav 
Pablo  and  Tabasco — Notaiile  Interview  at  this  Place  iietween 

THE   ErR0PE.\NS  AND  THE   AMERICANS— ThE  ClLHIA  Col  NTRV  —  TlIEY 

Pass  La  Ramrla,  Tonala,  the  Rio  Goazacoalco,  the  Mountain  of 
San  Martin,  the  Rivers  of  Alvarado  and  Banderas,  and  Come  to 

THE   IsL.\NDS   of  SaCRIFICIOS  AND   SaN   JlAN    DE   UlCA. 

As  Diego  Velazquez  talked  with  Cordoba's  men, 
and  with  the  captives,  Melchor  and  Julian,  and  ex- 
amined the  articles  obtained  from  the  natives,  their 
su[)erior  kind  and  workmanship,  and  the  gold  and 
images  taken  from  the  temi)le  at  Catoche  by  Father 
(ionzalez,  all  grew  significant  of  yet  greater  things 
beyond.  The  hardships  attending  the  expeilitiou  were 
light  to  him  who  ditl  not  share  them,  and  the  late 
commander  being  now  dead,  the  governor  found  him- 
self free  to  act  as  best  suited  him. 

He  determined  at  once  on  a  new  expedition.  There 
was  a  young  man  who  seemed  admirably  fitted  for 
the  purpose,  Juan  de  Grijalva,  a  gentleman  of  the 
governor's  own  town  of  Cuellar,  nephew  of  Velaz- 
quez, though  some  deny  the  fact;  he  was  twenty- 
eight  years  of  age,  handsome,  chivalrous,  courteous, 

(15) 


4! 


:-!li 


16 


GRIJALVA  EXPLORES  THE  MEXICAN  GULF. 


and  as  lionost  as  lie  Avas  bravo.  He  had  been  with 
the  governor  for  some  thne,  and  the  wonder  was  how 
so  bad  a  master  should  have  so  good  a  man.  There 
was  no  lack  of  volunteers,  two  hundred  and  forty ^ 
coming  forward  at  once;  among  them  several  who 
afterward  became  famous.  Two  caravels  were  added 
to  the  two  brought  back  by  Cordoba,  making  in  all, 
refitted  and  equipped,  four  vessels,  the  San  Schastiaii, 
the  Trinidad,  the  Santiago,  and  the  Santa  Maria  de 
los  Jlctnedios.     The  pilots  and  many  of  the  men  from 


the  former  expedition  were  engagetl,  and  some  natives 
of  Cuba  N/ere  taken  as  servants.  Grijalva,  as  com- 
mander of  the  armada,  directed  one  vessel,  and  Pe- 
dro de  Alvarado,  Alonso  Dilvila,  and  Francisco  do 
Montejo,^  were  appointed  captains  of  the  others. 
Grijalva's  instructions  were  not  to  settle,  but  only  to 
discover  and  trade.**  License  was  obtained  from  the 
Jeronimite  Fathers,  who  stipulated  that  Francisco  de 
Penalosa  should  accompany  the  expedition  as  veedor. 
As  priest,  attended  one  Juan  Diaz,*  and  Diego  de 
Godoy  went  as  notary. 

'Solisand  FrciTerasay2,")0;  (TomaraanflOalvano,200;  Fctcr Martyr,  300,  etc. 

-  Torcjueniada,  i.  358,  asserts  that  Moutejo  furnislicd  liis  own  vessel,  fiml 
that  Aluii.so  Hernandez  Puertooiirrero,  Alouso  Diivila,  Diego  do  Ordaz,  and 
other.-',  went  at  their  own  cost. 

^  As  upon  this  point,  that  is  to  say,  the  orders  and  their  fulfilment,  turned 
tho  in-c.i;.iy,  not  only  of  Grijalv:i,  but  of  the  conquest,  there  has  been  much 
controversy  over  it.  'Si  luan  do  Grijalua  supiera  -onocer  aquella  buena  ve- 
tura,  y  ]ioblara  alii  como  los  tie  su  (iompania  le  I'Ogauan,  fueraotro  Cortes,  mas 
no  era  pnra  el  tanto  bien,  ni  lleuaua coniission  do  jwblar.'  O'omarn,  Il\»t.  Intl., 
57-8.  Partisans  of  Cortt^s  vegard  Gnjalva  with  disdain,  while  no  one  seems 
greatly  to  caro  for  Velazquez.  Hernal  Diaz  w.is  of  opinion  that  the  matter  of 
founding  a  colony  was  left  to  Grijalva's  discretion;  out  Las  Casas,  M'ho  had 
much  better  opportunities  for  knowing,  being  intimate  with  the  governor,  and 
at  speei^d  pains  to  ascertain  tho  truth  of  the  matter,  states  clearly  that  Gri- 
jalva's instrnetions  were  positive,  that  he  should  not  settle  but  only  trnde. 
'  IJartoloiue  do  liis  Casas,  autor  de  mucha  fc,  y  quo  con  particular  eaydado  lo 
([ui.so  saber,  y  era  gran  auiigo,  y  muy  intimo  de  Diego  Velazquez,  dize  que  fue 
la  instniccion  que  espressaniente  no  poblasse,  sino  q  solamente  reseatasse." 
//cm/a,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i.  So  hold  Torquemada,  Solis,  and  all  careful 
writers  on  the  sidijeut. 

^  Or  lis  he  calls  himself,  'capellano  maggior '  of  the  armada.  Long  before 
the  soldier,  Beinnl  Diaz,  published  his  'True  History,' Juan  Diaz  had  given 
to  the  world  an  iiccount  of  the  voyage,  fthwrarh)  t/r  la  isoln  de  lurfiatnii,  fol- 
lowing the  /thii  rarlo  <t<'  Liidovlco  <h  Varthcma  /Inlofjniw  mlln  Kijitfo,  etc.,  in  a 
volunie  printed  at  Venice  in  1.V20.  Juan  Diaz  dis]Mites  tl'.e  honor  with 
Bartolonie  de  Olnicdo  of  having  iir'jt  said  mass  in  the  city  of  Mexico. 


COZUMEL  ISLAND. 


17 


riieil 
imcli 

Vl'- 

•,/., 
cms 
r  of 
had 
ii.l 
ri- 
le, 
lo 
fuo 

ISO." 

■cl'ul 

foro 
iveii 
fol- 
in  a. 
rith 


o 


Embarking  from  Santiago  do  Cuba  tbe  8tb  of 
April,  1 J18,  and  leaving  Cape  San  Antonio  on  Satur- 
day,''  the  first  of  May,  they  fell  to  the  south  of  their 
intended  course,  and  on  ]\Ionday  sighted  the  i.sland 
of  Cozumel,"  which  they  named  Santa  Cruz,''  "  be- 
cause," says  Galvano,  "they  came  to  it  the  third  of 
jMay."  After  passing  round  the  northern  })()int  on 
the  si.Kth^   in   search  of  anchorage,  the   connnander 

^  Here  again  Prescott  fiills  into  error  in  attempting  to  follow  a  niannscript 
copy  of  Juan  Diaz,  witliout  iluu  liecil  to  the  standanl  ehroniclers.  ^Ir  I're.s- 
cott  writes,  Mfx\,  i.  '2-24,  'The  fleet  left  the  port  of  St  .lago  <le  Ciil>a,  May 
1,  l.")IS,'  and  refers  to  the  Itlncrarh  of  Juan  l)iaz  in  proof  of  his  statement, 
lint  Juan  Diaz  makes  no  such  statement.  '  Sahbato  il  primo  giorno  del  mese 
de  Mazo,'  he  says,  Jtimrario,  in  Iiuzlxilnta,  Col.  J  foe,  i.  '281,  'de  questo 
sopradito  anno  parti  il  dicto  capitaneo  de  larniata  de  lisoia  Fernandina.' 
Saturday,  the  1st  day  of  May,  the  armada  left  the  island  of  Fernandina,  or 
Cuba.  The  writer  does  not  intimate  that  they  left  the  port  of  Santiaj^o  on 
tliat  day,  which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  they  did  not,  but  tlie  extreme  western 

JH))nt  of  tlie  island,  Cape  San  Antonio.  Tliis  I'reswtt  miglit  further  have 
earned  from  Herrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i.,  'Despachado  pues  luan  de  (irijalua 
de  todo  ])unto,  .sidio  <lel  puerto  de  Satiai,'o  de  Cuba,  a  oeiio  de  Abril  deste  auo 
de  l.")18;'  from  Bernal  Diaz,  Ifinf.  Vcntwl.,  (>,  who  statics  tliat  all  met  and  at- 
tended mass  at  Matanzas,  the  5th  of  ,-\[)ril,  just  prior  to  sailing;  '  Y  despues 
de  auer  oido  Missa  con  gran  <lcuoeion,  en  einc)  dias  del  nies  de  Abrit  de  mil  y 
(|uiidentos  y  diez  y  ochoanos  diinos  vela  ;'  from  Solis,  Comi.  Mvx.,  i.  "J"),  'tar- 
daron  tinalmentc  en  hacerse  ii  la  mar  liasta  los  oeho  de  Abril ;'  from  Itoliertson, 
JIlsf.Ain.,  i.  '_'41,  'He  sailed  from  St  Jigo  de  Cul)a  on  (he  Sth  of  .\[iril,'  etc;. 
TernauN-Compans  perpetrates  two  gross  blunders  in  the  fii-st  four  lines  of 
liis  tr.inslation  of  this  Jliiicrarlo  of  .luan  Diaz.  First  hv  writes  March  for  .Mi»y, 
'  eipiivoeando, '  ,;s  Icazbalceta  says,  'l,i  jiiilabra  mn-n  del  original  eon  tnnr.'i,'' 
ami,  seeomlly,  bo  brings  the  fleet  to  Cozuniel  island  on  the4th,  wlien  lusn\itIior 
writes  the  .'kl,  which  is  enougli,  without  the  paljiable  al)surdity  of  maUiiig 
Monday  the  4tli  day  of  a  mimtii  wheriun  the  previous  S:iturday  was  the  tst. 
Oviedo  states,  i.  rtlW,  that  'salieron  del  puerto  de  la  eibdad  de  Sancliagoi'i  Ins 
veynte  e  cinuo  dias  del  mes  ile  enero; '  that  they  were  at  Matanzas  the  I'Jth  of 
Feliruary,  at  Faiiana  the  7th  of  April;  tiiat  tliey  li'ft  Matan/as  finidly  tho 
20ih  of  April,  ami  San  Antonio  the  1st  of  May,  in  all  whieh,  except  the  last 
statement,  he  .    somewhat  ijonfused. 

^  Like  Ti.  good  soldier,  liernal  Diaz  makes  the  time  fit  the  occasion.  '.\  esto 
pueblo,' he  says,  IHkI.  I'tiilftil.,  7,  '|iusini.)s  por  nondire  Santa  Cruz;  )>nvij 
quatro,  o  eineo  diuz  antes  do  Santa  Cruz  Im  viinos.'  'i'he  native  n;ime  ot  tin; 
island  wna  Ai'ii^itmil — l^anda,  A'r /.(/»'}'(/'. ,  2(1,  writes  it  ('ir.ii)il;  Cogolliidn.  ///>■'. 
Vii'dtliiiii,  ]{\,  ('iiznn)'il — Swallows  Islj-nd,  \vhi<li  was  finally  eorrii))ttd  into 
the  Cozumel  of  tiic  Spanianls.  .Meveator,  indeed,  writes  Ariis/tniil,  in  I'li;!), 
although  C(dou,  Kibero,  and  Hood  'aad  previously  given  rnrinin  I,  rir.inii'l,  and 
Co'iniiiil.  respectively.  Vaz  Dourailo  oomes  f)ut,  in  l,")7l,  with  i/no'iumill.  sineo 
which  tinu!  the  name  has  lieen  genefnlly  written  ns  at  present. 

'  Some  of  the  authorities ajiply  the  name  Simtn  ( 'in/,  to  a  port;  otliers  to  a 
town  f<iund  there;  but  it  was  unqu  'stionably  the  island  to  whieli  they  gave 
this  name.  '  A  questa  isola  de  Coi,'niiiel  ehe  alina  se  adiinanda  Santa  Ci'uce.' 
7>m:.  /tiiurfirio,  in  Ira-Jiiilrftfi.  Cnl.  ])o.\.  i.  '1H"1.  'So  le  pnso  nomlire  il  csta 
Jsla  Sfinrla  Cruz,  A.  ia  (pial  los  indios  Ihiri'im  Cr:ni!ih !.'  Dviulo,  \.  ,")()4. 

'  This,  according  to  Diaz ;  Ovicdc  says  vhey  landed  on  Wednesdiiy,  the  .'ith, 
nnd  agiiin  on  the  (ith  ;  and  Bernal  Diaz  atl.rms  that  the  landing  took  place  on 
the  south  side  of  the  island. 
UisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    2 


\H 


ORI.IALVA  EXPLORES  THE  >rEXICAX  GULF. 


IuikUhI  \vlt,li  a  liuiulrec'.  men,  and  asccndiiiLif  a  high 
tower  took  jiosscssion  of  tlie  coiintrv;  alter  whieh, 
mass  was  said.  And  Las  Casas  (|uestions  it'  it  wa.s 
<|iiite  rii^ht  for  Juan  ])iaz;  to  hold  tliis  solenm  service 
in  a  place  where  sacrifices  were  wont  to  he  made  to 
Satan;  for  even  between  the  two  ofreat  and  formal 
exercises  of  the  Spaniards,  an  old  Indian  ])riest  with 
his  attendants  had  entered  and  had  blown  incense 
hel'ore  the  idols,  as  if  to  rouse  his  gods  to  vindicate 
their  might  before  these  opposing  worshii)pers.     To 


'I 


CSin  Antonio^   --^      .'"i- 
Punta  di   Calc^hu 


the  point  was  given  the  name  San  Felipe  y  Santiago, 
jmd  to  a  tt)wn  standing  near,  that  of  San  Juan  ante 
J*<)i-tam  r.atinam.  Then  thev  entered  the  town,  and 
lound  thcri'  houses  of  stout',  and  ])aved  streets,  in  the 
evis  of  Juan  J)iaz  not  unlike  the  towns  of  S|)anish 
construction.  Meanwhih;,  a  small  party  ])eneti-ated 
one  or  two  leagues  into  the  interior,  and  observed 
otlu'i-  towns  and  cultivated  landr^. 

While  crossing  to  the  Yucatan  coast  the  following 
day,  they  descried  in  the  distance  three  towns,  and, 
as  tliey  descended  toward  the  south,  a  city  "so  lai-ge 
that   Seville   could   not  show  to   better  ad\!Uitage." 


THE  NAME  NEW  SPAIN, 


1ft 


uite 
and 
tlic 
ush 
I  ted 
ved 

[in^ 
mil, 

L'C. 


Next  thoy  caiiio  to  a  jjfreat  opeiiiiiL?  in  the  shore,  to 
which,  after  Alain inos  had  examined  it  in  a  boat,  thcjy 
jjrave  the  name  of  IJaliia  de  la  Ascension,  from  the 
day  of  discovery.  Unable  to  find  a  pass  in  this  di- 
rection round  the  supposed  island  of  Yucatan,  they 
turned  back,  passed  Cozuiiiel,  and,  roundiinjf  t!ie  penin- 
sula, arrived  at  Campeehe  the  25th,  rescuing  on  their 
way  a  woman  from  Jamaica. 

l^verywherc  they  beheld  the  same  evidences  of 
high  culture  seen  by  Cordoba,  the  tower-temples  and 
crosses  of  the  Mayas  rising  from  gracefully  outlined 
promontories,  and  glistening  white  from  behind  le- 
gended hills,  leading  them  every  moment  to  antici- 
pate the  discovery  of  some  magniHcent  city,  such  as 
in  our  day  has  been  revealed  to  an  admiring  poster- 
ity; for  while  the  East  buries  her  ancient  cities  in 
dust,  the  West  none  the  less  effectually  hides  hers 
ill  foliai^e.  And  of  the  monuments  to  the  u'reatness 
of  the  past,  and  of  the  profitless  millions  here  en- 
gendered, who  shall  speak?  And  why  do  men  call 
nature  considerate  or  kind?  ])oes  she  not  create 
only  to  destroy,  and  bestow  blessings  and  cursings 
M'it.h  the  same  merciless  indifierence?  Surpassingly 
lovely,  she  is  at  once  siren,  mirse,  and  sanguinary 
beldam.  This  barren  border  of  the  juniinsula  rested 
under  a  caiiojiy  of  clear  or  curtained  sky,  and  glared 
in  iiiingled  gloom  and  brightness  beside  the  fickle 
gulf;  and  from  the  irregular  j»lains  of  the  interior 
came  the  heated,  perfumevl  air,  telling  here  of  ti'ee- 
less  table-laiuls,  of  languid  vegetation,  and  there  of 
foi'ests  and  evergreen  groves.  "  It  is  like  Sjtain," 
cried  one.  And  so  they  calltnl  the  country  Nueva 
Esp;ina,"  which  name,  at  first    apjilied   only   to   the 

"*  It  wus  the  crossns,  wiiioh  the  Spiuiiiinls  Iieru  rt-j^anli'il  of  iiiiraculotis  oriniii, 
more  than  uiiy  pliysical  feature  wliioli  after  all  gave  the  naiiK!  to  these  Hliores. 
Cort.s  estahlisheil  it  for  all  the  region  hiuIlt  A/.tec  Hway,  ami  under  the  viiie- 
ruy.M  it  was  applied  to  all  the  S|)aiiish  possessions  north  of  Ciuateniala,  inehul- 
iii.H  tlie  undehncd  territorieii  of  Califoi-ida.  and  New  Mexico.  J/iiiiihotdl,  AWii 
/'"/.,  i.  0-7,  and  others,  have  even  shown  an  inclination  to  enilnaco  therenn- 
Uor  Central  Auierica,  but  for  this  there  is  not  sullicicut  authority,     yco  M6' 


20 


GRIJALVA  EXPLORES  THE  MEXICAN  aULF. 


peninsula  of  Yucatan,  finally  spread  ccr  the  whole 
of  the  territory  afterward  known  as  Mexico. 

At  Campeche,  or  more  probably  at  Champoton,*" 
occurred  a  notable  affray.  The  fleet  anchored  toward 
sunset,  half  a  league  from  shore.  The  natives  imme- 
diately put  on  a  warlike  front,  l)ent  on  terrible  intimi- 
dations, which  they  continued  in  the  form  of  shouts 
anrl  drum-bcatin<?  durin<i:  the  entire  nii^ht.  So  tjrcat 
•\vi  ,b,^iT-  necessity  for  water  that  the  Spaniards  did 
not  for  the   morning,   but  amidst  the  arrows, 

stones,  id  spears  of  the  natives,  they  landed  the  ar- 
tillery and  one  hundred  men  before  daybreak,  another 
hundred  quickly  following.  But  for  their  cotton 
armor  the  invaders  would  have  suffered  severely 
during  this  operation.  Having  reached  the  shore, 
however,  the   guns  were    planted,  and   the    natives 

(Una,  C/iron.  de  S  n  Dietjo  di' Mex.,  227;  Lnpez  fnz,  in  Piirc/ias,  IfinPilijrimm, 
iv.  14I$2,  ami  Got'j'rkdt,  Nrxci'.  Welt,  74;  also  Ton(Heinada,  from  Herrcra,  aiul 
Bi'vural  staiularil  authors.  Nuw  Spain  M-as  for  a  long  time  divided  iut<J  the 
tiiree  kiiigdunis  of  New  Spain,  New  (Jaiicia,  and  New  Leon,  cacii  comi)o.sc(l 
of  [several  provinces.  Under  tlie  atlniinistration  of  Galvez,  this  division  gave 
vay  to  iiitendencias,  among  them  Mexico  and  a  few  provinces,  and  New  Spain 
came  to  be  limited  in  the  north  by  the  I'rovincias  Internas,  though  including 
for  a  time  at  least  the  ('alifoniias.  With  the  independence  the  name  New 
Spain  was  replaced  by  Mexico,  luss  because  this  term  applied  to  the  leading 
province  and  to  tiio  capital,  than  because  tlic  name  was  hallowed  by  associa- 
tion with  the  traditions  of  tlie  people,  whoso  blood  as  well  as  sympathies  con- 
tiiincd  far  more  of  tiie  aboriginal  element  tlian  of  tlie  imported.  Un  Colon's 
map  tiie  name  is  given  in  capital  letters,  Nova  S/xtud.  Under  A'ccivi  EKjiuihi 
liiliero  writes  ilixouc  a.sl  /lor  i/Uftii/  (I'/iii/  iinir/ins  cos m  que  <i;/  en  inftai'ia  <(//  ya 
■miic/io  triiji)  qiin  llewulo  de  oca  enlnnla  cantidad  ly  lo  /niedin  ea  canjar  j''(m 
otnis  partes  ai/  '"/"//  iniir/io  tiro  ilf  naviinii'iitii.  Robert  Thorne,  in  HaLlmit's 
Voii.,  carries  Uis/nuiia  Aoiia  east  and  west  through  Central  America,  while 
Ramusio,  Viinjiji,  iii.  43."),  places  La  A'ot)  <  Spdijiui  in  large  letters  across  tlio 
continent. 

'"It  is  i'einarkal)le,  a.s  I  have  often  observed,  how  two  eye-witnesses  can 
sometimes  tell  such  di:imetrically  ojipo.'^ite  stories;  not  only  in  reg.ird  to  time 
and  minor  incidents,  but  to  jjlace  ami  prominent  events.  In  this  instance  Diaz 
the  priest  is  no  lens  positive  ami  minute  in  placing  the  r.  lair  at  Camjieclie, 
tliaii  is  Diaz  the  soldier,  at  Champoton.  The  second-rate  authorities,  follow- 
ing these  two  writers  who  were  present,  are  divi<led,  by  far  the  greater  num- 
ber, Herrera  among  the  rest,  accepting  the  statement  of  Hernal  1  )iaz.  Oviedo, 
who  was  a  resident  of  tiie  Indies  at  the  time,  desciibes  the  battle  as  occurring 
at  Campeche.  Perhaps  one  reason  wiiy  the  soldier-scribe  has  more  adlierents 
than  tiie  priest,  is  beciiuse  tlio  existence  of  the  narrative  of  the  latter  was  not 
so  well  known.  Las  (Jasas  allirms,  J  J  int.  I  ml.,  iv.  42."),  that  the  pilot  unin- 
tentionally passed  Liizaro's  port,  or  (Janipeche,  and  landed  and  fought  at 
Ciiampoton.  '  Llegaron,  pues,  al  dicho  pueblo  (ipie,  como  dije,  creo  que  futi 
Champoton,  y  uo  el  do  Luzaro).' 


THE  CITIES  AXD  THE  TEMPLES. 


SI 


charr^ocl  and  driven  back  with  the  loss  of  three  Span- 
iards slain  and  sixty  wounded,  the  coniniandei"- in- 
chief,  ever  foremost  in  the  fi<;ht,  beinfj  three  times 
struck  and  losing  two  teeth.  Two  hundretl  were  killed 
and  wounded  among  the  natives.  The  town  was 
found  deserted.  Presently  tliree  ancient  Americans 
appeared,  who  were  kindly  entreated,  and  despatched 
with  presents  to  the  fugitives,  but  they  never  re- 
turned. Two  nights  were  spent  ashore,  the  tower 
ant!  sacred  edifices  adjacent  being  used  as  barracks. 

Embarking,  soon  a  large  opening  in  the  coast  was 
discovered,  and  entered  by  Grijalva,  the  chaplain 
says,  the  last  day  of  May.  Puerto  Deseado"  the 
commander  called  his  anchorage,  being  the  desired 
spot  in  which  might  be  repaired  the  leaky  shijis. 
The  Spaniards  thought  themselves  at  first  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  but  on  further  examination,  it  ap- 
peared to  them  more  like  a  sea.  Whereupon  the 
])il()t  Alaminos,  who,  notwithstanding  evidence  to 
the  contrary,  notwithstanding  three  days'  cxplorings, 
kft  this  salt-sheet  still  landlocked,  never  ceased  in- 
sisting that  Yucatan  was  an  island,  and  he  now 
gravely  assured  his  commander  that  the  great  o[)(>n- 
ing  opposite  Amatique  Bay  and  Golfo  ]3ulce,  or  if 
that  were  too  far,  then  opposite  Chetumal  or  Ascen- 
sion, confirmed  his  suppositions,  and  settled  tlic 
matter  in  his  mind  that  this  was  the  termination  of 
tJie  islands;  hence  the  names  Boca  de  Terminos,  and 
Laguna  de  Terminos,'^  which  followed.     The  temples 

"  Puerto  Escondiilo.  Ou  tlio  initps  of  Colon  and  IIooil  it  is  j)liU!C(l  ns  oiio 
of  tlio  eastern  entruiiues  of  the  I^giina  tic  Terniiuos,  tlio  former  writing,'  />. 
ili'Ki'iitli),  ami  the  latter  /'.  drKimln;  Goinura  jilaren  the  Laijnnade,  'J'cniiiiion 
between  Puerto  Dest^ailo  and  Kio  (Irijalva.  On  Kil>ero's  inaji,  north  of  Kseon- 
(liilo,  is  III  (jcr,  Vaz  Itoiirado  niaikiuL;  in  the  sauio  locality  ;";.  w/"  aiwjtutriste, 
Danipier  gives  Bucii  Ksck'^mlklo,  and  Jetlerys,  Bora  Ksiinnliiii. 

'■'  VelazijUi.'Z  had  instructed  his  captain  to  sail  round  tlnMslandof  Yucatan. 
Cortes,  in  1519,  ordered  Kscobar  to  survey  this  (sheet,  whicii  uas  fouml  to  ho 
a  iiayand  shallow.  Still  tiio  pilotsandchartinakers  wrote  it  d(jwn  an  island. 
It  is  Worthy  of  remark  that  in  the  earliest  drawinj^'s,  like(Jolon's,  in  1.V27,  the 
maker  ai)|)ears  undecided,  but  Kiljero,  two  years  later,  boldly  severs  tho 
peninsula  from  the  continent  with  a  strait.  See  GohhchmidCs  ('urtnij.  /'itr. 
L'oii.tf,  MS.,  i.  41'J-14.  Tho  earliest  cartoL'raphera  all  write  tcnniiiox,  J{iliero 
niiirkiug  u  anmll  stream  lluwiiig  into  the  lu^jouu,  /«;.  de  x  pluiwa.     Here  also 


22 


GRIJALVA  EXPLORES  THE  MEXICAN  GULF. 


here  seen  were  supposed  by  the  Spaniards  to  be 
places  wliere  :nerchants  and  hunters  made  their  saeri- 
fices.  A  greyhound,  eager  in  the  pursuit  of  game, 
neglected  to  return  in  time  and  was  left  behind; 
when  the  Spaniards  came  with  Cortes  they  found  the 
animal  well-fed  and  happy,  but  cKcessively  glatl  to 
see  them.  Before  departing,  Grijai  /a  again  declared 
for  Spain,  "as  if,"  growls  Las  Casas,  "the  thousand 
possessions  already  taken  were  not  enough."  Indeed, 
this  tierce  charging  on  a  continent,  so  often  repeated, 
hurling  upon  the  inhabitants  a  new  religion  and  a  new 
king,  was  about  as  effective  as  Caligula's  advance 
on  Britain,  when,  preparatory  to  crossing,  he  drew 
up  his  troops  in  battle  array,  on  the  seaboard,  and 
give  orders  to  collect  shells,  the  spoils  of  conquered 
ocean. 

Proceeding  the  8th  of  June,  and  creeping  stealth- 
ily along  the  coast,"  drojjping  anchor  at  night  and 
weighing  it  with  the  dawn,  they  came  to  a  river  which 
they  called  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo,  and  then  to  a 
larger  one,  the  nati\'e  name  of  which  was  Tabasco,** 
after  the  co.cicjue  of  the  city,  but  which  the  Spaniards 
called  (:Trijalva,  in  honor  of  their  commander. 

The  face  of  nature  here  changed.  The  low,  gray 
hills  of  the  ])eninsula  gave  place  to  elevations  of  en- 
livening green,  made  lustrous  by  large  and  frequent 

is  the  town  and  point  of  Jioalango.  Ogilby  calls  the  lagoon  Lnfjo  dc  Xir  r- 
hiiiijo,  east  of  which  is  the  name  A''"'*  .V'^  df  la  Vitoria;  Dauipicr  places  south 
of  Luijuiiii  Tenniiia  the  town  I'huknhnl;  Jctlerys  writes  in  larito  letters,  a  little 
south  of  L'tijinniif-  X'lraJaii'io  or  'J'rriniiios,  the  words  (^adii.uhc:i  liidiox  llrartx. 
Kolil  thinks  I'uerto  Ksconiliilo  may  be  the  I'uerto  Deseado  of  Grijalva  men- 
tioned liy  (Jomara. 

'■'Of  'la  isola  riccha  chiamata  Ualor,'  as  the  chaplain  calls  it,  Dinz,  flJiw- 
i-'tri'^  in  Irazhali-etii,  CoL  Do''.,  i.  2!).'),  'descoprir  una  altra  terra  die  so  dice 
Mulna.'  Alaminos  believed  Now  Spain  to  bo  another  island  distinct  from 
Yucatan.     The  natives  called  it  Coluii,  says  Las  Casas,  I/Ut.  IwL,  iv.  428. 

"  On  the  cliart  of  Cortes,  bViO,  it  is  called  li:.  dp  Oiizaliia,  and  placed  west 
instead  of  oast  of  Rio  Santa  Ana.  Ribero  writes,  li:.  df  (jrkahia:  Vaz  IJourai  Id, 
li'.  dc  ijriijaliin ;  Hood,  A*,  di'  Grixalua;  Mirr'jtor'n  Allan,  1574,  lias  a  t;)w;i, 
Tiiiisri);  Ogilby,  Dampior,  and  Jetferys  employ  the  name  Tabaarn.  Kohl 
ascril)es  the  name  of  tiio  river  tiaii  /'cilro  y  Sail-  Pablo  to  Grijalva.  Colon  iia4 
A'.-.  (/(■  .'•■.  pnblo;  Riljoro,  A',  di'.  k:.  P(dt>^;  Munich  Atfrut,  No.  iv..  Wo  dc  n.  )<.: 
Raptista  Agn'.'so,  rio  dc  S.  puuli);  Hood,  A*,  dc  S.  I'idilo;  Ogilby,  8.  P  ndn: 
Dampior,  .S7.  /'ctcr,  St.  Paul,  etc.  As  there  are  ])lenty  of  streams  in  that  vicinity 
Herrera  givei  cue  to  Grijalva  and  still  leaves  tiie  chieftain,  Tabasco,  his  own. 


TABASCO, 


.^treaius.  BoMlv  in  the  front  stood  the  hciufhts  :it 
prt'sc'iit  known  as  San  (Jabriel;  beyond  continned  the 
ihit,  monotonous  foi'ei^round  of  a  gc^rgeous  picture,  as 
yet  hut  dimly  visible  save  in  the  ardent  iniaginini^s 
of  the  discoverers. 

The  two  smaller  vessels  only  could  enter  this 
river  of  Tabasco,  which,  thouj^h  broad,  was  shalh)w- 
mouthed;  and  this  they  did  very  cautiously,  advanc- 
ing a  slioit  distance  up  the  stream,  and  landiiii^  at 
a  (^rove  of  palm-trees,  half  a  leafjue  i'roni  the  cliief 
town.  Upon  the  six  thousand ^^  natives  avIio  hero 
threatened  them,  they  made  ready  to  fire;  but  by 
])eaceful  overtures  the  sylvan  multitude  were  brought 
to  hear  of  Spain's  great  king,  of  his  mighty  j»reten- 
sions,  and  of  the  Spaniards'  inordinate  love  of  gold. 
The  green  beads  the  natives  thought  to  be  stono 
made  of  their  chalchiulte,  which  they  prized  so 
highly,  and  for  which  they  eagerly  exchanged  food. 
Having  a  lord  of  their  own  they  knew  not  why  these 
rovers  should  wish  to  impose  upon  them  a  new 
master;  for  the  rest  they  were  fully  prepared,  if 
necessary,  to  defend  themselves.  ])uring  this  inter- 
view, at  which  the  interpreters,  Melchoi-  and  Julian, 
assisted,  the  word  Culhua,'"  meaning  ]\Iexico,  was 
often  mentioned  in  answer  to  demands  for  •••old,  from 

''It  is  Las Casas  who  testifies  to  0,000;  l>enial  Diaz  cmimerate.s .50 canoes; 
Ilcrrrr:!  K]ic;ikn  of  tliice  Xiquiji'des  of  8,000  men  each,  standing  rcaily  in  tliat 
vifiiiity  to  oppose  tlie  Spaniards,  waiting  only  for  tlio  word  to  ho  ;^iviii. 

'"^ot  'Ciillia,  (.'ullia,  Mexico,  Mexico,' as  I'.ernal  Diaz  has  it.  'J'lio  na- 
tives pronounced  the  wcjrdC'nlliu.i  only  ;  but  this  autlior,  tindinj:  tiiat  ('ulh';:v 
referred  to  .Mexico,  puts  the  word  Mexiio  into  the  nioutli  of  Taiiaseo  and  his 
followers,  l.oiig  hefore  the  A/tecs,  a  'roltec  trilte  called  the  .AcoUmjis,  or 
rulhuas,  had  settled  in  the  vjillev  of  Mi'xico.  'J'he  name  is  more  anciei.t 
than  that  of  'i'oltcc,  and  the  Mexican  civilization  might  ])crliaps  as  apjiro- 
jiriately  he  called  (,'ulhua  as  Nahua.  'J'lie  name  is  interpreted  'erooki'd  ' 
from  riildfi,  ]>L'ud;  also 'grandfather' from  coW.  ('ollniacan  mii^iit  therefore 
signify  Land  of  our  Ancestors.  Under  Toltec  (huninion  a  trijiartite  confed- 
eracy had  existed  in  the  valley  of  .\iiahuao,  and  when  the  Aztecs  hecanic  the 
luliiig  nation,  this  alliance  was  reestablished.  It  was  coin)iosed  of  the  Aco!- 
liuii,  Aztec,  and  'I'epanec  kingdoms,  the  Aztec  king  assuming  the  title  (Julhua 
'I'ecuhili,  I  liicf  of  the  Culhuas.  It  is  evident  that  the  ('nlluias  liad  becomt! 
known  tliroughout  this  region  by  their  coinjuests,  und  l)y  their  culture,  supe- 
rior as  it  was  to  that  of  neighboring  tribes.  The  n|)Ht<u t  Aztecs  wei(!  oiilv 
too  ))roud  to  identify  themselves  with  so  renouneil  a  penple.  The  naiiiO 
Culhua  was  retaiiieil  among  the  suiToundiiig  tril)es,  and  applieil  before 
Cirijaha  to  the  Mexican  country,  w  here  gold  was  indeed  abundant. 


24 


C.rj.IALVA  EXPLORES  THE  MEXICAN  GULF. 


I 


wliicli  the  Spaniards  inferred  tliat  toward  the  west 
they  would  find  their  liearts'  desire.  Then  th'jy  re- 
turned to  tlieir  ships. 

In  great  state,  unarmed,  and  without  sign  of  fear, 
Tabasco  next  day  visited  Grijalva  on  board  liis  vessel. 
He  had  already  sent  roasted  iisli,  fowl,  maize  bread, 
and  fi-uit,  and  now  he  brought  gold  and  feather-work. 
( )ut  of  a  chest  borne  by  his  attendants  was  taken  a 
suit  of  armor,  of  wood  overlaid  with  gold,  which  Ta- 
basco placed  upon  Grijalva,  and  on  his  head  a  golden 
hehnet,  giving  him  likewise  masks  and  breast-plates 
of  gold  and  mosaic,  and  targets,  collars,  bracelets,  and 
beads,  all  of  beaten  gold,  three  thousand  pesos  in  value. 
With  the  generous  grace  and  courtesy  innate  in  him, 
Grijalva  took  oti'  a  crimson  velvet  coat  and  cap  which 
he  had  on  when  Tabasco  entered,  also  a  })air  of  new 
red  shoos,  and  in  these  brilliant  habiliments  arrayed 
the  chieftain,  to  his  iniinite  delight. 

The  Spaniards  tlcparted  from  Tabasco  with  further 
assurances  of  friendship,  and  two  days  later  sighted  the 
town  of  Ahualulco,  which  they  named  La  Rambla, 
because  the  natives  with  tortoise-shell  shields  were 
observed  hurrying  hither  and  thither  upon  the  shore. 
Afterward  they  discovered  the  river  Tonala,  which 
was  subsequently  examined  and  named  San  Antonio;*'' 
then  the  Goazacoalco,**  which  they  could  not  enter 
owing  to  unfavorable  winds;  and  presently  the  great 
snowy  mountains  of  New  Spain,  and  a  nearer  range, 
to  which  they  gave  the  name  San  Martin,*"  in  justice 


''  'Dns  grosso  Fcst  dcs  heiligcn  Antonius  von  PiKliia  fiillt  <iuf  den  1.3  Juni, 
timl  (lies  giobt  uns  also  eiiio  (Jt'logeiihuit  eincs  tier  Daten  der  lleise  dea  Gri- 
jalva, doiTii  uns  die  liericliterstiitter,  wic  immer,  nur  wenige  geben,  £onau 
iV'stzusctzen.'  Kohl,  Bciilrn  altcDh-ii  Kartell,  U)").  Cortds,  in  his  cliiirt  of  tlio 
(Jult  of  Mexieo,  15'20,  calls  it  Santo  Anton;  Fernando  Colon,  liVJ?,  /»'.  tie  la 
lialsd,  with  the  .'name  (/.  de  ».  anion,  to  the  gulf;  Ribero,  lo'iO,  r:  <le  Sdton; 
(ilohc  of  Orontius,  lii'M,  C.  S.  dio;  Vaz  Dourado,  1571,  rio  dc  S.  ana;  Hood, 
\'>U2,  A*.  (Ic  S.  Antonio,  etc.  Vov  Santa  Ana  Danipier  in  KiOO  lays  down  .SV. 
Ainm,  andJelferys  in  177<),  Ji.  St.  Ann. 

''Tortos  calls  it  Ilia  de  tctiiqnalquo;  Colon,  /?.  dt:  gasncalcos;  Ribero,  7?.  de 
f/niisuralro;  Orontius,  IL  de  (/iialtio;  Vaz  Dourado,  It.o  de  de  ijuaqaija;  Hood, 
li.  dc.  Oiiara;  Mercator,  Quacaqualro ;  De  Laet,  Ogilby,  It.  de  O'uazaeoalco; 
Jellorys,  A'.  Onazacalo;  Danipier,  li.  Oiuizaeoaico  or  iliuxshiijwalp. 

'"Colon  gives  it,  Sieiroti  de  San  mrti;  Vaz  Dourado,  strtw  de  S.  viartin; 


THE  r,ro  DE  BAXDEIUS. 


n 


to  the  soldier  who  fi^„t  .,  " 

^•■'l '"?  ship,  and  ente*d  !r"''.f''"™'-<'  '"«  'iter- 
«.  led  by  tl.o  nativorpLM^"  *^  "*'"='•''  »  river 
soI.I,crs  after  the  dileovToX"'  ''''f-"™^''  ^V  hh 
<''«'i;lme  the  captain  receiv«/fh'"'  '''""''  '"•'-■■'*  of 
mander^     The  next  strtSim  t -,     ?  T™"""  "^  '"•'  eo,n- 

c.^lc.dRiodeBanderli|«eausrr     *^^  '""'«  ^^"■' 
'"  Wso  numbers,  earr,'i„gXte  ^^  ""''T  'Woarod 

^V,tl,  these  wJiite  Hanfthi  „"?•"•'*  <";  «>«'>  lances. 
«tra„,^.crs  to  Jand,-  wl,c?cun„n  T^'T  ''"*""«'  the 
sent  ashore  under  Frane^??  w"""'^  ^"''Jiors  were 
''We  reception  bei,*  ™ccoXtf^°"'''-'"'  •■""'  •''  ^vor! 
"I'Foached  with  his  S  a,fd  I  '!'  \''"  «"n">»nder 
de  erence  was  paid  the  ^,e,'^  t""^-  f'"  "'"»«' 
more  fully  ap  y^     &  iVT'  "-^  «',1I  hereafter 

zuma,  having,  in  Id.;  canit  d^f  n-  '"S^'  ^"■■'1  Monte- 
v...tors  upon  his  eSn ',  "  b"'"T"'"  ?^  «'«  «t™I^ 
be  rc-crontially  enterta  "ed      f^th  "'''•'T'  *«">  ^ 
spread  on  mats  an  abunXn        <?''"  "'»'  shade  was 
'»».es  of  burni„,r  in,,",*"""  "'^  revisions,  whife 
l"'"l"  ■■odolent  the  ar  'Thr'"'"**''  «'"  '^^t  and 
meo  was  present  wltt  two     *'','"'°!'.""''  »''  «'  s  pro" 
'^'«n"-"g  >vhat  best  the  Span"  "h°"  '"''*?  '■"'«••«   "nd 
»i"l  gathered  them  ffoM  tW^L  ^•\''"''-'^'  '"=  ««'t  out 
teoii  thousand  pesos      S^f'^h  '°  «'«  value  of  fif 

I«"ea  GrijalvaC:L-mt  ette;";^^''"f«» '•- 

'  c  natn-es,  subsequently  c  Ss^en?!  r  ^'"••'■'°''  °»<^  °f 

.interpreter.     After  a  s  av  n?         'f  ""'■'*'^°'  =«>«>'» 

•^^"Icd,  passing  a  small  i.l  d\^,  f' ''^  .*'">'''  the  flec"t 

of  iral...,,'  -^"^  "'•  ^'^"^'"■^  A,/«,     Tins  s5;iiS't;;  M  "'?'^'-'  '^-  ^^'•'-'* 
^     ",il--.era  makes  the  r„,i;..„  ^  ^"■'"''  ^^^'«  '^  «''tivo 


'"^-^z  ji,tl(j^  etc,        *  |)i(»    I", 


NoiiiG  of  the  earlv  mo.,      i  '  ^'^"'^'^  «/Ce«to» 


20 


ORIJALVA  EXPLORES  THE  MEXICAN  GULF. 


'4 


a. 


\- 


Grijiilva  called  Isla  Blanca,  and  tlion  the  Isla  Yi'rdo, 
^leaiiiiiiLf  green  with  t'oliau^o  amidst  the  green  waters, 
tour  leagues  from  the  continent;  coming  presently  to 
a  third  island,  a  league  and  a  half  from  the  mainland, 
which  aifordcd  good  anchorage.  This,  according  to 
Oviedo,  was  on  the  18th  of  June.  On  landing  tho 
Spaniards  found  two  stone  temples,  within  which  lay 
tive  human  bodies,  with  bowels  opened  and  limbs  cut 
off';  and  all  about  were  human  heads  on  poles,  while 
at  the  top  of  one  of  the  edifices,  ascended  by  stono 
steps,  was  the  likeness  of  a  lion  in  marble,  with  a 
j^-ii-^^v  \iead,  showing  the  tongue  cut  out,  and  oppo- 
hhe  to  it  a  stone  itlol  and  blood-fount.  Here  was 
evidently  n  sacrifice  to  some  pagan  deity;  and  touch- 
ing it  's  to  witness  the  horror  with  which  these 
men  of  Spain  regarded  such  shocking  spectacles, 
while  viewing  complacently  their  own  atrocious 
cruelties. 

Crossing  from  Isla  do  Sacrificios,  as  they  called  this 
blood-bespattered  place,  the  Spaniards  landed  on  the 
adjoining  mainland,  and  making  for  themselves  shel- 
ter with  boughs  and  sails  bcLran  trading  for  gold;  but 
the  natives  being  timid  and  returns  inconsiderable, 
Grijalva  proceeded  to  another  island,  less  than  a 
league  from  the  mainland  and  provided  with  water. 
Here  was  a  harbor  sheltered  from  the  dread  yet 
grateful  north  winds,  which  in  winter  rush  in  with 

•  •       • 

passionate  energy,  driving  away  the  dreadful  summer 
vomito  and  tumbling  huge  surges  on  the  strand, 
though  now  they  formed  but  a  wanton  breeze  by  day, 
which  slept  on  waves  burnished  by  the  radiant  sun 
or  silvered  by  the  moon.  Here  they  landed  and 
erected  huts  upon  the  sand.^^  To  the  Spaniards  all 
nature  along  this  seaboard  seemed  dyed  with  the  blood 

'■'-  The  Chaplain  Diaz  affirms  that  ten  days  were  passed  on  the  inainlan<l, 
where  Iinliaiw  dressed  in  mantles  Ijroiight  them  fiH)d,  and  where  they  melted 
their  gold  into  bars;  and  that  on  the  San  Juan  Island  they  appointed  one  of 
tile  natives  cacique,  christening  him  Ovando.  'El  eapitaneo  li  disse  chc  non 
volevano  se  non  oro  ct  loro  resposseno  eiie  lo  portariano  laltrii  giorno  portorono 
oro  fondido  in  verghe  et  lo  eapitaneo  li  dissc  che  portasaeno  molto  d  quelle.' 
Iliiiciuriu,  in  Icazbalcttii,  Col.  JJoc,  i.  'J'J'J. 


i     ! 


'■'"H  priests,  a,„l  thoUu'T*  *-'*■"•■'' '""'''''■• 

P'J  b,,vs,  they  ;,a,l  Knn  s2|    „*"■"  •'"'■""t'r  "al-ri- 

<";",all  wiiicl,  Jed  Oiom%        "".'71""'»3  to  aiinov 

;■""'  offering  Uoo,ly   /is??"  '""'S '"""•'."  I«<li .. 
';;atl.c„  answcToclfboeauso  fj,     "n  S«'«;  •■""'  tl  " 

I;>o,„  tl,is  circumstance  tol  ?"'"'  ■1,°"''^  '""■'•'  't  --■ 
•'"-'  "amo  of  the  commanZ   '    '  'V*''  "'«  '^^ts  that 

«;a..  n»,v  about  the  ti™oftr''''''  ""^  «'"*    ' 
',"  •!'^"'  'i'"  baptist,  the  is"  n,?""""''^''"->',"*'tl'efest 

!.•  Lhm  -  wIn-lL  thi  co„    no  ,t    n'M'"!""'    '''•■'"  J"a„ 
-'llcci  Santa  Mana  de  laaNWos         "  "'""'^  «"■' 

V'   ■■'  •;'.<-'i).     Hw,   irhoVj/?//''  'T''''"''''"  (J'l  V  'rrcrnl       ^'"'"■'"'^  "rites 
'  '/"J.'Ira;  and  market  I.  on      l'""^''''"'-  '^'.  ^o/  </,/,       y'"^^'  '•^"''  "'//«  »vV/,,.. 

■^I'-TKic.ios  and  IJh/n   \  u-        ',■•  ^^^■'  »•  5.S1.    1 1^  f ',1  f  ^"■enjico,.    .S..^ 


CHAPTER   III. 


RETURN  OF  GRIJALVA.     A  NEW  EXPEDITION  ORGANIZED. 

1513. 

REtTSAI.  OF  GrIJALVA  TO  SETTLE— AlVAUADO  SeNT  HACK  ToCCDA— GuiJALVA 

Continues  his  Discoveuy— Af-teu  Reachino  the  Province  of  Panuco 
HE  Turns  back — Touching  at  the  Rio  Goazacoalco,  TonalA,  the 
Laguna  ue  Terminos,  and  Chamtoton,  the  Expedition  Returns  to 
Cuba — Gkijalva  Traduced  and  Discharged — A  New  Expedition 
Pi^vNNED — Velazquez  Sends  to  Santo  Domingo  and  Si-a'  Jharac- 
ters  of  Velazquez  and  Grijalva  Contrasted — Candid  <m  the 

Captaincy  of  the  New  Expedition — The  Alcalde  of  t..,  .^o  Suc- 
cessful— His  Standing  at  that  Time. 


At  various  places  during  this  expedition,  notably 
where  is  now  Vera  Cruz,  and  at  the  River  Tabasco, 
both  in  coining  and  returning,  Grijalva's  men  begged 
permission  to  settle  and  subdue  the  country.  In 
their  desire  to  remain  they  pictured  to  themselves  all 
the  })leasures  of  the  abandoned  crew  of  Ulysses,  in  a 
land  as  happy  as  that  of  which  Horace  sang,  where 
Ceres  decked  untilled  fields  with  sheaves  and  l^acchus 
revelled  under  purple-clustered  vines.  And  they  were 
angry  with  their  commander  for  not  breaking  the  in- 
structions which  forbade  his  colonizing.  Pedro  do 
Alvarado  was  particularly  chafed  by  the  restraint, 
tliough  he  kept  his  temper  until  he  obtained  permis- 
sion to  return  to  Cuba  with  one  of  the  vessels^  which 
liatl  become  unseaworthy,  so  as  to  report  to  the  gov- 
ernor the  progress  of  the  discovery,  and  obtain  re- 
cruits and  fresh  supplies,  with  permission  to  found  a 
colony.  Beside  some  fifty  sick  persons,  all  the  gold, 
cotton,  and  other  articles  obtained  from  the  natives 

'  Ilerrera  says  it  was  the  San  Sebastian;  Oviedo,  the  Trinidail. 

(28) 


ALVARADO  RKTURNS  TO  CUBA.  H 

tlius  far  wero  |i]:ic'o<l  in  Alvnnido's  shij),  wliicli  .sailed 
the  '24th  of  Juno.  Tlu."  ivniaindor  of  the  c'X|H';'ition 
foiitiiiuod  its  now  north-westward  cour.'^e  past  Nauthi,'^ 
uhich  the  Spaniard.s  called  Alnien'a,  and  with  tho 
mountains  of  Tuxpan'  in  full  view,  advanced  as  far 
as  Cabo  llojo,  some  .say  as  far  .'is  the  ]lio  do  Ptl- 
mico.*  Tho  entrance  to  the  largo  las^oon  now  knf)wn 
as  tho  J^ahi'a  do  Tanguijo,  was  mi.stakon  for  a  river 
and  named  Rio  do  Caiioa.s.  On  anchorinj^  hero  tho 
ships  of  tho  Spaniards  wero  fiercely  attaekotl  by  tho 
occupants  of  twelve  canoes,"  which  came  out  from  a 
larne  city  compared  by  the  worthy  chaplain  to 
Seville  in  size  and  maonitic  nee,  in  comuKm  with 
other  towns  aloni,^  this  seaboard;  and  as  if  this  wore 
not  strange  enough,  the  same  authority  goes  on  to 

'  Ti)wn  and  river  given  both  ]ty  Corti's  and  Orontius.  Colon  wi'itea  /?.•  </« 
ahiK'ri  I :  l\'\])cvt>  atmera;  Viiz  l^ourado,  (ilhiii'irn;  lloinl,  Ahnrrin;  ni>a.  vi.  mid 
vii.,  Mmiirh  A/las,  rio  <le  ahm-rlit,  und  MiTi'iitor,  Ah)wrin.  Ogiltiy  |>liu'<'.s 
iiurtli  of  IJianai  ilc  Alitirna  a  liii';,'t>  jridf  lalielli'd  /'.  tic  S  I'"  ij  S  I'liiiln,  and 
siiiitli  of  it  Tuliiin,  and  Ton;  Jiramo.  Panipier  lays  tlown  Almrria  I.  opposite 
7V.<;»'aiid  llauiaijo  Isle  on  tlie  mainland.  Liict  gives  Naotldan  ti  Aliiicria,  and 
Lhmiiii  lie.  Almcrid. 

^ '  Vinioa  las  sierras  de  Tusta,  y  mas  adelanto  do  a  Id  a  otros  dos  diaa  vi- 
mos  otros  sierr.as  uiuy  altas,  ij  agora  se  UaiiiiV  las  sierras  de  Tuspa;'  so  called, 
lU'inal  IMaz  says,  J I  int.  i'crdm/.,  10,  from  tho  towns  lying  at  their  base.  1'ho 
Kio  de  Tiixpan  is  supposed  to  be  the  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo  of  early  days. 
'  l>a  das  I'eter-und  rauls-Festauf  den  2!)  Juni.' 

*Kohl  thinks  Grijalva  did  not  jiass  Cabo  Rojo,  tiie  C:.  ro.ro  of  Vaz 
Pourado,  and  Hood,  and  I  am  inclined  to  agree  with  him.  Hernal  I)ia/  says, 
lliiii.  Virdad,  10,  '  Y  estocs  ya  en  la  I'rovineia  do  I'anuco;  e  yendo  jior  nuestni 
naiiegaeio  llegamoa  li  vn  rio  grande,  (jue  le  pnsimos  por  nobre  Kio  de  Canoas. ' 
The  iionienelature  of  this  stream  is  quite  regular  in  tho  several  times  and 
pluees.  Cortes  gives  Jiio  Panuro  Irifutoii ;  Colon,  /?.•  jmnwo;  Kiboro  and  V,i/. 
l)(mrado,  pvuiro;  Orontius,  li.  jianh-n;  }food,  Pniiiiri);  ISaptista  Agnese,  /mnu- 
rhn,  and  no  )iainicho ;  no.  vi.  Miinlvh  Atlan  the  .same  ;  I'toleniy,  I.'j.SO,  in  Mini- 
tJ<  r,  /'(t)iiico;  Mereator,  river  and  town  I'mnnn,  and  next  town  south  <  fii'tt. 
And  so  on  with  Hontlius,  Ogilby,  ]>aiiipier,  and  the  rest.  See  (Uildsrlnnhll'H 
<  'lU-to'j.  I'ar.  ( 'onM,  M.S. ,  i.  578.  Upon  tlie  hypothesis  that  the  San  I'eilro  y  San 
I'abloand  the  Tuxpan  were  two  streams,  the  latter  may  have  been  the  Kio  <lo 
Canoas  of  (Jrijalva  and  the  Piinuco  diseov.,.i-e(l  by  Montejo  and  Alaminos  t!io 
year  following,  as  Kold  surmises,  but  not  otlierwise.  Jlerrera  .says  the  ex])e- 
(litioM  dill  not  pass  Cabo  Kojo;  lierual  Diaz  speaks  of  a  wide  ])rojcotini:  cape, 
wl.icli  does  not  exist  beyond  the  l*:inuco  Kiver.  Yet  b(>tii  atliiiu  that  tho 
]>rovinoe  of  I'anuco  was  reached,  and  we  well  know  that  little  would  be  .said 
to  strangers  of  an  aboriginal  ])rovince  by  its  inhabitants  l)efore  its  great  town, 
or  its  great  I'iver,  was  approached.  Hence  tho  general  impression  that  Ori- 
j.dva  on  this  occasion  coasted  as  far  as  Tampico,  and  that  tho  Panuco  was  bis 
liio  lie  Canoas.  It  is  my  opinion  tiiat  tho  entrance  to  the  IJahia  de  Tanguijo, 
mistaken  for  a  river,  was  the  Kio  de  Canoas  of  Grijalva,  and  that  Cabo  Kojo 
\v:is  his  ultimate  ])oint  of  discovery. 

■*  Some  say  sixteen. 


80 


RETURN  OF  GRIJALVA— A  YEW  EXPEDITIOX. 


m 


III 

jj')' 

ill'!' 


relate  a  iMiraclo  wliioh  liappened  lierc  because  Grijalva 
refused  the  soldiers  leave  to  sack  the  place;  how  a 
star,  poised  al>ovc  the  fleet  after  sunfeot,  shot  toward 
the  town  and  hung  over  it  invitingly,  as  if  J(.liovah 
signified  his  pleasure  that  the  Christians  should  seize 
the  citv." 

After  beating  back  the  canoes  the  Spaniards 
})roceeded,  but  found  their  course  impeded  by  the 
currents  off  C-abo  Kojo;  from  which  circumstance, 
together  with  the  hostility  of  the  natives,  tho  rapidity 
wirh  which  the  season  was  advancing,  and  the  condi- 
tion of  the  ships,  they  determirxcd  to  return.  Turn- 
ing toward  the  southward,  tlierefore,  they  were  carried 
past  the  Kivur  Goazacoalco  by  boisterous  winds,  and 
entered  TonaU  to  careen  and  repair  a  leaky  vessel.^ 
Again  the  men  blasphemed  and  held  the  commander 
in  derision  because  he  would  not  settle.  After  sev- 
eral failures  in  starting  they  continued  the  voyage, 
encountered  bad  weather,  touched  at  Deseado  for 
water,  engaged  in  a  parting  fight  with  the  natives 
of  Champoton,  sailed  again,  and  the  fifth  reached 
San  Lazaro,  where  they  were  led  into  ambush  AvliiJe 
searching  for  water,  and  attacked.  After  helping 
themselves  to  maize  they  embarked,  followed  the 
shore  jtast  Rio  de  Lagartos,  the  Comi  of  the  native^, 
\\licnco  tliey  sailed  f\)r  Cuba,  and  arrl'/etl  at  ]\Iatanzas 
about  the  first  of  November.^ 


"Ill  questo  giomo  sul  tardi  vedesseino  r.iir.acolo  ben  grande  el  qunl  fii  die 
ajiparvi'  una  dtolla  iiifima  !a  nave  dapoi  e!  trainoutar  dul  sole  et  partisse  simu- 
prc  huttaiido  ra/.i  lino  clio  tvj  j>osu  sopra  qi.el  vilagio  c'cr  popiilo  giaiule  ct 
la'^si)  \iiio  la/o  111!  laiere  die  diiro  piu  do  tre  liore  gniiide  ct  anchoia  vidi^ssinu) 
iiltii  sigiiii!  Iii'ii  diiaii  dove  coiiipieiKk'ssenio  die  ilio  vi.lca  per  suo  servitio  po- 
puiaa-JiMiio  la  dicta  terra.   Il'i.,erarin,  in  Icazhnlce/a,  <\il.  J>oc.,  i.  H()2. 

'  Ik'rnal  Diaz  dai:ns  to  have  jilaiitod  here  tlie  lirst  oiaiige-secds  sown  in 
New  Spiiin.  It  was  at  the  liase  of  a  temple,  on  whose  siiiiiniit  he  had  enjoyed 
a  refreshing  sleep,  above  the  douds  of  inosi|uitoes,  and  through  gralitinle  ho 
sowed  these  seed,  which  he  had  brought  from  Cuba.  He  tells,  likewise,  of 
o))tainiiig  here  liy  barter  4,000  pesos,  which,  with  the  1(1,000  pesos  Alvarado 
carried  home,  made  120,000  pesos  secured  during  tjie  voyage.  Among  the 
treasures  were  some  copper  hatchets,  which  the  Spaniards  took  to  he  an  infe- 
rior kind  of  gold.  La?  Cjsas  gives  a  detailed  descri])tiou  of  the  treasures 
obtained  by  this  exr edition,  among  wliich  was  an  emerald  w  orth  'J, 000  ihicats, 
from  tlio  mainland  opposite  Isla  de  Sacriticios. 

"This,  following  Oviedo,  who  in  lo"J3  visited  Velazquez,  and  wivs  told 


ILI 


ILL-TREATMENT  OF  GRIJALVA. 


31 


III  die 

1  Sl'lll- 
Iclo  ft 
[.siino 
jo  i)o- 

(11  ill 
lovotl 
ho 


the 


toUl 


When  Grijalva  cast  anchor  in  tho  hay  of  Ma- 
tanzas  his  heart  heat  high  with  ])runiise.  He  had 
ivtunied  successful  from  a  brilhant  discovery,  in 
\\hich  had  begun  that  pronounced  niastery  i)f  hfe 
which  is  the  dream  of  every  chivah'ous  minch  Tiiere 
had  been  nothing  in  the  least  irrational  in  his  policy, 
or  fickle  or  factious  in  his  conduct.  He  ha<l  used 
(Hligencc  and  discretion,  had  been  true  to  his  com- 
])aiiions,  and  faithful  to  his  king  and  to  his  cliief. 
Sui'cly  his  uncle  would  praise  him,  his  governor 
woukl  reward  him,  and  his  king  woukl  intrust  him 
with  new  commissions.  So  he  deserv^ed;  so  he  had 
every  reason  to  ex[)ect,  and  Jience  it  was  with  pride 
and  pleasure  that  he  once  more  set  foot  on  Isia  Fer- 
naiidiiui. 

lint,  unfortunately,  this  most  virtuous  cavalier  was 
iiow  destined  to  reap  the  too  connnon  reward  of  hon- 
est service  in  the  cause  of  a  vicious  master.  Scarcely 
had  (irijalvu  landed,  when  a  letter  from  the  governor 
was  ])lacetl  in  his  hand,  ordering  him  to  repair  with 
his  ships  at  once  to  Santiago,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  iiotifv  his  soldiers  that  opportuiiity  woukl  be 
quickly  given  all  who  desired  to  en\bark  in  a  fresh 
adventure  to  New  Spain,  and  that  meanwhile  they 
minht  rest  themselves  at  the  governor's  farms  in  that 
vicinity.  Then,  too,  he  first  learned  how  A\;lazquez, 
ever  lickle  and  distrustful  as  are  all  timid  an<l  un- 
scrupulous men,  becoming  nervous  concerning  the 
tk'ft,  had  sent  Crist()bal  de  Olid  in  a  small  vossi'l 
Mith  seven  soldiers  to  seairh  and  report;  and  that  on 
reaching  the  coast  of  Yucatan  a  storm  had  ol)li<;.d 
the  oxplorer  to  jiart  with  his  anchor  aii<l  i-eturn  to 
Cuba."     Before  the  return   of    Olid,   Alvarado    hatl 

these  tliitiL''!.  Other  autliors  give  Mi(h'ly  (litlV'rent  afcnimts  of  (iriialva's 
it'tiirn,  most  of  tiicin  takiim  liilii  at  oiu'o  from  'J'otiiihi  to  M:itMii/as,  hut 
!i',iii\\  iiiL;  forty  (lays  for  tiie  voya,m'.  Ovicch)  ihites  (Jiijalva's  anival  at  tiie 
liivciM  ioazacoak'o  .hily  !t;  at  1  K^sciuh),  AiiLrust  17;  at  ('haiii]>otoii,  Si'iiti-tiiln'r 
I  ;  Niii  J.azaro.  St'i)toiiihi'r  Ti,  ami  Mataiizas,  Octohcr  S,  which  is  too  t'urly, 
aiconUii'^  to  tile  date  of  Cortes'  instructions. 

'•'Oviedo  says  that  Olid  Meiit  to  ("oziiiiu'i  and  took  possession  of  tlie  ishilid, 
thinking  lie  liad  discovered  it;  then  coasting  north  antl  wubtwaid  to  a  port, 


32 


RETURN  OF  GRIJALVA-A  NEW  EXPEDITION. 


\H 


arrived  with  the  gold  and  jj^ood  tidinij^s  from  tlio 
armada,  Mliioh  i^avo  tlio  governor  unbounded  joy. 
(jrrijalva  liad  yet  to  learn,  however,  how  Alvarado, 
not  t'orgetting  the  censure  hestowed  on  him  for  dis- 
()bt.'dienet\  liad  not  I'aik'd  to  color  the  conduct  of  his 
commander  to  suit  his  own  ends.  (Jrijalva's  rej)eate;l 
refusals  to  colonize  were  jviiaded  as  tlu  gross  mis- 
takes of  a  stubborn  and  s[)iriiJess  inan;  the  coolness 
and  bravery  disj>layed  at  (^ham|)oton  were  made  to 
apjH>ar  as  reckless  imprudence;  and  as  the  govi'rnor 
thought  of  the  danger  to  which  his  adventure  had 
there  been  subjected,  he  became  alarmed.  "Had  I 
lost  all,"  he  muttered,  "it  would  have  been  a  'just 
jxMiahy  for  .sending  s'lch  a  fool."  And  now  both 
J):ivila  and  ^[ontejo  poured  fresh  poison  into  the  ear 
of  the  govi'rnt)r  resjiecting  his  ni'phew,  in  revenge 
for  simil.ir  fancied  injuries;  so  that  when  CTrijalva 
reported  himself  to  V\!laz(juez  at  Santiago,  he  was 
told  to  go  his  way,  since  the  governor  luul  no  further 
use  for  him. 

Indeed,  tliis  line  of  action  had  been  for  some 
time  determiiied  on.  Inmiediati'ly  upon  the  arrival 
of  Alvai'ado,  a  new  expedition  had  been  j)lanned,  in 
which  (Jrijalva  was  not  to  particij)ate.  The  latter 
was  hurt,  almost  to  deatii.  Jle  had  conferred  a 
great  benefit  on  this  Tiberius  of  an  uncle;  but  as 
affection  is  heightened  by  the  conferring  of  beui'fits, 
so  it  is  (>!'teii  lessened  by  the  acceptance  of  them. 
Not  long  after,  Juan  de  Salcedo  M'as  sent  to  Santo 
])omingo  for  ]n>rmission  io  colonize  New  S]>ain,  ami 
]>enilo  Mai'tin,  chaplain  and  man  of  business,  was 
despatched  to  Spain'"  with  a  full  account  of  the  dis- 

I*agiuiii  (!'■  TiTiiiinos,  ami  liiuling  no  traces  of  (rrij.ilva,  niul  liaviiii;  lost  lii;< 
niuhors,  ln>  ivtunii'd  to  Mataiizas  oiglit  days  ho  im  Cirijalva;  Imt  in  tliis 
litattMncnt  lu'  is  susUiiiuHl  noitlRT  by  his  ooiiton;]>oraries  noi"  tiy  liis  own  cuh 
latcial  stiiti'tiu  nts,  Volaziimv,'  instruotioiis  '.o  ('ortt^s  iiro  tlat('(l  tho  'JIM  of 
Oclolior,  itt  wliii'h  time  noitiiorOliil  noiMirijalva  liad  wturnod,  siiioc  Corti's  is 
tohl  to  soaivli  tor  thcin  ;  )>oth  arrived,  liowovi-r,  lii'foro  lie  sailed. 

'"  It  was  in  May,  1.")!!),  ai'i-ordiiij,'  to  «)viedo,  that  lienito  Martin— some 
eall  him  M;i;tine/  saili'd  h)r  Spain,  tlrijalva  hiiviiij;  arrived  at  Santiago  late 
in  the  Oetoher  previous.  IJy  ret'erenee  to  a  Vela/.(|nez  menioriat.  in  iv.  '2X\  I, 
Col.  l>oc.  /iitiL,  \vc  liud  that  hcforo  this,  upon  the  atreiiglh  of  Cordoba's  dia- 


CHAIJACTER  OF  VEL  V/OFT^  A>-r. 


3.1 


»"'   «.  lu.i.pilv  were  .list      ut .    ^CT'P'  <^""<-''i'l"-: 
acklantado  of  Cuba  adJcd.     ^     '^''  ''''^^'  *^^^  ^^^lo  of 


How  different  t] 


^"  u.iiURMir  tlio  qua  It V 
qn-  ;vna  Gnlalva,  aril  Zl 


q'lalltv  of  tlicso  tu 


tlio  pluunix 
<-'Iiaracter  of  th 

wt  lout  ami  Jioll.nv  witi 
i'o   oved  glory,  tlio  hi 

<'».tIio  ability  ami  tl 


so  widely  dm 


o  mou,  A\>1, 


u- 


^v  about  to  rise  Iron   I  •  •     "7'^""<^  <'•'"» 

^- a  camllc  tiamo,  lu,t 


i.'-ovornor  was  lil, 


uu. 
)rass  a 


Almost 


'IS  JlHloh  as  irold 


tiiict 


»<l  tinsel  of  it,  lH,t"[ 


ion.     A 


:i^  Othello,  tl 


f  wiNiIy  worked 


10  eourao-e  to  acl 


Hie  M 


',  tiiere  Avas  in  hi 


"pon  by  d 


K'kod 
"ove  noble  dis- 


<^<>i';  and 


ni  m 


osi.i>-ning  men 


be  was  very  read'y  to  sus.^'t  tr  '"^'^^'■'^•^'  '"""'■^^•J''. 

;;•fe^<>^thootlu.r'h:Ll::'7L'';:•^'- 


Xew  'World   d 


^' n-H(i  diseove  :.  o     ;  "r ;'"' 

t.    Oberlionf    .     '   :    '.   ''^     ''    ""'^Jo-^t    fl 


•^  the  l.ysander  ,,f 


*>in.s  and 


uo-1 


>   nianly 


•^PXMt,   obedient   to  oust 
}';'^''-'-'^J-noraml<h.t;"^>:i^:;;ri"''" 


t 


eiK'i 
r()ii> 


■onerous  action,  t] 


pleasure,  nativ 


'  :^'^7f  'i«^-iion,  the  verv  f.nlf..  i      '  ■•— '^s  nan 
"•^-  -Inne  brilliant  .w  I' ;...    ''^'  ^IV'-^'^  out  by  ] 


as 


ny  H 


^^paniard  that 


^'l^tues.      ]  { 


Jus 


-^•va<^e,  as  brave  and  tah-nted 


ever  drew  steel 


^-  \vas  as  chivab 


''•'^■'^ly.  th,.  u 


as  any. 


on  nalvrd 


^'ili'l.iiitn, 


fi;<  li.'M  ill.'  f, 


Oof  \v 


'".'-'•oiKl,,.  i;Ul,„f  X, 


J^nt  he  laekc,! 


'i 


win 


"iiil,  jit  I 


■K  lit'  liad 


(llSOOV.T.',! 


Ol    till.    ,1 


•''liii.s  of  th 


lis  own    COMt.    ( 


,"i'"'r.  I.")IS,  at  S, 
'  '"■'"ii.'litdi.-ic 


fini.troHsn,  iiiail(>  \\q. 


fa  of 


''■■o'l'iiilaiits  of 


Spaiiiaid.s,  »! 


o/lliii,.| 


■OV.T.       1 


Z<llll'Z 


-A 


iiistaiioo  (I 


"<  ••'  inattcr  of 


ins  Olio 


C011,|||,.,-,)iv>, 


'"'■'i  w.is  not  tn 


■"I'l  Viioataii,  ( 


"":  '•"•li..Waiii„.,i 


;"^''ni(.r  of  ('„! 


yourso,  (h..  I 


••'K.iiii,  whici 


aro, 


'■"i>.     Iii,l..,.,|,  tl 


'»'  S'liifa  M 


••'^  ••'  nil.',  «i,l,.iv  .1 


>il>ii,   to  t\ 


'I'-iiorof  th..  ili.s 


',l;'V''N(>lill.s,.v,,„( 


ill 


l.'SC  IMtli 

I'lcnt  fn 


Ilia  il.i 


fiirth. 


iin/, 


'•  ■Uiinorial  ,/,'f 


y  itu'u  iiis(,.a,l.,f 


'Ml   t\ 


111) 


;"^'''';y  i><  .'laiin..,!  m| 


''■'"I",  Co/.  />, 


I  ni  ( ■/■la 
'I'swio  ,/,■  />■    j 


''"'•  />"■•.  />„,r 


'"  viMitiin.il 


N('Vl.|l. 


Iio 


lly  for  tl 


'""i<'  than  Ik 


II foil io  I'r/ri 


'/">■•  </r   li 


'•    '18  <».      I 


'\'>'i'i>/f/a>it,„i„  /)/,•„„  iw„        '     '  '"'  xi'vt'iit 


iis'iinco 


-l^-Ki,  th..  littl. 


111"!-.    .MkX.,    V 


"'.It  of  oii.i  !,„_; 


;'J'/"'':  -^  //<■/•«„;,  ( 


s'n'l's  ami  a 


I'L.  I.     u 


K'oMii  into  ii  ciiia\ d 


'"  '''>/•  /'.v.  /,,,,/ 


or/t 


"  ith  SO  or  i»0 


iii'i'inii 
xii. 


iiion. 


>(\ 


34 


RETURN  OF  GRIJALVA— A  NEW  EXPEDITION. 


the  unscrupulous  positivencss  inseparable  hero  from 
permanom:  success.  He  was  resolute  in  overcoming 
difficulties,  and  he  was  strong  and  shrewd  enough  in 
the  prosecution  of  any  high  enterprise,  particularly 
so  lonrr  as  fortune  favored  him :  but  he  was  no  match 
for  the  subtle-minded  of  his  own  nation,  who  over- 
Avhelmed  him  in  their  show  of  learning,  backed  by 
imposing  forms.  All  contemporary  writers  speak 
well  of  him;  likewise  all  the  chroniclers,  except  Go- 
mara,  who  permits  chivalry  no  place  save  in  his  pet 
and  patron,  Cortes.  The  soldier  Bernal  Diaz  pro- 
nounces him  a  most  worthy  officer.  The  liistorians 
Oviedo  and  Herrera  call  him  a  comely  man,  thor- 
oughly loyal,  and  never  backward  at  fighting.  Yet 
we  are  told  that  some  censured  him,  while  others 
cursed  him  outright  for  his  conscientiousness,  be- 
cause he  did  not  break  orders  and  seize  opportu- 
nity. So  ready  were  they  to  engage  in  the  f:\llacious 
argument  that  it  was  right  to  do  wrong  if  good 
might  come  of  it.  To  disobey  Velazquez,  they  said, 
was  to  break  no  divhie  law;  forgetting  that  the  gov- 
ernor derived  his  authority  from  the  king,  and  the 
king  from  the  Almighty.  Of  a  truth,  when  force 
alone  is  the  standard  of  right,  then  honesty  is  not 
the  best  policy.  For  a  time  he  carried  himself  with 
a  brave  front,  conscious  of  his  integrity,  yet  we  may 
say  he  was  laid  low  forever  by  the  blow  misfortune 
here  gave    him."      Meanwhile   patience,  good   gov- 

"  Las  Casas  saw  him  at  Santo  Domingo  in  1523.  He  was  reclnced  to 
ponnry.  I'r.jceoding  thence  to  Panama,  lie  was  sent  l)y  Pedrarias  to  Nicaragua, 
where"  ho  was  killed.  So  perished  the  best  and  morally  bravest  of  cavaliers, 
while  unscrupulons  tricksters  lloui-ished.  Prior  to  his  departui'C  from  Cuba, 
however,  and  notwithstiinding  the  vile  treatment  of  the  governor,  at  Vela/.- 
(jiiez'  request,  ftrijalva  wrote  a  narrative  of  his  expedition,  which  was  h)st  by 
Oviedo  in  its  transmission  to  the  king.  It  is  embodied,  however,  in  sub- 
stance, in  Omnia,  i.  .WJ-ST.  One  of  the  most  original  and  complete  accounts 
of  (irijalva's  expedition  extant  is  that  by  the  priesc  J^an  Diaz,  lltnenirio 
(Ic  LdniKita  iH  lie  Cn/ho'ico  in  India  ri'ifo  hi  Ao'n  de  lurhatloin  del,  aitno 
M.  I).  XVIII,  alia  ijual  fu  Prexidviite  <0  ('<./,lfaii  (Ifiifralo  foan  d^  Orifilm: 
el  r/iial  c  facto  "prr  el  copellano  maijijior  de  dicia  Armafa  a  fiiia  Altizzi, 
published  in  Italian,  at  Venice,  in  LVJO,  in  French  by  Tcrnaux-Compans.  in 
IS.'iS,  the  former  being  copied  and  quoted  in  manuscript  by  Preseott.  Tlie 
issue  at  Venice  was  as  the  second  part  of  the  Jtincrario  df  Lvdooiro  dc  rarlffur' 
Motojuoit  ndlo  Eyitto,  wiUa  lioria,  etc.,  and  was  there  begun,  (jui  comincin  lo 


VALE  GPJJALVA. 


33 


ernor!     For  soon  enough  M'ill  arise  an  agent  capable 
of  i)laying  shrewd  tricks  to  your  ani[)le  contentment. 

It'iiierarlo  dr  Lhola  de  Inchatnn  nonnweiite  ritrounta  per  il  sujiior  Ginan  dp. 
(.'ri^alur,  etc.  By  far  the  best  edition  is  tliat  given  with  a  Spanish  transhi- 
tion  Ijy  Icazbalceta,  in  his  Col.  Dor.,  i.  "JS 1-308,  piinted  in  Mexieo  in  IS.VS. 
Next  is  the  account  by  ]'»ernal  Diaz,  who,  like  the  chaplain,  accompanied  the 
expedition,  thus  giving  us  narratives  by  eye-witnesses  at  onc(!  from  ecclesi- 
astical and  secular  stand-points.  The  st^itcments  of  Goniara,  J/iif.  Ind.,  M-H, 
ami  //i4.  Mex.,  9-11,  must  bo  ttiken  with  allowance.  Worse  still  are  the  nie- 
iiKirials  of  the  relatives  of  Velaz(jue2  to  sovereign  majesty,  such  as  that  found 
in  I'ai-heco  and  Curdciia>i,('o!.  l>o<\,  x.  <SO-(i,  which  are  little  better  than  tissues 
('{  misstatements  and  exaggerations.  Solis,  Jlhl.  Mcr.,  i.  '24-40,  gives  a  fair, 
full,  and  graphic  statement  of  particulars.  Tho  Iiinlrucrion  (/iie  d'ni  >'l  tidc- 
Unilado  Diego  Vehiz'/uez  d  llcrmvi  t'ortr.s,  in  Pci'-hcvo  and  ('(irdcnas,  Col.  Dor., 
xii.  2'2C)~C)l,  also  important,  &s  furnishing  original  collateral  light.  Las  ("asas, 
JH4.  Ind.,  iv.  10,  4'21-4,  though  full,  is  specially  inaccurate  and  weak,  not 
only  in  his  facts,  but  in  his  deductions.  Nor  is  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  iv. 
cap.  iii.,  any  stronger.  Chivljiro,  Storin  Jfe-ix.,  iii.  4-6,  De  Itchus  Cesl'ni Fi'rdl- 
iKuidi  Cortcii,  in  taizhalccta.  Col.  Doc,  i.  34l-(i,  and  Landu,  H<l.  de  Viir., 
21,  arc  mediocre;  and  Iferrera,  dec.  ii.  lib  iii.  cap.  i.  and  ix.,  is  ([uite  full 
and  very  valuable.  Cogolludo,  IIM.  Yuvath'in,  8-lG,  gives  a  fair  resumt^, 
but  a  far  better  one  is  Torqucmada's,  i.  ',\o\-~.  Prescott's  account,  Mex., 
i.  224-",  is  meagre  and  imperfect,  though  his  deductions  are  much  more 
sound  than  those  of  Kobertson's  /list.  Am.,  i.  240-3.  One  of  the  nu)st  super- 
ficial of  the  modern  narratives  of  this  expedition  is  given  by  Zamacois,  //iff. 
Ml j.,  ii.  23ti-52.  Those  by  Morelet,  Voij.  daiin  I'Am.  Cent.,  i.  17l)-8.">,  an<l  Fan- 
t( nut's  Il'ixt.  Yiic.,  {)-18,  arc  valuable.  A  collection  of  extracts  from  several 
letters  to  Charles  V.,  referring  to  Yucatan,  and  forming  'an  account  of  a 
rcicutly  discovered  island,  describing  its  locality,  the  customs  and  habits  of  its 
iiihaliitants, '  was  printed  at  Nureninerg,  by  Vrctlerick  Peypus,  in  l.'2(»,  un- 
der title  beginning  Kin  luimtaj  eltlicher  i^endhr'nff  dem  alter  diirclileiuhfii/islen. 
C.nliajal  Espinosn,  ///.s/.  .l/c.c,  1.  fll-C)."),  ii.  21,  and  Ramirez,  in  his  -Mexican 
tilition  of  Pi'csoott,  i.  132  anil  IS.'),  beside  narratives,  give  portraits  of  Ve- 
lii/i|uez,  Cordoba,  and  Grijalva.  Suliaijttii,  I/i<  Com/.  I.'l-O,  and  ///viss'.'jn- r/f 
l'v'Hil)our<j,  Uist.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  27-50,  are  most  valuable  from  an  aboriginal 
stand-point.  Alaman,  in  his  Dinert.,  i.4!(-0l,  treats  of  both  Ci)rdoba"saml(  Jri- 
jalv:i's  voyages.  Among  the  many  allusions  to  these  two  expeditions  of  no 
special  signiticancc  arc  those  found  in  VijiUnj'n  Am.,  70-8;  Piirr/ia.t,  IIii  Pil- 
ijriiiies,  v.  S.')8;  Orcido,  Sommrrrio,  in  I'omti-iin,  Vhtijiji,  iii.  182-0;  Sue.  Mix. 
('■I'll..  liohtin,  iii.  242-3;  I'ohertson'.'i  Vi.iit  iVer.,  i.  143;  I'oi/.,  Cur.  and  Eiit., 
47I-I);  World  Disylni/ed,  i.  100-79;  Vo>/.,  A  Xrw  Col.,  i.  189-98;  SammlniKj 
iiltcr  /'eisdieseh.,  x'ui.  '2'A-M;  Lnhnriie,  Alir'(/e,  ix.  219-31;  AVrr'.'*  Co//-,  ii. 
70  1,  and  iii.  410-.").'!;  Klenim,  Alli/emeiiiet  'idtnriiisefneli/e,  219;  Cord  no,  Selieepn- 
'/'■iijt,  3-18,  and  .3."»-8!).  in  A<i,  Nooid.i  iiriiie  I'l  rsoi.yeHiiii,  Moiitniiii>i,  Xiinire. 
11"  ri/f/, 72-o;  Gotlfrieil,  I?i  i/Ken,  iii.  ;Fiilsiim,  'u\(,'oi-ten' De.ii)a/rhis,(>-><;  I/niriU'.i 
//is\  U.  S.,  i.  8-9;  Lordiier's  I/i-^l.  /Jj.sciic.,  ii.  43-4;  S/kiii.  Com/,  in.  Am.,  ii. 
3  (I;  Vttanecvt,  Tealio  Mrr.,  pt.  iii.,  100-9;  Larennudiire,  J/c.c.  (t  (hint., 
.">:;  t:  CoUe,  M,m.  ij  Xnf.,  81-2;  .Voi/er'.s  Me.r.  /|-.^<-,  i.  14-1,-);  //<?«./,  Me.: 
Ci'itl.,C<;  l/iilnii ,•<' An.  Am.,  i.  3r)-7;  Cidroiio's  Dtneor.,  130-2;  Corrndi,  Ihsruh. 
ill-  lo  Am.,  ii.  7-19;  Doltan'K  Con/;.  Mer.  otid  I'lru,  47-9;  Span.  Em/i.  in  Am., 
27  8;  Siion-den\'<  Am.,  77-  9;  /!ai/iial.  Hist.  Phil.,  iii.  240-7;  ])i-'<eripvio){  de  .1  m., 
MS.,  112-13:  On.-dnn'."  //id.  Am.,  112  13;  Malte-Zirun,  r»(«^(»,  23-4;  Wil- 
M///'.s-  Comj.  Me.r.,  291;  CoslellaiiOK,  I'aroiies  ilii.^tres  de  Indian,  71;  Peter  ]\/itr- 
ti/r.  <lec.  iv.,  cap.  i.-v.,  l>iii'etf,  /i'e>iiim(^,  i.  97-103;  Miiror'.s  ///m".,  xxiv.  0,7-0; 
(irdjori/'n  Hint.  Me.r.,  19-20;  Xorm(in\H  Ii(tinlile.i,{Kt;  ]Vilson\i  Mix.  and  /leij., 
IS:  ('o'Inn'.H  Jour.  Geo;/.,  No.  vi.  84;  Xeire  Zeilluwj  von  Jueafun,  1,  etc.;  Mon- 
'j'lire,  /{('.••■unie,  41   0;  ^/nreh  y  Lahore.'^,  ^f<triml  I-j-ipafiolii,  i.  403-4:  t'nrte-iii. 


von  deni  Xeueii  Iliip.,  pt.  ii. 


Mordli,  Fagli  Noci  Orbis,  10;  Armin,  Atte 


RETURN  OF  GRI.TALVA— A  NEW  EXPEDITION. 


:  lill 


Before  the  return  of  Grijalva,  interest  in  the  new 
cx])edition  had  already  raised  itself  into  a  whirl  of 
excitement;  and  as  volunteers  pressed  forward,  the 
captaincy  became  an  apple  of  discord  among  aspirants. 
Chief  amonjj  these  were  Vasco  Porcallo  a  near  rela- 
tive  of  the  count  of  Feria,  Antonio  Velazquez,"  and 
Bernardino  Velazquez,  the  last  two  kinsmen  of  the 
governor.  Another  was  Baltasar  Bermudez,"  from 
A'elazquez'  own  town,  and  his  intimate  friend.  None 
of  these  suited.  Then  followed  for  the  governor  nights 
of  troubled  dreams  and  days  of  irritable  indecision. 
It  was  a  peculiar  personage  Velazquez  wanted.  Ho 
must  be,  in  Mexico,  courageous,  wise,  and  prudent;  in 
Cuba,  obedient,  teachable.  He  must  be  able  to  com- 
mand men,  to  brave  the  proudest  barliarian,  and  so 
fired  by  enthusiasm  in  the  field  as  cheerfully  to  endure 
hardships  and  risk  life;  his  work  successfully  accom- 
]>lished,  he  must  return  humbly  to  Santiago,  and  lay 
his  trophies  at  the  feet  of  his  master.  Grijalva  was 
most  nearly  such  a  man;  but  he  lacked  that  subtle 
second  sense  which  should  tell  him  when  it  was  the 
governor's  pleasure  to  have  his  orders  disobeyed.  Por- 
callo was  competent,  but  Velazquez  was  afraid  of  liim. 
He  was  scarcely  farther  from  the  throne  than  himself; 
and  in  reporting  any  important  conquest  to  the  king 
M'ould  prove  the  greater  of  the  two.  The  relatives 
present  were  worse,  if  anything,  than  Grijalva;  be- 
sides, they  had  no  means,  and  to  thk  position  the  suc- 
cessful aspirant  must  bring  money  as  well  as  courage 
and  discretion.  Bcrmudez  miglit  be  eligible,  but  for 
his  services,  in  braving  the  dangers,  and  bringing  the 
results  of  the  expedition  to  Velazquez,  he  had  the 


^f^'r.,  77-8;  Tnnron,  Ifi.it.  Oen.  Am.,  iii.  58-78;  liiisstcrre,  VEmpire  Me.r., 
103-0;  SnmlovuU  llht.  Carlos  V.,  i.  l()I-'2;  Cort^^,  Jlint.  Mt.i:,  .SO-110;  ('amy"'. 
1114.  jyrsfuh.  Aw.,  ii.  7-10;  Cortc.t,  Aven.  y('on<].,  1'2-l.S;  Stephens'  lucid,  of 
Tniirl  in  Yio:,  ii.  3(i(>-0;  Drnke'n  Voy.,  lGl-3;  llart'x  Tahruco,  4-iJ;  Jai  Cnr., 
V.  r)41-4;  XourdlcnAii.de.f  Voi/.,  xcvii.  30-1,  and  clxiv.  101;  and  Manzi,Coiiq. 
(/(•  J/',sw..  l-.l 

'H'allod  Rorrcgo,  says  Torqucniada,  i.  301.  Bemal  Diaz  gives  Borrego  as 
the  si'c'diul  Hui'iinnio. 

'^  Bcnial  Diaz  says  Aiigustin  BuTmudez. 


I:' 


1 1  m 


RISE  OF  IIERNAN  COllTl'X 


37 


temerity  to  demand  throe  thousand  (hieats.  The 
]>r()[K)sition  was  not  for  a  moment  to  be  entertained; 
tlie  job  must  be  accomphshcd  for  less  money. 

Watchful  eyes  saw  the  governor's  dilemma,  and 
artful  tongues  M'agged  opportunely.  Near  to  him  in 
their  daily  vocations  were  two  men,  both  small  in 
stature,  but  large  of  head,  and  broad  in  experience  and 
sagacity.  One  was  the  governor's  secretary,  Andres 
do  Duero,  and  the  other  the  royal  contador,  Amador 
de  Lilrcs.  Both  possessed  rare  attainments;  they 
were  skilled  in  every  artifice,  and  could  make  their 
master  see  white  or  black;  while  Litres  could  not 
write,  he  had  not  failed  to  profit  by  a  twenty -two 
years'  career  in  Italy,  during  which  time  he  rose  to 
the  honorable  distinction  of  chief  butler  to  the  Gran 
Capitan,  and  he  seldom  found  it  difficult  to  move  the 
unstable  Velazquez  to  his  purposes,  although  they 
were  not  always  the  purest  and  best."  Following  the 
example  of  the  governor,  these  two  worthies  were 
not  averse  to  improving  their  fortunes  by  securing,  at 
little  risk  or  expense,  an  interest  in  the  New  Spain 
conquest;  and  so  they  gave  heed  when  the  alcalde  of 
Santiago  softly  insinuated  that  he  was  the  man  for 
the  emergency,  and  that  if  they  would  hel)")  him  to 
the  command  they  should  share  the  profits. 


15 


The  alcalde  of  Santiago  bore  a  fair  reputation,  con- 
sidering the  time  and  place;  for  comparatively  few 
names  in  the  New  World  were  then  wholly  free  from 
taint.  In  the  prime  of  manhood,  his  age  being  thirty- 
three,  of  full  medium  statuj'o,  well  proportioned  and 
muscular,  with  full  breast,  broad  shoulders,  square  full 
forehead,  small  straight  spare  compact  body  and  well 

"  Las  Caaas  regarded  him  as  a  scheincr,  and  often  warned  Vela7.(|uez 
nj,';unst  '  Veintidos  ufios  do  Italia.'  IIUI.  liuL,  iv.  4-17.  Ho  calls  him  like- 
wise '  Ihirgali's' and  '  lioinlire  astutisimo.' 

'■'  '  (^hie  partiriaii,' says  IJernal  Uiaz,  lfi.it.  I'cnlttd.,  13,  '  entre  todon  trea 
la  jiaiianeia  del  oro,  y  plata,  y  joyaa,  de  la  parte  (jue  le  cupiesse  a  Citrti's,' 
:iiid  also,  growls  Lis  Ca.sas,  iihl  .tityrn — knowledge  of  the  facts  as  yet  heinjj 
liiit  nimoi  — what  Cortes  eould  steal  from  the  king  and  the  governor  was  sub- 
ject to  division,  beside  what  ho  would  rob  from  tho  natives. 


88 


RKTURX  OF  GRIJALVA-A  NEW  EXPEDITION. 


II  I 


turned  limbs,  tliougli  somewhat  bow-legijfCfl,  ho  pre- 
sented a  ])leasing  rather  than  imposlnijj  front.  His 
portraits  show  fine  antique  features,  beariniif  a  somo- 
wliat  sad  expression,  which  was  increased  by  tlie 
^n-ave  tenderness  of  the  dark  oval  eyes.  The  full 
though  thin  beard,  cut  short,  counteracted  to  scmio 
extent  the  effect  of  the  small  ash-colored  face,  and 
served  to  cover  a  deep  scar  on  the  lower  lip,  the 
memento  of  a  duel  fought  in  behalf  of  a  certain  frail 
fair  one. 

He  was  an  exceedingly  popular  alcalde;  there  was 
nothing  staid  or  sombre  in  his  method  of  administer- 
ing justice.  The  law  was  less  to  him  than  expedi- 
ency, and  his  standard  of  right  was  easily  shifted, 
according  to  circumstances.  In  wit  and  vivacity  he 
was  a  Mercutio.  Astute  of  intellect,  discreet,  of  a 
cheerful,  even  jovial  disposition,  with  brilliant  intui- 
tions and  effervescent  animal  spirits,  he  knew  how  to 
])lease,  how  to  treat  every  man  as  best  he  liked  to  be 
treated.  A  cavalier  of  the  Ojeda  and  Balboa  type, 
he  was  superior  to  either.  He  would  not,  like  the 
former,  woo  danger  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  it,  nor, 
like  the  latter,  tamely  trust  his  forfeited  head  to  any 
governor.  Life  was  of  value  to  liim;  yet  adventure 
was  the  rhythm  of  it,  and  the  greater  the  peril  the 
greater  the  harmony  secured.  An  hidalgo  of  respect- 
able antecedents,  whatever  he  might  have  been,  or 
might  be,  he  now  plaved  the  part  of  magistrate  to 
perfection.  As  a  matter  of  course,  ho  was  in  entire 
sympathy  with  the  religious  views  of  the  day,  as  well 
as  with  the  leachnjif  men  amoniTf  the  cler^jy.  Iiuleed 
the  friars  ever  praised  him,  believing  him  to  be  a 
zealous  and  conscientious  man;  he  made  it  a  point 
that  they  should.  The  moral  ideal  of  the  Japanese 
is  politeness.  Politeness  is  virtue.  They  do  not 
say  that  lying  and  stealing  are  wrong,  but  imi)o- 
lite.  While  the  alcalde  if  pressed  must  confess 
himself  an  optimist,  believing  that  whatever  is,  is 
best,  yet  in  practice  that  best  he  would  better,  and 


CORTK.S  OBTAINS  TIIK  APPOINTMENT. 


a» 


wliatsoevcr  liis  strongtli  permitted,  it  was  right  for 
hiiii  to  do.  He  was  a  sort  of  Mephistophelcs,  decked 
in  manners  and  guided  by  knowledge.  Besides  the 
workl,  he  knew  books,  and  how  to  make  somewhat  of 
them.  Earnestly  devoted  to  the  service  of  the  church, 
many  of  his  acts  yet  met  with  its  most  unqualified 
condemnation.  Possessed  of  vehement  aspirations,  his 
ambition  was  of  the  aggressive  kind;  not  like  that  of 
A'elazquez,  mercenary  and  timid.  Like  Tigellinus 
Sophonius,  it  was  to  his  pleasing  person  and  unscru- 
pulous character  that  the  alcalde  owed  his  rise  from 
poverty  and  obscurity;  and  now,  like  Phaethon,  if 
for  one  day  he  might  drive  the  governor's  sun-chariot 
across  the  heavens,  it  would  be  his  own  fault  if  he 
were  not  a  made  man.  This  much  at  this  time  wo 
may  say  of  Hernan'"  Cortes,  for  such  was  the  al- 
calde's name;  which  is  more  than  ho  could  say  for 
himself,  not  knowing  himself  as  we  know  him,  and 
more  than  his  associates  could  say  of  him.  Here- 
after as  liis  character  develops  we  shall  become  further 
acquainted  with  him.  It  is  as  difficult  to  detect  the 
I'ull-grcnvn  plant  in  a  seed  as  in  a  stone,  and  yet  the 
seetl  will  become  a  great  tree,  while  the  stone  remains 
a  stone. 

And  so,  with  the  aid  of  his  loving  friends  Duero 
and  Liires,  whose  deft  advice  worked  successfully  on 
the  })lastic  mind  of  Velazquez,  and  because  he  ])os- 
scssed  some  money  and  many  friends,  as  well  as 
courage  and  wisdom,  the  alcalde  of  Santiago  was 
proclaimed  captain-general  of  the  expedition."     And 

'"  Hernan,  Hernando,  Fernan,  Fernando,  Ferdinando.  Tlie  names  are  one. 
Witli  no  s[)ecial  preference,  1  employ  tlie  tirst,  usccl  liy  tlic!  l)(.'st  writers. 
Anioni,'  the  early  authorities.  Soils,  the  Siianiah  1  Mislator  of  I)e  lM>un  d'eai'iH 
Ferdinamli  Cortexii,  and  many  others,  write  >i.r,"a'i;  Pizarro  y  Urcllaiia, 
Varonen  Ilvulres,  Fernan;  Bernal  Diaz  and  Oviedo,  Hei.mndo;  Goinara,  Fer- 
nando. In  accordance  with  the  Spanish  usaj^e  of  adiling  the  mother's  siinianie, 
ho  is  sometimes,  tliough  rarely,  called  Cort«58  y  I'izarro.  For  portrait  aucl 
signature  i  refer  the  readier  to  Alavmn,  Divert.,  i.  ai)p.  i.  15-10 ;  portrait  as  an 
olil  man;  Claviijfro,  Storia  MesH.,  iii.  0-8;  PrescoU'n  Mex.,  iii.  1;  Id.,  (ed. 
Mex.,  1840,  iii.  210-11);  Armin  Allc  Mex.,  82,  plate  from  the  painting  in  tho 
Conci'pcion  Hospital  at  Mexico;  March  y  Liihovn,  Marina  Kspanola,  i.  400. 
''  In  making  out  the  commission  Duero  stretched  every  point  in  favor  of 
his  friend,  naming  him  captain -general  of  lands  discovered  and  to  bo  dis- 


40 


RETURN  OF  GRIJALVA— A  NEW  EXPEDITION. 


now,  wliilo  the  heathen  wail  let  tlic  Spaniards  rejoice. 
Yes.  Noble  Castilian!  cry  aloud!  for  gold  shall  fill 
the  coffers  of  your  king  as  they  were  never  filled 
before,  and  great  shall  be  the  glory  of  your  kingdom; 
and  if  the  sight  of  the  blood  your  captains  shall  draw 
from  the  hapless  savages,  even  more  freely  than  gold 
is  drawn,  does  not  spoil  your  appetite  for  the  game, 
then  whet  your  swords  for  the  grand  pacification. 

covered,  as  well  as  of  the  fleet.  ScUa,  Hist.  3fex.,  i.  47;  for  the  greater  tho 
sliare  of  Corti'S,  the  greater  Duero's  share.  Gomara  says,  JJist.  Mex.,  12, 
•  Hablo  a  Fern.lilo  Cortes  para  Jj  armasscan  amboa  a  mcdias,  porQ  tenia  doa  mil 
Castellanos  de  ore,'  etc. ;  but  "iOiX)  castcllanos  alone  would  not  pnrchaae  u  half 
interest  in  this  undertaking.  Las  Ca.saa,  loc.  cit,  states  that  Velazquo/,  for 
reasons  that  will  appear  in  the  next  chapter,  was  very  cautious  in  intercourse 
with  Cortes  until  his  scruples  were  overcome  by  advisers. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

THE  HERO  OF  THE  CONQUEST. 

Bim  iiPLACE  OF  Herxan  CoRTfe — His  Comino  CoMPENSATon  y  Fon  the  Devil- 
sent    LUTHEK— PaREXTAOR — HeRNAX   A   SiCKLY    ChILD— SaINT    PeTER 

ins  Patron — Hk  is  Sent  to  Salamanca — IIetcrns  Home — Thinks  ok 
C6RD0DA  and  Italy — And  of  Ovaxdo  and  the  Indies— Chooses  the 
Latter — Narrow  Escape  during  a  Love  Intrigue— Ovan do  Sails 
WITHOUT  Him — Cortes  Goes  to  Valencia— Is  there  III — Keiurns 
Home— Finally  Sails  for  the  Indies— His  Reception  at  Santo 
Domingo — He  Fights  Indians  under  Velazquez,  and  is  Given  an 
Kncomienda — Goes  to  Cuba  with  Velazquez — Makes  Love  to  Cata- 
lina  Suarez — But  Declines  to  Marry — Velazquez  Insists — Cortes 
Reuels— Seizures,  Imprisonments,  Esc.u'es,  and  Reconciliation. 


Lf:T  US  now  look  into  the  life  of  this  Cuban  maijis- 
trate,  so  suddenly  raised  to  prominence. 

Medellin,  a  small  town  of  Estremadura,  Spain,  was 
the  birthplace  of  Hernan  Cortes,  and  1485  the  year 
ill  which  he  was  barn — miraculously  born,  as  INIen- 
dicta  and  others  believe,  and  perhaps  by  way  of  com- 
pensation for  the  appearing  about  this  time  of  Martin 
Luther.^     The  shade  of  Montezuma,  pcradventurc, 

'  Indeed,  to  make  the  miracle  perfect  in  .ill  its  details,  a  little  warpinf?  of 
tlie  facts  is  perhaps  allowable.  So  wlicn  the  zealous  chroniclers  hring  into 
the  woi  Id  the  same  year,  the  same  day,  even  tlie  solf-saine  iionr,  these  two 
{;ioat  champions  for  the  souls  of  men,  we  should  not  he  too  critical,  though 
in  truth  there  wei-e  two  years  ditlerence  in  their  ages.  '  V  asi,  no  carecc  do 
niistcho  qtie  el  mismo  aflo  que  Lutero  nacio  en  lalebio,'  tliat  is  to  say  Kislel)cn, 
'  viUa  le  Sajonia,  nacio  Hernando  Cortes  en  Medellin,  villa  do  Ksiuula;  aqucl 
para  turijar  el  mundo  y  meter  debajo  do  la  bandera  del  demonio  a  niuchos  de 
los  liclcs  que  de  padres  y  abueios  y  muchos  tiempos  atras  eran  catolicos,  y  este 
para  traer  al  gronio  de  la  Iglesia  intinita  multitud  de  gentos  (jue  jiorafios  sin 
cuonto  habian  esta/lo  debajo  del  poder  do  Satanus  envueltos  en  viiios  y  cicgos 
con  la  idolatria.'  Mriidieln,  Hiit.  L'don.,  174-5.  Pizarro  y  Orellana  will  not 
he  outdone  by  any  one  in  zeal  or  mendacity.  'Nacio  esto  llnstro  Varon  el 
<'ia  mismo  ([lie  aquella  besti-i  infernal,  el  Pertido  Hcresiarca  Lutero,  salio 
•tI  mundo.'  I'aroiiex  Ilvxlres,(ii).  Iternal  Diaz  is  the  iirst authority  on  the  (jncs- 
tiun  of  age.     'En  el  ano  que  passanios  con  C'ortca  dendc  Cuba,'  ho  writes 

(41) 


I: 


III 


II  m 


4a 


THE  HERO  OF  THE  CONQUEST. 


might  (loiiy  tluit  his  was  tho  advent  of  a  new  Messiah, 
though  tho  tleluded  monarch,  at  tho  first,  sorrowfully 
hailed  him  as  such.  The  father,  Martin  Cortes  y 
]\lonroy,  was  of  that  poor  ^ut  prolific  class  who  filled 
Spain  toward  the  close  of  the  ^Moorish  wars,  and 
who,  although  nothing  in  particular,  were  neverthe- 
less permitted  to  call  themselves  hidalgos,  sons  of 
something.  Some  give  him  the  title  of  cscudero, 
others  place  him  still  higher  in  the  scale  of  fighting 
men.  The  mother,  Catallna  Pizarro  y  Altamirano, 
likewise,  with  poverty,  claimed  nohle  blood.'' 

Hernan   was  a  sickly  child,  and  probably  would 
have  died  had  not  his  good  nurse,  Maria  de  Estevan, 


Hist.  Vi'.nhid.,  23S,  'a  la  Niieva  Espnil »,  fne  cl  dc  quinientos  y  diez  y  nucuo 
alios,  y  cntonces  solia  ilozir  estnndo  en  uonvcrsacion  tie  toiloa  iiosotrcd  los  coni- 
pai'ieros  (jue  con  el  passanioa,  que  aula  treyiita  y  quatro  aflos,  y  voynte  y  oclio 
(jue  auiau  jiiissado  liasta  (]ue  muiio,  que  )0n  sesenta  y  ilos  afios.'  Wliile  agree- 
ing with  Iternal  Diaz  in  tiie  date  of  Cort(53'  death,  December  '2,  l.")47,  (ioniiii-a 
says  he  was  then  sixty-tlirec.  From  his  false  prcniiso  Mcndieta  elaborates  a 
eoniparison  between  Lutiicr  and  Cortes,  dwelling  with  pious  pathos  on  tiio 
holocaust  of  human  victims  oti'ercd  up  at  the  consecration  of  the  great  Aztec 
temple  at  Mexico,  which  deed,  he  coolly  stiites,  was  committed  on  the  day 
Cortt's  was  born.  For  the  facts,  see  Jinvcro/f's  Native  Ilnccs,  v.  .''),  4;{!)-4l). 
Without  taking  the  trouble  to  test  Mcndicta's  statement,  Torqncmada,  i.  .'540-1 , 
carries  the  nuraculous  still  further.  Following  the  luaven-descended  Cortt's 
in  his  piratical  raiil  on  M.^xico,  he  sees  the  hand  of  (!od  in  the  linding  of 
Aguihir,  who,  like  Aaron,  was  to  be  the  mouthpiece  of  his  chief,  in  the  alli- 
ances with  native  states,  antl  in  the  great  victories  antl  hair-breadth  escapes 
of  tho  coii(|ueror,  lighting  luitler  the  banner  of  the  cioss. 

'■^  Accoriling  to  the  T<Kti7noiiio  de  Jlulahjuia  de  CorUx,  in  Col,  Dnc.  Infd., 
iv.  2.'W-'J,  the  names  of  the  mother's  parents  were  Diego  Altamirano  antl  Leonor 
Sanchez  Pizarro,  wliich  woukl  reverse  her  surnames,  and  make  the  son  a  CortCs 
y  Altamirano.  Ihit  (Jomara,  De  Itebux  (Ivstit  Fe.rdinandi  CortCKii,  and  otlicr 
authorities,  do  not  at^cept  this  form.  This  imiwrtant  document,  however,  the 
'J'rgtimoiiio,  establishes  the  fact  that  both  parents  were  hidalgos,  'gozando 
de  lt)3  oticios  que  gozan  los  hijosdalgo  en . . .  Metlellin.'  Some  historians  strain 
tliemselves  to  make  Cortt^s  the  scion  of  a  Roman  family,  or  even  of  a  king  of 
Lombartly  and  Tuscany,  whose  descendants  enterctl  Spain  during  Gothic 
rule.  Those  who  have  tastes  in  that  direction  may  consult  iiiniliix,  ]'iris 
lllmt.,  141;  Auaks  de  Ara(iO)),\\\.  -nW.;  Pizarro  y  Ore^hvia,  Vnroiies  llrstris, 
07.  Las  Cafas,  Hist.  Iiid.,  iv.  1 1,  who  claimetl  acquaintance  with  the  family, 
slurs  their  pi'ctensions  to  high  origin.  'Ambos  hijosdalgo  sin  ra(,'a'  is  tlie 
qualification  in  S(nidornf,  Hint.  CnrloH  V.,  i.  KiO.  No  doubt  the  parents  of 
Cortes  were  respectable  and  amiable  people,  but  to  attempt  to  make  of  them 
other  than  they  were  is  folly.  '  Catharinia  namque  probitiite,  piulicitiil  et  in 
conjugem  amore,  nulli  wtatis  suae  feminae  cessit. '  De  Bebjix  Get^tin  F<  rdiiiandi 
Corti'nii,  in  /cazhalccta.  Col.  Doc,  i.  .SlO-11.  This  document  refers  to  Martin 
Cortes  as  'levis  armaturae  cquitum  quinquaginta  dux  fuerit,*  on  which  evi- 
dence Prescott  makes  the  man  a  captiiin  when  he  is  only  a  lieutenant,  whicli 
yet  more  clearly  api)cars  by  Ciomara,  who  states,  JJist,  Mex.,  4,  that  he  was 
a  '  teniente  dc  vna  compafiia  ile  Cinetes.' 


EAIILY  LIVE  OF  CORTi;S. 


4.1 


isociincl  in  liis  !>  'Iialf  Suiiit,  Pctor,  tlu'nccforth  liir^ 
j)atr<»n.''  With  his  iiiothL-r'.s  milk  he  (h'tiiik  couran'c* 
and  intellii^euco,  and  ho  was  schooled  in  the  virtni's 
and  the  vices  of  the  «lay.  In  his  youth  he  was  liead- 
stronjjf,  hut  cliivalrous,  and  he  revelled  in  liis  supe- 
liority  ()ver  other  hoys.  The  hrain-fernient,  chronic 
throughout  his  life,  set  in  at  an  early  day.  J  le  was 
keenly  sensitive  to  disj^-race.  As  he  developed  sonie- 
M'hat  of  archness  and  du[)licity,  he  was  deemed  hest 
tit  ted  for  the  profession  of  the  law.  At  the  aj^e  of 
fourteen,  accord iui^ly,  with  such  preparation  as  the 
slender  means  of  the  father  would  allow,  he  was  sent 
to  Salamanca,  whose  university,  though  past  the 
zenith  of  its  fame,  was  still  the  leadin<'  seat  of  learn- 
'u\\j;  for  conservative  Spain.  Two  years  of  restraint 
and  intellectual  drud'''ery,  durinix  which  time  he  lived 
with  his  father's  brother-in-law,  Nunex  de  Valera, 
suliiced  to  send  him  home  surfeited  with  learning,  to 
t  he  i^roat  disappointment  of  his  family.'  A  frolicsome 
and  somewhat  turbulent  disposition,  more  marked 
since  his  college  career  than  pre\'iously,  made  his  I'e- 
turn  all  the  more  unwelcome.     Not  tliat  his  studies, 


'  The  nurse  was  .a  '  vezina  ilc  Oliun,'  and  her  method  of  choosing  a  patron 
vas  (.■hiinicteristic  of  the  tinie.s.  '  La  deuucion  fue  echar  en  suortca  los  doze 
aiiDstoli's,  y  darlo  por  aiiogado  I'l  postrero  ii  ssliesse,  y  salio  sau  I'edro.  Kn 
cuyi)  iiuhre  se  dixcron  ciertas  uiitisas  y  oraciones,  con  his  (inales  phigo  a  Dioa 
■j  siiiassi'.'  Oomara,  IlUt.  Mex.,  4. 

*  And  Pi/airo  y  Orellana,  I'ttmiirn  /I'o'/r.v,  00-09,  inchdgcs  in  a  Icngtliy 
dissertation  upon  the  elleot  of  niothms'  milk  on  iierous.  'C'riolc  a  siis  polio.-i 
l>')ria  Cat;iliua  Pizarro  su  niadre:  y  a  la  genorosidad  ileste  lacticinio  atiilmyo 
MaiiiuM)  e  Siculo  su  gran  valor,  y  vii'tud. ' 

'  I'i/arro  y  Orellana,  Vnroins  //(>7;v.v,  07,  states  that  he  was  supportecl  at 
fdlleg,;  l)y  Monroy  and  Rodrigu<'Z.  It  is  ]i(issil)lo  that  his  proud  spirit  oliafid 
uiiikr  this  tlependonce,  or  tliat  ho  felt  too  diej)ly  lii.s  position  as  a  j)!  Kir  student 
aaioiig  the  wealthy  youth  there  eougregateil;  or  that  tiiis  aid  was  withdraw  ii 
v.wing  to  the  turhiilent  character  here  developed  hy  the  youns,'  man.  'J'luse 
views  find  .support  in  ilomani,  II'iM.  Mcx.,  4:  ']5oluiose  a  Medillin,  haitu  o 
arrc|)entido  de  istudiar,  o  (juiya  falto  de  dineros.'  While  admitting  tiie  want 
hotli  iif  money  and  inclination  for  study,  Tor((ueniada,  i.  .S4."i,  states  that  a 
i]uartau  fever  came  on  as  lie  was  pi'eparing  for  the  study  of  law,  and  was  tlio 
chief  cause  of  his  leaving  the  college.  Las  ( 'a.sas.  Hint.  IiiiL,  iv.  1 1,  gives  Idm 
the  lioiiorsof  a  hachillcr,  and  as  having  studied  law,  both  of  which  H»^atenu'nti 
are  uidikely,  considering  his  short  course.  'Aprendiendo  gramiitica'  imjilies  a 
cuur.se  of  study  in  Latin  and  (h'eek,  as  well  a.s  rlictoric,  which  it  required 
three  years  to  complete.  Plan  ih-  Ka/m/iDs  di;  In  I'liin  r-iiddd  iff  Sdlamniirit, 
ipiotcd  liy  Folsom,  ill ''oW'v' y>('N;i'(/'/((<,  10.  According  to  Peralta,  'asento 
coil  nil  Lscribano, . . .  .y  aprondio  d  escrebir,"  etc.  in  Valladolid.    XoL  Hint.,  50. 


m  ' 


44 


TU7  HERO  OF  THE  CONQl"E>;T. 


'3]'  !. 

ij'.   ''■ 


despite  liis  aversion  to  them,  liad  l)oeii  wholly  no- 
elected;  he  could  boast  a  sniatter  of  Latin,  wliich 
indeed  proved  of  advantajj^e  afterward,  <j;'iving  him  in- 
tlucnce  over  many  of  those  with  whom  he  associated. 
lie  had  also  acquired  some  knowledp-e  of  rhetoi-ic,  as 
is  manifest  in  his  letters  and  occasional  verses."  At 
])resent,  however,  his  intellectual  talents  were  em- 
ployed only  in  scribblinij^  rhymes  in  aid  of  amorous 
intrii^ues,  which  were  now  his  chief  pursuit.  ]  [ence 
when  arms  possessed  his  fancy  the  parents  did  not 
repine,  but  were  only  too  glail  for  him  to  enter  ser- 
vice, as  he  seemed  inclined,  under  the  Gran  Capitan, 
who  was  just  then  alluring  to  his  standard  the  chi\- 
alry  of  Spain  by  brilliant  achievements  in  Italy. 
There  was,  however,  the  glitter  of  gold  in  the  Indies, 
and  the  ap})ointment  of  Nicolas  de  Ovando,''  as  gov- 
ernor, turned  the  youth's  vacillating  mind  in  that 
direction. 

Cortes  had  concluded  to  accompany  the  new  g<^)v- 
ornor,  when  one  night,  just  before  the  sailing  of  the 
fleet,  an  accident  intervened.  Wliile  engagetl  in  one 
of  his  intriixucs  he  had  occasion  to  clind)  a  courtvard 
wall  to  gain  the  lady's  apartment.  The  wall  crum- 
bling beneath  his  weight  threw  liim  to  the  ground, 
and  the  noise  brouglit  to  the  door  of  an  adjoining 
house  a  blustering  Benedick,  who,  perceiving  the  sit- 
uation of  the  gallant,  antl  suspecting  his  own  newly 
made  wife,  drew  the  sword  M'ith  bloody  intent.  At 
the  ]irayer  of  the  suspected  wife's  mother,  however, 
the  husband  suspended  vengeance.  Before  the  scape- 
grace recovered  i'vo\i\  a  fever  brought  on  by  tiie 
bruises  received  in  this  fall,  the  fleet  of  Ovando  had 
sailed. 

"Verses  whicli  wore  toLi-ahly  good,  and  even  procured  him  some  fame 
Aiiiil'''t,'2\H).   '  Qiuuido  lia!)laua  oon  Letrados,  y  lioiiil)re3  Latinos,  resiioinlia  ;l 
lo  (|nc  le  doi  an  en  Latin.'  Jkrnal  Diaz,  Ili.if.  I'l'nhnl.,  '238.     Tiiv  eomliinti! 
<|ualities()f  scholar  and  general  have  called  up  a  not  inai)proin'iate  ciim|iaii.s(in 
lietween  Cortes  and  C;esar.     See  Ili/pn'  S])'tii.  (niiij.,  and  othei'  autliurities. 

"Some  claim  him  for  a  relative  of  Cortex.  See  /'iiitrro  >/  Onl/aii'i,  Wn-i'iii^ 
Jlrstrt's,  70:  Solis,  Hist.  Mrx.,  i.  4j;  Dt  lldiuis  Uiditi  Finlinundi  Cviivnii,  in 
Icazbalccta,  Col.  Do<\,  i.  31-. 


CH)RTi:>;  SAILS  FOR  THE  NEW  WORLT>. 


a 


After  this,  Cortc's  tliou^'ht  aLjaiii  of  Italy,  and  wont 
lo  A'alcMicia  to  place  himself  uiuler  Cordoba,  hut  ojicc 
more  illness  overtook  him,  this  time  accompanied  by 
destitution,  and  he  returned  to  ^ledellin  somewhat 
soliered."  Thus  another  year  was  idled  away;  but 
notwithstandinjTf  his  follies,  the  youtliful  cavalier,  who 
was  now  iiineteen,  displayed  many  tine  qualities.  As 
hr  ap}>roi,clied  manhood  his  health  improved,  and  form 
}iih1  teatures  became  more  pleasing.  Though  proud  in 
his  bearing,  and  of  quick  i)erceptions,  and  high-spirited 
in  tempo",  he  sought  to  school  his  tongue,  and  to 
]irnetise  discretion  in  the  use  of  his  sword.  Native  to 
jiiiii  vere  genercjsity  and  amiability.  The  qualities  of 
his  jieart  were  noble;  the  vices  were  those  of  his  time 
and  station.  \et  he  lacked  the  moral  fibre  which 
^llould  bo  interwoven  with  the  good  impulses  of  every 
lich,  sensitive  nature,  and  this  want  could  not  bo 
made  up  by  repeating  prayers  and  singing  psalms, 
wherein  Gomara  describes  him  as  efficient. 

The  ])inching  economy  to  which  Cortes  was  reduced 
iiiiide  his  present  frequent  visions  of  the  Indies  a])pear 
only  the  brighter;  and  when,  in  1504,  a  fleet  of  ti\e 
shi|is  was  announced  to  sail  for  Esjjailola,  he  deter- 
mined to  delay  no  longer.  With  little  else  than  his 
lather's  Idessing  he  proceeded  to  Seville,  and  took 
jiassage  with  Alonso  Quintero,  master  of  one  of  the 
vessels,  who  fancied  himself  shrewder  than  other  men, 
and  shrewder  than  he  was.  Thinking  to  overreach 
his  brother  captains  in  whose  company  he  sailed,  and 
to  secure  at  Esjvanola  the  iirst  market  for  his  merchan- 
<hse,  he  stole  forth  one  night  from  tiie  Canary  Ish's, 
w  liere  the  squadron  had  touched  for  supj'lies.  A  gale 
dismasted  his  vessel  on  reaching  the  open  sea,  and 
sent  him  back  to  jiort.  The  others  agreed  to  await 
his  repairs,  which  generosity  Quintero  ivpaid  by  seek- 
ing a  second  time  to  take  advantao-e  of  them  bv  going 


*'  '  AikIuvo  se  .1  la  flor  del  borro,  ami  tj  no  sin  trahajos  y  nci'i'ssiilivlt'3 
(1  rcM  lie  vn  aflo.'  (iomnrn,  llinf.  MfX.,!'t.  'ScuiniKlorcil  liis  iiiiausat  \'aloiicia 
Milh  bad  uoiui^iiiouii,'  is  the  turiu  used  in  liaialocal,  llUl.  Vuiios,  i.  lUl, 


vMlw 


ill 


40 


THE  HERO  OF  THE  CONQUEST. 


ill': 


m  ' 


before,  and  his  treachery  was  a  second  time  punished 
by  the  winds,  aided,  indeed,  by  the  pilot,  who  was  at 
enmity  with  the  captain,  and  who  threw  the  ship  from 
her  course  during  the  night  so  that  the  reckoning  was 
lost.  The  usual  sufferings  are  related;  and,  in  answer 
to  prayer,  we  arc  told  of  a  miraculous  interposition. 
On  Good  Friday,  when  all  hope  had  been  abandoned, 
there  was  seen  poised  above  the  ship  a  dove,  which 
presently  dropped  down  and  rested  on  the  mast.''  How- 
ever this  might  have  been,  we  are  crediljly  informed 
that  the  wind  subsided  and  the  ship  proceeded  on  her 
vovasre.  Final! v,  on  reaching  his  destination,  Quintcro 
found  the  other  ships  snugly  riding  at  anchor,  their 
cargoes  having  been  profitably  disposed  of  several 
days  before. 

The  governor  being  absent,  his  secretary,  Medina, 
received  Cortes  kindly,  and  pointed  him  the  common 
highway  to  fortune.  "Register  yourself  a  citizen,"  he 
said.  "Promise  not  to  hjave  the  island  for  five  years, 
and  you  shall  have  lands  and  Indians;  after  the  ex- 
piration of  your  time  you  may  go  wliere  you  choose." 
Cortes  answered:  "I  want  gold,  not  work;  and  neither 
in  this  island  nor  in  any  other  place  w411  I  promise  to 
remain  so  long."  He  tliought  better  of  it,  however, 
and  on  the  return  of  Ovantlo  he  presented  himself, 
and  was  induced  to  settle.  Not  long  after  an  Indiaii 
revolt  called  Diego  A\'lazquez,  lieutenant  of  Ovandn, 
into  the  field,  and  Cortes  hastened  to  join  the  expedi- 
tion. The  coolness  and  ability  displayed  in  this  short 
campaign  won  for  him  the  admiration  and  esteem 
alike  of  chief  and  comrades.'"  His  reward  was  an  en- 
comienda  of  Indians  in  tlie  JJaiguao  country,  together 
with  the  notaryship  of  the  new  town  of  Azua.  For 
the  next  six  years  he  was  occupied  in  husbandry  and 

•Ti>ny.icmada,  i.  340,  sees  in  the  bird  a  nieascngcr  from  God  to  conduct-, 
safely  his  chofnu  inatnimcut  for  converting  tlio  natives  of  the  Now  World. 
I'izarro  y  Orellana,  Winiiicn  Ilrslira,  (i9-70,  recognizes  the  Holy  (ilio.-it,  avIio 
assiinieil  tliis  form,  and  conuueuts  on  similar  niipeuranccs  clsewhe  'c.  How 
gotxUy  a  thing  is  faith  ! 

'"jio  assisted  in  the  pacification  of  Higne,  Baumco,  Haignao,  lutagna, 
Jaruguil,  and  Amgnayagua.  Corks,  Memorial,  in  Vol.  Doc,  Incd.,  iv.  2"20. 


m. 


THE  SN.VRES  OF  WOMAX. 


47 


in  official  pursuits,  varied  by  military  exploits  and  lovo 
intrigues  which  kept  his  sword  from  rusting  and  gave 
him  wounds  which  he  carried  through  life.  An  ab- 
scess under  the  right  knee,  a  most  lucky  affliction, 
alone  prevented  his  joining  the  ill-fated  expedition  of 
Nicuesa  to  Vcragua." 

On  assuming  the  direction  of  New  World  affairs  as 
governor,  in  place  of  Ovando,  Diego  Colon  in  1511 
fitted  out  an  expedition  against  Cuba,  and  gave  the 
command  to  Velazquez,  who  appointed  Cortes  his 
advisor  and  executive  officer,^^  a  position  which  the 
latter  gladly  accepted,  deprived  as  lie  was  of  his  patron 
(Jvando,  and  lieartily  tired  of  the  monotony  of  Es- 
])aiiola.  Still  hidden  beneatli  a  careless  exterior  were 
the  deeper  qualities  of  his  nature,  and  there  were  yet 
six  other  years,  and  more  of  ordinary  business  and 
pleasure,  before  the  appearance  of  earnest  thought  or 
great  self-reliance."  Meanwhile  Sjianish  womoi  were 
not  numerous  in  the  Indies,  and  rivalry  for  their 
favors  was   great.     Cortes    had  escaped    with    light 

"  The  author  of  De  Uehus  OcMU  Fcrdinandi  Corte-'iii  directs  tlii-scxpeilitioii 
tr.  C'il)a,  after  delayiiij^  it  three  iiv.mth.s  iii  the  hope  of  seeunii!^  the  .serviced 
of  (.'oi'tos,  iu  both  of  which  statements  lie  is  iu  error.  Icazliakrta,  Col.  Doc, 
i.  .Sis- lit. 

'-  'Socium  ot  ministruin  cotisilionim  omnium  adsumit.'  Dc  Ih'him  Orsti.i 
Ferd'iniindi  (.'orfffiii,  in  fcaz'ia!cet(i,  <  'ol.  Doc,  i.  {i2'd.  So  higlily  did  X'ela/.quez 
estoeiu  the  (jnalitiesof  his  friend,  'din  inultunniuo  Cortesium  ro;,'at,  ut  Heemii 
eat:  niaria  ae  montes  pollicetnr,  si  operam  ad  id  belhim  polliceatnr.'  J'l., 
|{10.  J^as  Casas,  wlio  knew  Cortes  at  a  hiter  time,  makes  liiiii  one  of  the  two 
scerct^irics  of  Velazfutez,  the  otiier  l)oini;  Audrija  de  Duero;  and  tliis  wouKl 
eoincido  with  tiie  alxjve.  Las  Casas  is  too  inconsistent  to  be  very  reliable. 
On  the  same  page  ho  refers  to  Cortes  as  a  prudent,  reticent  man,  ami  iilso  as 
a  prater  nf)t  to  lie  trusted  with  secrets;  useful  to  ^'elazmlez  only  for  his 
knowledgoof  Latin.  JJhL  In'L,  iv.  10  1 1.  Ilrrrcra,  dec.  i.,  lib.  ix.,  cxp.  viii., 
follows  Las  Casas.  Comara,  I/iKt.  .l/c.c,  (!,  calls  him  'oticial  del  tesovero 
Mij^iud  de  lAa.ssamote,  para  tencr  cu<'ta  ci>  los  ((uiiitos  y  ha/.ienda  del  rey,  y 
nun  1 1  me.smo  Diego  Vcla/,(pie/  se  In  roito,  ])or  .ser  habil  y  <lili.L;eute.'  ( Souiara 
iiiiiy  have  had  his  reasons  for  not  conneiting  him  too  dusely  with  his  lati'r 
eiii'niy,  but  he  admits  on  this  and  on  tlie  following  page  tiiat  Vtlaz(|uc/  iu- 
tru.<ted  him  with  business  affairs  of  his  own,  which  he  was  afterward  ciiargcil 
with  having  divulge  I.  Among  tlie.se  duties  was  superintending  the  con- 
struction of  a  mint  ami  hospital.  The  jiosition  of  clerk  to  a  treasurer  would 
of  com-sc  be  inferior  to  that  of  sceret;iry  to  tlie  chief  of  the  ex})edition;  yet 
if  tlie  treasurer  was  as  illiterate  as  Contador  Lilres,  his  clerk  would  rank 
rather  as  deputy. 

"  '  l>a  muy  resabido  y  recatado,'  say.s  Las  Casas,  '  puesto  que  no 
inostraba  saber  tJinto,  ui  ser  dc  tantii  hubilidad  eomo  desiiucs  lo  mostro  eu 
cosus  lirduuH.' 


48 


THE  HERO  OF  THE  CONQUEST. 


punishment  many  gallantries,  but  he  had  not  been 
settled  long:  in  Cuba  before  he  found  a  more  serious 
case  upon  his  hands. 

Among  those  who  had  settled  in  Cuba  was  a  family 
from  Granada,  Suarez  by  name,  consisting  of  a  widow, 
her  son  Juan,  and  three  daughters,  remarkable  for  their 
beauty.  They  had  come  with  the  vireyna  Maria  de 
Toledo,  and  Gomara  is  so  ungallant  as  to  say  that  their 
object  was  to  secure  rich  husbands.**  Scores  of  hearts 
are  laid  at  their  feet,  but  the  marriage  obligation  is 
evaded  by  the  more  promising  men  of  the  colony,  for 
the  Suarez  family  has  a  somewhat  clouded  reputation. 
In  one  of  them  Velazquez  takes  a  tender  interest; 
some  say  he  marries  her.*''  Cortes  fancies  another; 
Catalina  is  her  name;  ho  trifles  with  her  afl:cctions, 
obtains  her  favors,  promises  her  marriage,  and  then 
seeks  to  evade  the  issue.  The  brother  petitions  the 
virtuous  governor,  who  cannot  see  the  sister  of  his* 
love  thus  wronged.  Velazquez  orders  Cortes  to  marry 
Catalina.  The  cavalier  refuses.  Enmity  arises  be- 
tween the  two  men,  and  without  difficulty  Cortds  is 
persuaded  by  certain  disaffected  to  join  a  cabal  against 
the  i^^'overnor.  Nocturnal  meetings  are  held  at  tho 
house  of  Cortds;  and  when  it  is  determined  to  lay 
their  fancied  grievances  before  the  authorities  at  Santo 

**  Tho  deceased  head  of  tho  family  boro  tho  name  of  Diego  Suarez  Pa- 
checo,  the  mother  that  of  Maria  do  Marcaida,  also  wrongly  written  Mercaida. 
Tho  son,  Juan  Suarez,  tho  partner  of  Cortes  in  tho  Cuban  encomienda,  after- 
ward settled  in  Mexico.  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  I'crdcuL,  12-13.  See  also  Proceso 
de  Marcayda,  in  Cortda,  Kesidenria,  ii.  333.     Peralta,  the  son  of  Juan,  gives 

tho  family  a  genealogy  of  high  order.   Not.  Hist. ,  57.    '  Suarez gento  pobre. ' 

Ans  Casus,  J  fist.  Iiid.,  iv.  13.  '  Doiiii,  Catalina  Suarez  Pacheco  (the  daughter), 
doncella  noble  y  recatada. '  Solia,  Hist.  Mex.,  i.  40,  and  Pizarro  y  Orellaua, 
I'aroiv's  llvstrcs,  70,  also  write  Suarez,  Herrora  and  Gomara,  Xuarez.  Tho  lat- 
ter says  three  or  four  daughters.  Hist.  Mex.,  7,  but  it  seems  that  there  wcro 
four  children  in  all.  Thoso  who  write  tho  more  common  form  of  Suarez  are 
more  explicit,  and  deserve  at  least  equal  credit  with  Gomara. 

'■^  Velaz(iuez  was  man'ied  not  long  ufter  his  arrival  in  Cuba  to  the  daughter 
of  Contador  Cu(5llar.  Tho  brido  died  within  tho  same  week.  Harrera,  dec. 
i.  lib.  ix.  ccip.  ix.  'Velazquez  fauorccia  Li  por  amor  do  otra  su  hcrmana,  rf 
tenia  ruhi  fama,  y  aun  el  era  deinaaiado  mugeril. '  Gomara,  Hist.  Mn: , 
7.  Delaporte,  Rcisen,  x.  141-2,  assumes  that  Cortes  won  tho  love  of  her  win 'lu 
Vciazcjuez  wished  to  possess;  while  Gordon,  Anc.  J/ex.,  ii.  32,  supposes  tln'.t 
the  brido  had  been  the  object  of  A'clazquez*  gallantry ;  hence  tlietrouliU. 
Folsom,  on  tlie  other  hand,  marries  one  of  tho  Suaicz  sistcra  to  Velazquez, 
and  calls  hun  the  brother-in-law  of  CortOs.     Cortes,  Despatches,  9,  11-12. 


impiiison:iiexts  axd  escapes. 


48 


Domingo,  Cortes  is  clioson  bearer  of  tlie  complaints.'*' 
As  he  is  about  to  embark  on  liis  perilous  mission,  to 
traverse  in  an  open  boat  eighteen  leagues  of  open 
ocean,  the  governor  hears  of  it,  seizes  the  envoy,  and 
sends  him  in  chains  to  the  fortress.  His  partisans 
are  likewise  imprisoned,  and  active  in  preferring 
char<]fes  ajjainst  them  are  Bermudez,  the  two  Yelaz- 
quez,  A^illegas,  and  Juan  Suarcz.  Friends  intercede 
and  prevent  immediate  hanging."  Cortes  resolves  on 
escape.  With  some  difficulty  he  extricates  himself 
from  his  fetters,  seizes  the  sword  of  the  sleeping 
guard,  forces  the  window,  and  dropping  to  the  ground 
takes  refuge  in  the  church. ^"^  Velazquez,  enraged  at 
the  escape,  yet  not  daring  to  violate  the  privilege  of 
sanctuary,  resorts  to  artitice.  Introducing  some  sol- 
diers into  the  chapel  through  a  small  door  in  the 
rear,  the  blushing  (^atalina  is  stationed  at  a  distance 
before  the  sacred  edifice  as  a  decoy.  The  lover  sees 
her;  the  dear  girl  wishes  to  speak  with  him,  but 
her  maidenly  modesty  fo"bids  her  nearer  approach. 
Cortes  rushes  forward  to  clasp  lier  in  his  arms,  only 
to  be  seized  from  behind,  and  placed  under  a  strong 
guard  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel  bound  for  Espanola, 
where,  in  company  with  the  other  conspirators,  he  is 
to  undergo  trial.'® 

""' Goinara,  /list.  Mex.,  7,  insists  that  Vola/.qnez  had  no  motive  for 
nngt'i-  except  tho  refusal  of  Cortes  to  marry.  The  meeting  of  conspirators 
at  his  house  gave  plausibility  to  the  charges  of  his  enemies.  ]}y  others 
it  is  even  st-iteil  that  at  these  meetings  Cortes  dofencled  the  governor 
against  tho  ch.'irges  of  tho  conspirators  and  oveiruled  their  plots.  Jk  llehim 
(li-iU  F<i-iliiiiniili  CorlesU,  in  Icazhahuta,  Col.  Doc,  \.  3"J.)-0.  The  prepon- 
tlertmce  of  evidence,  however,  is  against  this  supposition. 

''  '  Kstando  para  se  emharcar  en  una  canoa  ile  indios  con  sus  papeles,  fu6 
Diego  Velaz<pie/,  avi.sado  y  hozolo  prcnder  y  (nilsul  i  ahorcar.'  Luk  (.'(txiu,  I  list. 
lit'/.,  iv.  1 1.  Jle  was  ciiat  in  the  fort  prison,  lest  tlie  army  should  ])roclaim  him 
general.  '  Timebat  ne  si  qnis.'ctc.  J>c  Jicbus  Oeslis  Ferdhmndi  Corksil,  in 
JaKliiilcrin,  >'o!.  Doc,  i.  325  and  .3'JG-7. 

'"  In  /V  lii'htis  Gi'iif/s  Finimatidt  Curti'xii,  in  Irazhol'r'a,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  .SSfi-T, 
it  is  reliited  that  Cortes  broke  the  ropes  holding  him  by  means  of  a  stick,  and 
lilecl  (he  paillock  of  the  chains  Seizing  a  bludgeon  he  advanced  on  the  sleep- 
ing jail'T,  resolved  to  break  his  head  if  he  moved.  But  Cristobal  de  Lago3 
eitlier  slept  or  pretended  not  to  hear  the  noise  as  (Vjrtes  seized  the  swor  I 
and  shield  at  his  head.  Swinging  open  a  small  wintlow,  (,'orti's  slid  down 
and  hiuTJed  to  the  sanctuary,  giving  on  the  way  a  word  of  cheer  and  advice 
'o  the  cons])irators  wlio  were  held  within  the  ])risou. 

*  '  Cortes.  . .  .tuuo  por  eierto  4  lo  embiarid  a  santo  Domingo  o  a  Espafta.' 
Utar.  Vkx.,  Vol.  I.    i 


50 


THK  HERO  OF  THE  CONQUEST. 


Sympathy  for  Cortc's  increases  witli  his  misfortunes, 
and  aid  is  furnislied  for  a  soeond  escape.  The  shackles 
are  removed,  and  exchanjjinij  elotlies  with  an  attend- 
ant,  he  mounts  the  up|)er  deck,*'  strolls  carelessly  about 
watching  his  opportunity  until  he  gains  the  skiff;  then 
cutting  loose  the  boat  of  another  vessel  near  by,  to  pre- 
vent pursuit,  he  pulls  lustily  toward  Baracoa.  The 
boat  becomes  unmanageable,  he  plunges  into  the  water, 
swims  ashore,  and  once  more  gains  the  sanctuary.^' 

Cortes  was  sensible  enough  now  to  perceive  that 
ho  had  involved  himself  more  deeply  than  a  trifling 
love  affair  would  justify,  and  that  possibl}^  he  might 
best  rid  himself  of  the  charming  Catalina  by  marry- 
ing her.  Once  determined  on  this  course,  lie  called 
to  him  the  brother,  Juan  Suarez,  and  informed  him  of 
his  doleful  resolve.  Meanwhile  the  constant  impor- 
tunities of  powerful  friends,  and  the  need  of  Cortes' 
services  in  an  Indian  outbreak,  induced  Velazquez  to 
make  overtures  of  reconciliation;  but  Cortes  met  him 


Gomrira,  HiM.  Mex. ,  7.  There  would  have  l)ceii  no  reasons  for  his  fears  on 
tliis  soorc,  if  he  possessed  papers  iniplicatin''  \'ehiz(jiiez,  as  Gomara  states. 
Another  versiion  is  that  the  alc-.hles  imposed  a  licavy  sentence  on  Corti's, 
after  his  capture,  and  that  Velazquez,  on  being  appealed  to  by  Duero  and 
others,  was  noble-minded  enough  to  grant  a  pardon.  He  discharged  him  from 
his  service,  iiowever,  and  had  him  placed  on  board  a  ship  for  Espanola. 
Torf/iiriiKuIn,  i.  .S48.  Herrcra  says  that  (^atulina  lived  near  the  church,  and 
while  Coites  wiis  making  h)ve  to  her  an  alguacil  named  Juan  Eseudero,  whom 
Cortes  afterward  hanged  in  Mexico,  came  up  behind  him  and  pinioned  )iis 
arms,  while  tiie  soldiers  rushed  to  his  assistance.  Dec.  i.  lib.  ix.  cap.  ix. ;  <  'orOx, 
/iCKidoirln,  i.  OH,  etc.  Las  CantiK,  J I  id.  Itul.,  iv.  II;  J)e  Iiebitu  Of'stin  Fvr- 
diiiiiwli  Corffil,  in  Irazhalceta,  i.  .'V27-8,  give  minutely  the  mode  of  capture. 

-"Broke  the  pump  and  crawled  tlirough,  '  Organum  pneumaticum,' etc. 
Ih  Jii'liii.s  Gc.slis  Jerdiitaiidi  Oor/ciil,  in  fcazhalccta.  Col.  Doc,  i.  32!). 

■^'  The  current  of  the  Mac.agnanigua  River  did  not  allow  him  to  enter  it, 
and  elsewhere  the  breakeis  woukl  upset  the  boat.  Stripping  himself,  he  tied 
to  his  head  ccrtiiin  documents  against  Velazcjuez,  held  by  him  as  notary  of  the 
ayiintamiento  and  clerk  of  the  treasurer,  and  thereupon  swam  ashore.  He 
entered  his  house,  consulted  with  Juan  Suarez,  and  reentered  the  temple, 
armed.  Oomara,  I/i,st.  Afex.,  7.  l>e  nt'hu.<i  Gcxtis  I'Wd'uia)i<li  Cortesii,  iu 
Jc(i~.lialcefa,  vi.  IViO-.'iO,  refers  to  a  friend  of  Cortes  chaincil  in  the  same  ship's 
hold,  iind  states  that  CortOs  rowed  ashore.  On  the  way  to  the  house  oi 
Suarez  he  narrowly  escapes  a  patrol.  Having  secured  arms,  he  proceeds  i" 
cheer  liis  captive  partisans,  and  then  enters  the  sanctuary.  At  dawn  tiie  ctiji- 
<-!'it>  of  the  vessel  from  which  Cortes  escaped  comes  also  to  the  temple,  to  sccuvn 
himself  against  Velaznuez'  wrath,  no  doubt,  but  is  refused  admission  into 
the  sacristy  by  his  fellow-refugoo,  who  suspects  the  man,  and  fears  that  the 
])rovisions  may  not  outlast  the  siege.  In  llcrrera,  dec.  i.  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii., 
Cortes  drifts  about  uu  a  log  and  is  tinally  coat  ashore. 


LOVING  ENEMIES. 


« 


'tunes, 
lackU'S 
ittcnd- 
^  about 
■;  then 
to  pre- 
.  The 
water, 

/e  that 
trifiinjJf 
)  might 

marry- 
2  called 

him  of 
,  impor- 

Cortes' 
;quez  to 
nut  him 


lis  fears  on 
avii  stiitcs. 

on    (A)l't('3, 

Duero  ami 
;il  him  from 

Espauola. 
luircli,  ami 
lero,  whom 
iiiioncil  Ilia 

X.;  ('ort'':>f, 

f  captiire. 
liciim,'  etc. 

lo  enter  it, 
lilf,  he  ticl 
yxry  of  the 
■lore.      He 
\o  temple, 
lorti'nii,   ill 
^me  8hii>"s 
house  (if 
rocec^H  to 
ti  the  cai>- 
,  to  secuvi! 
^sioii  into 
that  tlie 
pap.  viii., 


in  a  haughty  spirit,  and  surrounding  tlio  church  M'ith 
;i  guard  he  went  his  way  to  the  wars.  Notwith- 
standing the  cavalier  had  made  up  his  mind  to  drink 
the  marriage-draught,  he  would  none  of  the  governor 
in  it;  or  if  he  must,  the  rcconciliaticm  should  he  ac- 
c'oni[)lished  after  his  own  fashion.  No  sooner  liad  the 
governor  departed  than  Cortds  directed  Juan  Suarcz, 
with  lance  and  cross-bow,  to  await  him  at  a  certain 
I  lace.  Escaping  the  guard  during  the  night,  Cortes 
joined  Suarez,  and  proceeded  to  the  plantation  where 
Velazquez  ■  was  quartered.  The  governor,  who  was 
engaged  in  looking  over  some  books  of  accounts,  was 
not  a  little  startled  when  Cortes  knocked  at  the  open 
door  and  entered.  "Is  it  murder  the  man  means  with 
aims  in  his  hands,  and  at  this  hour?"  was  his  thought, 
as  he  uave  the  visitor  a  nervous  welcome.  ''Command 
that  no  one  come  near  me  I"  exclaimedCort.es,  "else  I 
will  put  this  pike  through  him.  And  now,  if  my  ex- 
ci'lKnt  and  brave  captain,  Senor  Velazquez,  has  aught 
against  me,  let  him  speak.  I  am  here  to  answer." 
So  sweet  was  the  mutual  forgiveness  that  followed, 
that  in  the  morning  the  two  gentlemen  were  found 
occupying   the  same  bed.''^     Not   long  after  Cortes 

■'-'  So  tlie  story  was  current  at  the  time,  and  I  doubt  not  it  contains  some 
degree  of  truth,  notwithstanding  Las  Casas,  Hist.  ItuL,  iv.  1I-1'2,  scouts  it  as 
a  pure  fabrication.  He  knew  both  men;  Velazquez  as  a  proud  chief,  exacting 
the  deepest  reverence  from  those  around  liim,  and  makinst  them  tremble  afc 
lii.s  frown;  while  Cortes  was  in  those  days  so  lowly  and  luimble  as  to  be  glad 
to  curry  favor  with  the  meanest  serviints  of  the  governor.  The  good  bisliop 
is  evidently  prejudiced.  In  De  Rebiis  GeglU  Ferdiiiawll  t  'nrtfsii,  in  IrazMceUi, 
<'•'!.  Doi'.,  i.  332-4,  the  facts  arc  a  little  elaborated  and  contra<lictory,  as 
usual.  Cortes  escapes  the  guard  round  the  cliurch,  and  readies  tiie  tarm. 
'  llalloh,  .sefiores  ! '  he  shouts,  'Cortes  is  at  the  door,  and  salutes  Seflor 
Vclazipicz,  his  excellent  and  gallant  captain.'  Velazquez  is  a.stouished,  yet 
I'lcascd,  at  the  arrival  of  one  whom  he  always  'ad  regarded  as  a  friend  and 
iHlovcd  brother.  lie  orders  supper  and  bed  to  be  prepared;  but  Cort(5s 
ii'sists  that  none  shall  approaeii,  or  he  will  lance  tlicni.  He  demands  to 
know  what  complaints  there  are  .against  liiiii.  Ho  abhors  the  suspicion  of 
I'liiig  ,a  traitor,  and  will  clear  himself.  '  Receive  nic, '  he  concludes,  '  in  your 
lavor  with  the  same  good  faith  that  I  return  to  it.'  'Now  I  believe,' 
.Tiiswcrs  Vel.azquez,  'that  you  regard  as  highly  my  name  and  fame  as  your 
oun  loyalty.  '  They  shako  hands,  and  Cortes  now  enters  the  house  to 
fully  explain  the  misunderstanding.  After  supper  tliey  retire  to  one  bed. 
Ill  the  morning  the  messenger,  Diego  Orellana,  arrives  to  announce  (^orti's' 
lli^'ht.  and  finds  them  lying  side  by  .side.  C'ort<''3  will  not  proceed  with 
tln'  expedition  just  tlien;  but  after  arranging  his  .affairs  he  joins,  to  the 
dcli^^ht  of  tlie  general,  who  follows  his   advice  implicitly,  as  he  had  dona 


62 


THE  HERO  OF  THE  CONQUEST. 


i|    \ 


24 


married  Catalina,  and  jointly  with  his  brother-in-law 
received  an  encomienda  of  Manicarao  Indians.  Like 
a  hrave  .avalier  he  put  the  best  face  possible  on  the 
inevitable,  and  vowed  he  was  as  pleased  with  his  bride 
as  if  she  had  been  a  duchess.**  Velazquez  stood 
godfather  to  a  child  born  to  them,  and  thenceforth 
addressed  Cortda  by  the  intimate  term  compadre, 
investing  him  afterward  with  the  staff  of  alcalde  at 
Santiago  de  Cuba."*  For  a  time,  however,  he  re- 
mained at  Baracoa,  where  the  preceding  events  oc- 
curred, and  beside  mining  he  was  one  of  the  first  upon 
the  island  to  engage  in  stock  raising.  Thus  by  diligence 
and  judicious  investments  he  was  enabled  to  rise  from 
povei'ty,  as  well  as  from  profligacy,  and  to  stand  ready 
to  embrace  the  golden  opportunity  fortune  was  now 
about  to  oiF(»r  him. 

The  soft  white  snow  gently  dropped  upon  the 
mountain  top  is  forged  by  alternate  thawings  and 
freezings  into  hard,  rasping  glaciers. 

in  former  campaigns.  After  their  victorious  return  Cortds  enjoys  greater 
honors  than  ever.  Peralta,  who  also  gives  the  story  at  lengtli,  states  tliiit 
Cort(5s  surpriseil  Velazquez  asleep.  At  the  request  of  the  governor  he  gave 
himself  up  to  the  jailer  in  order  to  be  formally  released,  ^at.  Hist.,  58-(i-. 
Still  Peralta  is  a  little  confused. 

2''  She  was  received  by  Cort(5s  in  Mexico,  after  the  conquest,  with  great 
distinction ;  ))ut  died  in  about  three  months  after  her  arrival. 

■^' Las  C-'asas,  who,  as  usual,  will  have  a  fling  at  Cortes,  writes:  'Tuvo 
Cortes  un  hijo  6  hija,  no  stS  si  en  su  mujer,  y  suplic6  A  Diego  Velazcjuez 
que  tuviese  por  bicn  de  so  lo  sacar  de  la  pila  en  el  liaptismo  y  ser  su  com- 
padre, lo  que  Diego  Velazquez  acept6,  por  honralle.'  Hint.  Ind.,  iv.  Vi. 
Among  Cortes'  children  a  natural  daughter  by  a  Cuban  Indian  is  mentioned, 
licnial  Diaz,  Hist.  V'enlwl.,  238,  but  it  is  not  likely  that  Cortes  would  nslc 
the  governor  to  stand  godfather  to  a  natural  child.  The  same  writer  maki's 
Velazcjuez  the  groomsman  or  sponsor  at  the  marriage.  '  Fue  su  padrini), 
qi.ando  Cortt5s  .se  velo  con  Dona  Catalina; '  ih.,  l.S;  Vetancovrt,  TecUro  M<x., 
pt.  iii.  109.  Although  compadre  is  not  unfrequently  used  as  a  mere  tenn  of 
friendship,  it  is  not  likely  to  have  been  applied  by  a  marriage  padrino; 
hence  the  title  of  co-father  indicates  that  it  originatetl  at  the  font. 

^■"'  An  office  granted  only  to  men  of  note  and  to  leading  conquistadorcs. 
Solis,  Hist.  Mex. ,  i.  46.  It  conveyed  the  title  of  '  muy  virtuoso  senor, '  the  gov- 
ernor being  called  'muymfignificosenor,'  ParhecowaAC'drdenas,  Col.  Doc,  xii. 
22.'),  and  permitted  the  holder  to  walk  side  by  side  with  the  governor.  Hrrrera, 
dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xii.  '  Aula  sido  dos  vezes  Alcalde  en  la  Villa  de  Satlago  de 
Boroco,  adOde  era  vezino :  porque  en  aqucstas  tierras  se  tiene  por  mucha  honra  ' 
Bfriial  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdwl.,  13.  He  does  not  refer  to  him  as  alcalde  at  Santi 
ago  do  Cuba,  where  the  fleet  is  fitting  out,  as  he  clearly  states,  tiomara,  l/lnl. 
Mfx.,  4,  mentions  merely  that  he  was  here  before  the  quarrel  with  Velazquez. 
Some  writers  assume  that  Santiagode  Cuba  is  the  same  as  Santiago  de  Baracoa, 
but  Herrera,  loc.  cil.,  and  others,  observe  the  distinction. 


CHAPTER  V. 

SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


ot 


The  Qvauty  of  Leader  Desired    Tv 

U.SHKD  KOR   i^^VUSTME^•T-T,L   iTN^f;    !"""  ^OKVE-P^^CKS  E.StL 
AfAV-MoKE   OF    HIS    Ca^T  ^^^'-^-^^«-<^0RTE.S    PutS   OV  THP    T. 

Tin.  r<  "character— Thf    S!nt.v.„  r.  "^    tiREAT 

;;;'"W  «cem  thSt  here  wlu  d  belhol  f-  "'l"'''"*'-''-'  '^ 
<•(  tJio  governor  for  tlw  „'       ""^*rst  'nstant  choice 
-|.e<Iitio„  now  in  pre^rS""'!:/ /^  ™P°*"" 
"e  man  required  d  d  not  n  f      iu        *''''  <l"aiitr  of 
A.  H-o  liave  seen,  Velazol. l"'*''"'",  '""i'°  °"  ™erit 
;;;■  -nomalou.  creatiof  Te  ™u4"r'l  'Z  '"'^  P*"-!'---- 
•"•■to  command  men   an^l  i^f  i  ,  "'"  ''"*  '"""I'le; 
fl'if ;   honest  to  VeLo,^!/"" J'^'':-"*  *«  obey  luVs 
to  all  the  world  else      I?      '     "!  '^"*«>  '<"  neeeiar  • 

tlnn,n::  "Pipe  homo"  as  P  /    •"""'!  ^  "'"n  »«  « 

a."lDuer:p  evaiS^i  nr^'''''  ''^^^'ui  of  L=lre, 
--^er.i„.c,dWofre:X^^^^^^^ 

(83) 


y 


0 


54 


SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


!  i 


l)cf<)ro  the  notary,  Alonso  do  Escalantc,  in  aecor  lanoo 
witli  the  permission  granted  by  the  autliorities  at  Santo 
Domingo,  which  hmited  the  cntcrjirise  to  exploration; 
tlie  f)riv  lege  to  colonize  depending  on  royal  favor  for 
which  Velazquez  must  sue  in  Spain.* 

One  would  think  that  after  these  twenty-five  years 
of  experience  there  could  be  found  no  ecclesiastic  or 
luler  so  childish  as  to  expect  morality  or  humanity 
from  the  wolves  of  Spain  let  loose  among  the  naked 
and  defenceless  of  America.  And  yet  we  find  the 
friars  of  Espahola,  in  pursuance  of  the  devout  and 
higli-minded  views  expressed  by  Velazquez,  subscrib- 
ing ho  instructions  which  enjoin  Cortes  tt)  observe 
a  conduct  befitting  a  Christian  soldier,  as  if  there 
were  any  reasonable  hope  of  his  doing  so.  Ho  must 
prohibit  blasphemy,  licentiousness,  and  gamblinn; 
among  his  men,  and  on  no  account  molest  the  natives, 
but  gently  inform  them  of  the  glory  of  God,  and  of 
the  Catholic  king.  Possession  must  be  taken  in  Ve- 
lazquez' name  and  the  secrets  of  the  country  ascer- 
tained. Search  must  be  made  for  Grijalva  and  Olid, 
and  for  the  Christian  captives  supposed  to  be  in 
Yucatan.  We  miijht  aefain  mark  the  double-dealing 
of  the  governor,  who  discharges  Grijalva  for  not 
having  settled  contrary  to  his  instructions,  while 
charging  the  new  commander  not  to  seize  the  coun- 
try, yet  expecting  him  to  do  so.^     The  instructions 

' '  Fray  Luya  dc  Figueioa,  fray  Alonso  do  santo  Domingo,  y  fray  Bemaldino 
Macjenedo,  <]  eran  los  goueriiadores,  dieron  La  licencia  ii<ara  Fernando  C'orti's 
coiiK)  caj)itan  y  annador  cit  Diego  Volazqucz. '  Gomara,  Hist.  Mex.,  12.  The 
Fatliers  no  doubt  reriuired  to  know  the  name  of  the  commander.  'His  litteiis 
Cortesius  confirmatus,'  is  the  statement  \\\De  Hehns  (lest'is  FerdhiandiCorlexii, 
in  Icnzhalcela,  Col.  Doc,  i.  344,  in  reference  to  their  permit.  This  authority 
intimates  that  Salcedo,  at  a  later  date  probably,  ol)t;iined  license  from  the 
Fathers  for  warfare  in  Yucatan  and  for  the  settlement  of  the  mainland,  Init 
this  is  not  confirmed  anywhere.   Id. ,  3.">0. 

■'  Evidently  Velazquez  desired  his  captains  to  disobey  instructions  niul 
colonize.  He  could  not  officially  authorize  them  to  do  so,  not  having  <is 
yet  received  permission  from  Spain.  Neither  Velazquez  nor  Corte.s  had 
anj'  intention  in  this  instance  of  confining  this  enterprise  to  trade,  or  ])rot(ct- 
ing  the  natives,  or  imposing  morality  upon  the  men.  It  was  well  under.stood 
by  all  that  licentiousness  and  plunder  were  to  be  the  reward  for  perils  to 
be  undergone.  'Atque  etiani  quod  Griialvae  pra^tentfi  causa  auxilii  fercndi 
quod  Alvaradus  postulabat,  ire  licebat.'is  the  pointed  observation  in  Ih'  Hdnn 
Geaiia  Ferdinandi  t'ortesii,  in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc,  i.  343-4.     Bernal  Diaz, 


BVOLUTIOX  OF  THK  GRRat 

consist  of  thirty  clauses  ami  fJ.     . 
eroclit  ou  the  scrivei  or ''  ^'*"'  '^'''^ 


AlAX. 


63 


g' 


-U'nont  reflects  no 

ho,,g  bcf„,.o  the  rooeS  of  l?"^'    ''''•^    ''•••'"    *"-''       ' 

•".lult  Cortes  was  a  different  l^l'V^'"  "•-■"  t'"-' 
l""  appomtment.     His  iphI         '»   '^■'"'■>-'  '""I  after 
;>f  ncj  intuitions.    Alwt^r  ".^  '*»  "^:''  ''"-^'''^-^i'" 
t<>.l>ulo„t  emotions,  hi"  amhif         ,  "!°  '"''"^•"<^«  '-f 
eome  more  aggre.s.sive     L    puro""i,.  "    ""'^'-^"'^y  '«■ 
f««l"'ffs,  n,  noble  instincts  ie'^^vn!  ""P"'™-*.  '»  i-eHnecl 
He  harbored  no  ideal  of  dutv^  T"*"'"^''''-'''«'--tive. 
'".tlio  mind  of  Griialv,^'- •'""'','"*  «•«  liave  seen 
"«ti.er  broad  nor  ea^o  ic'    j  ",  "'^"/^f  -»"^^  was 
Sreat  respect  for  re S  ;„"^-'''' ""'f'tl'^t^inding  J,i, 
-T-ion  that  be  ca-re^^v^rfS  ,'"t '  '' "^  '^  '=°-'" 
s  andmg  l,is  outward  piotv  -^n  'V  ''•  ""'"itl- 

'liureh,  tile  li„|,ter  i„       ■'iv  "'  '"''  ^iovotion  to  (l„. 
-e  and  grace?t,,at  ZZ^^Z  «"'^''  ''""  «ith  a  , 
tlio  least.     Yet  for  all  twi  t,     '  ,"'°™""'nts  not  in 
»u;Ide,d.v.  beean,e  a  ..reat  ml,    "  /'  ™''''^  »''  S^'-tia- 
;ictunllv;  wllni.,!,  r^vo^ft      •  '■  ""'  "'  "=""<••  only  bnt 
'-'  '"■".-"•  was  tt    rotc^To'fi""  "T'y  °''  ^>'^"^ 
oomm,ss,on  was  a  niatch  appliL  I"'  "f '  *"  """-■'•■^  In's 
'-•■Itm.?  loo.se  the  latent  force     Tl,    ?^'\°"''"  '"»t«'ial, 
Kull-sliore  expedition.s,  COrXba     '.  ''f '^  "''  ""■■  '"'^ 
l"'<«ent  themselves  before  „si    ^'i""  ™.  ""d  Co,te. 
1-oportion.s.     Cordoba   [he  first  '^"'T'^  "'"■«'-"^' 

^,  /  IJ'e  full  text  of  tho  ,-„»*      X-  "'ctions  for  arguments  on 

"  tl'«  preamble,  but?L  .fff'^-   "'•  ^•^'*-»'  PreseVved"  tt  J'^' ■   J?'«^'^^"»"z 
'appear  to  be  awa're  "E  It       '"'''  '''^  abbrevfatcd,  thoughVreS  f^"'"'"^ 

=     iicscott  (iocs  not 


^ 


1  '      ' 

i 


I   ■    •'        i 


at  SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 

most  j]fentleinanly  and  kind-licartod  pirate.  Grijalva, 
thouj^h  second  to  Cortes  in  talents  and  fame,  was  far 
before  him  in  lionesty.  During  the  ])reparati()ns 
whicli  quickly  followed  the  appointment  of  Cortes, 
the  inherent  qualities  <jf  the  man  developed  to  a 
deiifree  alarmin<^  alike  to  friends  and  enemies,  and 
astonishing  to  himself  He  found  his  nature  a  strong 
oiu!,  with  magnetic  attrac^tions,  and  an  attinity  with 
danger.  He  found  himself  possessed  of  that  higher 
courage  of  the  mind  which  bcij^ets  S(df-contidence, 
breeds  the  hero,  and  ends  in  the  achievement  of  the 
uttermost.  And  genius  was  there;  he  began  to  feel 
it  and  to  know  it:  the  genius  of  ambition  and  ego- 
tism,  whose  central  figure  was  himself,  an  all- 
prevailing  sentiment,  before  which  right,  religion, 
humanity,  and  even  life  itself,  must  be  subservient. 
His  rapidly  evolving  will  was  becoming  ponderous, 
overwhelming.  Fame  was  becoming  to  him  what 
ambition  w.' s  to  Columbus;  only  he  possessed  his 
idea  instead  of  being  possessed  by  it.  Sufficiently 
(educated  for  the  purposes  of  statecraft,  opportunity 
alone  was  needed  to  enable  him  to  turn  every  weajxni 
to  the  furtherance  of  his  own  designs.  Without 
attempting  to  pry  into  the  occult,  he  now  began  to 
see  things  with  a  large  and  Hberal  eye.  Life  was 
assuming  tremendous  realities,  which  bridled  im])ulso; 
yet  it  M'as  an  ordeal  he  believed  ho  could  face.  While 
in  so})histry  he  found  himself  equal  to  Euripides,  he 
began  to  put  on  bombast  such  as  .^Eschylus  could  not 
have  scorned,  and  to  disj.lay  an  energy  as  sublime  as 
that  of  Archilochus;  yet  all  tiiis  time  his  good  sense 
was  supplemented  by  graceful  courtesy.  All  who  wor- 
shi])  the  bright  wit  and  intellecfoual  versatility  that 
flatter  ambition  and  yield  unscrupulous  success  may 
henceforth  bow  the  knee  to  Hernan  Cortes. 

No  sooner  w^as  his  commission  sealed  than  Cortes  set 
himself  about  the  task  of  collecting  his  many  requii'e- 
ments.    His  own  few  thousand  pesos  of  ready  money 


PREPARATION.  9$ 

wore  quickly  spent;  then  ho  inortjj^aufed  his  estates, 
and  horrowed  to  the  uttermost  tVoui  his  tVien<ls. 
A  clazquez  was  free  with  everything  excejtt  Ids  sub- 
stance; tree  witli  his  advice  and  ostentation,  free 
with  the  sldps  of  others,  and  wilhn*^  to  sell  to  the 
expedition  the  products  of  his  farm  at  exorhitant 
] trices.  Nevertheless  tho  investment  to  the  ,t2,'ov- 
crnor,  as  well  as  to  Cortes,  was  lar<(e,  the  former 
fiiiMiishini;  some  ships  of  his  own  and  some  nioiu'V,  the 
whole  cost  of  vessels  and  outlit  being  about  twc^nty 
thousand  ducats.* 


*  Tl\o  ownership  of  the  expedition  has  lieen  a  moot  question,  some  autliors 
ri'f,'nr(liii(^  it  as  pertaining  cliiefly  to  Vclaz(|iiez,  wliile  othfi-s  accoiil  it  wliolly 
foCdrlis  an<l  liis  friemlM.  Acconling  t(j  (loniara,  after  receiving  the  vei-'sel 
lii()iii.'ht  liy  Alvarado,  and  anotlier  provided  by  Vela/quez,  I'ortes,  aided  'ly 
ills  truiid.s,  hongiit  two  hirge  and  two  sniall  vessels  l)etore  leaving'  Santiago; 
and  at  least  two  more  were  bought  after  this  with  bills  forced  u[ii(ri  tiie  owners. 
The  rest  of  tho  fleet  appeal's  to  have  liccii  niailo  up  from  the  transport  spoken 
ol  and  troni  (irijalva's  vessels.  The  hitter  is  to  l>o  reganled  as  \ Cla/ijuez"  eon- 
t.iliition,  for  in  the  testimony  before  the  royal  council  in  Spain,  Montejo,  the 
tiiisted  friend  of  the  commander,  declares  that  on  delivering  them  over  to 
tlie  g'  vernor  ho  received  the  order  to  join  Cortt^s,  with  the  vessels,  of  course. 
IHs  .statements,  and  those  of  the  captain  I'uertocarrero,  contirnud  by  the  let- 
ter of  tho  ayuntannento  of  Villa  Rica  to  tho  emperor,  agree  th.it,  from  their 
(nvn  observations  and  the  accounts  given  by  others,  ("ortes  nnist  have  oon- 
tiiliuted  not  only  seven  vessels,  but  expenucil  over  r)(K)0  eastellanos  on  tho 
outlit.  Iieside  procuring  goods  and  provisions,  while  Velazque/.  furnished  only 
one  thiiil,  ehielly  in  clothes,  provisions,  wines,  and  other  ell'eets,  which  he 
.siild  through  an  agent  to  the  company,  the  witnesses  included,  at  exorbitant 
piiies.  Montejo  had  heard  that  Vel.iz((ucz  contributed  three  vessels,  but 
«  liether  these  were  rxclusivo  of  (irijalva's  fleet  is  not  clear.  He  is  also  sup- 
jiosed  to  have  lent  Cortes  '2000  eastellanos,  and  to  have  given  twelve  or  thir- 
teen hundred  loads  of  bread,  and  30<)toeinos,  beside  1800  east>dlanos  ingfKxls, 
to  be  sold  to  the  party  at  high  prices.  Evcn'y  other  supi)ly  was  tui'nished  by 
Ciiitcs,  who  maintained  the  whole  force  without  touching  the  shiii's  stores, 
while  remaining  in  Cuba,  no  dotd)t.  Co/.  l)oc.  IikiL,  i.  4S7-!t<).  l'uerloc:arrero 
itiiils  that  Coi'tes'  liberality  to  men  in  advancing  means  and  outtits  was  gen- 
erally admitted.  He  himself  had  received  a  horse  from  tlie  eominnndei-.  Ifo 
gives  a  list  of  the  outrageously  high  pi'iees  ehai'ged  by  Velazfpiiz  tor  his  sup- 
lilies.  /(/.,  4'Jl-,j.  Another  member  of  tho  expedition  states  that  Cortes 
furnisiiecl  seven  vessels,  and  Vela/.cpiez  thiee,  two  nioro  belonging  to  tlie  lat- 
ter joining  the  fleet  afterward.  Cortes  )iaid  for  all  the  outfit.  I'lxtraet  ap- 
I'lnded  to  Cai'ta  del  Ayiiiif.  de  V.  Cniz,  in  Col.  I>o<\  limL,  i.  ■)!!!  "Jll:  '  Casi 
his  dos  partes.  . .  .d  su  (Cortc's)  costa,  asi  en  navios  eonio  «ii  bastinientos  do 
ni;ir.'  'Todoel  conciertode la di'-ha armada  se  hizo  A  voluntad  dediilio  l)iego 
N  elaz(|uez,  aunque  ni  puso  ni  giii^to  Ol  mas  de  la  tercia  parte  de  ella.  .  .  .La 
niiiyor  parte  de  la  dicha  tercia  ])arte.  .  .  .fue  emplear  sus  dineios  en  vinos  y 
en  ropas  y  en  otras  cosas  de  poco  vah..-  para  nos  lo  vender  aea  (\'.  Cruz)  en 
iimeha  mas  cantidad  de  lo  que  li  id  le  costo.'  Carta  de  la  Jiin/icia  de  I'era- 
erir..  10  de  Julio,  1510,  in  Cortrs,  Carton,  a;  I'acheco  and  Cardenas,  Cut.  J)or., 
xiv.  .S7.  Claiming  to  have  no  ready  money  of  his  own,  Veh'.zqucz  took  for  tho 
expedition  lOIX)  eastellanos  from  the  estate  ol  \arvaez  in  his  charge.  Cumarn, 
llial.  Mij.:,  1:2-13.   '  Salio  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba...coii  quince  navios  suyoa,' 


i  ;  fciil 


I      ti 


88 


SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITIOX. 


Estal)lisliiiig  places  of  ciilistniont  throughout  tl)G 
island,  Cortun  roused  to  action  his  many  friends,  both 
in  pel-son  and  by  letter.  At  principal  settlements  the 
expedition  was  })roclainied  ab<nit  the  streets,  in  the 
king's  name,  by  the  beating  of  drums  and  the  voico 
of  the  crier.  One  third  of  the  proceeds  of  the  ad- 
venture  was   promised  the   soldiers   and   subalterns, 

Cor/rs,  ^[l'lllOl•'l(ll,  1542,  in  Cor/i'.i,  Esrrlfos  Siielf/i^,  310.  Peter  Martyr  .is.suiiips 
that  t'lihaii  iol(jnistn  furiiislieil  the  ileet  witli  tlie  j^oveiiior'a  consent,  iiinl 
elected  (Joi'tiseoniniander.  iJcc.  iv.  caj).  vi.  'v>lis,  J/iff.  Mi:.i-.,  i.  (il,  considers 
that  Vehi/iiiiez  hehl  only  a  nunor  share  in  ihe  exi)edition.  Montcjo  stated 
in  a  general  way  that  lie  spent  all  liia  fortune  (  n  joinint;  the  expedition.  ( 'in. 
Am.,  l.").")4  .")."),  rJ7  'iO,  in  Sijiiiirs  MS.  In  /Je  Itclmx  (I'slis  Fcrd'naii'/i 
Curtcsl'i  it  i.s  asserted  that  Cortes  expended  0000  pesos  of  his  own,  and  iii);M) 
ducats  horrowed  money,  beside  what  Velazipiez  leni  luni;  his  expemlitures 
bcduL,'  iu  all  (."i,()00  pesos.  Velazcpiez  gave  not  one  real,  but  merely  .-^old 
goods  at  ixorbitant  figures,  or  made  advances  at  a  high  interest,  even  the 
Vessels  ji'-ovided  b}^  him  being  transferred  to  the  comuuinil  r  under  an  ex- 
pensive charter.  '  Sunt  preterea  nndti  Hi  pani  viri  boni  ijui  ct  lur.ic  vivu!it, 
ct  (pii  euni  ea  chissis  dc  qua  ai.dmus,  a|)i'arabatur,  aderant.  Ifi  in  hujus 
causae  defensione,  cujns  ajmd  (,'onsiliuui  IJegium  Indicum  (ortesius  est  aecu- 
satus,  testes  juraii  asserunt  Velazi|uium  nihil  ouinino  ex  ])ropria  lacultate  iu 
Cortcsii  elai-sem  imp^ndis.so. '  This  would  indicito  that  Monti'jo  and  l^U'i- 
tocair'-'ro'-'  t.stiniony  Mas  confirmed  Ijy  many  others.  The  agenf,  Jium  Diaz, 
who  attend- d  to  the  sa!e  of  the  goods  and  tlio  collection  t)f  the  advances,  fi  11 
in  til'!  retreat  from  Mcxic),  and  his  money  was  lost.  Icuihulrda,  Cal.  J  Joe, 
i.  ,'{43  !).  This  testimony  by  members  of  tlic  expedition  merits  the  fon'HKJSt 
attention  in  the  question,  particularly  since  the  fewer  stiitements  on  tlie  oilur 
side  are  based  wlujlly  on  supjiosition.  It  is  somewhat  qualified,  however, 
l)y  the  eonsiileration  that  both  ^lontejo  and  Puertocarrero  were  stanch 
friends  of  (Jortis,  and  tiiat  the  letter  of  the  ayuntamiento  nas  prepared  iu 
lii:i  picsonce.  It  nmst  also  be  borne  in  mind  tliat  a  goodly  ]>roportion  of  the 
sh.iio  attributed  to  him  consisted  of  vessels  and  eflects  obtained  upon  Ids 
credit  as  e:ipt;ivU  general  of  the  fleet, and  also  in  a  semi-|)iratical  manner.  The 
Btatenu-nts  in  (''trti':<,  Mniiorial,  and  in  Df,  Rihus  O'e-sli.t  Fi  rdi)i(uidi  ('(ir/'nii, 
indicate,  bcsido,  ;i  hardly  warranted  attempt  to  regard  Vel,iz(]uez'  eonti'iliu- 
tion  cliielly  as  a  loan  to  the  couunander  or  to  the  party,  his  vessels  bciu,' 
spoken  of  as  chartered.  Another  projiortion  lulonged  to  wealthy  vohni- 
teers.  On  the  whole,  however,  it  may  be  'oncluded  that  Corti's  couhl  lay 
claim  to  a,  larger  share  in  the  expedition  tli  ,i  Velazquez;  but  the  hitter  ])os- 
sessed  tlie  title  of  being  not  only  the  disco  i.'rer,  throngli  liis  captains,  of  tlie 
regions  to  l)e  eoixjiiered,  l)ut  thc^  projector  of  tlie  expedition.  Oviedo,  while 
belicviiig  that  the  licit  lielonged  with  mo  i  right  to  tiie  governnr,  feels  no 
pity  for  the  treatment  lie  received,  in  view  •  f  his  o"  n  conduct  to  ])iego  Colon. 
C'omplaceutly  lie  cites  the  proverb:  '  Matixru  '/  iiiatartc  /iiin:  ij  iiiufnnui  i/iiicii  it 
via/an'.'  As  you  do  unto  others,  so  shall  be  done  unto  you.  ( >viedo  a.sserts 
that  he  has  seen  tiistiiuoiiy  showing  that  Corti'S  and  his  men  did  not  sail  at 
their  own  ex]iense,  but  from  his  own  statement  it  aiipears  that  the  instnie- 
tions  of  \'elaz(|uez,  wherein  he  speaks  of  the  ex]iedition  as  scut  in  his  name, 
istliecliief  feature  in  this  so-calleil  testimony :  i.  olts  it.  Las  Casas  naturall}' 
sides  with  Velaz(|uez,  and  estimates  that  he  expended  over  "iiKOOO  caste- 
llmos;  he  had  no  need  for,  nor  would  ho  hive  stooped  to  a  ])artnersliip,  at 
least  with  a  man  like  (.'orti's.  l/i-'t.  JikL,  iv.  448.  Herrera,  dee.  ii,  lib.  ill. 
cap.  xi.,  eo[)ies  this,  and  'i'oiqtieniada,  i.  359,  reverses  this  figure  in  favor 
of  Cortes. 


CORTI?:S  PUTS  ON  OSTENTATION, 


50 


twr  tliirds  iio'iwj:  to  tlio  outfitters.®  A  banner  of  Mar-k 
taf  ;!:a  was  embroidered  with  the  royal  arms  in  gold, 
an*  blue  and  white  Hames  surroundiiij^  a  red  cross, 
ai:d  I'ound  tlic  border  it  bore  the  inscription,  "Amici 
se(inannir  cruceni,  si  nos  habuerimus  hdem  in  hoc 
si^'iio  vincemus."  Friends,  lot  us  follow  the  ci'oss, 
and  if  we  have  faith  under  this  sign  we  sliall  conijuer." 
Assuming  a  dress  and  bearing  more  iitting  a  mili- 
tary  commander-,  Cortes  threw  open  his  doors,  and  by 
judiciously  combining  the  frank  joviality  of  a  soldier 
with  the  liberal  hos[)itality  of  a  man  of  wealth,  he 
riii)idly  drew  to  his  adventure  all  the  available  men 
of  the  island.  There  were  not  lacking  those  to  sneer 
at  this  assumption  of  preeminence,  which  Haunted  it 
so  bravely  with  plume  and  medal,  with  martial  music 
and  retinue,  saying,  here  was  ci  lord  without  lands." 
]-jut  they  little  knew  the  strengiii  and  firmness  of 
him  who,  having  once  put  on  the  great  man,  would 
lay  the  livery  down  but  with  his  life.  This  soldierly 
display,  always  taking  to  the  Castilian  fancy,  could 
scarcely  be  called  affectation,  for  the  genius  whicli 
conunands  success  was  present,  and  the  firmness  of 
resolve  was  covered  with  such  pleasing  affability  as 
to  lender  it.-   presence  scarcely  suspected.     With  his 

*  Te.t'nioMO  de  Piicrtocarrero,  in  Cnl.  Doi;.  IiifO.,  i.  4!)1.  'M.'i.lo  dar 
jirc^'om  .■,  y  tocar  susatamhorcs,  y  trompetas  "u  iioiiilire  tie  .svi  Ma'^ostail,  y 
111  sii  lU-al  iiombre  por  Dic\;o  Velaziiuez  ]i-Mr  (|\io  i]iiaK'.S{iutcr  pevsuiias  que 
(jui-iii'.H.soii  ir  en  su  conipafiia  jX  las  tiena.i  niuvanu'nto  dcseuliiertas  !\  los  con- 
(jiiistar  y  ilolilar,  los  darian  sus  partes  del  oro  ])lata,  y  JDyas  (jio  se  luiviossu, 
y  ciiciiiiiii  iidas  de  Indioa  dospnes  do  pacitieada.'  Bcrnul  l>ia:,  JIL',  i'mlml., 
I'.'i.  Mark  here  tlio  promise  nf  eueoniieudas  to  the  volunteers,  i'lie  woicl 
'dnhlar '  d(jul)tless  meant  to  explore  or  to  mtW  round  the  new  islands,  lierual 
l)iaz  iloes  not  f.iil  to  observe  that  the  royal  license  had  not  yet  arrived  to 
wamuit  these  proclamations. 

''Se(^  Lamia,  Rd.  de  )'«<•.,  '2.1;  Tapia,  ]M.,  in  hazhah-ta,  Col.  fhir.,  ii.  rCA; 
Faneourt,  7/.'.^  Yiic,  '27,  leaves  out  tlic  middle  seiiteuco;  (ioniara,  /list. 
J/(.f.,lor  "jorijuemada,  i.  I{()4,  ^ud  others  t;ive  only  the  Spaiiisli  translation. 
I'rescot'.  says  the  tlait  was  of  velvet,  and  attributes  the  sign  to  the  liifianiiil 
01  (Jons  iintine,  which,  to  say  the  least,  is  sonu'w  hat  fai-t'etehed.  r>(inal  I  )ia/, 
Jli.it.  Vird'iil  ,  '■>.  places  the  motto  ujion  'estandartes,  y  vandenis  labrada.s  do 
(iro  CO  li's  armas  Reales,  y  una  Cruz  de  cuda  juirte,  jnntamente  eon  las  annas 
de  jiiustro  Key.' 

'  '  Se  puso  vn  petiaelio  de  plnmas  con  sn  med.illa  deoio.'  Ij<  nial  Diaz,  I/ix'. 
Viriliid.,  |;{.  '  Tomo  casa.  lli/o  Mesa.  Y  comin(,'oa  yr  con  armas,  y  niiu'ha 
•■'iiiiiiafiia.  l)e  ijiie  muchos  murmnrauan,dii',iendo  i|Ue  tenia  estadosiusenoiio.' 
(joiiiara,  JJisl.  Mcx.,  13. 


i      si 


60 


SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


fine  soldierly  qualities  wore  financial  and  e.Kccutive 
ability,  and  fair  common  sense,  a  rare  combination  in 
a  Spanish  cavalier.  While  loving  adventure  he  did 
not  altogether  hate  ideas.  His  world  now  spread 
itself  Ijeibre  him,  as  divided  into  two  unequal  classes, 
those  that  use  others,  and  those  that  are  used  Ijy 
others,  and  he  resolved  himself  forever  into  the 
former  category.  '  Like  Diogenes,  though  enslaved  at 
Crete,  Cortes  felt  that  if  he  could  do  one  thing  better 
than  another  it  was  to  command  men.  Coupled  with 
this  egotism  was  the  sensible  intuition  that  the  mas- 
tery  of  others  begins  with  self-mastery.  Indeed  his 
connnand  over  himself,  as  well  as  over  others,  was 
most  remarkable.  "  By  my  conscience!"  was  a  ia\or- 
ite  oath,  which  implies  not  brutal  passion.  At  times 
a  swelling  vein  in  the  forehead,  and  another  in  the 
throat,  indicated  rising  anger,  manifested  also  by  a 
peculiarity  of  throwing  oft'  his  cloak;  but  the  voice 
would  remain  decorous,  and  the  words  seldom  passed 
beyond  a  "Mai  pese  d  vos!"  May  it  bear  heavily  upon 
you.  To  the  insolent  soldier,  whom  we  shall  often 
find  overstepping  the  bounds  of  prudence,  he  would 
merely  say,  "Be  silent!"  or  "Go,  in  God's  name,  and 
be  more  careful  if  you  would  escape  punishment." 
Equally  ctmiposed  in  argument,  he  wielded  his  per- 
suasive powers  to  their  best  advantage.  Rio  ile  Ave- 
nida,  the  Rushing  River,  was  at  one  time  a  nickname, 
and  later  he  affected  long  hair  and  lawsuits.  At  the 
gaming-table,  to  which  he  was  greatly  addicted,  lie 
won  or  lost  with  equal  sang-froid,  ever  ready  with  a 
witticism  to  smooth  the  varying  course  of  fortune. 
Though  he  did  not  hesitate  as  gay  Lothario  to  invade 
the  family  of  another,  most  unreasonably  he  was  very 
jt'alous  lest  his  own  family  should  be  invaded.  Wliilc 
liberal  to  friend  or  mistress,  and  ready  to  sacrifice 
almost  anything  to  gain  an  object,  he  was  not  always 
regarded  as  over-generous  by  his  men,  too  many  of 
whom  were  of  that  class,  however,  that  nothing  would 
satisfy.     Although  a  fair  eater,  he  drank  but  little, 


WiAXCISQUrLLO  THK  fqoL. 


a;i(l  confined  ]iin.«,,lf  +      •      ,  61 

"■''^  "ot  only  neat  bnt  'ta    rf ' '  i !    r"  -'V''  ^'''^"tion, 

;'!^"-'.t.v.  A  lovo  of ,  on  hm ,"'  ' f  "^'  ""''"'  'i*t'e 
';'^  "■<>",?.  fortunes,  n, ore  ;,«  "  1  ?■•  '  ^■"■'''1>«I  «itl, 
-'">«v  lesidonees  ami  -,1   '"""'"'■"•ly  ,„  the  ,vav  of 

7"  »i*h  ti,o  eo:,;ll  .':,J;;;;f;;;;t■"".^;>•hich  acoZ, 

'*"""".?   "oUe   Wood.     Oe  .v'2""  *"  "'°  '^''••""••"■'i 
ariiiy  oven  the  ni.r,rar,llvi-'  says  fimt  in   (J,,, 

<-'rtes  fou„<l  thf  u"^  ':,  T"  f'!"'"''S"'- 
'■"t  only  hiu,,olf,  but  o'Ser  i'T""'  ''>*°  '"'^  eauso 
;'■*  luniself.  His  libera  ,1"  ""  '''^'P««'«  •'•«  aWo 
:«-.>c  infectious,  andtoi" bfj^  '''f  ^""'"-asm 
■■  .mteers  who  Curnishod  So  1 '«"•"""  "''■'■'I*'"- 
;'"  H'9'i  to  provide  other™  w^Jl'""'  """  »^Mi, 
*!'«•'■  .lonied  over  three  huml.   i    *'""  "  ^''^^  tiuij 

.^.^ernor-uistance,  Krandsco       /r f?"""    "^  '!>« 

'"■lyordomo  of  Velaznne?      ',""''    ""^"^'S"  '!«   Orda/ 

-*h  p.-««odi„..sSl":5retlv  r'r*^''  '^  '"■"  t" 
Jlio  Jiarbor  of  <io   .•  ■>  report. 

;■',-  -'--  i?-.  ^f;;,f  ,«-^  .«™e  presented  a 
^''""■'•■>-  •■"«!  recruits,  the  cla,  .5'"=  '»  '""«'  '''■o  '>f 
""■'■;  "l>on  ships  under.  oim^rS,'  "fl"'"''-''-'''  I'an.- 
P«;!s  and  the  loadin.f  FveS  r''  '^^  """'■'""'?  "'' 
'•  |J'"S  was  enlivened  bv  t  „  '     ^^^0'  dw  the 

""7'.an..-in-arm  wfth    i* ' ,",  "vT"™  "*'  tl'4.ov.i„o 
«>l;l.m.-pneral,  surrounded    1        i'*^"',  ■"""'  '^""•I'liant 
;•;>  ;  -ul  followed  by  ha     1  l.?;f '^^t'^-^^'J  "«-"l- 

>-;  w,uiiiu,o;:-:^-:ts^^:-;: 


62 


SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITIOX. 


forminsf  his  antics  before  liis  master,  cried  out,  "Aii, 
friend  Diecfo!"  Then  to  Cortes,  "And  how  fares  our 
brave  captain,  lie  of  ^Medelhn  and  Estremadura?  13e 
careful,  good  master,  or  we  shall  soon  have  to  beat 
the  bush  for  this  same  Cortes."  Velazquez  laui^hed 
heartily,  and  turninj^  to  his  companion  exclaimed, 
"Conipadre,  do  you  hear  this  fool?"  "  What,  scnor^" 
replied  Cortes,  pretending  preoccupation.  "He  says 
you  will  run  away  with  our  iloot,"  replied  Velazquez. 
"  Pay  no  attention  to  the  knave,  your  worship;  I  am 
very  sure  these  infamous  pleasantries  never  emanated 
from  his  mad  brain,"  rejoined  Cortes,  deeply  chagrined. 
And  ere  the  laugh  died  away  on  the  lips  of  the 
governor  his  timid  breast  was  chilled  by  fearful  fore- 
bodings. What  if  it  were  true,  thought  Velazquez, 
and  this  fellow,  whom  I  have  lifted  from  his  low 
estate,  should  declare  for  himself  on  reachinsf  New 
Spain  ?  Then  he  called  to  mind  his  late  quarrel  with 
Cortes,  and  the  courage,  energy,  and  determination 
displayed  by  the  latter  throughout.  The  governor 
trembled  when  he  thought  of  it.  About  him  were 
enough  of  the  disappointed  oidy  too  ready  to  fan  these 
sus[)ieions  into  a  liame.'' 

1  regret  having  to  spoil  a  good  story ;  l)ut  the  truth 
is,  the  drama  reported  by  Bartolome  Las  Casas,  and 
reiterated  by  Herrera  and  Prescott,  was  never  per- 
formed. It  tells  how  Cortes  put  to  sea,  Prescott 
asserts  the  very  night  after  the  jester's  warning;  and 
that  in  the  morning,  when  the  governor,  early  roused 
from  his  bed,  rushed  down  to  the  landiiiir  with  all  the 
town  at  his  heels,  Cortes  returned  part  way  in  an 
armed  boat  and  bandied  words  with  him.  Beside 
being  improbable,  almost  impossible,  this  version  is 

'•*  Las  Casai,  ll'ixt.  fiid.,  iv.  4r>0-l ;  Ilrrirra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  rap.  xi.  rioriial 
Diaz,  HIkI.  I'cnlad.,  \',\,  relates  the  inuiileiit  as  luiving  (iconrrcd  on  tlie  way  to 
Sunday  mass.  The  fool,  wiioiii  lie  calls  Cervantes,  Mas  walkiiiLC  in  front  of  liis 
iiiastiT  and  C'ortis,  uttering  nonsense  in  ju'oso  and  rliynic;  tinally  he  said  in  a 
louili^r  voice,  '  l>y  my  faith,  master  l>ie^'o,  a  nice  captain  have  yoii  ehoscii: 
one  who  will  run  away  with  the  tlect,  1  warrant,  for  Ik;  has  coura;,'e  an  1 
enterprise.'  Diiero,  who  walked  close  tiy,  sought  to  check  his  tonu'uc  hy 
Btrikiug  at  hiui  and  by  shuutiiiy,  '  Silence,  fool  I     Dou't  be  kua-vish  as  well, 


THE  GOVElixon-s  SUSPICIOY. 
»ot    sustained    hy  the    h    f  ^ 

^•S  some  time  elapsed  JuTii        '''''''^''^''•''     The    f-iet 
-.;;•  had   fir.t  U  t L^  -^--f  of  the  ^^ 

iu,"  fleet  duruig  .Wiieh  iutcTv.  V        T^  the  ,saiJi„^;  of 

.  '^-■roinara  states  ih-^i-  -\-  i 
<'"rtu.  a„,l  .so„,I  o„7Gni2v"'°"Sl.t  t„  b.eak  will. 

v-ce  M-as  asked  l,v  the  Cvo'    f  '■""   ^"'-^™'  ^'l"'«o     I- 
^;'y'"^  that  Co,.t Js  arul  ]  i  7™,' T';'"  r"'°"S  of.jocti    , 

''■•■- ;  (or  like  f|,o  appet   ':  '  ^ T'''^^'.  "Jncl,  was  vorv 
'v^tl.  eating,  the  l,„  re     •,  „5  ^y'S"-to„  wj.iej,  ea^Z 

"'"  l>u»inoss.     i„d  ('h '■    '™^';,'^to„,ael,  l,e  1,,„,  ,^ 

yovornor  gre«-,  the  greater  «,      f  •'*"«l">-'i<-i«  of  f    ' 

; -^-ranee.  oC  dcvotli^)  ,  .JT  ^'i<^  '="l"»i..-gene,-al  ^ 

^^term„,ation  of  Cortes  an     ,i  V  n'"""''  ^'^^^'""i^'  ti.e 

""^  ''^venture,  in  ^m^X^yuJ^'^Tf  l^  ^^o^^^ut^ 

J  iJ-iu  staJved  their  all." 


El      *  m 
If"     ■-" 


04 


SAILING  OF  THE  KXPEDITIOX. 


Warned  l)v  Lilres  and  Ducro  of  every  ])lot,  Cortex 
hurried  })reparati()ns,  sending  friends  to  forage,  and 
shi))ping  storoB  with  the  utmost  despatch,  nieanwliile 
giving  secret  erilers  for  all  to  be  ready  to  end)ark  at 
a  moment's  notice.  Finally,  the  hour  having  come, 
on  the  evening  of  the  17th  of  November,  with  a  few 
trusty  adherents,  Cortes  presented  himself  ijcfore  the 
goveinor,  and  politely  took  his  leave.  It  fell  suddenly 
on  Vela/(|uez,  in  wliose  eyes  all  movements  relating 
to  the  ex})edition  had  of  late  become  the  manoeuvres 
of  men  conspired  to  overreach  him.  But  having 
neither  the  excuse  nor  the  ability  to  stop  the  expedi- 
tion he  let  the  officers  depart. 

By  playing  with  the  devil  one  soon  learns  to 
play  the  devil.  From  the  governor's  house  Cortes 
hastened  to  the  public  meat  depository,  seized  and 
adde('  to  his  stores  the  town's  next  week's  supply, 
and  li'ft  the  keeper,  Fernando  Alfonso,  a  gold  chain, 
all  he  had  remaining  wherewith  to  make  payment.^^ 
It  was  a  dull,  dry,  gray  Novendjer  morning,  the 
ISth,  very  early,  after  mass  had  been  said,  when  tlie 
s([uailrt)»i,  consisting  of  six  vessels,  sailed  out  of 
Santi'ig(j  li.srbor  amidst  the  vivas  of  the  populace 
and  the  inward  cursings  of  the  govcnKn'.*^  But  of 
little  avail  was  Velazipiez'  remorse;  for  Cortes  carried 


wrote  only  wliat  lie  was  tuM  l)y  liia  Hi.istor  Ih'  scouts  t)ic  idea  of  tin" 
powerful  \'olaz(|uez  either  iieoiling  Cortts'  peci/jinry  uicl  or  not  beiii;.;  al)l. 
to  dispose  of  ilia  llect  as  lie  wished.  A  liuiti)  (c  gtiiiirv,  iiidccil,  to  r)i,i«t'  li:-i 
voioo  against  the  t;reat  \'ela/([uez,  who  could  hav(,'  lnUi'ti  hia  bread  and  lifu 
at  any  uionient  !  JIi,^f.  Ind..  iv.  44S-9. 

'-  In  his  memorial  to  the  emperor  in  IT)-' J,  Cort(5a  relat«'«  this  Miforced 

transaction  iniito  at  length.      Learning;  that  1  is  ctDik  of  the  week   hac!   lietn 

oized,   Hcrnan  Oalonso  seeks  Cortes  ami  romplaiii^  with  tears  in  hia  eyi'-, 

whereupon  he  receives  the  i;okl  chain,  '  do  iinos  ubrojos. '    ( 'or/cs,  Escritos  Suff- 

tos,  ;nu   II;  r,,/.  J>oc.  Iiinl.,  iv.  •JJI. 

"'  ]5crnal  Diaz  asserts  that  Diiero  and  Ljir 's  were  present  at  tlie  partiiiL'. 
and  that  \"ela/.(inez  and  ("inti'-s  several  times  e  iihraccd  each  other  and  vowi  I 
eternal  friendship.  '  llahiiit  ("ortesiiis  ci'im  e  ."^ancti  .lacoln  nrl)e  et  poitu 
sol'/it,  naves  se\:  alia,  nam  septein  halaiit,  in  port  i,  lit  sarciretur  rcl'u'i'rctui(ni'  , 
I'elicta.'  J)i'  /'rliiiii  (I'lstiM  Fi  nliiiiiii(/i  ('(/r/cnii,  in  fcazhnla'ta.  Col.  I><>i\,  i.  ;U'> 
This  authority  lielieves  that  one  of  the  reasons  l')r  Cortes'  hurried  departun 
wan  a  fear  that  (irijalva's  vessels  niii.'lit  turn  up:  hut  tin  y  ha. 1  already  arri\  id, 
ns  we  have  seen.  The  seventh  vessel,  a  c.iravel,  |Oiiied  t^ortes  li  Trinida  I, 
witii  nine  horses  .uul  ei;.'lity  \t)lunteers,  undt.'r  Franei.sco  de  Saleeil  >.  Id.,  .'<.")4. 
'  I'artio  se  dc  Santiago  liarucoa. . .  .en  seys  nauios. '  Oomaru,  Jiiat.  JJtix.,  13. 


/lo 


(Ics 


IX 


tinati 


cortjL's  at 
'^  ^Vl•nc^bno.,s  to  d 


I'lUA-IDAD. 


i 


'y^;j);tf<-li{nq-  one  of 


the 


'^'   ^lini   I)aoIc    fr 
vessels   to  J, 


60 


•oni   Jii, 


''' 'Wived  uit/i   d 


'^'  steered  for  i'j 


:i(^ 


;if'a  for  fiirtJ 


■HnaiVa"  f, 


»r 


VcJaxon...'.!^   ,'""^!«^<^   Vord 


'•ilcaic 


'"idad,  Av] 


ler  8 


'»^'  out  I 


lere  jjo  av 


uj)- 


^"•^'lasin   I,y  tj 


IS 


^^^'i"">^-  and   hy  otha^  J  id  I  "^'^  ''rotlior-in-I 


:'U^ses  ;,t  ]d«  d 


J'^po.'^^al.     1 


i\r 


'o  J)Iaeod  t] 


()] 


:'r'T'-*""-^''-i'  w^"K^t"''''V*-"|" 


len- 


/; 


'J't'o  \va,s  a 


jalva 


".i^ 


.>■<), 


Ay  II 


K'l-e   \\ 


o'lK.nted   by  ovol   ;^'"\^'''.^"«-     «oon  jiis 
^"^■;;;     Hereaisc;j:Wl'^^^r^'-'<>^"0 


ri- 


a.  ( 


ci'e   ti 


-'"--^e;:«     ,rS-»n<l 


'OIIZ, 


tijo  Ar 


^   tire  br,.tl,ers  AJ 


var 


*Paiii  adv,.,it 


(')i  i']    ,    V"""  -'leiia  aftei-WMvJ  ^      "^^^'o,  AJoj; 


CO 

val 


'•'Jiso  (i(j 
xico. 


axdi 


<'Z  d, 


•ati.s 


'■'■<■'  ram 


»i  tlie  ],], 


'intat 


'^  <^>(  tlie  .Tov 


\vitl 


■^'•;!W''>'^vel4   ''    .l.:;'^'^^oI,eIdM•ith 


"^'^■"oi-,  an, I 
>infii 


an 


1  iiiarti; 
J"  ^'vlo'no-sup 
I'roj.rl't  V,  so  J 


''""-.-;, ^ar::i':;:Kf-t-;"ii« 


>plie,s  C 


V 


artiJJ 


es 


oiy. 


Pfoud 
ions 


';■■'!*' ^'>tle  heed  t<, 


B 


-'<-jLicn 


itiy  iiof 


iittl. 


hat  ] 


''<n     ff...-    ,.,>. ?  "'  »~l/;  Ml  111    I  -.  . .-. 


^■),^-ht> 

^p  II eedt-d; 

lis  .snceess.' 


with 


:^ti-  corsair  ^—-ri--nl.4V-l..7y^:i 


lli^o.v^isi(«,.s'fbr  fh  ""  '>''^^^  irour.h 


ivhitr 
"iiaica   lad 
tl 


<'n 


il=SiS'5S=-S=::-:; 


^"4p 

>!^*' 

R[J 

>  *  ' 

Vt 

if'iSiM 

!'■ 

:lM 

ii' 

ni 

! 

06 


SAILIXC;  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


iM 


i 


iiiinlit  ;K'(<c|)t  jironiissorv  notes  or  notliiiin'.^*"'  Another 
W'sscl  iVoni  the  sjune  j)laee,  on  the  s;>ine'  mission, 
Cortes  sent  Ordaz  to  seize  and  convey  to  Capo  San 
Antonio,  or  perliaps  to  San  Cristohal  Avliero  we  after- 
ward tind  liiiii,t]iero  to  await  the  Heet.  This  captain, 
it  will  he  renicnihered,  was  the  spy  ol' Velaz(juez,  and 
to  him,  therefore,  rather  than  to  another,  was  o-ivcn 
tliis  mission,  to  prevent  his  watehinL?  proceedings  at 
Ti'inidad.  "J'he  connnander  of  the  seized  vessel  was 
Juan  Xunez  Sedeiio,  who  was  induced  to  join  the 
expedition.^''  ^Nfeanwhile  in  the  breast  of  A'elaz(|Uez 
was  stirred  atVesh  the  poison  of  jealousy  ])y  an  astrol- 
o<i^er,  one  Juan  Millan,  employed  by  the  enemies  of 
Cortes  to  work  on  (he  fears  of  the  governor.  The 
result  was  the  arrival  at  Trinidad,  in  hot  haste,  of 
two  messengers  from  the  governor,  with  orders  for 
A'erdu<j:o  to  tletain  the  ileet,  the  connnaiid  of  which 
liad  been  transferred  to  A'asco  I'orcallo.  ]\[oreover, 
all  the  retainers  of  A^elazquez  were  called  upon  to 
aid  in  dc])osing  Cortes.  It  was  no  difficult  mattei', 
howe\er,  foi-  Cortes  to  ])ei'suade  A'erdugo  of  two 
things;  first,  that  thei'e  were  no  grounds  for  Vclaz- 
(]uez'  fears,  and  secondl}-,  if  there  were,  force  would 
now  avail  him  nothing.  So  strting  was  Cortes  in  his 
position  that  he  ccndd  easily  lay  the  town  in  ashes 
should  its  authorities  attempt  to  interfere  in  his  pur- 
poses. J'aking  one  of  the  messengers,  J?e<lro  Lasso, 
into  his  service,  by  the  other  Cortes  wrote  Velazquez, 

'"  Tliis  nppcnrs  to  be  tin'  same  vessel  referred  to  l>v  CJoiiiara  as  Alonso 
Guillen's,  Ixiuglit  at  'I'l-inidail,  tliou,<;li  iiotliiii;,'  is  of  course  siiid  about  the  inoile 
of  jiayineiit.  J/iKf.  Mix.,  \',i.  Prescitt  mistakes  in  making  Sedefio  the  nia.stii' 
of  tliis  V'ssel. 

''  drdaz  jirooeedeil  on  lii^<  mission  ni  the  earavel  Kl  (hi<rho.  and  letunuii 
to  Ti'inidad  in  the  vessel  of  Sedeno,  wh  >  received  two  thousand  and  nioreeas- 
tellanos  in  gold  fi'inges,  the  only  treasui'e  'in  hand.  Curli n.  Mi  imiridl,  l.VJ'-',  in 
ill.,  h'^^rri/iis  Siiillii--,  ;U'J.  '  (Jnatro  mil  a  ioua.s  de  ]'an,  nul  y  (luinirntos 
tocinos  y  nnu: 
tiiat  Sedei 


lias  gallinas. 
anie  into 


ra,  llixt.  ji/'.'.t'.,    14.     Bernal  I  viz  intiniatis 


rt  of  his  own  aecorii,  an<l  was  indneed  to  sc 


11 


ami  eai'go.    Hint.  Vinlad..  14.     He  was  reputed  tii' richest  man  in  the  ]iaity. 


/''. .    I.ii.t  ('<t.ift.i,  Jfisf.  I  ml.,  ii.  4").")  '1;   Ji 


iri'ira,  dee.  ii 


Mi).  111.  eap.  xu. 


•Ite 


una   hai'ieiidii  de  V.   M.   com)ii(i  al   ma;  ordomo   <h3   ella   ii-'inientas  e  tantiis 


(pan)'.   Cortex,  Mi  mrinal,  \'A'l.  loi'.  eit.     'J'he  Proln 


liirJiillrilil,    (  'ill.  J)n 

vere  obtained,  and  how. 


(•  Lij(t!ili\  in 


411,  eont;iiiu;  interesting  testimony  u.s  to  ^v!lat  gou<ls 


AT  THE  IIABAXA. 


67 


Iftiirniu 

ll.Vl'J,  ill 

liiiii  iilcs 

litiiiiiiti'S 

llsliii>s 

>  ]i;irtv. 

fi.      'lit^ 

i'  t;lllt:is 

\(il(l(\  in 

lit  goiiil;) 


ill  l;in<:;fuai;\'  most  respect  fill,  1>eLj^nnL(  liim  fo  Ix-lievo 
that  lie  would  always  he  ti'iie  t(t  his  (lod,  his  kiii^,', 
;i!i(l  his  dear  Irieiid  and  lifovernor.  In  like  notes  tho 
]()h;ii  and  the  screech-owl  nnitilt^  their  voices  when 
(laii^;er  is  near,  so  as  to  conceal  the  <listance,  and  make 
themselves  seem  far  away.  Thus  ]mssed  twelve  days, 
accordiui^  to  Jiernal  JJiaz,  at  Trinidad,  when  one  of 
the  vessels  was  despatched  to  tho  north  side  of  tho 
iskuid  for  supplies,  and  the  tleet  departed  for  San 
('rist(')hal,  then  llahana,"*  while  Pedro  do  Alvai'ado, 
with  tifty  soldiers  and  all  the  horses,  proccetled  thither 
overland,  adding  to  their  number  at  the  })lantations 
on  the  way- 

One  nijj^ht  durino"  tho  vovaufo  to  San  Cristobal,  the 
lluL^ship  was  sejiarated  from  tho  other  vessels  and 
stranded  on  a  reef  near  Isla  de  Pinos.  With  skill  and 
piomptness  Cortes  transferred  the  contents  in  small 
IxKits  to  the  shore,  set  free  the  lightened  vessel,  and, 
reloading,  joined  his  captains  at  San  Cristobal.  This 
iiccident  delayed  him  seven  days,  diu'ing  which  tim(i 
there  was  no  small  stir  among  his  men  at  San  Cri^t*)- 
li,il  as  to  who  should  command  the  fleet  in  case  its 
(•;i[)tain-general  failed  to  appear.  Conspicuous  among 
these  (piestioners  was  Ordaz,  who  claimed  precedence 
a.ii  AVla/jpiez'  representative.  But  the  arrival  of  tho 
eonmuuider  put  an  end  to  the  controversy  and  spread 
unbounded  joy  throughout  the  armada.  Landing,  he 
accepted  the  hospitality  of  Pedro  liJarba,  lietitenant  of 
A'elaz(|uez.  Among  those  who  jijined  him  here  were 
Francisco  ^NTontcjo,  the  futuiv,  contpieror  of  ^'ucatan, 
tmd  J)iego  de  Soto,  "who  in  ^Mexico  became  the 
niayordomo  of  (*ortes.  Again  the  commander  rid 
himself  of  Ordaz  by  sending  him  with  a  vessc^l  to  the 
plantations  near  Cape  San  Antonio,  there  to  await 

'■  Tho  l[;il)aiia  was  tlicii  .situated  on  tho  soiitli  sido  of  the  island,  not  on 
till' north  sidr,  wliore  tho  appellation  now  olitaina.  I'foscott  and  otliors  fall 
iiKu  iiinnorous  hhindors  by  supjiosins,'  the  Jlal)ana  of  to-day  to  he  idontioal 
yitli  tho  llahaiia  of  tiiii'o  hundred  years  ago,  sending  a  whole  lleet  far  out  of 
11^  way  fur  no  other  purpose  than  to  collect  j)rovisions,  which  one  vessel  would 
aLX()iM[ilish  as  well. 


M"l 


6S 


SAILIXC;  OF  THK  EXPKDITIOX. 


If 


the  llt'ct.  The  artillery  was  landed  and  cleaned;  tlie 
ci'oss-bows  wore  tested  and  the  firelcjeks  jjolished. 
Cotton  armor  was  secured,  ^fore  provisions  beiii'j," 
r('(|uired,  (^iiesada,  the  l]})isco[)al  titho-coJlector,  eoii- 
ti'ibuted  his  stock. 

Warranted,  as  he  thouf^ht,  l)y  his  success  and  j)rus- 
jxH'ts,  and  well  aware  of  the  efl'ect  on  the  Spanish 
mind  of  some  dei^ree  of  ostentation  and  military  dis- 
play, Cortes  put  on  the  ))araphei'nalia  of  still  'ureal n 
l(jadership,  and  aj^pointed  a  cluunht'rlain,  a  chief  l)ti<- 
lei',  and  a  mayordomo,  in  the  persons  of  Kodi-in'c 
llaiii^el,  Guzman,  and  .fuan  do  Cilcorcs,  which  poni)) 
he  ever  after  maintained.^'-'  (jiaspar  do  (:iarniea  now 
arrived  with  letters  from  Velazquez  to  Barba,  Urdu/, 
licon,  and  others,  ordering  and  entreating  them  In 
stojt  the  lleet,  arrest  Cortes,  and  send  him  a  ])risoii(i' 
to  Santiago.  It  was  of  no  avail,  however.  Soldieis, 
otHcers,  even  Barha  himself,  were  enthusiastic  lnr 
(Jortes,  who  once  more  wrote  the  governor,  in  terms 
as  courteous  as  they  were  costless,  and  shortly  after- 
ward, on  the  lOth  of  February,  lol!),  the  tieet  again 
set  sail.'*"     Guaguanico,  on    tJie   north  side  (^f  CajK' 

'^  'Coincn(,'6  Cnrtif'S  :i  poncr  casa,  y  A,  tratarso  como  sonor:  y  el  jiiiiin  r 
Macstresala  ij  tuvo,  fiic  vn  (!uzin;l  que  liietjo  so  iiiurio,  6  iiiiitaion  Iiidirts. '  A 
(lifleiont  man  from  the  later  mayordomo,  Cristobal  de  Ouzinan,  who  I'aptiiii  il 
(^uauliti'iiiotziii  diirini;  tlie  sieL?c  of  Mexico.  '  * 'acorca  . . .  .  f lie  despiicb  cio 
gaiiado  ^lexico,  hiiml)ie  rieo.'    licnial  JHaz,  Ilin/.  I'cnliid.,  l.")-l(). 

-'"  lienial  Diaz  says  tliat  Harlia  was  one  of  the  most  devoted  to  Cort'  <. 
See,  also,  llirrcnt,  dee.  ii.  lil).  iii.,  cap.  xiii.  Solis  details  at  length  a  puMi.' 
gatlu  rin_Lr,  in  whii  li  the  mendu  is  of  the;  expedition  liecame  liigldy  exeit  •! 
over  \'elaz(|uez'  ed'orts  to  stoj)  (,'ortes,  and  threatened  to  destroy  the  towr. 
He  adds  tliat  a  riuiior  of  N'elazijuez'  comini,'  in  person  to  enforce!  his  ord.  r 
ereated  another  exeiternent.  ll'tif.  Mc.f.,  i.  (i.'l-fJ;  Robei'tsoii,  Ilisl.  Am.,  ii.  ', 
follows  liim;  also  I'rescott.  Aeeordint;  to  Las  C'-i.sas,Velazi|nez  .semis  a  lett'-r 
to  {'ortes,  asking  him  to  wait  for  an  impoi'tant  eonimiinii:ation,  wliich  he  will 
bring  in  person  or  send  by  messenger.  At  tlio  .same  time  eoine  letters  f'li 
Ordaz  and  others,  re(piesting  them  to  seize  the  eoininander.  Ordaz  aeei>iil- 
ingly  invites  him  to  a  baii(|Uet  on  board  his  vessel,  with  thi;  intent  of  eariy 
ing  him  oil'  to  Santiago;  but  Cortes  ])ereeives  the  snare;  and  retires  iindir  ]iii  • 
tenee  of  indisposition.  The  good  bishop  observes  that  he  never  kii^  "' 
Velaz([iiez  evinec  so  little  sagacity  as  on  this  occasion;  nor  did  ()rd;iz  beli:n  • 
uiiy  better.  J/isl.  IinL,  iv.  4.")(i-7.  (4omarji  has  the  same  account,  but  ad  !< 
that  the  messenger  from  N'elazqnez  came  in  a  caravel,  togi'ther  with  Alva  lad. i, 
Oliil,  Avila,  !Montejo,  and  others  of  Orijalva's  party,  who  had  justarriv cil  fmni 
an  interview  with  the  governor,  /fin/.  Afe.r.,  14.  He  is  eviileiitly  mixed. 
'J'on|Ucmada,  who  ((notes  both  versions  from  Herreni  and  (Jomara,  ]d;ii'i's  tin' 
occurrence  at  Trinidad,  .-uid  consiilers  that  Cortes  was  capable  of  and  ri^^lit 


■i:'l  .     I 


EQUirMEXT. 


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■   ,.„vs  111.' 

Ln.l  rig!'' 


S;in  Antonio,  was  the  |)lace  a|)])oin(('(l  f)!'  muster 
iind  aj)portioninent.'"'  ^[i;aii\\"hile  Pedro  Alvarado 
was  sent  forward  with  sixty  soldiers  in  the;  Sail 
Sclxisfiin)  to  brinjj^  Ordaz  to  the  I'endezvous,  hut 
(hiven  hy  a  <4';ili!  bcjyond  his  i^oal  and  near-  to  Yuca- 
laii.  he  thought,  it  useless  to  return,  and  so  ])roeoe(U'd 
1.1  ( 'o/.umel  Island,  where  he  arrived  two  days  hefoi'o 
the  others.  The  ex])editiou  consisted  of  twelve  ves- 
sels, tlie  Ihij^-shij)  or  ea])itana  of  one  hundred  tons, 
tlii'ee  others  of  I'rom  sixty  to  eighty  tons,  and  the 
i.st  small  brigantines  and  open  ei-aft,  including  a 
transport  connnaiided  by  Gines  Nortes.  The  soldiers 
iiumliered  live  hundred  and  eight,  and  the  sailors  one 
]iun(h'ed  anil  nine,  including  olHcers  and  j)ilots.  The 
piiests  present  were  ,Juan  D'nvA  and  J^artolonie  do 
( >lmc(lo,  of  the  Order  of  Mercy.  Under  Juan  Jieni- 
ti/  and  I\'dro  de  (jluznian  were  thir-ty-two  cross- 
hnwiiicn;  thirtecui  men  only  carried  iirelocks,  the  rest 
licing  armed  with  swords  and  spears.  The  ai'tillery 
cnnsisted  of  ten  bronzed  guns  and  four  falconets,  and 
was  ill  charge  of  Francisco  de  (Jrozco,  aided  by  Mesa 
I  >agre,  Arbenga,  and  others.  About  two  hundred 
(ulian  Indians,  together  with  some  native  women 
and  negro  slaves,  were  lm)ught  for  service,  despite 
tlic  ]ti'ohibitor3'  clause  in  the  instructions.  Sixt(K!n 
IhU's.s  recei\e  the  minute  description  and  glowing 
t  iirt.inium  of  the  soldier  Diaz,  and  ]>lay  an  important 
pari  in  the  comijig  campaign.  The  su|)plies  included 
sniiie  live  thousand  tocinos,  or  pieces  of  salt  pork,  six 
thousand  loads  of  maize  and  yucca,  fowl,  vegetables, 

ill  toiling  \'tliiz(nicz.  lici-iiiil  Diiiz  scmts  (i.iiii.iia's  story,  wlii.'li  is  rojicatcil 
iii  li'  /I'l'ins  (,'isliH  /•'iriliiiiiiiifi  Ciir/iKii,  ill  li-ii%li(ilrcltt,  CdI.  J>o<'.,  i.  .■<.">.')--(». 
r.iaitu  .laiiiiM  that  liis  fathtT.  Siiai.z,  ]iuisu.'il  ami  sU'W  th.^  Iii.liaii  courier 
s.iit  witli  .ii.his  tor  J,uis  .lo  M.ilina,  th.ii  MJtli  thi:  iK'ct,  to  a^sl!Illt■  the 
.1  iniii.iiiil.  M.'  thi'r('U|)oii  hroiiLiht  th.'  |ia|icr-s  to  Coit.H  ami  warm. I  him  lo 
siil,iua\.  A'"'.  //;>7.,(i'J  -i.  l'ci:ilta cvi.h  iitly  U|ili.ihlsall  his  fath.r  tohl  him. 
■'So  alhniis  'rii|iia,  one  of  the  party.  Ilil(i<iiiii,  in  /rii:Jiiilr,'tn,  Cal.  I><i<\, 
Ii.  .Vi.i;  aiil  this  is  the  view  of  most  writers.  Iteriial  Diaz  states  that  the  re- 
VI. 'W  u;is  hi'hl  at  Co/niiii^l,  wili.'li  may  also  hav.'  lu^eri  tile  ease;  liiit  li<;  wan 
net  ;ir.  s.'iit  at  San  Antonio.  A  r.view  must  have  lieen  hel.l  Iieforc  the  fleet  set 
'III!  .ill  it.s  voya^;.',  in  "r^'a;'  th.it  .aptaiiis  miijiit  he  apjiointi'.l  ami  receive  ap- 
p'liti.iiiii,.  ntii  of  nil-  ■"'^^sii|iplies,  Zuniaeois,  Hist.  Mij.,  ii.  •J!l'2-.'{,  assumes 
tiiai,  iiwinj;  tu  .Mvua.lo's  alj.ieii.e,  the  muster  was  reserved  for  Cozuniel. 


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70 


SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITION. 


grocorios,  and  other  provisions.  For  barter  were 
beads,  bells,  mirrors,  needles,  ribbons,  knives,  hatchets, 
cotton  goods,  and  other  articles.** 

The  force  was  divided  into  eleven  companies,  each 
under  a  captain  having  control  on  sea  and  land.  The 
names  of  the  captains  were  Alonso  Hernandez  Puer- 
tocarrero,  Alonso  de  Avila,,  Diego  de  Ordaz,  Fran- 
cisco de  Montejo,  Francisco  de  Morla,  Escobar,  Juan 
de  Escalante,  Juan  Velazquez  de  Leon,  Cristobal  de 
Olid,  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  and  Cortes,  with  Anton  de 
Aluminos  as  chief  pilot. '^^ 

From  this  list  it  will  be  seen  that  those  but  lately 
regarded  as  of  the  Velazquez  party  received  their  full 
share  in  the  command.  This  cannot  be  attributed  so 
much  to  the  captain-general's  sense  of  fairness,  wlii(.'h 
forbade  him  to  take  advantage  of  ititerests  voluntarily 
intrusted  to  his  care,  as  to  a  studied  policy  whereby 
he  hoped  to  win  for  his  purposes  certain  men  of  in- 


''  'Tonio  [Cortes]  fiada  do  Diego  Sanz  tcndcro,  vna  tieda  de  bohoiieria  en 
Bicteciutes  pesos  de  oro.'  Gomurn,  /lint.  Mex.,  1'2,  14-1.5.  Tliis  w.ts  at  Sim- 
li'igo.  Tliia  autiiur,  who,  toi;etlier  with  Diaz,  forms  the  main  antliority  (<>r 
the  alxivc  list,  nu'iitiuiis  only  eleven  vessels,  hut  does  not  include  Alvarados. 
lie  jilaces  the  S|>anish  force  at  550  w<  '•  '  it,  hy  adding  to  this  tlie  sixty  and 
odd  men  ahsent  with  Alvarado  froui  'view,  the  numhcr  wo\dd  agree  witli 

]krnul  J)iaz'  iigures.  Thirteen  vessi  .\o  having  joined  at  Ilubanaas  trans- 
ports; 5,'10  infantry;  twenty-four  horses;  5()00  loatls  of  niaizo  and  eassjiva ; 
2(MK)  tocinos.  Ui-  hi'hiis  (risfU  renlimiiuli  dortexii,  in  Icn-.bah-etn,  <'ol.  Jjur.,  i. 
350.  Twelve  vessels  and  5(H)  men.  Carta  drl  Ai/nnt,  de  I'.  Cruz,  in  ( '«!.  Jjar. 
liiM. ,  i.  4 1  !(-'2().  Fift('eu  vessels  and  5()0  men,  without  any  Indians  or  ncLtroes, 
nays  Cortes,  in  iiis  Memnrinl,  154'J,  not  venturing  to  admit  that  lie  hail  dis- 
olnsyed  tlie  royal  onler  and  his  instructions  in  taking  Cuban  Indians.  Cortis, 
E'»'rit(>»Siiilln!<, ;{)();  (  W.  Dm:,  /iinl.,  iv.  '2'20.  Seven  navios,  three  l)ergantines. 
Oc/cr/i,  i.  5;{0.  Nine  vessels,  ,5,")()  .Spaniards,  two  to  three  hundred  Indians. 
iittJt  ('riMifn,  Hint,  /ml.,  iv.  44(1,  457.  Eleven  vessels  of  thirty  to  one  tiunih'id 
t<mH,  iHV.\  .Spaniards,  including  thirty  men  with  firearms.  Urat<»eur  df  Itmir- 
Iniiinj,  flixl.  \fit.(,'ir.,  iv.  54;  CoijoUiiflo,  //int.  Yuralhaii,  10;  VeUinrvrt,  Tiiitro 
E'-lcK.,  \>t.  ii.  I()l>-ll;  l'iiifi)iir''H  UiM.  }'»'■.,  2((-7;  /ianntcoiM,  /li'.st.  Mfj.,  ii. 
VM't.  Thirteen  vessels,  .5(i()  jiersons,  thirteen  horses.  Tuphi,  /teiirioii,  in  /'".■ 
ha/cetJi,  I'nI.  /tw.,  ii.  5.5.S;  I'rescott,  Mix.,  i.  '2ii'2,  follows  Iwth  Ikrnal  IMa/, 
and  (ioinara,  liut  witiiout  seeking  to  account  for  their  diH'ercnces,  ami  tints 
allows  himself  to  exceed  every  other  authentic  estimate  for  the  number  of 
the  men. 

"  TofiiiPmndn,  i.  .1(54;  Oomara,  /liM.  ^f<'J'.,  14,  gives  the  same  names, 
except  that  Francisco  de  Saleedo  stands  in  the  place  of  Alvarado.  Soils, 
J I  int.  Mr.r.,  i.  (k(,  mentions  eleven,  including  Saleedo  and  Nortes;  Las  Casjis, 
/{int.  /lid.,  iv.  4.5.S,  names  eight,  as ap|>ointe(l  by  Vela/(|HeZ.  Zamacois,  //'■>/. 
Mrj.,  ii.  *JS7,  leaves  out  Avila,  which  is  certainly  a  mistake,  bi>sed  on  Uernal 
Diaz,  who  includes  (iini's  Xortcs,  the  captain  merely  of  u  transport.  Saleedo 
joined  later,  at  Villa  Uiua. 


SPEECH  OF  CORTIIS. 


71 


fluencc,  whom  it  would,  for  that  matter,  have  been 
dangerous  to  remove. 

Before  the  review,  Cortds  addressed  his  soldiers  in 
a  speech  as  shrewd  and  stirring  as  that  of  Marcius  at 
Corioli.  Pointing  to  the  thousands  of  unbaptizcd,  ho 
awakened  their  religious  zeal;  dwelling  on  the  grandeur 
oi'  the  undertaking,  he  stimulated  their  ambition;  re- 
ferring to  the  vast  wealth  these  lands  contained,  ho 
excited  their  cupidity.  Greater  and  richer  lands  than 
all  the  Spanish  kingdoms,  he  called  them,  and  in- 
habited by  strange  races,  only  awaiting  submission  to 
their  invincible  arms.  Their  whole  fortune  was  in- 
vested in  the  fleet  that  carried  them ;  but  who  would 
regret  so  trifling  an  expenditure  when  compared  with 
the  glorious  results  to  follow?  They  were  setting  out 
ujjon  a  career  of  conquest  in  the  name  of  their  God, 
who  had  always  befriended  the  Spanish  nation;  and 
in  the  name  of  their  emperor,  for  whom  they  would 
achieve  greater  deeds  than  any  ever  performed.  Riches 
lay  spread  before  them;  but  like  good  and  brave  men 
they  must  look  with  him  to  the  higher  and  nobler 
reward  of  glory.  "Nevertheless,"  he  archly  adiled, 
"be  true  to  me,  as  am  I  to  you,  and  ere  long  I  will 
load  you  with  wealth  such  as  you  have  never  dreamed 
of  I  will  not  say  it  is  to  be  won  without  hardships; 
but  who  of  you  are  afraid?  We  are  few,  but  we  are 
brave.  Let  us  therefore  on  with  the  work  so  well 
begun,  joyously  and  confidently  to  the  end!"  '^*  There 
is  no  passion  so  artful  as  avarice  in  hiding  itself  under 
some  virtue.  Sometimes  it  is  progress,  sometimes 
patriotism,  but  its  warmest  cloak  has  ever  been  religion. 
There  is  a  double  profit  to  the  devotee  whose  religion 
gratifies  his  avarice,  and  whose  avarice  is  made  a  pait 
of  his  religion. 

On  the  morning  of  February  1 8th  mass  was  said,  the 

"  Such  is  in  substance  the  speech  prepared  by  Gomara,  J  fist.  Mex.,  15-10, 
well  Huitwl  for  the  enterprise,  yet  not  exactly  in  accord  with  the  pretended 
mission  of  peaceful  trade  and  exploration,  roniueniada,  i.  'M'A-r>,  yives  it 
nearly  in  the  same  form,  while  Uulia,  Jlid,  J/cu.,  i.  71-3,  elul>urates  to  suit 
hunscif. 


72 


SAILING  OF  THE  EXPEDITIOX. 


campaign  standard  Ucsscd,  and  Saint  Peter  invoked, 
whereupon  the  prows  were  pointed  toward  the  islands 
of  the  west.  All  the  vessels  were  to  follow  the  flag- 
ship, whose  light  should  be  their  guide  by  night;  in 
case  of  separation  they  were  to  steer  for  Cape  Catoche 
and  thence  proceed  to  Cozumel.*° 


''^  The  date  of  departure  is  generally  admitted  to  be  Febniary  18th,  but  in 
Cortis,  Memorial,  li>4*2,  is  written  '  tardu  en  esto  [fitting  out]  desdo  diecioclio 
diasi  del  mes  de  Octubre . . .  hasta  dicciocho  dias  del  nics  dc  Enero,  del  aflo  de 
(liei!  y  nucvc  que  acabu  de  salir  dc  la  dicha  Isla  de  Cuba,  del  caljo  do  CorrientoH. ' 
CurlcK,  Eifcriton  Hueltoti,  313.  This  is  wrong,  however,  for  the  llet^t  could  not 
have  left  Santiago  before  the  date  of  the  instructions;  yet  it  confirms  the  fact 
that  three  months  were  spent,  after  leaving  Santiago,  before  the  licet  finally 
left  the  island.  Some  of  the  authors  indicate  a  portion  of  this  time,  showing 
that  right  days  were  spent  at  Macaco  and  twelve  at  Trinidad,  leaving  seventy- 
two  days  for  the  brief  passages  along  the  south  coast  of  Cuba  and  for  the 
stjiy  at  San  Cristobal. 

Di'  IM)U«  Gestis  i\'rdtnaitdi  Corltm,  or,  as  the  Spanish  translator  entitles  it. 
Villa  de  Henian  I'ortiH,  giving  the  fullest  but  also  the  most  partial  account 
of  Cortes  up  to  this  time,  is  an  anonymous  manuscript  in  Latin,  of  eleven 
folio  leaves,  deposited  in  the  Simancas  archives,  wlience  Mufloz  obtained  a 
cojjy,  published  by  Icazbalceta  in  his  Coleccion  df  Docuinenlon,  i.  3(M)-57.  It 
is  in  a  clear  hand,  with  corrections  and  marginals,  evidently  by  the  author. 
Several  points  indicate  that  it  formed  iwrt  of  De  Orl/e  A'oro,  a  history  of 
America,  written  api>arcntly  in  a  series  of  biographies,  to  judge  from  the 
reference  made  to  a  precetling  part  relating  to  Columbus,  and  to  later  {tarts 
on  the  confinest  of  \Iexico.  Mufioz  expresses  the  opinion  that  the  author 
may  be  Calvet  de  Estrella,  chronicler  of  the  Indies,  mentioned  by  \ic. 
.Vntonio  as  the  writer  of  the  manuscripts  J)e  lifbuB  Gcftin  Vncr<B  Cantri, 
in  tlu!  Colegio  del  Sacro  Monte  de  (iranada.  This  title  induced  hini  to  name 
the  present  document  De  liehim  Oedk  Ferdinandi  Cortesii.  The  suppowition 
is  warranted  by  the  style  rud  by  the  evident  date;  for  references  indicate 
that  it  was  written  during  the  lifetime  of  several  companions  of  Cortes. 
The  fragment  begins  with  the  hero's  birth  and  ends  at  his  departure  with  tlio 
fleet  from  Cuba.  Although  the  facts  related  conform,  as  a  rule,  to  Gomara's 
version,  a  number  of  authorities  have  been  consulted,  some  of  them  no  longer 
extant,  chielly  with  a  view  to  extol  the  character  and  career  of  the  hero,  and 
to  elaborate  inciduuta  into  tiresome  prolixity. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


THE  VOYA(.E. 
1510. 

SOMETHINO    OF    THE  CaPTAISS  OF  CoRTES — ALVAUADO — M(»NTE.IO— AviLA — 

Olid— Sasdovai,— Leon — Ordaz— Moiila— The  rAssAf;E  -The  Fuekt 

StIUCK    UY   a  SqI'ALL — AkUIVAI.  at  COZI'MEL— AlAAKAlM)  < 'ENSUKEI)  - 

Search    for  the  Caitive  Christians — Arrival  cii'  Aciuilar — lIis 
Chaste    AnvENTriiEs — Thev    C(»me    to    Taiiasco    River  -Uattles 

there — CoNQlEST   OK    THE    NATIVES— pEACE    MaDE— T'.VENTY    FeMAI.E 

Slaves    amonh    the     Presents — The    Fleet    Proceeds   alonii    the 
Shore  —PrERrocARUEito's  Witticism — Arrival  at  San  Jcan  de  Ulua. 

As  tlic  ovcrlusting  waves  that  bowl  his  shlj)s  along 
are  discoursing  to  Cortes  of  his  destiny,  let  us  make 
the  ac(|uaintance  of  his  captains,  some  of  whom  arc 
to  i)lay  |)arts  in  the  Andhuac  amphitheatre  secondary 
only  to  his  own. 

First,  there  was  the  fiery  and  impetuous  Pedro  do 
Alvarado,  a  hero  of  the  Achilles  or  Sir  Lancelot 
S(;hool,  strong  and  symmetrical  as  a  goddess-born; 
hnughty,  choleric,  sometimes  stanch  and  generous; 
passionate  in  his  loves  and  hates,  with  tlu;  usual  mix- 
ture of  license,  loyalty,  and  zeal  for  the  church.  lie 
had  not  eyes  to  see,  from  where  he  stood  in  the  war- 
fare of  his  day,  at  once  the  decline  of  the  fiercer  bar- 
barism and  the  dawn  of  a  truer  and  gt;ntler  heroism. 
Ah'eady  we  have  discoV(!reil  Hashes  of  temper  and 
tenilencies  to  treachery  that  display  his  cliaracter  l)y 
too  sulphurous  a  Hame;  but  we  shall  tind  in  him  nmcli 
to  admire  as  conquistador  and  governor. 

Alvara<lo  was  about  the  age  of  Cortes,  Bajadoz 
being  his  native  i)lace.  There  liis  father,  Diego  do 
Alvarado,  comendador  de  Lobon  in  the  order  of  San- 

(73) 


74 


THE  VOYAOE. 


tiaj?(»,  iiiul  liis  luothor,  Sura  do  Coiitrciras,  8tru^^.i,'l«>(I 
with  povt'ity  U)  inaintaiii  tlic  rcjuitation  of  a  ^'(kkI 
family  iiamo.  At  tlio  a«(o  of  twonty-livo  Pedro  caino 
over  to  Santo  JJoininjjfo,  and  proni|>tod  hy  vanity 
paraded  liinif<elf  in  an  old  ^own  of  hi.s  father's,  whenu>n 
wan  sewn  the  red  cross  of  Santiago.  At  lirst  lie  \v<»n3 
this  garment  inside  out,  giving  as  a  reason  his  rednccd 
circumstances  which  made  him  ashamed  to  puhlicly 
own  the  rank  of  knight.  On  being  reproved  hy  the 
admiral,  he  holdly  attixed  the  insignia  to  his  otlicr 
dresses,  and  thenceforth  called  and  signed  himself  the 
Comendador  Alvarado.*  The  title  was  never  openly 
questioned  in  the  Indies,  where  men  had  little  time 
for  incjuiring  into  the  atfairs  of  others,  and  Alvarado 
failed  not  with  his  plausible  tongue  and  crafty  nature 
to  use  it  for  obtaining  certain  privileges  and  advance- 
ment. 

When  Grijalva  prepared  his  expedition  he  was 
living  as  an  encomcndero,  near  Trinidad,  in  Cuba, 
with  live  biothers.'  As  captain  under  this  chid'  he 
gave  evidence  of  an  enterprising  nature,  coinhined 
with  an  impatiency  of  restraint  Avhich  ill  tltted  a 
subordinate.  The  want  of  principlr»  already  shown 
by  his  conduct  at  Santo  J3omingo  was  hei'o  made 
apj>arent  in  the  attempt  to  injure  his  conunander  with 
Yelaz(jucz,  in  order  to  further  liis  own  ends.  J  lis  now 
prominent  position  as  a  well-to-do  gentleman,  and 
the  experience  gathered  under  Grijalva,  had  made 
him  a  welcome  member  of  the  i)resent  exj)edition. 
lie  had  also  acquired  the  reputation  of  a  good  soldier 
and  hoiseman,  with  a  bravery  bordering  on  reckless- 
ness, and  was  a  great  favorite  with  his  men,  among 
whom  he  also  ranked  as  an  able  drill  master.  With 
an  agile  frame,  he  presented  a  most  cheerful  and 
pleasing  countenance,  fair,  some  called  it,  with  a  ten- 


•  'Qustamlo cii  la  cibdad  de  Sto  Domingo  vibiendo  con  cl  Alinirante. 

Jiitnilir-.,  J'roriK,)  con/nt  Alianulo,riit.  xi.  01;  Jiuirron,  Hunt.,  i.  2.VJ. 

-'1\h1o8  luMiiianoa,  ()no  fuo  ol  Capitan  Pedro  do  Aluarotlo,  y  tJonpalo  di 
Aliiarado,  .,  .Forgo  do  Ahiarado,  y(ion(;alo  fAlonzo]  y  (Jonioz,  6  Juuu  du^Uvi!,' 
ruUo  el  viojo,  i^uo  era  bustardo.'  Uerml  DiiK,  Hist.  Verdcui,,  14. 


ALVARADO,  MOXTIilO,  ANT)  AVTLA. 


75 


(loncy  to  riuMiii' ss.  Ttw  .•ittrnction  centred  cliiiilly  in 
the  oyos,  and  afterward  olitainc^d  lor  liini  anion;^  tli'; 
Indians  of  Tlascala  tlie  appellation  of  Tomitinli,  tin; 
Sun.^  His  first  j^lanee  thrown  upon  a  combatant  was 
the  ilasli  which  was  to  ho  followed  hy  the  tlnuuler- 
holt.  Vanity  prompted  a  careful  attention  to  «lr«'ss, 
hilt  witli  a  result  approaching  the  showy  ratiier  than 
llie  elegant.  His  manner,  no  loss  winning  tiian  the 
i'ate,  made  him  a  most  agrooahlo  companion,  the  more 
so  as  he  was  a  lihoral  fellow,  particularly  with  re-spiM-t 
to  women,  and  to  |)loasures  generally.  Bonoath  this 
smiling  exterior,  however,  lay  hidden  an  insatiahle 
longing  for  power,  and  a  blind  worship  of  gold  as 
the  j)urchasor  of  pleasure,  and  under  their  inlhi- 
( nee  he  became  at  times  8«)  insensible  to  feelin<js 
of  humanity  as  to  place  him  outside  the  category  of 
grtjatness.* 

Another  of  Grijalva's  captains  hero  present  was 
Francisco  do  Montejo,  who  camo  from  Spain  with 
IN'drarias  Djivila  in  1514.  After  enlisting  men  in 
I'^spaiM^la,  and  aiding  in  the  conquest  of  Cem'i,  he  caiiK! 
to  ( 'uba  to  wield  the  sword  for  Velazquez;  but  whilti 
lanking  as  a  brave  officer  and  a  good  horseman,  he 
showed  greater  aptitude  for  business. 

At  the  present  time  he  was  about  thirty-fivo  years 
of  age,  of  medium  stature,  and  with  a  bright  face, 

^  Soo  Xntive  Race»,  iii.  109  and  183.  *  Biondo.'  Clavlgero,  Sioria  Afms.,  iii. 
8.  Kl!ilM)r!iting  tliia,  JinmMCur  <lo  l{<)url)Ourg  says,  'Aux  clicvcux  hloiwln  ct 
<'i>l(iri!  ill'  visii^c,  cc  qui  liii  tit  doiincr  pur  lus  Tlnxcalt^qufa  lo  Hiiriioiii  >l(> 
'ri)iiiitiiili.'  //int.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  o.'l.  Hut  tliu  authority  fur  culling  liini  IiIdihIi! 
in  iiiit  iiii'ntii>iicd.  It  may  ri;st  on  mere  tradition.  A  Mcxicun  jiicture  gi\r-i 
liiiii  (link  heard  and  a  yellow  helmet  or  head-dress,  the  same  eoiors  ImIiiit 
given  to  tlie  Iteard  and  heud-dresa  of  tigurea  representing  liie  Spjiniih  triM>|is. 
litiinire/.  is  rather  inclined  to  doulit  the  authenticity  of  tiie  portrait  so  Ire- 
i|ueiit]y  copied  from  (Jortinu's  eopjter-platcs,  rcytresenting  him  as  of  daik 
coiriplexion,  M'ith  long,  inengre,  pointed  face,  very  high  forehead,  stuhlied 
hair,  mustache,  and  ini|)crial.  /{(nnircz,  Procfoo  ronira  Alvunido,  ]>]>.  xi.  xxii. 
'-'77  Hi,  with  plates.  I'Tt-xrotVn  Mix:  (Mex.  1844),  i.  4.18;  Id.  [tioinlrn  uL), 
iii.  "J'JO;  'i'nrli'ijal  EKpinonH,  Jli.tt.  Mex.,  ii.  ^40,  ()8(l,  with  signattirr.  .\ 
Woodcut  in  Armiii,  AUe  Mer.,  tfti'i,  presents  a  much  younger  man,  with  ;i 
round,  Jiandsomc  face,  curled  hair,  and  full,  curletl  lH!ard.  This  correHiMtnds 
more  to  the  descri|ition  given  in  the  text,  hut  the  authoritj'  is  not  indicated. 
Zamacois,  Itixt.  Mi[j.,  ii.  484,  givesa  full-length  portrait  corres|iondiMg  to  tiii.s. 

'  llel|)s,  t'orU'it,  ii.  1(>;?,  compares  him  to  Murut,  Cortes  being  the  Nu^Hjleou. 
liu-iad  Diaz,  JliiC.   Verdad.,  lo,  '210,  -Ij. 


i: 


76  THE  VOYAGE. 

wUlcli  indicated  love  for  pleasure  and  generous  lib- 
erality." 

Alonso  de  Avila,  the  third  of  Grijalva'.s  brave  lieu- 
tenants, had  also  a  pleasant  face  and  liberal  disposition, 
combined  with  good  reasoning  power,  but  was  alto- 
gether too  loud-spoken  and  argumentative,  and  had 
an  overbearing  manner  that  created  many  enemies. 
He  was  about  thirty-three  years  of  age.  Cristobal 
de  Olid,  a  year  his  junior,  was  a  well  formed,  strong- 
limbed  man,  with  wide  shoulders  and  a  somewhat 
iiiir  complexion.  Despite  the  peculiarity  of  a  groove 
in  the  lower  lip,  which  gave  it  the  appearance  of  being 
split,  the  face  was  most  attractive,  and  the  powerl'ul 
voice  helped  to  bear  him  out  as  a  good  talker.  While 
lacking  in  sincerity  and  depth  of  thought,  and  being 
little  iit  lor  the  council,  he  possessed  qualities  whit'h, 
in  connection  with  great  bravery  and  determination, 
made  him  an  admirable  executive  officer;  but  an 
ambition  to  command  began  to  assert  itself,  and  di- 
rected by  evil  intiuence  it  brought  about  his  fall  a  few 
years  later.  Bernal  Diaz  calls  him  a  very  Hector  in 
combat,  and  po.ssessing,  among  other  good  qualities, 
that  of  being  liberal;  on  the  whole  an  excellent  man, 
though  unfit  to  be  a  leader.*  The  youngest  of  the 
captains,  the  most  worshipful  and  the  most  lovable, 
was  Gonzalo  de  Sandoval,  an  hidalgo  of  only  twenty- 
two  years,  from  Cortes'  own  town,  the  son  of  a  foitress 
commandant,  but  with  merely  a  rudimentary  educa- 

^Montijn,  Mfmorutl  at  Emp.,  1545,  in  Cent.  Amer.,  1545-5r>,  MS.  1.10. 
'Fu(5  lino  do  n(|ucllo8  inilitcs  que  ]>a8saron  il  estas  partes.,  .mill  (5  fjuiniuiitos 
y  citoi'v*',  A  a(|uel  ineamo  aflo . . .  fuesse  de  la  Tierra-1;  irtna. . .  6  imssosc  A  la  isia 
dcCuloi. '  (ffirilo,   iii. '217. 

"See  J/ int.  t'l'iit.  Am.,  this  series,  i.,  524-32.  'Era  estrematlo  varoii,  mas 
no  era  jiara  ninndar,  sino  jiara  ser  niildado  y  era  dc  edad  do  treintii  y  si-'.-j 
afios,  natural  do  cerca  do  Baezau  Linares. . .  .Tenia  otrasbnciias  codioiones, 
de  ser  franco.'  Brriud  Dinz,  ll'mt.  \'.  (/ad.,  \77.  '  Era  vn  Hector  en  el  esfu- 
er(,'o,  para  comljatir  iiersona  jxir  i  "^rs  ma '  Id.,  240.  'Natural  (jue  fue  ilo 
Vbeda  f)  doLiuarcs.'  /</.,24l.  'I>a  Baeza  nell' Andaluzia.  Era  monibruto, 
ombroso,  e  doppio.'  Clarigero,  Sto -ia  J/f«x.,  iii.  8.  'D'uno  laidcur  extreme; 
sa  duplicit<5  et  sa  fourberic  lo  rcn<iaient  iin  homme  peu  sur,'  says  Brassenr  ilo 
IJourbourg,  J/ist.  Aat.  Vie.,  iv.  53,  with  his  not  unusual  hasty  elaboration. 
Portrait  in  Pretcott'»  Mex.  (Mex.  1844),  i.  421 ;  also  in  Zamucois,  Hist.  Mej., 
iv,  254. 


SANT)OVAL,  VELASQUEZ  DE  LEOX,  ORDAZ. 


77 


tioii.  Bravo,  intivpi<l,  and  with  a  j^owl  head,  lio  was 
t'(|iially  (Ic'terminod  in  speecli  and  in  doportmont,  yet 
with  a  faultless  obedioncc  and  loyalty  that  won  the 
('(Hifidonce  aiul  esteem  of  his  chief.  With  a  strict  eye 
to  discipline,  he  possessed  also  a  kind,  humane  dispo- 
sition, whicli  gained  the  love  ami  respect  of  his  men, 
whose  comfort  he  studied  far  more  than  his  own. 
IMain  in  dress,  and  modest  in  manner  and  aspiration, 
III'  was  free  from  the  greed  which  tainted  so  many 
around  him.  A  soldier  in  all  qualities  of  the  heart 
and  mind,  he  was  also  physically  fitted  for  one.  In 
battle  he  was  as  wrathful  and  as  beautiful  as  Apollo 
when  he  slew  the  Python.  The  robust  frame,  with 
its  high  chest  and  broad  shoulders,  supported  a  full 
lace  adorned  with  .short,  curly,  nut-brown  hair.  The 
|>owerful  voice,  inclining  at  times  to  a  lisp,  was  ox- 
liibited  more  in  the  issue  of  brief  command  than  in 
conversation ;  for  Don  Gonzalo  was  as  energetic  to  act 
as  lie  was  chary  of  words.  The  slightly  bow-legged 
limbs  indicated  an  early  training  for  the  saddle. 
Indeed,  equestrian  exercises  were  his  delight,  and  his 
horse  Motilla,  a  chestnut  with  a  white  foot  and  a  star 
on  the  forehead,  is  described  by  Bernal  Diaz  as  the 
finest  he  ever  saw.  Sandoval  stands  before  us  not 
(jnly  as  an  admirable  man,  but  as  an  ideal  officer,  in 
his  combined  qualities  of  juvenile  ardor  and  prudence, 
valor  and  humanity,  modesty  of  disposition  and  purity 
of  licart.  Cortes  spoke  of  him  after  his  death  with 
feelings  of  deepest  regret,  and  represented  him  to  the 
em[>eror  as  one  of  the  finest  soldiers  in  the  world,  fit 
to  command  armies.'' 

Ill  Velazquez  de  Leon  we  find  another  admiral)lo 
officer,  who  possesses  many  traits  in  common  with 
Sandoval.  He  is  described  as  about  four  years  older 
than  that  chivalrous  youth,  with  a  well  formed,  i)ower- 
ful  frame,  fine  chest  and  shoulders,  full  face,  set  in  a 


'  Bemat  Dim,  Hist.  Vrrdad.,  240,  246;  Clavigero,  StoriaAlnu.,  iii.  S;  Por- 
trait and  signature  in  Varbajal  E^jyiiioxa,  Hist.  Mex. ,  ii.  254,  680.  Portrait 
m  Zunmcoio,  JJitl.  Mvj.,  ii.  4tiu,  tiud  la  Armin,  Alte  Mex.,  217. 


1 


il'll! 


I 


ilii! 


liMj 

I 


IIJ  1! 


7t 


THE  VOYAGE. 


somewhat  curled  nntl  carefully  tended  beard.  He 
wa.s  open  with  the  hand,  ready  with  the  Hword,  and 
an  ex|)ert  horseman.  He  bore  the  reputation  of 
havinj?  killed  a  prominent  and  rich  man  in  a  duel  in 
I'lspanola,  a  deed  which  had  obliged  him  to  seek  refuge 
in  Cuba  with  his  relation  Velazquez. 

The  most  devoted  adherent  of  Velazquez,  although 
not  bound  to  him  by  ties  of  relationship,  was  his 
ancient  mayordomo  mayor,  Diego  de  Ordaz,'  a  power- 
fid  man,  of  large  stature,  with  full  lace,  thin,  dark 
beard,  and  stuttering  speech.  As  a  leader  of  foot- 
soldiers,  for  he  did  not  ride,  he  gained  the  reputation 
of  possessing  great  daring,  as  well  as  a  good  head; 
and  among  comrades  he  ranked  as  a  liberal  man  and 
a  conversationalist.  Of  the  other  captains,  Francisco 
de  Salcedo,  reputed  chief  butler  to  the  admiral  of 
Castile,  bore  the  sobriquet  of  'Dandy'  from  his  spruce 
manner;"  and  Francisco  de  !Morla  is  spoken  of  as  a 
valiant  soldier  and  good  horseman.*" 

On  the  way  over  the  vessels  were  dispersed  by  a 
squall,  but  were  gathered  by  the  Hag-ship,  some  at 
Catochc,  and  some  at  Port  San  Juan,  on  the  north 
end  of  Cozumel  Island,  where  they  all  finally  congre- 
gated."    Quite  early  in   the  adventure  Cortds  was 


'  Also  written  Onliis.  'Natural  de  tierra  de  Campos.'  Bernal  Diaz,  Iliit. 
Vfrilatt.,'2Ui.     Vortmit in Carhijal  EnpiiwHu,  JliM.  Mex.,\i.  11('2. 

"  '  Sancedo,  natural  do  Medina  do  liioseco;  y  ponjue  era  muy  pulido,  le 
llama vanios,  el  galau.'  Denial  DUiz,  Jlinl.  VerdcuL,  'J4l).  This  captain  joins 
later. 

'"  liernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  240-7,  gives  a  lonj^  list  of  notices  of  members 
of  tlie  cx)>e<lition,  many  of  whom  will  receive  attention  during  tlio  course  of 
tlio  narmtivc. 

' '  San  .luan,  Ante  Portam  Latinam.  See  also  Carta  de  Ayunt.  de  Vera  Cruz, 
in  '  'ortr.i,  Cartan,  9.  Several  authors,  following  Goiiiara,  it  seems,  refer  to  one 
vi'ssel  as  missing,  but  as  this  is  identified  with  Eacol)ar's,  sent,  according  to 
}i<-rnal  Diaz,  on  a  special  exploring  expedition  to  I^guna  de  Ti^rminos,  the 
view  of  tiie  latter  author  is  probably  more  correct.  It  is  not  likely  tliat  a 
wiptain  would  have  sailed  so  far  beyond  the  rendezvous,  and  there  waited  for 
weeks  the  chance  arrival  of  the  lleet.  In  Ttipia,  IMndon,  in  /ca:.haleeta. 
Col.  J)oc.,  ii.  557,  are  references  yet  more  vague  to  a  missing  vessel.  During 
tlie  gale  Morla's  vessel  was  struck  by  a  wave,  which  unshipped  her  rudder. 
11  is  .signal  of  distress  caused  the  flag-ship  to  heave  to  till  daybreak.  The  rud- 
der was  then  discovered  floating  close  by,  and  tying  a  rope  to  his  body,  Morla 
leaped  into  the  sea  to  aid  in  replacing  it.  Oomara,  Hist,  Mex.,  16;  Laa  Caaas, 
Hist.  Itul.,  iv.  458. 


DIfiCIPLr,'E. 


70 


by  a 


was 


2,  Hint. 


called  on  to  spread  before  his  unbridled  associates 
tlio  quality  of  discipline  they  nii»^ht  expect.  It  soeniM 
that  Alvarado  arrived  at  Cozuniel  Island  two  days 
i)cloro  the  fleet,  and  had  begun  to  carry  matters 
with  rather  a  high  hand  for  a  subordinate.  lie  had 
entered  two  towns,  taketi  three  persons  captive,  and 
seized  some  property  of  the  natives.  "  Is  tlils  vne  way 
to  win  to  our  purpose  barbarous  peoples?"  exclaimed 
the  indignant  Cortes.  For  failing  to  bring  tlie  vessel 
to  the  rendezvous  at  Cape  San  Antonio,  Alvarado's 
pilot  was  placed  in  chains.  A  little  later,  seven  sailors 
were  flogged  for  theft  and  perjury.  The  captives 
were  soothed  with  presents  and  liberated,  the  stolen 
articles  restored,  and  with  tiic  aid  of  Mclchor,  tlic  in- 
terpreter, the  fears  of  the  natives  were  assuaged. 

In  answer  to  his  inquiries  regarding  the  captive 
Christians,  Cortes  was  informed  that  two  days'  journey 
in  the  interior  of  Yucatan  bearded  men  had  been  seen 
by  Cozumel  traders,  not  long  since,  whereipon  two 
vessels  were  despatched  to  Catoche  under  Ordaz,  who 
was  there  to  await,  one  week,  the  return  of  three 
Indian  messengers,  sent  with  presents  to  redeem  the 
captives,  and  bearing  a  letter  telling  them  where  to 
find  their  countrymen." 

While  waiting  events,  Cortes  landed  the  horses  to 
explore  and  forage,  and  employed  the  otherwise  unoc- 


1  Cruz, 
to  one 


'-The  letter,  as  given  in  Bcrnal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  17,  and  Oomarn, 
Hist.  Mcr.,  19,  iliffers  somewlint  in  tenor,  and  the  former  assigns  eight  days, 
the  latter  six,  as  the  time  Ordaz  was  to  wait.  Goinara  writes  further  tliat 
tlie  Indians  were  at  first  afraid  to  venture  on  such  an  errand  into  the  interior, 
l)ut  the  largo  reward  overcame  their  fears,  and  thoy  were  carried  to  tlic  cape 
ill  I'^scalante's  vessel,  escorted  by  Ordaz  in  two  otlier  craft  manned  by  fifty 
men.  Cogolludo,  Hist.  Yucathan,  '20,  think.s  tliero  couM  be  no  danger  for 
messengers.  *  Escoudieron  [the  letter]  a  vno  entro  los  cabellos,  que  trahian 
largos  y  trenzados,  rebueltos,  n  la  cabe^a:  y  cmbio  los  dos  nauios  de  nicnos 
porto. . . .  con  veynte  ballesteros,  y  escopeteros . . . .  y  que  el  menor  boluiessc  a 
dar  cuenta  de  lo  que  auian  hecho.'  Herrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  vi. ;  I'fter 
Martyr,  dec.  iv.  cap.  vi.  '  Enviii  un  bergantin  <5  cuatro  bateles. . .  .que  esper- 
nrieii  ciiico  dias,  e  no  mas.'  Tapia,  Heladoii,  in  /'■a-Jnilcela,  Col.  Doc,  ii  55(). 
Las  (,^asas,  Ilixi..  J  ml.,  iv.  450,  states  that  the  cacique  of  Cozumel,  eager  to 
communicate  freely  with  Cortt^s,  sent  messengers  to  the  lord  owning  one  of 
tlie  captives,  and  asked  him  to  sell  or  lend  the  man.  Cortes  at  first  proposed 
to  roacuc  the  captive  with  an  armed  force,  but  the  cacique  suggested  a  ransom 
aj  more  eficctivc.  Solis,  Hint.  Mex. ,  i.  70;  Landu,  liet.  de  i'uc. ,  24-0. 


80 


THE  VOYAGE. 


oupicd  iiu'ii  iJi  military  oxoroisc.  The  islamlcrs  wore 
l»i;^'hiy  entertained,  and  tlunij^ht  the  animals  nrijvnt  deer 
and  the  sliij>a  water-houses.  In  return  they  «;ave  the 
strani^ers  cause  for  woncUfrment  not  unmixed  witli 
wrath;  for  this  was  a  sacred  island,  in  a  heathen  sense, 
and  tliither,  from  distant  parts,  resorted  piljjfrima  with 
ofKeriuiifs  for  sanijuinary  shrines.  And  when  one  feast- 
day  the  priests  of  l^aal,  within  their  temple,  aroso 
before  the  people  and  called  upon  the  gods  of  their 
fathers,  the  excited  Spaniards  could  not  contain  thcuj- 
selves;  C'ortus  stood  forth  and  preached  his  religion 
to  the  indignant  savages,  hut  failing  in  the  desired 
effect,  the  Spaniards  rushed  upon  the  idols,  hurled 
them  from  their  scats,  and  planted  in  their  place  the 
emblem  of  their  faith.'' 

In  due  time  Ordaz  returned  without  the  lost 
Christians,  greatly  to  the  disappointment  of  Cortes, 
who  desired  them  particularly  for  interpreters.  The 
fleet  then  set  sail,  but  was  obliged  to  return,  owing 
to  the  leaky  condition  of  Escalante's  vessel.  While 
engaged  upon  repairs  one  day,  the  Spaniards  being 
encamj)cd  upon  the  shore,  a  canoe  was  seen  approach- 
ing the  harbor  from  the  mainland.  Andrds  do  Tapia 
and  others  hastened  to  the  landing,  where  presently 
the  boat  arrived,  and  four  iwny  undressed  figures 
stepped  upon  the  shore.  Oiie  was  bearded,  and  his 
form  a  little  bent,  and  as  he  advanced  before  the 
others  there  was  eager  questioning  in  the  piercing 
glance  he  threw  about  him.  Presently  he  cried  out 
in  ill-articulated  speech,  "  Senores,  sois  cristianos?" 
On  being  assured  that  they  were,  he  dropped  upon 

"  Two  carpenters,  Alonso  Ynflez  anil  Alvaro  Lopez,  claim  the  honor  of 
having  raised  the  first  cn)88  for  the  church  in  New  Spain.  To  this  the  natives 
nia<lo  no  great  objection,  the  cross  having  already  with  them  a  religious 
significance;  ami  surely  tlio  sanctified  effigy  of  the  benign  Mary  was  a  more 
b^utiful  object  to  look  upon  than  their  idols.  See  Native  Eacts,  iii.  46S-70.  la 
one  of  the  temples  'auia  vna  cruz  do  cal  tan  alta  como  diez  palnios.'  Oomani, 
Hist.  Mfx.,  24.  Las  Casas  objects  to  the  compulsory  mode  of  conversion  used 
by  Cortds  and  his  holy  company,  and  devotes  a  long  paragrapli  to  depicting 
tlio  folly  and  «>vil  thereof.  JJiKt.  I  ml.,  iv.  4G0-'2,  470.  IJemal  Diaz,  Hist.  Vcr- 
did.,  IS,  deacrilKJS  the  idolatrous  rite,  and  l*rcscott,  Mcx.,  i.  2ol)-71,  speaks 
ol  Coitta  ua  u  rclonucr. 


Tlin  LOST  CHRISTIANS. 


•1 


Ills  kneca,  and  with  tears  fallin_i(  from  uplifted  eyes 
lliaiiked  (jod  for  his  deliverance.  Tapia  saw  it  at  a 
j^lance;  this  was  one  of  the  captives.  Hastily  step- 
pin;^'  forward,  he  eauijht  the  uncouth  object  in  his 
ill  ins,  raised  him  fro;  .  riio  ground  with  a  tender  em- 
l)race,  and  conducted  ii!'»  to  camp."  But  fur  the 
luard  it  would  have  been  difficult,  fi'om  his  outward 
a|>pearancc,  to  believe  him  a  European.  Naturally 
of  a  dark  complexion,  he  was  now  bronzed  by  ex- 
jiosurc,  and  entirely  naked  except  for  a  breech-cloth 
and  sandals.  His  crown  was  shorn,  and  ih-^  remain- 
in;^  hair  braided  and  coiled  upon  the  head.''  In  his 
hand  he  carried  a  net  containing,  among  other  things, 
a  greasy  prayer-book.  On  being  present  d  to  Cortes 
he  seemed  dazed,  scarcely  knowing  Wxiother  to  cull 
liiiiiself  savage  or  civilized.  At  l)est  he  conld  not 
all  at  (>iice  throw  himself  out  of  the  former  and  into 
*h*'  latter  category;  for  when  h's  Indiati  companions 
s(|uattetl  themselves  before  the  captain-general,  and 
with  the  right  hand,  moistened  by  the  lips,  touchetl 
the  ground  and  then  the  region  of  the  heart  in  token 
of  reverence,  impelled  by  habit  he  found  himself  doing 
the  same.  Cortes  was  touched.  Lifting  him  up,  he 
threw  over  the  naked  Spaniard  his  own  yellow  mantle, 

' '  Tliis  is  the  aubstancc  of  Tnpia's  ovni  account.  Relation,  in  frnrtmlcfla, 
Ciil.  JJuc,  ii.  5,">(^-7.  Otliers  diilcr  somewhat  in  the  number  of  Ii.dians  who 
iinivc  ill  the  canoe,  in  tlie  mode  of  addressini;  Tapia,  and  other  ]K>inta.  Ao- 
rmdinji  to  IScnio!  Diaz,  J/ixl.  i'erdatl.,  19,  some  soldiers  out  hunting  report 
till'  approacli  of  th<3  canoe,  whcreujM>n  Cortes  sends  Tapia  to  ascertain  its  oh- 
jct't.  Seven  Indians  of  Cozumel  land,  and,  on  seeing  tlie  SiMiniards  advonce, 
ure  a)>out  to  ilee  in  alarm,  but  one  of  them  reassures  tho  rest,  and  calls  out, 
'  l>i').s,  y  Santa  Maria,  y  Sevilla."  While  he  is  embraced  by  Tapia,  a  soldier 
nislu'S  to  announce  tho  news  to  Cortt's.  According  to  (iomara,  J/int.  Mfr.,  CO, 
it  is  meal-time  and  first  Sunday  in  Lent  when  the  news  of  a  canoe  with  four 
lulians  is  brought.  Tho  fleet  had  been  prevented  by  a  storm  from  sailing 
oil  tlie  prcvii.us  <lay. 

' '  'i'his  was  a  common  form  of  Maya  hair-dress.  Kenial  Diaz,  Ilinf.  Vrrdml. , 
1!',  and  some  others  descrilxj  him  as  shorn  like  a  slave;  but  this  man  appears 
td  liave  risen  from  tluvt  condition,  lie  gives  him  an  extra  pair  of  sandals, 
lianv'ing  at  the  waist,  a  dilapidated  mantle  or  cloth— called  a  net  by  llerreia-  - 
wherein  is  tied  a  thumbed  prayer-lHK)k,  and  upon  the  shoulder  he  jtlaces  an 
oar.  This  oar  is  brought  into  camp  by  almost  »"ery  writer,  regardless  of  tlio 
fact  tliut  it  did  not  belong  to  him  and  could  no  longer  be  of  use.  ( iomara, 
y/'.s'.  ^f)'3•.,  20,  gives  him  Ijow  and  arrows.  Las  Casas,  fii-^t.  J  if.,  iv.  401, 
niuarks  that  in  the  prayer-lxtok  w.ns  kept  an  account  of  time,  which  marked 
ihi^  day  as  a  W^cdncsday,  while  it  really  was  Sunday. 
Hist.  Msx.,  Vol.  I.    C 


lin 


11 


III 


mi 


n 


THE  VOYAOE. 


lined  with  crimson.  He  asked  his  name,  and  the  man 
said  he  was  (xeioninio  de  Ajj^uilar,  ordained  in  minor 
orders,  a  native  of  Eeija,  and  relative  of  the  Licen- 
ciado  Marcos  de  Aguilar,  known  to  Cortes  in  Es- 
panola.  He  and  Gonzalo  Guerrero,  a  sailor  and  a 
native  of  Palos,  were  the  sole  survivors  of  the  ex- 
pedition which,  nearly  eii;ht  years  before,  had  left 
IJarien  for  Espai'u)la,  under  Valdivia,  whose  shij)- 
wreck  and  horrible  fate  I  have  elsewhere  detailed.^" 

If  backward  at  the  be<>innin<j  in  the  use  of  his  tonijuo, 
Aguilar  talked  well  enough  when  started,  giving  his 
thrilling  experiences  in  words  which  filled  his  lis- 
teners with  amazement.  On  escaping  from  the  lord  of 
Maya,  who  had  eaten  Valdivia  and  the  others  with  the 
same  relish  that  the  Cyclops  ate  the  companions  of 
Ulysses,  the  survivors  threw  themselves  on  the  mercy 
of  a  neighboring  cacique  called  Ahkin  Xooc.  He  with 
his  successor,  Taxmar,  enslaved  them,  and  treated 
them  so  severely  that  all  died  but  himself  and  the 
sailor,  Guerrero.  There  is  a  law  of  relativity  which 
applies  to  happiness  and  misery,  no  less  tlian  to  mental 
and  })hysical  consciousness.  By  ways  widely  dift'erent 
these  two  men  had  saved  themselves;  the  former  by 
humility  and  chastity,  the  latter  by  boldness  and 
sensuality.  Securing  services  under  Nachan  Kan, 
cacique  of  Chetumal,  the  sailor  adopted  the  dress  and 
manners  of  the  people,  rapidly  rose  in  favor,  became 
the  chief  captain  of  his  master,  married  a  woman  of 
rank,  and  began  to  rear  a  dusky  race;  so  that  when 
the  messengers  of  Cortes  arrived  he  declined  to  be 
ransomed."  Then  blushing  beneath  his  tawny  skin 
the  sanctified  Aguilar  went  on  to  tell  of  his  own 
temptations  and  triumphs,  in  which  he  had  been  as 
lonely  as  was  Ethan  Brand  in  hugging  the  unpardon- 


'"SeeZ/jX  Cent.  Am.,  i.  S.'JO,  this  series. 

''  Agnilai'  intimated  another  reason  why  Guerrero  remained,  that  ho  hud 
taken  part  in  the  lights  against  Cordoba  and  Grijalva  at  Potonchan,  whicli 
is  very  doubtful.  Tlien  it  is  said  tliat  his  face  was  tattooed  and  his  lips  turni'd 
down,  and  when  Aguilar  besought  him  to  go  the  children  clung  to  him,  and 
tlif  wife  lirst  begged,  and  then  threatened,  to  make  Aguilar  desist.  Cn'jolhnlti, 
JIUl.  YucalUan,  23;  Bvrual  JJ'taz,  Hint.  Vcrdad.,  18-10;  Ton^uemada,  i.  370. 


ADVENTURES  OF  AGUILAR. 


88 


nl)lo  sin.  So  sublime  had  boon  his  pationco  and  his 
jiioty  under  tlie  drudgery  at  first  put  upon  liim,  that  ho 
too  rose  in  the  estimation  of  his  master,  wJio  was  led 
to  entrust  him  with  more  important  matters.  For  in  all 
tliini^s  pertaining  to  flesh  and  spirit  he  acted  with  so 
much  conscientiousness  thatTaxniar,astrangorto  those 
wlio  loved  virtue  for  its  own  sake, suspected  the  motives 
that  inspired  his  captives.  To  test  his  wonderful  in- 
tegrity, for  he  had  noticed  that  Aguilar  never  rai.sed 
Ills  eyes  to  look  upon  a  woman,  Taxmar  once  sent 
liini  for  fish  to  a  distant  station,  giving  him  as  sole 
companion  a  beautiful  girl,  who  had  been  instructed 
to  employ  all  her  arts  to  cause  the  Christian  to  break 
his  vow  of  continency.  Care  had  been  taken  that 
tlure  should  be  but  one  hammock  between  them,  and 
at  night  she  bantered  him  to  occupy  it  with  her;  but 
stopping  his  ears  to  the  voice  of  the  siren,  he  threw 
Iiiniself  upon  the  cold,  chaste  sands,  an<l  passed  the 
night  in  peaceful  dreams  beneath  the  songs  of  heaven." 
Cortes  smiled  somewhat  sceptically  at  this  and  like 
recitals,  wherein  the  sentiments  expressed  would  have 
done  honor  to  Sci})io  Africanus;  nevertheless,  he  was 


"^  This  is  in  substance  the  advcntur'^'of  AguUar,  as  relateil  at  length  in  ITrr- 
ri  nt,  (It'o.  ii.  lib.  iv.  cai).  vii.-viii.,  followed  by  'J'on/iiemada,  i.  .S70-7-,an<U  'o'jol- 
iiiihi,  Ilint.  Yucathdii,  'J4-'J,  aiul  prettily,  though  liastily,  elaborated  in  Irciiii/'ii 
Ci'iiimhuK,  iii.  "JlKi-IWIl,  and  other  inoclcrn  writers.  On  reaching  ("atoche  and 
tiiuling  Ordaz  gone,  ho  proceeded  to  Co/uniel,  in  the  hope  of  tinding  some  of 
tlic  S|p;iniards.  'Era  Aguilar  estudiante  tpiando  pisso  a  las  Indias,  y  hrmibro 
tliscreto,  y  por  esto  so  jxiede  creer  cjuahiuiera  cosa  del,'  concludes  llerrera, 
as  it  .suspecting  that  the  version  may  bo  ipiestioned.  Prudence  is  shown  in  tho 
lavf  witli  which  lu!  gradually  accustomed  himself  to  the  ciiange  of  food  and 
li.iliitsunagain  joining  the  Spaniards.  I'eter  Martyr,  dec.  iv.  caj>.  vi.,  relates  that 
.\;:uilar's  mother  bccamo  insane  on  hearing  that  lu'r  son  Iiuil  fallen  among  cxn- 
nili.ils — who  brougiit  her  tiie  news  it  is  hard  to  j,'uess — and  whenever  slie  beh  !d 
llisli  roasting,  loud  l''''ame  the  laments  for  his  sail  fate.  This  is  re|)eated  in 
<i''ijiiim,  Hint.  Mix.,  •_'■_•;  Murlhii-.,  IIUl.  Xnl.  Xiicra  /■.'•</<.,  ii.  xxiv.  Her- 
rciii,  w  ho  cannot  avoid  mixing  in  all  the  romance  j)ossil)le,  makes  liim  search 
I' ir  means  to  cross  the  strait.  Iletindsat  last  .a  leaky  canoe  half  buried  in  tlio 
wild,  and  in  this  frail  skill'  he  and  the  Indian  'ompanion  presented  by  his  lat« 
nuister  managed  to  gain  tho  island.  Others  give  him  Cortes'  messengers  ♦or 
eniii]i;iiiii)ns.  ]iernal  I>ia/,  //Ist.l'i'r'hul.,  IS,  very  reasonably  permits  him  to 
iiiie  a  canoe  with  six  rowers,  for  ho  has  beads  to  ])ayfor  it,  and  canoes  would 
nni  be  wanting,  .since  the  island  was  a  resort  for  pilgrims,  particularly  at  ihis 
ve;y  time.  Mendieta,  /li-'f.  Eden.,  17j-7('),  fails  not  to  recognize,  in  the  (■■>m- 
jiulsory  re*'irn  of  the  Meet  to  Cozumel,  and  in  the  lindingof  Aguihir,  the  hand 
ot  (lod;  unit  Torcpiemaila,  i.  H70,  eagerly  elaborates  the  mirnculous  features  iu 
the  appearuuuo  of  this  ..Vuruii,  who  is  to  bu  the  mouth-picco  of  hia  Musca. 


it  THE  VOYAGE. 

exceedingly  glad  to  secure  this  man,  even  though  ho 
l^ad  been  a  little  less  chaste  and  brave  and  cunning 
than  he  represented  himself  to  be.  He  found  him 
not  only  useful  but  willing,  for  this  humble  holy  man 
was  a  great  fighter,  as  he  had  said,  and  was  very 
ready  to  lead  the  Spaniards  again.st  his  late  mastei', 
tliough  pledged  to  peace  and  friendliness. 

Early  in  March"  the  fleet  again  sailed,  and  after 
talcing  shelter  from  a  gale  behind  Punta  do  las  Mu- 
jeres  for  one  or  two  days,  passed  round  Catoche  and 
along  the  Yucatan  coast,  hugging  the  shore  to  note 
its  features,  and  sending  forth  a  growl  of  revengo 
on  passing  Potonchan.  Boca  de  Tdrminos  was  now 
reached,  whither  Escobar  had  been  sent  in  advance 
to  explore,  and  within  the  entrance  of  a  little  harbor, 
to  which  a  boat's  crew  was  guided  by  blazings,  a 
letter  was  found,  hidden  in  a  tree,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance the  harbor  was  named  Puerto  Escondido. 
Tiie  letter  reported  a  good  harbor,  surrounded  by 
rich  lands  abounding  in  game;  and  soon  after  tlm 
fleet  met  the  exploring  vessel,  and  learned  of  the  iin- 

f)ortant  acquisition  to  the  expedition  in  Grijalva's 
ost  dog.**  Off  Rio  de  Tabasco  the  fleet  came  to 
anchor,  and  the  pilots  knowing  the  bar  to  be  low, 
only  the  smaller  vessels  entered  the  river.  Remem- 
bering the  friendly  reception  accorded  Grijalva,  tin; 
Spaniards  were  surprised  to  find  the  banks  lined  with 
hostile  bands,  forbidding  them  to  land.  Cortes  there- 
fore encamped  at  Punta  de  los  Palmares,  on  an  island 
about  half  a  league  up  the  river  from  the  mouth,  au'  I 

'*  Bomal  Diaz  says  the  4th,  which  is  rather  close  reckoning,  according  to 
his  own  account,  for  two  days  arc  recjuired  to  rcacli  Coziimcl  from  Caix!  Sun 
Antonio,  nine  days  are  consumed  by  Ordaz  in  waiting  for  the  captives,  nii^l 
four  days  for  repairing  Escalantc's  leaky  vessel.  This  alone  brings  us  frun 
February  18th,  the  date  of  leaViUg  CaiKs  San  Antonio,  to  March  5th,  without 
c'lnting  a  probable  day  or  two  for  preimring,  starting,  and  returning. 

'"  A  greyhound  bitch,  really  of  great  service  to  the  hunters.  Bemal  Diaz, 
Hht.  I'erdad.,  20,  starts  Escobar  from  Punta  de  las  Mujeres.  Velnvcnt, 
Teatvo  Met:.,  Vt.  iii.  112.  Cogolludo,  His'  I'uculhan,  29,  while  adopting  I'U 
hearsay  the  more  genci-al  supposition  that  a  missing  vessel  is  found  here,  follow  ■; 
Diaz  in  the  account  of  tlic  exploring  vessel.  Gomara,  Hist.  Mex.,  25-6,  aii'l 
Herrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  xi.,  evidently  attributes  the  name  Escondido  to 
tlie  tiuding  of  the  missing  vessel. 


N! 


BATTLE  OF  TABASCO. 


83 


tlio 


not  far  from  the  capital  of  the  Xoiioliualcas,  a  lav^xQ 
town  of  adobe  ami  stone  buildings  on  the  opposite 
mainland,  protected  by  a  heavy  stockade." 

In  answer  to  a  demand  for  water,  the  natives  there- 
about pointed  to  the  river;  as  for  food,  they  would 
briiiL^  .some  on  the  morrow.  Cortes  did  not  like  the 
ii]>poarance  of  things;  and  when,  during  the  night, 
began  to  remove  tlieir  women  and  children  from 
town,  he  saw  that  his  work  must  begin  here. 
]\[()rc  men  and  arms  were  landed  on  the  island,  and 
Avila  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  the  mainland  with 
uiie  hundred  men,  gain  the  rear  of  the  town,  and 
attack  at  a  given  signal.*"  In  the  morning  a  few 
canoes  arrived  at  the  island  with  scanty  provisions, 
all  that  could  be  obtained,  the  natives  said;  and 
further  than  this,  the  Spaniards  must  leave:  if  they 
attempted  to  penetrate  the  interior,  they  would  be 
cut  off  to  a  man.  Cortes  answered  that  his  duty  to 
the  great  king  he  served  required  him  to  examine  the 
country  and  barter  for  supplies.  Entering  the  vessels, 
he  ordered  them  to  advance  toward  the  town;  and  in 
the  presence  of  the  royal  notary,  Diego  de  Godoy,  he 
made  a  final  appeal  for  peace,  as  required  by  Spanish 
law,  casting  upon  the  natives  the  blame  for  the 
consequences  of  their   refusal.     The  reply  came  in 

"  Mille  quingentorum  passuum,  ait  Alaminus  nauclerus,  et  ilomornm 
fiuintiue  ac  viginti  inillium ....  cgregio  lapidibus  et  calco  fabrefectoe. '  Peter 
Jlar/i/r,  l)e  JiwvHs,  14.  'A  poco  mas  tie  media  Icgiia  que  aubiaii  por  el, 
(ri'.ir)  vicron  vn  gran  pueblo  con  las  casaa  ile  ailoue.s  y  los  tejados  de  pajii,  el 
i|u:ii  f.stiiua  cercauo  de  madera,  con  bien  grucssa  pared  y  almenas,  y  troiieras 
liiu;i  llecliar. '  Halls  and  temples  are  also  refcirfd  to:  '  Mas  no  tienc  vegcnte 
y  ciiiio  mil  casas.'  Oomara,  Hist.  Mvx.,  '20-37.  'Punta  de  los  I'aliimi-es 
|u!iLTo  (irijalva  also  camped],  que  cstava  del  pueblo  de  Tabasco  otro  media 
Icu'iiii.'  Jlenial  Diaz,  Hist.  I'erilad.,  '20.  Montiinus,  Xieuwe  Weenlil,  77, 
fiillow.s  (ioniara  and  Martyr,  in  calling  the  pueblo  I'otonchan ;  so  does  IL'lps, 
X/"('/.  (.'oik/.,  ii.  200-4,  who  fro(iui'ntly  reveals  the  aupcrliciality  of  hi.s  re- 
Hcii'clies.  Hrasseur  do  Bourbourg  calls  it  (.Jentla.  lli.it.  Nat.  Cir.,  iv.  ."i8. 
The  stockade  defences  are  described  in  detail  in  .S'o'i.i,  Hist.  Mvx.,  i.  !KV-4. 

■'-'  '  MantU)  poner  en  cada  vn  batel  tres  tiros.'  Avila  received  one  humlred 
scililiers,  including  ten  cross- lx)\vmcn,  and  took  a  route  leading  across  creek  i 
.•iiid  marshes  to  the  rear  of  the  pueblo.  Jicriial  Diaz,  lli.it.  Venlad..  "JO. 
'SiMialo  Cortes  dos  capitancs  con  catla  cienticinqucnto  Espaftoles.  Que  fncron 
Alonso  di  Auila,  y  I'edro  de  Aluarado.'  A  ford  was  f'  md  half  a  league  almvo 
the  camp.  Oomara,  Hist.  M<x.,  27;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  iv.  cap.  vii.,  sends 
one  hmulred  and,  fifty  men  by  dift'erent  routes.  The  testimony  favors  tho 
tiiijiiiosition  that  Avila  forded  the  river. 


THE  VOYAGE. 


tlie  f(irm  of  yells,  mingled  with  the  noise  of  conchs, 
trumpets,  and  drums,  and  a  shower  of  arrows.  Tho 
Spaniards  drove  tlieir  prows  forward  into  the  mud. 
The  Indians  crowded  round  in  canoes  to  prevent  their 
landing.  A  well  directed  volley  at  once  cleared  tho 
way,  and  notified  Avila  to  attack.  Panic-stricken  at 
the  strangeness  and  suddenness  of  it  all,  the  natives 
fell  back,  but  rallied  at  the  call  of  their  leaders,  and 
poured  a  shower  of  arrows  on  the  Spaniards  as  they 
threw  themselves  into  the  water  to  wade  ashore, 
receiving  them  at  the  point  of  their  lances  as  they 
reached  the  bank.  Tabasco's  men  were  powerful  and 
brave.  The  charge  of  cowardice  had  been  tlung  at 
them  by  their  neighbors  for  having  been  friendly  with 
the  Spaniards  on  former  occasions,  and  they  were  now 
determined  to  vindicate  their  character  for  courage. 
Once  on  solid  ground  the  Spaniards  rang  their  battle- 
cry  of  "Sus,  Santiago,  it  ellos!"  Up,  Santiago,  and 
at  them!  and  drove  the  enemy  within  the  stockade. 
A  breach  was  quickly  made,  and  the  defenders  chased 
Some  distance  up  the  streets,  where  they  made  a  stand, 
shouting  "  La,  la,  calachoni ! "  Strike  at  the  chief !  At 
this  juncture  Avila  appeared.  The  natives  saw  tlie 
day  was  lost  to  them,  and  they  turned  and  tied. 
The  Spaniards  did  not  pursue  very  far,  but  halted  in 
an  open  space,  where  three  stately  temples  invited  to 
pillage,  though  little  was  found  worth  taking,  exce}>t 
some  maize  and  fowl.  During  the  action  eigliteeii 
Indians  were  killed  and  fourteen  Spaniards  wounded.-' 
In  the  formal  taking  of  possession  which  followed,  it 
was  noticctl  by  those  present  that  mention  of  the 
name  of  Velazquez  was  signiticantly  omitted.^* 

"  llernal  Diaz,  Hist,  Vr.rihid.,  Jf),  estimates  that  twelve  thousand  wavriDis 
defoiuled  tlie  ti)\vii.  He  himself  received  a  woniiil  in  the  thigh,  (tiiiiiar.i, 
Illxt.  Jfex.,  '2!),  Univcs  only  four  hundred  in  ciiarge  of  the  place.  I'ctir 
Martyr,  dec.  iv.  cjip.  vii.,  allows  tlie  horses  to  share  in  the  battle,  and  ])l:ii-i's 
tlie  warriors  at  four  thousand.  Las  Casas,  J  fist,  /ml.,  iv.  474,  exaggeiiites, 
of  course,  the  Spanish  excesses,  but  without  giving  detinite  stateineuts. 

^'  'Intetaba  iiacer  locjue  de.«pues  hizo,'  says  Vetancvrt,  IWifro  Mcj'.,  ))t.  iii. 
1 1 '2,  in  reference  to  the  later  eft'ected  independence  of  Velazquez.  The  nindi' 
of  taking  po.s.ses8ion  is  thus  described:  Advancing  with  drawn  sword  ;iii'l 
aliicld  to  u  large  ceiba-tree  hi  the  court-yard,  Cortes  struck  it  three  times,  uuU 


BRAVERY  OF  THE  XATn'ES. 


87 


i"  conchs, 

^^s.  Tho 
he  mud, 
ont  their 
arcd  tliu 
'ickcii  at 
3  natives 
Icrs,  and 

as  they 
I  ashore, 

as  they 
Drful  and 
flung  at 
dly  with 
k^ere  now 
courau'e. 
ir  battle- 
ago,  and 
itoekadc. 
's  chased 

a  stand, 
icf!  At 
saw  the 
nd  fle.l. 
Ited  in 

vitod  to 
exce})t 
^liteen 

unded.-' 
wed,  it 
of   the 


1(1  warriiiis 
(riniiani, 

.CO.        I'l'tfl' 

ami  j>1:k'('m 
Liigi^crutcs, 

L'Utrt. 

'I'j'.,  ])t.  iii. 
Tlie  iiuhIi' 
^W()^(1  iiu'l 
times,  uud 


Ig- 


Next  mornincf  Alvarado  and  Francisco  do  Luffo, 
each  with  one  hundred  men,  were  sent  by  dift'erent 
ways  to  reconnoitre  and  forage,  with  orders  to  return 
l^efore  dark.'^'  Melchor,  on  being  called  to  accompany 
one  of  them,  was  missing.  Presently  his  clothes 
were  discovered  hanging  on  a  tree,  indicating  that  ho 
had  gone  over  to  the  enemy.  Lugo  had  advanced 
not  more  than  a  league  when,  near  a  town  called 
Centla,  he  encountered  a  large  body  of  warriors,  wlio 
attacked  him  fiercely  and  drove  him  back  toward  the 
camp.  Alvarado  had  meanwhile  been  turned  by  an 
estuary  from  his  course  and  in  the  direction  of  Lugo. 
Hearing  the  noise  of  battle  he  hastens  to  the  assist- 
ance of  Lugo,  only  to  be  likewise  driven  back  by  the 
ever  increasing  hosts,  and  not  until  Cortes  came  to 
the  rescue  with  two  guns  did  the  enemy  retire.''* 
The  result,  according  to  Bernal  Diaz,  was  two  of 
Lugo's  men  killed  and  eleven  wounded,  while  fifteen 
Lillians  fell  and  three  were  captured. 

Nor  did  tho  matter  rest  here.  The  captives  told 
Cortes  that  Tabasco,  concerned  at  the  ari-ival  of  so 
large  a  fleet  which  augured  hostile  occupation,  had 
aroused  the  province,  the  assembled  chiefs  being  also 
urged  by  ISIelchor  to  manfully  expel  the  invaders,  as 

announced  that  ho  took  possession  for  the  king,  and  would  defend  his  riijlit 
ajiJiinst  all  comers.  The  soldiers  thereupon  shouted  their  approval,  declariiij} 
tliat  tliey  would  sustain  their  captiiin  in  his  challenge.  liernut  Diaz,  //ist. 
y<i-ila<l.,  21.  Zainacois  compares  this  form  with  others  used  elsewhere. 
lliM.  Mij.,  X.  9.S8. 

•'■'  Tho  Carta  del  Ayunt.  de  Vera  Cruz,  in  Cortf-,  Cartas,  1."),  refers  to  a 

certain  intercourse  held  w'^h  natives;  on  the  third  day  tlie  exploring  parties 

♦•  "■*.     Tliis  intercourse  is  spoken  of  by  Gomara,  JUkL  Mcx.,  30,  as  tiie  vi  ,it 

.  ..'cnty  loading  men  to  promise  food  and  j)resents,  hut  really  to  spy.  'i'lio 
Spaniards  ••ere  encouraged  to  enter  tiie  interior  to  Iwrter  food.  TorijUi'iiiaild, 
i.  .'i74;  Hcriial  Diaz,  Hint.  Verdad.,  '1\.  Alvarado,  Avila,  and  Sandnval  art 
sent,  each  with  eighty  .Spaniards  and  ."lome  Cuban  carriers,  to  explore  by  thico 
routes,  and  to  get  supplies  for  payment  only.  Gomara,  JUnf.  Mc.r.,  'M  ; 
i/irnra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  xi.  Tliree  parties  sent  out.  Tajiin,  /'clarion, 
in  lrazli(dccta.  Col.  Doc,  ii.  5o!).  Four  captains  sent,  with  over  two  hundred 
men.   Carta  Ai/uiit., loc.  cit. 

-"  Gomara,  Jlint.  Mex.,  31,  states  that  one  of  the  captains  took  refuge  in 
a  building  in  Centla  town,  and  was  tiiere  joined  by  the  otiier  two.  All 
three  mow  retreat  to  camp,  whither  two  fleet  Cul)iMis  run  for  aid.  Herrera, 
'J"ori|Ueniada,  and  Hra.sseur  dc  lk>urlx)urg  follow  him.  liefore  Corti's  set  ont, 
says  Cogolludo,  Jlial.  Yucathan,  32,  he  had  repelled  on  attack  on  his  own 
camp. 


p- 


88 


THE  VOYAGE. 


the  people  of  Potonchan  had  clone.  To  dcpait  now 
woukl  leave  a  stain  upon  the  generalship  of  Cortes  in 
the  eyes  of  both  Spaniards  and  Indians  such  as  was 
not  to  be  thought  of.  There  must  be  a  battle  fought 
and  won.  To  this  end  all  the  horses,  cross-bows,  iire- 
locks,  and  guns  were  brought  on  shore.  Thirteen  of 
the  best  horsemen'"  were  selected  to  form  a  cavalry 
corps  under  the  leadership  of  Cortt^s.  The  horses 
were  provided  with  poitrels  having  bells  attached,  and 
the  riders  were  to  charge  the  thick  of  the  enemy  and 
strike  at  the  face.  Ordaz  was  made  chief  of  infantry 
and  artillery,  the  latter  being  in  special  charge  of 
Mesa.^^  In  order  both  to  surprise  the  enemy  and 
secure  good  ground  for  the  cavalry,  Cortes  resolved  to 
advance  at  once  on  Centla.  It  was  annunciation 
day,  the  25th  of  March,  when  the  army  left  camp  and 
stood  before  Centla,  in  the  midst  of  broad  maize  and 
cocoa  fields,  intersected  by  irrigation  ditches.  The 
enemy  were  ready,  their  dark  forms  appearing  in  the 
distance  under  an  agitated  sea  of  glistening  iztli.  The 
cavalry  now  made  a  detour  to  gain  their  rear,  while 
the  infantry  marched  straight  on.'^  Formidable  as 
was  in  truth  the  Spanish  army,  the  unsophisticated 
natives  made  light  of  it,  and  came  gayly  forward  to 
the  combat  in  five  squadrons,  of  eight  thousand 
warriors  each,**  as  Bernal  Diaz  says,  *'  all  in  flowing 
plumes,  with  faces  painted  in  red,  white,  and  black, 
sounding  drums  and  trumpets,  and  flourishing  lances 

■■"  '  Si'nalo  treze  de  acauallo,'  who  are  named  as  Olid,  Alvarado,  Ptiertocar- 
i-crn,  Kscalante,  Montejo,  Avila,  Vcla/quez  de  Leon,  Morln,  Lares  the  good 
hoiseniau  to  diatiuj^uisli  him  from  anotlier  Litres,  Gonzalo  Domingucz,  Moron 
of  r>a/.anio,  and  I'edro  Gonzalez  of  Trujillo,  Cortes  being  the  thirteenth. 
/.''  riKtl  Ditiz,  Hint.  Virilcul. ,  22 ;  Solis,  Hixt. Mex. ,  i.  100,  says  lifteen  horses,  but 
in  the  Carta  del  Ayuid.  de  V.  Cruz,  in  Vorlis,  Cartas,  16,  the  number  de- 
ercases  to  ten. 

''"  (lonuvra  says  tlie  force  mustered  500  men,  13  horses  and  0  guns;  Her- 
rera,  4(K)  men  and  12  horses.     The  alferez  M-as  Antonio  de  Villaroel. 

-"This  was  ii  favorite  movement  of  Cortes,  and  as  such  Tapia  and  the  Carta 
dd  Ay  lint,  de  T.  Cruz  aceept  it,  while  IWrnal  Diaz  and  most  writers  state 
tiuit  the  swampy  ground  retjnired  a  eircuit. 

■'"  An  estimate  bftsed  probably  upon  the  strength  of  the  regular  Aztec 
Xiiini/iilli.  with  which  the  conquerors  were  soon  to  become  aeijuainted.  See 
^'atirc  I'acfH,  ii.  425.  Tapia  even  raises  the  number  to  six  squadrons.  Jlda- 
lion,  in  fcuzboU'eta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  500. 


THE  HEAVENLY  HORSEMAN. 


89 


and  shields,  two-handed  swords,  fire-hardened  darts, 
iiiid  shngs,  and  every  man  protected  by  an  armor  of 
<|uilted  cotton."  They  would  encircle  tliese  impu'.lent 
interlopers,  and  did  they  not  fall  faintin*^  hcneath  their 
hrave  yells  and  savage  music,  they  would  crush  them 
liki;  fhes.  And  by  way  of  beginning,  they  sent  forth 
a  cloud  of  arrows,  stones,  and  cliarred  darts,  wounding 
many  and  killing  one,  a  soldier  named  Saldana.  The 
Sj)aniards  answered  with  their  cross-bows  and  fire- 
locks, and  mowed  the  packed  masses  with  their  can- 
non. The  soft  soil  and  ditches  were  less  to  the  agile 
Indian  than  to  the  heavily  accoutred  Spaniard. 

It  adds  nothing  to  the  honor  of  Spanish  arms  to 
tlirow  in  at  this  juncture  a  miracle  to  terrify  the 
already  half-paralyzed  Indians,  who  might  otherwise 
jirove  too  strong  for  their  steel-clad  assailants;  but 
the  records  compel  me.  While  in  the  dire  embrace 
of  heathen  hordes,  midst  thrust  and  slash  and  crash 
of  steel  and  stone,  the  enemy  hewn  down  and  driven 
back  only  to  give  place  to  thrice  the  number,  behold, 
upon  a  gray-spotted  steed,  a  heavenly  horseman 
a])[)eared,  and  from  a  slight  eminence  overlooking  tlie 
bloody  field  he  frowned  confusion  on  the  foe.  The 
heathen  warriors  were  stricken  powerless,  enabliuix 
the  Spaniards  to  form  anew ;  but  when  the  horseman 
vanished,  the  Indians  rallied.  Thrice,  with  the  same 
etlect,  the  awful  apparition  came  and  wont.^^     Then 


"  CortiJs,  on  coming  up  and  being  told  of  this,  shouted,  'Onward,  com- 
]i;iiiionHl  <lixl  is  with  u?!'  lldacion,  in  Icitzhulntd,  Col.  J)oc.,  ii.  r).")!(-(!0. 
(liiiiiiira,  who  fervently  adopts  the  story,  states  that  tlie  rider  was  one  of  the 
ajHistles,  in  the  jHireonof  Morla.  'Todos  ilixeron,  nue  vieron  ])or  tres  vezes  al 
lU'l  cauallo  rucio  pieado . . . . y  que  era  Santiago  nuestro  patron.  I'ernando 
(  nrti's  masciucriacjuefuessesiin  I'edro, suespciialauogado. .  .  .aim  taiiiliien  los 
Jiiilios  lo  notaron .  . . . De  los  prisioneros  (pie  se  toniiiri)  se  sujot  esto.'  Jlint. 
.1/1  ,■.,  ;VJ-;}.  Pi/arro  y  OrcUana,  Vuntins  Ih-MtrK,  7-  ■(,  gives  arginiicnts  to 
sliow  that  it  could  liave  been  none  otlier  tiian  Santiago,  as  the  patron  of  Span- 
iiird.s.  After  a  struggle  with  his  pious  fears,  Bernal  J)ia/  ventures  to  oliserve 
tliiit  (toniara  may  be  right,  but  'I,  unworthy  sinner,  was  not  graced  to  see 
tiUicr  of  tliose  glorious  apostles.'  Testimony  was  taken  about  tiio  battle, 
iiiid  l);id  this  occurred  it  would  liave  been  spoken  of.  '  1  say  that  our  vic- 
tory was  by  tlie  lian<l  of  our  Lord  Jesus  (.'hrist,  for  in  that  i)attle  the  Indians 
M'Te  so  numerous  that  they  could  huve  buried  us  with  handfuls  of  earth.' 
Hini.  W'rtlinl.,  '2'2-'.\.  Las  Casas  scouts  the  story  as  ii  fai)rication  of  (Jortes, 
written  down  by  '  hia  servantC  Muara,'  in  '  his  false  history. '  Jlisl./uJ.,i\A'i'i, 


00 


THE  VOYAGE, 


iiii'i 


there  were  liorsemcn  indeed,  more  real  to  the  Span- 
iards, but  none  the  loss  spectral  to  the  Indians.  Tliey 
had  been  detained  by  the  marshes  intervening;  anil 
now,  with  swords  and  hehnets  glitterinjj:,  tliey  rose 
in  the  enemy's  rear,  and  midst  clang  of  arms  antl 
shouts  of  Santiago  y  San  Pedro,  they  threw  them- 
selves with  terrible  effect  upon  him.  What  could 
the  Indians  do?  Those  that  were  not  trani}iled  or 
cut  to  death  turned  and  fled,  and  the  Spaniards  jios- 
sessed  the  field.  "And  this  was  the  first  preaching 
of  the  gospel  in  New  Spain,  by  Cortds,"  remarks  the 
caustic  Las  Casas.** 

The  Spaniards  drew  up  at  a  grove  to  return  thanks 
for  this  great  victory.  A  large  number  of  the  enemy 
were  slain.  Sixty  of  their  own  number  were  wounded, 
and  two  lay  dead;  eight  horses  had  been  scratched, 
and  their  wounds  were  cauterized  and  anointed  with 
the  fat  of  dead  Indians.^^    On  returning  to  camj)  two 

*■■'  The  bishop  forgets  tlic  sermon  before  the  idols  cast  dovn  at  Coztnncl. 

'^T«o  Spaniards  fell,  and  over  800  Indiana  lay  dead,  so  said  their  country- 
men, licriml  JJiitz,  lli.it.  Vvrdnd.,  'I'l-'A.  Over  70  Sjianiards  were  wounded, 
and  more  thiin  300  Imlians  were  slain  in  the  pursuit  alone.  Over  100  men 
foil  sick  from  heat  and  bad  water,  but  all  recovered.  Ooiiiura,  Hint.  Mi'x.,  Xi. 
Herreni,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  xi.,  allows  no  killed  among  the  Spaniards,  wliile 
t)Ver  KKtO  Inilians  are  laiil  low.  Tort/uemmla,  i,  375.  Three  Spaniards  are 
killed  and  00  wounded.  I'etancvrt,  Teatro  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  113.  The  Ayunla 
miento  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  its  letter  to  the  Kmperor,  10  July,  lolO,  for  obvious 
reasons  lowers  the  lif.'ures  to  twenty  wounded  Spaniards,  of  whom  none  dii'd, 
and  to  "JJO  dead  Indians,  out  of  40,000  engaged.  Corlrs,  Vartun,  17.  Finally 
comes  Las  Casas  witii  the  other  extreme  of  30,000  souls,  said  to  have  been 
cruelly  slaughtered  in  this  first  great  battle  of  Cort(is.  Illft.  I  ml.,  iv.  477. 
Quite  a  list  of  misdeeds  arc  here  raked  up,  or  invented  rather,  against 
the  Spaniards  in  the  Wtst-lmlische  Spieijhel,  Amsterdam,  10"24,  a  curious  little 
<lUHrto,  designed  for  Dutch  traders  in  Amenca,  and  dcdiaited  to  their  West 
India  Company.  The  author  is  called  Athanasium  Inga.  'J'eniiun,  uyt  Cuseo 
glu'boren,  die  dit  alles,  soo  door  onder  vindinghe  als  door  transpositie  en(>verset 
tinghe  sijnder  Voor-Ouderen,  hier  te  Ljindo  ons  overghedraghen  heeft,'  says 
Wachter,  in  the  preface.  The  volume  opens  with  a  lengthy  description  of  the 
Antilles,  but  the  remaining  text  is  wholly  devoted  to  the  Spanish  colonies  on  the 
main,  mingled  witiiout  order,  and  intei-spersed  with  special  chapters  on  navi- 
gation and  coiist  routes  for  tlie  benefit  of  traders.  Beside  the  usual  descrip- 
tion of  physical  am!  jwilitical  geography,  with  particular  reference  to  natural 
resources  and  aboriginal  customs,  several  voyages  are  described,  mainly  to 
point  out  sailing  directions  and  the  progress  of  discoverj',  while  the  coiKiuest 
period  is  told  with  soitie  minuteness,  but  garbled  with  the  idea  of  expos'ing 
the  avarice  aiul  cruelty  of  the  iiated  Spaniards.  This  is  also  the  ol>jeet  of 
nearly  all  the  neatlyengraved  copper-plates.  The  map  extends  Hiidson 
Ifciy  very  close  to  the  I'acilie  coast,  where  a  faintly  outlined  strait  is  visiblo 
some  distance  abo\  e  California  Island.     The  port  relating  to  Mexico,  iuclud- 


CORTte  INSXnUCTS  THE  NATIVES. 


91 


zinnel. 

[couiitry- 

oundctl, 

iM)  iiiuii 

X-.,  :u. 

,  wliilo 
lis  aro 
yuiiia 

il)Vil)U9 

I)  dii'il, 
Finally 
e  1)0011 
iv.  477. 
ajiainst 
lus  littlo 
ir  W'ost 
t  C.'usco 
KVeitiot 
t,'  Kays 
11  of  tlie 
son  tho 
)n  navi- 
losoiip- 
natuial 
inly  to 
)ii<HU'st 
xp(«:ini,' 
)joot  of 
iidson 
visil)lo 
iuclud- 


of  five  cai)tivos,  loacUni]^  men,  were  sent  with  pre.sents 
t<»  tlie  cacique  to  represent  tlie  danger  of  furtlier  hos- 
tility, and  to  propose  a  council  of  peace.  Tabasco  was 
very  ready  to  hiy  down  arms,  and  he  sent  a  jiropitia- 
toiy  offering  of  fowl,  fried  fish,  and  maize  broad  by 
messengers  with  blackened  faces  and  dres.sed  in  rags. 
Cortes  answered  with  a  rej)rimand,  "Tell  your  master, 
if  he  desires  peace  he  nnist  sue  for  it,  and  not  send 
slaves."  Tabasco  hastened  to  comjdy,  and  sent  innne- 
diately  to  Cortds  an  embassy  of  forty  chiefs,  richly 
clad  and  walking  in  stately  procession,  followed  by  a 
file  of  slaves  bearing  presents.  Low  bowing  before 
the  bearded  assembly,  and  swinging  before  them  the 
censer  in  token  of  reverence,  the  ambassador  implored 
})ardon,  and  proffered  submission.  "  The  blame  is  all 
your  own,"  said  Cortds,  with  severity.  Tlie  Indians 
acquiesced,  though  it  puzzled  them  to  know  for  what 
tliey  were  to  blame.  Cortes  further  informed  them 
that  the  great  king,  his  master,  had  sent  him  to 
scatter  blessings,  if  they  were  found  deserving;  if  not, 
to  let  loose  upon  them  the  caged  lightning  and  the 
tlnmder  which  he  carried.  Whereat  the  gun  charged 
for  the  occasion  was  fired,  and  as  tho  noise  rever- 
berated over  the  hills  and  the  ball  went  crashing 
through  the  trees,  the  Indians  fell  prostrate  with 
fear,  and  the  noble  Europeans  were  proud  of  their 
superiority. 

Kcassured  against  further  punishment,  the  next 
trick  played  upon  them  was  to  tie  a  mare  in  the 
bushes  in  sight  of  a  stallion  which  they  paraded  be- 
fore their  visitors;  and  when  he  neighed  and  reared 
and  plunged  to  get  to  his  mate,  the  natives  were  told 
that  the  great  beast  was  angry  because  of  tho  peace 
that  was  being  made,  and  only  further  gifts  woulil 
pacify  him. 

injT  some  brief  references  to  Central  America,  occupies  about  one  third  of  tlm 
volunio,  and  treats  chioily  of  tiio  Conquest.  The  book  is  remarkable  for  its 
black-letter  text,  with  marginals  in  the  same  type,  and  for  itstith.'-page,  wilii 
th"  liguros  of  '  Montenchuma '  and  'Atiibaliba'  surrounded  by  buttlo-sconos 
and  Indian  industrial  uperatiuns. 


J''' 


02 


THE  VOYACJE. 


Oil  the  foilowinrf  morniii!:,'  Tabasco  presented  liiin- 
seir  ill  person,  attuiuled  by  a  lar^^e  retinue,  and  Ijiini,'- 
m^  presents,  among  whicli  were  some  gold  ornaments 
of  little  value  and  twenty  female  slaves.  The  terms 
dictated  by  Cortes  were  that  they  should  return  their 
women  and  children  to  the  village  within  two  days,  in 
token  of  their  good  faith,  and  that  the  treacherous 
Melchor  should  bo  delivered  up.  But  the  unfortunate 
interpreter  had  already  suflered  death  in  return  for  his 
bad  advice.  It  was  useless  to  demand  gold,  for  there 
was  little  or  none  here.  So  they  proceeded  at  once 
to  expound  the  doctrines  :f  their  fuith;  to  lay  befoi-e 
them  the  truths  of  the  gospel  which  they  had  come 
so  far  to  bring.  An  altar  was  erected  in  the  cliit>f 
temple  on  which  was  placed  a  large  cross.  From  this 
altar  Father  Olmedo  preached  to  the  natives,  and 
here  were  baptized  the  first  converts  to  the  church 
in  New  Spain,  consisting  of  the  twenty  female  slaves, 
who  were  afterward  distributed  among  the  leaders. 
Then  folh^wed  the  ceremonial  tender  of  allegiance  by 
the  chiefs  of  Tabasco's  province  to  the  Spanish  king, 
and  the  formal  naming  of  the  large  town,  which  was 
called  Santa  Maria  de  la  Victoria,  in  commemoration 
of  the  victory.^ 

Palm  Sunday  being  at  hand,  it  was  resolved  to 
celebrate  it  in  such  a  manner  as  to  further  impress 
the  natives.  Attired  in  their  most  brightlv  colored 
garments,  with  palms  in  their  hands  and  banners  aloft, 

'• '  Y  pnsosc  nombre  a  aquel  pueblo,  Santa  JIaria  de  la  Vitoria,  h  assi  se 
llama  agoi-a  la  villa  de  Tabasco.'  Benuil  l>ka,  Ili.-it.  I'erdud.,  "24.  '  I'otan- 
cliaiium  dieitur  ab  accolis  oppidum . . . .  Victoriain  nostri  appellaniiit.'  J'v/er 
Martyr,  De  fnnrlix,  14;  copied  in  Gomara,  /HkL  M<'x.,  .30.  Referring  to  the 
battle  of  Centla,  Clavigero  writes:  '  e  per  nienioria  vi  fondarono  poi  una  pic- 
cola  citt.\  col  nome  delfa  Mculoinia  tlel/n  I'lf/nria,  la  <|uale  sti  per  lungo  tempo 
la  capitale  di  quclla  Provincia ....  Si  spopol(>  del  tutto  verso  la  metA  del  secolo 
passato. '  A  later  foundation  received  tlie  name  of  Villahennosa.  Sforia,  Mcxk.  , 
iii.  11.  This  is  based  on  a  statement  by  IJernal  Diaz,  /fist.  Vcrdnd.,  22,  anil 
to  reconcile  this  with  the  note  above,  it  must  be  supposed  that  the  Xonohualoa 
capital  was  removed  to  the  site  of  the  l)attle-field  when  the  Spaniards  settled, 
other  authors  either  confound  the  points  or  avoid  them  by  a  vague  reference. 
Victoria  was  founded  by  Cortes  in  1510.  Ah-edo,  Die,  v.  .305.  It  is  strange 
that  the  chief  town  is  not  referred  to  under  its  native  name,  for  Potonchan 
is  evidently  a  mistake  by  Peter  Martyr. 


PUKRTOi  AnRRRO'S  PI.KASAXTRY. 


03 


the  Spaiiiiirtls  inan'licd  in  soltMun  procession,  to  har- 
iiionioiis  eluiiits,  alunit  the  tuiuplo;  and  when  tlieso 
(ItiULfhty  men  of  war  liunibled  themselves  hoforo  the 
svmhols  of  their  faith,  tlie  wondering  heathen  thoujifht 
that  jifreat  indeed  must  be  the  j^od  worshipped  l)V 
sudi  l)eings.  After  eommendinjij  the  sacred  emblenjs 
to  the  care  of  the  cliiefs,  with  a  promise  to  send  holy 
men  to  teach  them  the  true  faith,  and  with  assurances 
of  royal  protection,  the  Spaniards  hade  the  Nonohual- 
cas  farewell,  an«l  were  shortly  on  their  way  again. 

Keeping  close  to  the  shore  for  purposes  of  observa- 
tion, the  several  places  observed  and  named  by  Grijalva 
were  pointed  out  to  Cortds  and  conmiented  upon  by 
those  who  had  accompanied  the  former  expedition. 
Certain  of  the  new  captains  took  umbrage  at  this 
assumption  of  superior  knowledge,,  accompanied  by 
lilteral  proffers  of  advice;  and  one  of  them,  the  polished 
Puertocarrero,  broke  out  in  a  strain  of  pleasant  sar- 
casm. "  It  seems  to  me,  senor,"  he  said,  taking  tlip 
incidents  of  a  wed-known  romance  for  his  text,  "as 
if  these  gentlemen  would  enlighten  you,  in  the  words 
of  the  father  of  Montesiuos: 

Behold  France,  Montesinos; 
Behold  Paris,  the  city; 
Behold  the  waters  of  Douro, 
Where  they  fall  into  the  sea  I 

Xow  I  would  humbly  suggest  that  your  worship 
yourself  should  seek  out  rich  lands  and  learn  to 
govern  them  wisely."  Catching  the  significance  of 
the  words,  Cortes  replied:  "Let  God  only  grant  su*^ 
cess  to  our  arms,  as  he  did  to  Paladin  Roldan,  and 
with  such  gentlemen  as  yourself  to  aid  me  I  shall  well 
know  what  to  do." 

Gliding  past  islas  Blanca  and  Verde,  the  fleet 
anchored  behind  San  Juan  de  Ulua  late  on  Thursday 
in  passion  week. 


if.ik 


CHAPTER  VII. 

WHAT  MONTKZUMA  THOUCJIIT  OF  IT, 
Home  of  Mexican  Civilization — Tiik  T'idudkk  Land  ok  Savaoism— Coy- 

FUJrilATION  OK  TIIK  ColNTUV — TlIK  XaHIAS  AN!>  TIIK  MaYAS-  ToI.TErs, 
ClIIOIIIMKCS,  AND    AZTKCS — TlIE    VaM.KY  OK  MeXIOO — CiVIL   PoLITY    O^ 

THE  Aztecs — Kino  Aimitzotl — Montkzima  Made  Kmi-kuok— Chauac- 

TER  OK  THE  MaN — HlS  CaRKER— TlIE    FlK.-*T  AlTEAUINO   OK  TDK  .Sl'AN- 

lARDs  NOT  Unknown  to  Montezisia — 'J'iie  Quetzau'oatl  Myth  — 
DEi-ARTruE  ok  the  Faih  (Jod— Skjns  AND  Omexs  conceunino  his  I{e- 
Ti'RN — The  Comino  ok  the  Spaniards  Mistaken  for  the  FrLFiLMENx 
OK  THE  Prophecy — Thk  Uoor  Opened  to  the  Invader. 

Before  entering  upon  the  crusade  which  was  so 

f)ainfully  to  aft'ect  the  destinies  of  this  vast  interior, 
et  us  cast  a  brief  gflance  upon  the  country  and  its 
inhabitants,  and  particularly  on  that  idiosyncrasy  of 
the  aboriginal  mind  which  opened  the  door  to  the 
invaders.  The  first  two  subjects  are  fully  treated  in 
the  first,  second,  and  fifth  volumes  of  my  Natice  Jiaces 
of  (lie  Pacific  States  to  which  I  would  refer  the  reader, 
being  able  here  to  give  only  an  outline  of  what  in 
detail  is  an  exceedingly  interesting  phase  of  indigenous 
development. 

This  developm  nt  awoke  to  consciousness  in  the 
forms  of  the  Nalv  '.  and  Maya  civilizations,  the  former 
occupying  the  noi  lern  portion  of  that  tropical  table- 
land which  rises  to  i  lubrious  heights  between  latitudes 
22^  and  11°,  and  le  latter  the  southern  portions. 
Round  the  opaque  lowland  edges  of  this  heaven-en- 
lightened interior  the  mind  of  man  seemed  also  dark 
antl  low,  dwarfed  by  sandy  sweeps,  or  overshadowed 
by  redundant  foliage ;  yet  it  was  not  altogether  free 
from  the  influence  of  its  neighbors,  for  the  people  of 


EARLY  NATION'S  OF  TIIK  TAHLK  LAND. 


till"  tlcrrns  cMllt'iifos  bonlfriii}^  this  i-lrvjition  wcro 
I'lirtluT  ri'inuvotl  tVoin  savMi^isin  than  tlu>ir  luoro 
iiorthi'in  ami  soutljorn  hivthri'n.  The  valloy  of 
Mi'xit'o,  tlio  Aiulhuac  of  tlio  Aztors,  was  situati'd 
httwci'ii  the  two  principal  ranj^es,  tlie  Vacitic  l>raii<'h 
and  tho  Atlantic  branch  of  the  Siorni  Madrc,  uiuKt 
w  hicli  name  Hio  jjjrcat  cordillcra  hero  presents  itself, 
roininLT  in  from  the  north-west,  ilatteninuf  near  tho 
centre,  and  reuniting  l)e^''»»'o  reaching  Tt'huant(»pec. 
Kventually  An;lhuac  overspreads  the  whole  plateau. 
Cross  the  continent  on  the  nineteenth  parallel  and 
you  will  reach  the  greatest  elevation  and  see  tho 
highest  mountains  in  this  vicinity.  Indeed,  from  tho 
plain  of  Puebla,  whereabout  lay  the  walled  town  of 
Tlascala,  you  may  take  in  Popocatepetl,  I/taccihuatl, 
and  Orizaba  at  one  view.  Within  seventy  leagues 
from  Vera  Cruz  inland,  through  tho  temperate  valley 
of  ( )rizaba,  you  may  pass  from  a  region  of  palms  to  a 
region  of  pines.  The  plains  of  Tabasco,  upon  whoso 
border  we  have  already  landed  and  fought  our  battle, 
form  tho  north-eastern  part  of  the  broad  isthmus 
valley  of  Tehuantcpec.  This  is  bordei-ed  on  the  south 
bv  the  sierra  connecting  the  elevation  of  Anilhuac 
with  the  table-land  of  Guatemala,  whose  western 
declivitv  breaks  into  parallel  wooded  ridges  runniuix 
due  south-west.  North  of  Anilhuac  the  surface  settles 
into  wide  })lains  between  short  sierras,  until  monot- 
onous quietude  is  attained  in  the  prairies  of  Texas 
and  New  ^lexico.  Crossing  the  isthmus  of  Tehuan- 
tcpec at  a  diminished  altitude  the  cordillera  rises 
again  and  stretches  out  into  the  broad  and  lofty 
ranges  of  Central  America,  where  the  Maya  nations 
made  their  home. 

Earliest  among  the  Nahua  nations  to  stand  forth 
upon  the  mythic  record  are  the  Toltecs,  whose  first 
supremacy  in  Antlhuac  is  placed  in  the  sixth  century. 
l*]ii(lowed  by  tradition  with  a  culture  surpassing  that 
of  their  successors,  the  halo  surrounding  their  name 
has  been  kept  bright  by  monuments,   such  as  the 


06 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


II 


m  I 


I: 
1 1 


'-■■'' 


pyramids  of  Teotiliuacan  and  Cholula.  For  five  cen- 
turies this  people  Hourish,  sustained  by  a  coni'cdera- 
tion  of  kings  whose  capitals  become  in  turn  famous 
as  seats  of  learning  and  of  imperial  splendor.  Relig- 
ious strife,  developing  gradually  into  civil  war,  with 
attendant  famine  and  pestilence,  opens  the  door  to 
ruder  tribes,  and  the  Toltecs  pass  off  the  stage. 
Throwing  off  the  Toltec  veil  so  long  shielding  them, 
a  number  of  tribes  now  rise  into  distinct  political 
existence,  and  the  stronger,  in  connection  with  some- 
Avhat  ruder  yet  more  energetic  incomers,  form  the 
new  ruling  combination,  the  Chichimec  empire.  Of 
the  leading  power,  denominated  the  Chichimec, 
nothing  is  known;  but  the  permanency  of  Nahua 
language  and  civilization  leads  to  the  supposition  that 
it  is  of  the  same  race  as  its  predecessors.  In  later 
times  the  name  is  also  applied  lo  the  wild  border 
tribes  of  the  north.  For  several  centuries  Andhuac 
becomes  the  scene  of  intrigues  and  struggles  between 
the  different  branches  of  the  combination  for  the 
balance  of  power,  during  which  a  number  of  towns 
figure  as  dominating  centres,  and  a  number  of  tribes 
rise  to  prominence  under  the  traditional  term  of 
conquerors  and  immigrants.  Among  these  are  the 
Aztecs,  the  representative  nation  of  the  Nahua  civil- 
ization at  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards. 

Upon  opposite  sides  of  the  largest  of  a  cluster 
of  lakes  which  illuminate  the  oval  valley  of  Mexico 
have  stood,  since  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  three  cities,  Tezcuco,  Mexico,  and  Tlacopan 
capitals  of  three  confederate  nations,  the  Acolhuas, 
the  Aztecs,  and  the  Tepanecs.  To  the  first  belonged 
the  eastern  portion  of  the  valley,  to  the  second  the 
southern  and  western,  and  to  the  third  a  small 
portior  of  the  north-west.  Of  this  confederation, 
Tezcuco  was  for  a  time  the  most  powerful;  Tlacopan 
was  least.  While  keeping  to  their  respective  limits 
w'.thin  the  valley,  beyond  its  classic  precincts  tho 
three  powers  made  common  cause  against  the  barba- 


AZTEC  SUPREMACT'. 


07 


rians.  About  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
under  the  warhke  Montezuma  I.,  Mexico  attained 
the  supremacy,  and  daring  the  next  sixty  years  ex- 
tended her  empire  to  the  shores  of  either  ocean. 
Within  this  circuit,  howeyer,  were  severa)  nations 
which  she  neyer  conquered;  instance  the  Tlascaltccs, 
the  Tarascos,  and  the  Chiapanecs.  Many  there  wei-e 
— for  example,  the  people  of  Tehuantepec,  of  north- 
ern Guatemala,  and  Soconusco,  and  the  Miztecs  and 
Zapotecs  rf  Oajaca,  whose  conquest  by  the  Aztecs 
was  temporary — who  either  paid  tribute  for  a  time 
only,  or  who  threw  off  the  yoke  the  moment  the  in- 
vader's back  was  turned.  The  !Matlaltzincas,  west  of 
the  lakes,  and  the  Iluastecs  and  Totonacs  (jf  Vera 
Cruz,  were  subjugated  l>ut  a  few  years  prior  to  the 
appearing  of  the  Spaniards.  These  coast -dwellers 
had  not  yet  become  reconciled  to  the  ru^J  of  the  in- 
terior lords,  but  hated  them  as  inveterate  foes;  and 
herein  lay  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  success  accom- 
panying the  Castilian  arms.  Indeed,  Aztec  su})rem- 
acy  was  maintained  in  every  quarter  onl}^  by  conr>tant 
war;  rebellion,  as  soon  as  checked  in  one  quarter, 
breaking  out  in  another.  Further  than  this,  the 
Aztecs,  by  their  overbearing  spirit,  had  become  ob- 
noxious to  tlioir  allies;  yet  their  aggressive  policy 
was  continued  in  full  force  by  the  predecessor  of 
^tontezun.  .,  II.,  Ahuitzotl,  with  whom  war  was  an 
absorbing  passion. 

In  the  civil  polity  of  the  Aztecs  were  elements 
which,  if  given  iVee  play,  would  by  elevating  the 
people  raise  the  nation  yet  higher  in  the  scale  of 
domination.  This  did  not  escape  the  observant 
neighbors,  upon  whom  the  prospect  fell  with  chilling 
i'ear,  a  fear  by  no  means  mitigated  l)y  the  ever  in- 
creasing tendency  of  the  Mexicans  for  the  imraoia- 
tion  of  human  btangs.  Nor  wcn^  the  Aztec  nobles 
pleased  to  see  political  power  slipping  iVom  their 
f,n'asp  and  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  peojde,  among 
v\hom  the  spirit  of  republicanism  and  equality  was 

Hist.  Me:..    Vol.  I.    7 


98 


WniAT  MOXTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


!!'■ 


rcjijardcd  .is  having  already  gained  too  great  ascend- 
ancy. The  result  was  a  struggle,  not  unlike  that  at 
the  same  time  going  on  in  Europe,  between  the  nobil- 
ity and  the  commonalty,  the  clergy  taking  sides  witli 
the  former.  And  at  the  death  of  Ahuitzotl  the 
higher  class  succeeded  in  raising  to  the  throne  a 
person  of  extreme  aristocratic  and  religious  tastes, 
though  humble  withal,  as  Coriolanus  could  not  be,  to 
catch  the  common  herd ;  for  when  tidings  of  his  elec- 
tion were  brought  him  he  was  found  sweeping  the 
temple. 

]\Iontezuma,  he  was  called,  and  surnamed  Xocoyo- 
tzin,  the  younger,  to  distinguish  him  from  the  iirst 
Montezuma,  known  as  Huehue,  the  elder.  He  was 
the  son  of  Axayacatl  and  Xochicueitl,  and  nephew 
of  the  late  king;  and  had  reached  only  his  thirty- 
fourth  year  when  selected  for  the  throne,  in  preference 
to  an  elder  brother.  The  reasons  alleged  for  this 
distinction  were  the  possession  of  high  qualities  as 
a  warrior,  whose  bravery  had  been  tested  on  more 
than  one  field  of  battle;  as  an  adviser,  \\hose  words, 
uttered  in  clear,  dignified  tones,  had  been  heard  in 
the  council  with  respect;  and  as  high  priest,  whoso 
gravity  and  circumspection  had  won  him  favor  among 
all  classes.  Upon  occasions  he  could  observe  t'v; 
taciturnity  which  so  often  attracts  a  reputation  for 
wisdom;  and,  moreover,  he  possessed  a  fine  figure  and 
a  majestic  presence,  suci.  as  admirably  suited  the 
monarch.  He  was  proficient  in  astronomy,  picture- 
writing,  and  in  certain  esoteric  branches,  for  which 
he  showed  a  natural  bent;  likewise  he  was  well  read 
in  the  history  of  his  people,  and  familiar  with  all  their 
traditions. 

This  second  Montezuma  was  a  born  prince,  and 
might  have  been  a  pattern  for  Niccolo  Macchiavelli, 
with  whom  he  was  contemporary.  For,  like  the 
Florentine's  ideal,  he  was  talented,  learned,  crafty, 
and  upscrupulous.  Had  he  studied  in  his  own  lan- 
guage that  immaculate  manual  of  political  ethics,  The- 


CHARACTER  OF  MONTEZUMA  H, 


99 


Prince,  he  could  not  have  more  faithfully  followed  its 
precepts.  No  sooner  had  he  assumed  the  sceptve 
than,  throwing  off  the  mask  by  w^iich  he  had  deceived 
the  jilebeians,  he  dismissed  every  person  of  that  class 
eni|)l()yed  about  the  palace,  and  filled  all  vacancies, 
civil  and  military,  from  the  ranks  of  the  nobles.  Ho 
applied  himself  with  energy  to  war  and  diplomacy, 
in  both  of  which  he  was  eminently  successful,  and 
raised  himself  and  his  throne  to  the  highest  pinnacle 
of  grandeur;  whereupon  he  did  not  disdain  the  title  of 
Emperor  of  the  World.  Notwithstanding  his  talents 
and  accomplishments,  he  was  exceedingly  superstitious, 
surpassing  in  this  respect  many  of  his  followers,  and 
was  dependent  on  diviners  and  astrologers,  appeal- 
ing also  to  the  ccansels  of  Nczahualpilli  and  other 
])r(»inincnt  personages.  Men,  whom  he  knew,  he  did 
not  fear;  but  the  gods,  whom  he  did  not  know,  ho 
feared  exceedingly.  And  Ijccause  he  practised  human 
sacriiice  to  propitiate  them  he  has  been  called  cruel, 
but  the  actions  of  a  blind  devotee  of  religion  nuist 
not  be  measured  by  a  too  critical  standard.  There  was 
nothing  cruel  in  the  wish  of  Caligula,  however  hate- 
]'iil  and  vindictive  it  might  be,  that  the  Roman  people 
liad  but  one  her.d,  so  that  he  might  strike  it  off  at  a 
single  blow;  l>ut  when  he  tortured  men  and  women 
for  amusement  while  at  his  meals,  that  was  the 
quintessence  of  cruelty.  As  for  honor,  integrity,  and 
all  those  virtues  which  go  to  make  a  man,  we  must 
not  expect  them  in  princes  or  in  politicians;  yet  we 
may  safely  say  that  in  all  the  generous  qualities  of 
mind  and  heart  the  Aztec  monarch  was  no  whit 
behind  contemporary  European  rulers. 

I'^roni  all  which  it  is  safe  to  say  that  ]\Iontezunia, 
though  most  magnificent  and  lordly  among  his  lords, 
was  not  popular  with  the  masses,  and  his  position  at 
this  juncture  was  not  of  the  safest.  His  extravagance 
exceeded  all  bounds;  his  continuous  wars  were  expen- 
sive ;  and  to  meet  the  heavy  draughts  upon  the  treas- 
uiy  required  excessive  taxation.     This  was  made  to 


1 1 


100 


WHAT  MOXTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


weigh  with  special  heaviness  on  the  subjugated  prov- 
inces, on  which  Hkewise  was  laid  with  peculiar  aggra- 
^'ation  the  horrible  burden  of  furnishing  victims  for 
human  sacrifices.  The  successful  resistance  to  Iiis 
{inns  of  several  states  enclosed  by  his  conquests,  or 
bordering  on  his  domain,  caused  him  no  small  uii- 
happiness.  There  was  the  little  republic  of  Tlascala, 
on  the  very  border  of  the  Mexican  valley,  which 
often  he  had  tried  to  conquer,  and  failed.  Then 
there  was  the  Tarascan  kingdom  of  Michoacan,  on 
the  western  side,  whose  people  boasted  as  high  a 
culture  as  any  of  the  lake  region,  which  stood  firm 
against  all  efforts  of  the  confederation. 

With  nations  beyond  their  border  little  intercourse 
existed,  yet  Aztec  traders,  likewise  playing  spies,  were 
often  as  far  south  as  Nicaragua,  and  along  the  coasts 
of  Honduras  and  Yucatan.  There  is  no  doubt,  there- 
fore, that  the  presence  in  those  parts  of  the  Spaniai'ds 
was  known  to  Montezuma  from  the  first.  It  misj^lit 
have  been  like  a  voice  from  behind  the  clouds,  the  re- 
ports of  Columlius  and  Pinzon,  but  the  appearing  of 
Cordoba  and  Grijalva,  wlio  talked  and  drew  blood, 
was  something  more  tangible.  The  people  of  Tuito, 
on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  held  that  before  the  con- 
quest a  vessel  was  lost  there,  from  which  had  landed 
more  than  forty  persons,  dressed  like  Spaniards,  and 
whom  the  natives  received  kindly,  but  finally  slew 
because  they  insisted  on  the  worship  of  the  cross.^  A 
box  thrown  up  by  the  waves,  and  containing  peculiar 
clothing,  gold  rings,  and  a  sword  which  no  one  could 
break,  was  said  to  have  l)een  in  Montezuma's  posses- 
sion. Vague  as  were  these  appearings,  there  was 
something  painfully  portentous  in  them. 

*  When  Francisco  Cortds  entered  tlie  town,  shortly  after  the  fall  nf 
Mexico,  liewasniet  by  a  body  of  Indians  witli  tlicir  hair  tonsured  like  priests,  and 
with  crosses  in  their  hands,  lieaded  by  tlio  chief  in  flowing  white  gown  and 
scapula-y.  Tiiis,  they  explained,  had  been  the  practice  of  the  shipwrecktd 
crew,  who  had  liehl  up  the  cross  as  a  i-ecoiirse  from  all  danger.  Frrjrn,  lli^l 
Com/.,  (1.3-4.  This  anthoritj'  places  implicit  reliance  in  the  story,  and  regai-ils 
the  strangers  as  a  missionary  party  driven  fivni  the  East  Indies  or  C!hiiKi. 
Jalisco,  Xlcin.  J I  int.,  'M-'2. 


V'' 


THE  FAIR  GOD. 


101 


For  the  chief  divinity  of  the  Xahua  nations  was 
Qiietzalcoatl,  the  gentle  god,  ruler  of  the  air,  con- 
troller of  the  sun  and  rain,  and  source  of  all  prosperity. 
In  the  palmy  days  of  the  Toltecs  he  had  been  their 
king,  the  creator  of  their  golden  age,  giving  them 
metals,  improved  government,  and  products  of  spon- 
taneous growth;  after  which  he  was  their  god,  with 
liis  chief  shrine  at  Cholula,  where  surrounding  peoples, 
even  those  inimical  to  the  city,  maintained  temples  for 
his  worship.  From  toward  tlie  rising  sun  Quetzalcoatl 
]i;id  come;  and  he  was  white,  with  large  eyes,  and 
long  black  hair,  and  copious  beard.  After  a  tinal  rule 
of  twenty  years  at  Cholula  he  set  out  for  the  country 
whence  he  came,  and  on  reaching  the  seaboard  of  Go- 
azacoalco  he  sailed  away  on  a  craft  of  snakes.  His  last 
words  were  that  one  day  bearded  white  men,  brethren 
of  his,  perhaps  he  himself,  would  come  by  way  of  the 
sea  in  which  the  sun  rises,  and  would  enter  in  and 
rule  the  land;^  and  from  that  day,  with  a  iidelity  be- 
titting:  Hebrews  waitinjj  the  cominsc  of  their  Messiah, 
the  Mexican  people  watched  for  the  fulfilment  of  this 
])r()p]iecy,  which  promised  them  a  gentle  rule,  free 
iVoni  bloody  sacrifices  and  oppression;  but  to  their 
sovoi'eign  the  thought  gave  rise  to  deep  apprehension, 
for  then  his  own  reign  must  terminate. 

Thus  it  was  that  the  tidings  of  strange  sails  and 
1  (carded  white  men  on  their  eastern  border  were  re- 
•  'fived  at  the  gay  capital  with  mingled  fear  and  joy. 
And  marvel-mon<xers  wont  ai)out  the  streets  talking 
of  the  good  Quetzalcoatl  and  his  j^edigree,  of  the  signs 
and  wonders  that  had  been  seen,  the  prodigies,  oracles, 
and  occult  divinations,  as  in  ancient  Athens  the  old 
I'auiiliosof  Olympus,  with  their  ape-gods  and  bull-gods 
of  Mem})his,  and  the  dog-headed  monster  Anubis, 
were  discussed;  and  as  for  Rome,  Lucan  has  recorded 


-'  See  yaflit  Races,  iii.  and  v. ,  25-0,  for  the  mytha  relating  to  Quetzalcoatl, 
mill  to  tlicir  interpretation,  in  which  occur  the  characters  of  the  Messiah  and 
tho  .'iiiostlo  Saint  Tlionias,  with  whom  some  pious  chroniclers  have  identified 
liiin.  Tlie  Saint  Thomas  idea  is  advocated  in  Florencia,  Hist.  Prov.  t'oriip. 
dc  Jinun,  234. 


iii] 


!»*'-.. 


HXI 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


no  omens  which  the  sageL.  of  Mexico  could  not  now 
match.  To  what  extent  the  Spanish  chroniclers  liave 
assisted  the  natives  in  the  manufacture  of  marvels 
I  leave  the  reader  to  judge,  simply  recommending 
to  his  consideration  the  accompanying  lengthy  note; 
neither,  however,  fell  into  the  madness  of  Canute,  who 
chose  the  time  the  tide  was  rising,  instead  of  when  it 
was  falling,  to  order  the  stay  of  waters. 

It  was  not  alone  in  Mexico,  but  in  distant  parts, 
and  on  the  islands,  that  man  and  nature  were  thus 
annoyed  by  the  supernatural.  There  were  found  pre- 
dictions centuries  old,  by  priests  widely  separated,  and 
the  poems  of  wise  men,  all  pointing  in  the  one  direc- 
tion. The  destruction  of  towns  was  predicted  by  a  phi- 
losopher; the  famine  of  1505  spoke  more  piamly  than 
words;  Popocatepetl,  choked  by  consternation,  failed 
t-"  emit  his  smoke  for  twenty  days,  which,  however, 
was  a  good  omen;  an  eclipse  and  an  earthquake  near 
together  and  the  drownins:  of  eiijhteen  hundred  sol- 
diers  were  decidedly  unfavorable.  INIost  terrible  of 
all,  however,  were  a  three-headed  comet  in  open  day,  a 
pyramidal  light  at  night,  and  other  portentous  scenes, 
such  as  the  furious  uprising  of  the  lake,  the  awaken- 
ing of  the  dead,  and  visits  to  the  spirit  world.^ 

'  The  natives  of  Eapaftola  are  said  to  have  received  an  oracle  sliortly  be- 
fore Columbus'  arrival,  announcing  the  coining  of  beardetl  men,  with  sliar]i, 
bright  swords.  Villaijvtierre,  Hint.  (Joiiq.  ftza. ,  33.  The  Yucatec  records  abound 
in  predictions  to  the  same  eH'ect,  more  or  less  clear.  Tlic  most  widely  quotoil 
is  tliat  of  Chilam  Bahun,  high-priest  of  Mani,  and  reputed  a  great  propliet, 
who  foretold  that,  ere  many  years,  there  would  come  from  the  direction  of 
the  rising  sun  a  bearded  white  people,  bearing  aloft  the  cross  which  lie 
displayed  to  his  listeners.  Tlieir  gods  would  flee  before  the  new-comers,  and 
leave  them  to  rule  the  land;  Ijut  no  harm  would  fall  on  the  peaceful  who 
admitted  the  only  true  God.  The  priest  had  a  cotton  mantle  woven,  to  bo 
deposited  in  the  temple  at  Mani,  as  a  specimen  of  the  tribute  required  by  tlie 
new  rulers,  and  he  it  was  who  erected  the  stone  crosses  found  by  the  S[)iiii- 
iards,  declaring  them  to  be  the  true  tree  <«{  tlic  world.  CogoUudo,  Hist.  Vii- 
cathan,  99-101 ,  gives  the  prophecy  at  length,  which  is  not  quite  so  clear  as  tlio 
version  whicli  he  afterward  quotes  from  Herrera.  The  latter  calls  the  priest 
Chilam  Canibal,  and  says :  '  Esta  fue  la  causa  que  preguntauan  a  Francisco  Her- 
nandez de  Cordoua,  y  a  los  suyos,  si  yuan  de  donde  nacia  el  Sol.'  Dec.  ii.  lib. 
iii.  cap.  i.     Alaman  enters  into  a  profoimd  argument  on  the  above,  and  inter- 

Srets  Chilam  Cambal  to  be  the  Cliincse  for  Saint  Thomas.  In  seeking  to  give  a 
ate  he  mistakes  the  meaning  of  a  Yucatec  ago  and  places  the  prophecy  bju'k 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era.  The  opening  lines  of  the  prophecy  read, 
'at  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  age,'  which  should  be  interpreted  '  at  the  end  of 


SIGNS  CONCERNING  QUETZALCOATL. 


103 


To  US  the  most  wonderful  part  of  it  is,  not  the 
wonders  themselves,  but  that  it  should  so  happen,  if 
indeed  it  did,  that  these  fearful  forebodings,  runnin<^ 


two  liundred  and  sixty  years. '  The  name  is  also  given  as  Cliilam  Balan  and 
Chilaa  Balain,  the  latter  part  savoring  of  the  Canaanite  tlivinity.  Hemaital, 
Jti.it.  Chi/apa,  '245-G;  Gonzalez  Duvila,  Teatro  L'cUit.,  i.  203-4.  A  priest  of 
Itzalan,  named  Patzin  Yaxun  Chan,  is  recorded  aa  liaving  urged  his  people  to 
wurship  the  true  god,  whose  word  would  soon  come  to  them;  and  tlie  high- 
priust  of  the  same  place,  Na  Hau  Pech,  prophesied  tliat  within  four  ages— a 
Yucatec  age  equals  twenty  of  our  years — news  would  be  brouglit  of  tlie  su- 
premo God,  by  men  who  must  be  received  as  guests  and  masters.  All  Kii 
Kil  Chel,  also  a  priest,  spoke  with  sorrow  of  ills  to  come  upon  the  people  from 
the  north  and  from  tlie  east.  In  the  age  following  the  date  of  his  prediction 
no  priest  would  be  found  to  explain  the  will  of  their  idols.  Another  temple 
guardian  announced  that  in  the  last  ago  idolatry  would  cea.se,  and  the  world 
Mould  be  purilied  by  lire.  Happy  he  M'ho  repented !  Coijolludo,  /lint.  Yum- 
tita.i,  O'-Hil.  Several  prophecies  therein  quoted  literally  are  reproduced  iu 
ViUn'jrtierre,  Hist.  Conq.  //ssa. ,  34-5,  which  also  refers  to  Itzan  predictions. 

Among  the  Mexicans,  says  Mendieta,  predictions  were  current  some  four 
gcuuralioiis  before  the  conquest  of  tlie  coming  of  bearded  men  dressed  iu 
raimiuits  of  dilferent  color,  and  with  caskets  on  their  heads.  Then  the  idols 
\V(jnul  pcri.'jli,  leaving  but  one  supreme  God;  war  would  cease,  roads  would  be 
opened,  intercourse  established,  and  the  husband  would  cherish  but  one  wife. 
llisl.  E'lci.,  180;  Torquemada,  i.  23o-0.  This  smacks  of  an  elaboration  of 
the  Quetzalcoatl  promise.  Nczahualcoyotl,  the  wise  Tezcucan  monarch,  wlio 
died  in  1472,  left  poems  in  which  chroniclers  have  discovered  vague  alhisions 
to  a  coming  race.  The  reader  may,  jjerhaps,  be  e([nally  fortunate  if  he  exam- 
ine the  specimens  of  his  poems  given  in  Native  liacen,  ii.  404-7.  His  son 
\e/.ahualpilli,  equally  celebrated  as  a  just  king  and  a  philosopher,  versed  i.'i 
tlie  occnit  arts,  revealed  to  Montezuma  tliat,  acconling  to  his  astrologio 
iuvi'stigations,  their  towns  would  within  a  few  yeans  be  destroyed  and  their 
\assals  decimated.  This,  he  added,  would  soon  bo  verified  by  celestial  sign.s 
and  other  phenomena.  Dttran,  Hist.  I  nil.,  MS.,  ii.  2.>4-7.  The  precursor  of 
these  harbingers  of  evil  apiiears  to  have  been  the  famine  of  I.jOo,  -which 
compelled  many  a  parent  to  sell  his  children  for  the  means  to  obtain  food, 
while  others  lined  the  road-side  with  their  famished  bodies.  The  cessation  of 
smoke  from  the  volcano  Popocatepetl,  for  twenty  days,  was  a  feature  seized 
upon  by  the  diviners  as  a  sign  of  relief;  and  triie  enough,  in  the  following 
year,  the  suffering  people  were  cheered  with  an  abundant  harvest.  Soon 
again  their  fears  were  roused  by  an  eclipse  and  an  earth(juake,  in  the  very 
inaugural  year  of  the  new  cycle,  loO?,  and  by  the  drowning  of  1800  soldiers 
during  the  .Mi/tec  campaign.  Almost  every  succeeding  year  confirmed  their 
apprehensions  l)y  one  or  more  signs  or  occurrences  of  an  ominous  nature.  One 
of  the  most  alarming  was  the  appearance,  in  Ijroad  ilny,  of  a  comet  with  thnas 
lieads,  whicli  darted  across  the  sky,  eastward,  with  such  speed  that  the  tails 
seemed  to  scatter  sparks.     '  Salieron  eometas  del  cielo  de  tres  en  tres  ....  paro- 

eian echando  de  si  l)rasas  de  fuego  .  .  .  .  y  llevaban  grandes  y  largas  colas. ' 

Mrndi'ta,  Hist.  Eclis.,  170.  '  Cay;)  una  cometa,  parecian  tres  estrellas.'  Saha- 
ijiDi,  Hi.ft.  ('onij.,  i.  4;  Native  J\'a-(.^,  v.  400.  After  this,  in  l.j()7  or  l.")l(),  .'i 
pyramidal  light,  which  scatterea  sparks  on  all  sides,  rose  at  midnight  from 
the  eastern  horizon  till  its  apex  reached  tlie  zenitli,  where  it  faded  at  dawn. 
This  continued  for  forty  days,  or  for  a  year,  according  to  some  .leeounts.  '  Diez 
afios  antes  quo  viniesen  los  espanoles.  .  .  .duro  por  espacio  de  un  afio  cada 
iioche.'  Saha^jitn,  Hist.  Cmir/.,  i.  3.  '  Oeho  auos  antes  do  la  venida  tie  los 
espanoles, .  . .  .y  esto  sc  vio  cuatro  anos.'  Id.,  Hi/'f.  Ocn.,  ii.  271.  It  occurred 
in  l.")09,  and  lasted  over  forty  days.  Colev  Tc't.  lii'.m.,  in  Kin<js'ioroujlis  Mi'x. 
An'i'i.,\.  154;  vi.  144.     The  interpreter  of  the  Codex  enters  into  a  lengthy 


ii^i    ! 


IM 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


back  for  i^oncratioiis,  should  all  converge  toward  the 
coming  of  the  brethren  of  Quetzalcoatl  at  the  very 
time  the  Spaniards  appeared,  and  that  the  latter  should 


i 


I 


argument  to  prove  it  a  volcanic  eruption,  one  of  his  points  being  that  the  orig- 
inal piotnie- writing  places  the  light  as  appearing  l)chinil,  or  from,  the  mountains 
cast  iif  tlie  city,  in  lolO,  Jxtlilxochitl,  llist.  Cliich.,  27S,  or  year  live,  toxtli. 
I'dilfx  <'/iiiiinlpopo'-(i,  Ms.;  Camanjn,  Hist.  Tlax.,  1.S9.  Torqnemada,  who 
hud  no  otliur  authority  for  the  preceding  comet  than  Herrcra,  consider  d 
tliat  l)y  the  comet  was  meant  this  light,  i.  "234.  Humboldt  suggests  that 
the  ticry  pyramid  m.iy  have  been  a  zodiacal  light.  Astrologers  announced 
tiiat  it  jM)rtcn<led  wars,  famine,  pestilence,  mortality  among  the  lords,  every 
imaginable  ill,  in  fact,  and  causing  one  general  cry  of  fear  and  lament. 
Montezuma  himself  Mas  so  troubled  that  he  applied  for  advice  to  Nezahual- 
pilli,  although  they  had  not  Ix-en  on  speaking  terms  for  some  time.  This 
royal  astrologer  showed  his  apprehcn.sions  by  ordering  all  campaigns  then 
upon  his  hands  to  Ix;  suspended,  and  announced  to  his  confrere  that  the 
disasters  in  .store  would  be  brought  upon  the  empire  by  a  strange  race. 
Montezuma  expressed  his  disbelief,  and  proposed  a  game  of  tlarhlli  to  de- 
cide the  interpretation.  As  if  resigned  to  the  fate  predicted  for  himself, 
and  desirous  of  showing  how  little  he  appreciated  wealth  and  power,  Neza,- 
hualpilli  is  sjiid  to  have  staked  on  the  result  his  kingdom  against  three  turkey- 
cocks.  The  wager  was  not  so  hazanlous,  however,  as  it  seemed,  for  the  king 
of  TezcTico  was  a  good  player.  After  allowing  Montezuma  to  win  the  first  two 
jM)ints,  and  raising  high  his  hopes,  he  stopped  his  exultation  by  scoring  the  re-t 
for  hiir.self.  Still  doubtful,  Montezuma  called  on  an  astrologer  famous  for 
his  many  true  announcements,  only  to  receive  confirmation  of  Xezahualpilli'.s 
utterance,  whcreuiwn  the  irate  monarch  caused  the  house  to  be  pulled  down 
over  the  (liviner,  who  perished  in  the  mins.  IxtlUxochitl,  Hist.  Chich. ,  278-9 ; 
I'fi/firt,  llist.  A  lit.  Mrj.,  iii.  34,V7.  Clavigero,  who  connects  the  game  with  a 
comet,  is  quite  earnest  in  asserting  his  belief  in  traditions  and  presages  of  the 
coming  of  Spaniards,  .as  attested  by  native  paintings  and  by  witnesses  of 
high  standing.  '  Sc  il  Demonio  pronosticava  le  futura  calamiti'i  per  ingannar 
que  'miserabili  Popoli,  il  pietosissimo  Dio  le  annunziava  per  disporre  i  loro 
spiriti  al  Vangelo.'  StoriaMess.,i.  288-9.  According  to  Duran,  the  summon- 
ing of  Nezahualpilli  was  due  to  a  comet  with  an  enormoiis  tail,  which  burst 
upon  the  view  of  a  temple-watcher  as  it  rose  in  the  east  and  settled  above  the 
city.  Montezuma,  who  had  been  roused  to  witness  the  phenomenon,  called 
on  his  sorcerers  for  an  explanation,  and  on  finding  that  they  had  seen 
nothing,  had  them  punished  for  their  sloth.  The  wise  Tezcucan  then  came  and 
presaged  dire  calamities,  which  would  also  afflict  himself.  He  was  resigned, 
and  would  retire  to  await  death.  This  was  to  be  the  last  interview  between 
the  two  kings.  Hist.  lint. ,  MS. ,  ii.  274-85.  Torquemada  compares  the  comet  to 
that  which,  according  to  .Josephus,  lib.  vii.  cap.  xii. ,  presaged  the  entry  of  Titus 
i'lto  Judea.  When  Xezahualpilli  returned  to  his  palace,  a  hare  ran  into  the 
halls,  pursued  by  eager  domestics,  but  ho  bade  thetn  to  leave  it,  sfiying  that 
even  po  would  a  strange  people  enter  into  Aniihuac  without  resistance.  Torijue- 
maiJn.  i.  211-12.  214.  Rcmal  Diaz  speaks  of  a  round  sign  in  the  eastern  sky,  of 
a  reddish  green,  to  which  was  attached  a  streak  extending  eastward.  The  con- 
sequent predictions  of  war  and  pestilence  he  finds  fulfdlod  in  the  campaign  of 
Cortes,  and  in  the  smallpox  epidemic  introduced  by  Narvaez.  Hist.  Verdad. 
(Paris  ed.  1S.'17),  iv.  4G0-1.  Among  the  accounts  of  celestial  signs  which 
may  be  based  on  the  jireceding  is  one  by  Camargo,  describing  a  brightness  ob- 
served in  the  cast  by  the  Tlascaltecs,  three  hours  before  dawn,  accompanied  by 
a  whirlwind  of  ilust  from  the  summit  of  Mount  Matlalcuejo.  Remcsal  refers 
]irol)ably  to  the  .same  whirlwind  under  the  guise  of  a  white  cloud,  like  a  jnllar, 
v.hicli  often  appeared  in  the  east  before  sunrise,  and  afterward  descended  ujion 
the  cross  erected  in  Tlascala  by  the  Spaniards.     The  natives  accepted  this 


PORTENTS  AXD  PROPHECIES. 


lOS 


lie  in  so  many  respects  as  tlic  good  gods  tlieniselves 
wore  to  have  been.  The  prophecies  of  Isaiali  are 
iliiii  indeed  and  unfathomable  as  compared  with  these. 


ns  an  intimation  that  the  ncw-comcra  were  heaven's  chosen  jks  ii>le,  and 
nai'ivt'il  the  cross,  ll'iitt.  <'/ij/u]>a,  ',i04;  Caminyo,  Hint.  Tlax.,  140.  (inmara 
iijifPLars  to  connect  tliia  eastern  light  with  a  thick  smoke  and  with  the 
tiny  jiyi'amid,  whicli  were  followed  l)y  a  battle  in  the  sky  Wtween  hodies 
(if  iirmed  men,  attended  with  great  .slaughter.  Some  of  the  courtiers  sur- 
rounding Montezuma  while  he  observed  tliis  phenomenon,  jiointed  out  that 
the  arms  and  dre-ss  of  the  victorious  faction  resembled  tliose  in  tlie  chest 
uliich  had  been  washed  up  on  the  coast.  Ho  declared  his  conviction, 
lin\vt.vi'r,  that  they  must  be  relics  of  his  divine  ancestors,  not  of  mortal  beings 
V  liii  fell  on  a  battle-field,  as  these  forms  appeared  to  ilo.  }Ic  proposed,  as  a 
test,  that  they  should  break  the  divine  sword.  This  they  tried,  but  in  vain, 
mid  remained  mute  with  wonder  at  its  tlexibility  and  strength.  11  iM.  Mer.,  214; 
Jli'iirni,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  ix.  Mendietii  places  this  sign  in  151 1.  J/M.  EcIpk., 
17!).  The  hist  celestial  sign,  as  descrilxjd  by  Mendicta,  is  a  large,  brilliant 
I'imiet,  which  appeared  the  very  year  of  tiie  Spaniards'  arrival,  and  remained 
i;nin()vable  in  tiie  air  for  several  days.  Hist.  Edm.,  ISO.  Before  Neaihualpilli 
icturncd  to  his  capital,  after  interpreting  the  tiery  signs,  he  was  feasted  by 
Mciiitezuma,  and  the  two  monarchs  thereupon  retired  to  tiie  diviners'  chanil)er 
to  searcli  into  the  legends  of  their  forefathers  for  further  light  upon  the  omens. 
Froiii  this  circumstance  gre\v  the  story  that  the  twain  had  made  a  journey  to 
the  ancient  home  of  their  race.  NeziUuialpilli,  being  a  conjurer,  took  Monte- 
zuma through  the  air  to  the  Seven  Caves,  where  tiiey  conversed  with  the 
bntliren  of  their  ancestors.  On  learning  that  the  first  named  was  a  descend- 
ant of  the  great  Chichiniecatl  Xolotl,  he  was  ottered  the  government  of  this 
region,  but  declined,  promising,  however,  to  return  at  a  later  date.  Tonptf- 
vniild,  i.  '21'2-13.  Duran  ajiplies  to  the  reign  of  Montezuma  I.  a  similar  story, 
whicli  is  more  appropriate  to  the  present  subject.  Eager  to  acijnaint  his 
ancestors  with  the  glorious  achievements  of  their  progeny,  and  to  learn  some- 
tiiing  of  the  old  home,  this  monarch  sent  a  force  of  sixty  sorcerers  on  a  mission 
to  Chicomoztoc,  with  numerous  presents  for  Coatlicue,  the  mother  of  the  di- 
vine Huitzilopochtli.  Transforming  themselves  into  animals,  they  reachetl 
tlie  sacred  region  occupied  by  some  Aztecs  whom  the  god  had  left  behin<l 
when  he  set  out  on  his  career  of  conquest.  These  veneralile  settlers  were  not 
a  little  surprised  to  behold  in  the  etl'cminate  and  ephemeral  specimens  before 
them  the  descendants  of  that  doughty  leader  and  of  his  companions.  On  reach- 
ing the  abode  of  the  divine  mother,  the  sorcerers  found  an  old  woman  sorrow- 
ing over  her  lost  son.  The  news  of  his  glorious  fate  roused  her  interest,  and 
she  was  induced  to  reveal  several  prophecies  by  her  son,  among  them  one 
concerning  the  coming  of  a  strange  people  to  wrest  the  land  from  the  Mexicans. 
The  messengers  were  dismissed  with  presents  of  food  and  clothing,  and  re- 
turned to  their  master  with  twenty  of  their  number  missing.  Hist.  Iiid. ,  MS. , 
i.  4(i7-SG.  Additional  facts  may  be  found  in  Native  llarp.i,  v.  4'_'"2-4,  etc. 
Another  visit  to  the  spirit  world  is  attributed  to  Papantzin,  sister  of  Moiitezunia, 
II.,  wlio,  shortly  after  his  accession,  liad  married  the  lord  of  Tlatehilco.  Ho 
siion  died,  and  after  ruling  for  a  few  years  she,  in  loOJ),  foUowed  him  to  the 
grave.  She  was  buried  with  great  pomp  in  her  garden,  in  a  vault  closed  by 
a  ilag-stone.  The  next  morning  she  was  discovered  sitting  on  the  steps  of  the 
bath  adjoining  the  vault.  Her  niece,  a  child  of  five  or  six  yearn,  was  the 
first  to  notice  lier.  Too  young  to  understand  what  would  frighten  ohlcr 
heads,  she  fearlessly  approached  the  resurrected  woman,  and  was  told  to 
'•all  Tapantzin's  mayordoma.  This  old  dame,  on  receiving  thn  summons, 
tlioUL'lit  it  a  child's  prank,  and  would  not  stir,  but  at  last  siie  yielded,  and 
on  seeing  the  fonn  of  her  late  mistress,  swooned  with  fear.  Others  proved 
more  courageous,  and  carried  her  into  the  house.     I'apantzin  now  enjoined 


i 


100 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


To  what  end  arc  signs  that  cannot  be  interpreted  until 
after  the  occurrence,  as  is  generally  the  case,  when 
their  interpretation  is  not  needed,  sages  do  not  say. 

silcncu,  atul  wislied  to  call  Monteziima,  l)ut  no  one  daring  to  appear  before 
the  cruel  imd  superstitiuii.s  inoiiurch,  Ne/iilniul])illi  wiis  suinniuned,  and  ho 
broujjht  the  hrothtT  with  him  to  her  dwelling,  together  with  several  attend- 
anta.  To  theni  she  ndated  that,  on  being  released  from  her  earthly  bunds, 
slie  had  entered  a  boundless  plain,  upon  a  roud  whiclk  soon  divided  into 
several  branches.  On  one  side  was  a  fiercely  running  stream,  which  sho 
attempted  to  cross,  but  was  motioned  back  by  a  youth  of  line  stature, 
dressed  in  a  loose  robe  of  daxzling  whiteness.  His  face,  bright  as  a  star, 
was  of  fair  complexion,  the  eyes  grey,  and  the  forehead  marked  with  a  crosi. 
Taking  her  by  the  hand,  ho  led  her  up  the  valley  jmst  heaps  of  dead  men's 
bones,  from  many  of  wiiicli  rose  the  sound  of  lament.  Sho  also  ob-^erved  a 
number  of  black  pei-sons,  with  lionis  and  deer  legs,  building  a  house.  As  the 
BUn  rose,  large  vessels  could  be  seen  ascending  tiie  river,  bearing  white  and 
bi-arded  men  in  stnmge  attire,  with  shining  Ikukl  gear,  and  standard  borno 
aloft.  They  were  chihlren  of  the  sun.  The  youth,  in  pointing  them  out,  said 
that  (lod  did  not  yet  wish  her  to  pass  the  river,  which  could  never  bo  recrossed, 
but  to  wait  und  bear  testimony  to  the  faith  coming  with  these  men,  who  were 
destined  to  wage  givnt  wars  with  her  people  and  become  their  masters.  Tiio 
lamenting  bones  were  hei'  forefathers  — '  who  had  not  recnved  the  faith,'  is  the 
uncharitable  tcnn  iised  by  Torquemada  — suHoring  for  their  evil  deeds,  and 
the  house  building  was  to  hold  the  bones  of  those  slain  in  battle  bj-  the  fair- 
faced  crews.  She  must  return  to  earth,  await  these  men,  and  guide  her  people 
to  baptism.  On  being  restored  to  her  senses  from  the  death  or  trance,  what- 
ever her  listeners  chose  to  term  it,  she  removed  the  stone  from  the  vault  and 
returned  to  her  chamber.  Many  of  those  present  sneered  at  the  story  as  orig- 
inating in  the  brain  of  a  sick  woman,  but  Montezuma  was  more  deeply  moveil 
than  lie  cared  to  sliow.  He  never  again  saw  his  sister,  who  lived  a  retired 
life  till  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards.  Sho  then  came  foi'ward,  the  first  woman 
in  Tlatelidco  to  receive  baptism,  and  under  the  name  of  Maria  Papuutziii 
rendered  good  aiil  in  the  missionary  cause.  This  account,  says  Torqucmada, 
has  been  tiikeu  from  old  native  paintings,  translated  and  sent  to  Spain,  and 
was  regarded  as  strictly  true  among  the  natives,  L'.ipantzin  being  well  known 
in  the  town.  '  Ksta  Senora  era  del  numero  do  los  IVedestinados,' i.  •JliS-'.). 
Ixtlil.Nochitl,  strangely  enough,  does  not  refer  to  the  resurrection.  Acconling  to 
him,  the  mother  of  Ixtlil.xoehitl,  king  of  Tezcuco,  was  the  first  woman  bap- 
tized, and  this  under  compulsion  from  her  husband.  She  received  the  nnino 
of  Maria.  After  her  came  Papantzin,  now  wife  of  this  king,  who  was  nanu'd 
Beatriz.  Cortt'-s  stood  godfather  to  both.  Sahagun  refers  briefly  to  the  resur- 
rection of  a  wonuvn  of  Tcnochtitlan,  who  issued,  four  days  after  her  death, 
from  the  garden  \'ault  where  sho  had  been  dejrosited.  Appearing  before  Mon- 
tezuma, she  announced  that  with  him  would  cease  the  Mexican  empire,  for 
other  people  were  coming  to  rule  and  settle.  This  woman  lived  twenty-one 
years  after  this,  and  l)ore  another  child.  Hist.  Ocii.,  ii.  270-1.  At  this  rate 
she  nnist  have  been  alive  when  Sahagun  arrived  in  the  country;  yet  he  fails 
to  speak  of  her  as  a  princess,  l^oturini  applies  the  story  to  a  sister  of  King 
Caltzoutzin,  of  Miohoacan,  who  died  at  the  time  the  Spaniards  were  besieging 
Mexico,  anil  rose  within  four  days  to  warn  her  brother  not  to  listen  to  tlio 
Mexican  overtures  for  an  alliiince  against  the  M'hitc  invaders.  The  new-comers, 
she  said,  were  destined  by  heaven  to  rule  the  land,  and  a  testimony  hereof 
would  appear  on  the  principal  feast-day  in  the  form  of  a  youth,  who,  rising 
in  the  eastern  sky,  with  a  light  in  one  hand  and  a  sword  in  the  other,  woidd 
elide  over  the  city  and  disappear  in  the  west.  This  sign  .appearing,  the  king 
aid  as  she  bade  him,  rejected  the  Mexican  advances,  and  received  the  Span- 
iards in  peace.  CaUiloijo,  "27-8.    Clavigero  censures  Boturiui's  work,  in  this 


THE  SPANIARDS  THE  FAIR  GODS. 


m 


But  in  this  instance  tlio  tostiinony  is  jilnindiint  and 
explicit  that  many  of  these  i)r<)digies  were  at  the  time 
received,  not  only  by  Montezuma  and  his  people,  but 


connection,  as  full  of  fables,  and  this  after  solemnly  obscn'ing  that  tlie  Pupnnt- 
7111  incident  'fii  pubblicu,  o  strcpitosu,  acadiito  in  presenza  ai  diiu  Ke,  e  liella 
Nobilta  Messicana.  Trovossi  altresi  rapprenentatu  in  alcune  dipinturo  di 
(jiicllc  Nazioni,  o  se  no  niandi!)  alia  Cortc  di  Spagna  un  attestatu  giuiidico. ' 
tSiuria,  Mess.,  i.  280-0'J.  He  places  the  tuiptiaiu  uf  Tapantzin  in  I.VJt.  Viijiht, 
JliM.  Ant.  M^j.,  iii.  34S-5'2;  I'rlancvrt,  Tiatro  Me.r.,  pt.  iii.  l'Jj-(i.  'l'or(|iieniuila 
pivcs  tlio  story  of  what  occurred  in  the  8i)irit  land  in  her  own  words;  so  clues 
(  liivigcro,  though  ho  differs  slightly.  See  also  his  Knglisii  translation  by 
I'liUcn.  As  if  in  contirmution  of  her  story,  onunous  signs  l)ecanie  more  numerous 
tliiui  ever.  The  big  lake  of  Mexico  began  to  boil  and  foam  without  apparent 
cause,  tho  water  rising  high  within  the  city  and  creating  great  damage.  Tlio 
ilutc  generally  accepted  for  this  occurrence  is  l.W.J,  but  Slendieta,  Hixf  K'-I,n., 
ITS,  .siiys  UIK).  Iho  lake,  liko  tho  sky,  was  connected  with  more  tlian  ono 
mysterious  occurrence.  A  troop  of  Huatuscan  conjurers  arrived  shortly  after 
this  in  the  imperial  city  to  exhibit  tricks,  in  one  of  whicli  tliey  cut  oil'  tlieir 
liuiids  and  feet,  disclosing  bleeding  stumps,  and  tlien  replaced  tlie  members. 
Ill  order  to  test  whether  this  was  an  illusion  or  not,  the  emperor  ordered  tho 
scvureil  mcmbcra  to  bo  thrown  into  boiling  water  before  thoy  wore  retiiriieil  to 
the  pcrfonuers.  This  unwarranted  curiosity  stirred  tiie  magicians  to  tlie  very 
core,  and  before  retiring  they  predicted  that  tlie  lake  would  bo  tinged  with 
bliiod,  and  that  their  avengers  would  8(X)n  appear  in  a  strange  people,  tlie  con- 
queror.^ of  the  empire.  Not  long  after,  Montezuma  noticed  streaks  of  bliMxl 
in  tlie  lake,  mingled  with  a  number  of  iiuman  heads  niid  limbs.  He  called 
others  to  witness  tlio  siglit,  but  none  save  himself  could  sec  it.  Sending  to 
tlie  injured  conjurers  for  an  explanation,  they  replied  that  the  vision  denoted 
gri'at  and  bloody  battles  to  bo  waged  in  tho  city  by  the  strange  people. 
Jl>  iirrii,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  ix.  Aliout  the  same  time  .some  fishermen  caught 
a  grey  bird,  like  a  crane,  with  a  round  comb  or  diadem,  resembling  a  mirror. 
On  being  brought  before  Montezuma,  ho  was  8tartle<l  by  seeing  reflected  in 
this  mirror  tho  heavenly  bodies,  although  none  appeared  in  the  sky,  for  it  was 
yet  dayliglit.  Tho  next  moment  tho  stars  had  vanished,  and  in  their  place 
Mere  seen  beings,  half  man  and  iialf  deer,  who  moveil  about  in  battle  arriiy. 
])iviiicis  were  called  to  give  their  explanation,  but  when  tliey  came  the  binl 
hull  disappeared.  Torquemada  appears  to  date  this  as  early  iw  l.')Oi'>,  i.  '2',i't. 
('iimnnjo,  Hid.  Tlnxc,  13S)-10.  Another  great  bird  is  referred  to,  with  a  iiiiiiian 
head,  which  soared  above  tho  lake  uttering  the  jirediction  that  speedily  would 
come  the  new  rulers  of  tho  empire.  Other  monsters  were  found  in  the  shaiK) 
of  double-bodied  and  double-headed  men,  wiiich  dissolved  in  the  air  sliurtly 
after  liciiig  brought  to  the  sorcerers',  or  black  iiall,  of  Montezuma.  \  liiirril)!o 
aniiiial  was  caught  near  Tecualoia.  Torqmmnild,  i.  "21  I.  During  all  the  years 
of  these  signs  could  bo  heard,  at  frequent  intervals,  a  female  voice  lamenting, 
'Oh,  my  children,  all  is  lost  to  us  I  My  chiltlrcn,  wiiither  will  you  be  taken?' 
Jil.,  'JI4,  '21)3.  A  similar  voice  was  heard  before  the  fallof  .lerusalem.  ./ns' ji/in-i, 
lib.  vii.  cap.  xii. ;  Mendieta,  Hist.  tJcl'-.i.,  180;  Wi'i/tin,  Hint.  An/.  Mcj.,  iii.  I5.'>.S ; 
iS'ili'Kjitn,  Hist.  Gen.,  i.  3.  In  lolO  the  imperial  city  wa.s  startled,  one  dear, 
quiet  night,  by  a  fir«»,  which,  bursting  from  the  heart  of  the  timbers  in  the 
temple  of  Huitzilopochtli,  burned  all  the  fiercer  under  the  etlbrts  made  to 
((uciich  it.  A  procui-sor  of  this  had  been  the  fall  of  a  stone  column  close  to 
the  templo,  coining  no  ono  knew  whence.  'El  chaititel  de  un  Cii  de 
\'itzilopuchtli,  quo  se  llaniaba  Tlacoteca,  se  encemliiS. '  S'lhrninu,  Hi'^t.  <'i»i'i., 
i.  ;i  4.  Shortly  after,  the  temple  of  the  tire  j^od  Xiuhtecutli,  at  Zocomolco, 
was  stricken  by  lightning  and  burned.  This  occurred  without  the  usual 
accompaniment  of  thunder,  and  with  but  a  sprinkle  of  rain ;  many  regarded 
it  as  done  by  a  sunbeam,  and  conseiiuently  as  particularly  ominous.     '  Loa 


108 


WHAT  MONTKZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


by  the  Ht'i^lihoriiiLf  nations,  as  the  distinct  annonnco- 
mont  of  the  coming'  of  the  jl^ocIs,  who  did  in  jjfood 
truth  appear  at  the  proptir  time  in  the  person  of  the 
Spaniards.  And  what  should  be  tlieir  doom,  those 
stupid  and  profane  men  of  Potonehan  and  Tabasco, 
who  had  raised  their  hands  against  these  heavenly 
messeni^ersl 

W(!  art!  fui'ther  assured  that,  prior  to  the  arrival  of 
any  Spaniard, some  ot  the  subjected  [)rovinces  assumed 
an  air  of  inde[)endence,  encouraged  by  the  fear  which 
these  o(.'currences  produced  on  the  Aztecs,  against 
wliom  tliey  were  regarded  as  especially  directed. 
Cuotlachtlan  sorcerers  having  in  their  divining-pits 
conjured  up  visions  of  ^Ie\icans  acting  as  aljject 
carriers  to  armed  bearded  men  astride  giant  deei-, 
this  people  became  in  toll  so  insolent  as  to  refuse 
the  customary  tribute,  and  even  to  murder  the  Aztcvj 
officials  sent  to  collect  it.  And  so  involved  was 
Montezuma  in  divers  troubles  that  he  was  unable  to 
resent  the  outrage. 

The  thought  occurred  to  the  Mexican  monarch  that 
perhaps  the  threatened  evils  might  lie  averted  by  pro- 
pitiating the  gods  with  greater  sacrifices.  For  this  the 
several  campaigns  then  waged  or  concluded  promised 
an  abundance  of  victims;  and  to  make  the  holocaust 
still  more  imposing,  it  was  resolv<;d  to  consecrate  at 
the  same  time  a  new  sacrificial  stone.  After  diligent 
search  a  suitable  stone  was  (aund  at  Tonanitlan,  near 
Coyohuacan.  The  scul)>t(.r;  having  finished  their 
work,  and  the  priests  theirs,  with  loud  hosannas  it 
was  rolled  along  toward  the  imperial  city.  While 
crossing  the  Xolco  canal  the  brid<»;e  broke,  and  the 
stone  sank  beneath  the  water,  dragging  down  the  hii^li- 
]ii-iest  and  his  attendants,  "who  went  to  hell  quicker 
than  the  stone,"  comments  the  pious  Torquemada. 

Iiulios  (lecian . .  . .  el  Sol  ha  quemailo  esto  Templo;  porquo  ni  hemos  visto 
llel.inipago,  ni  hemos  oido  Tniciio. '  Toniuemcuin,  i.  *214,  'ilU.  Believing,  or 
preteiiding  to  believe,  the  eity  attiickud  by  cnetnics.  the  Tlatelulcfina  ruslu'd 
to  arms,  for  which  excess  of  ze.al  they  were  punished  by  a  suspension  of  all 
their  townsmen  who  held  positions  at  court.  N'.Uicu  Races,  v.  401-07. 


PAINFUL  SUSPENSE. 


loa 


Th(^  stniio,  liowcvcr,  was  rccovored,  and  consecrated 
till  tlie  summit  of  the  great  temple,  in  1.^)12,  with  the 
l)l(t()(l  of  over  twelve  tliousand  captive^.* 

And  now  Montezuma  almost  wishes  the  calamities 
]\r  fears  were  already  upon  him,  so  full  of  dread  and 
(lire  oppression  is  he.  Priests,  chiefs  of  wards,  and 
other  officials,  says  Tezozomoc,  are  conmianded  to 
nseertain  and  impart  all  dreams  and  strange  occur- 
rences relating  to  a  coming  people  or  to  the  throne. 
Wise  and  politic  as  ho  is,  ho  does  not  seem  to  know 
lliat  this  IS  only  placing  himself  and  his  malady  at 
the  mercy  of  the  masses.  Who  could  not  conjure 
up  visions  under  such  a  summons?  Some  old  men 
iinniodiately  come  forward  with  a  dream,  wherein 
lluitzilopochtli's  imago  is  overthrown  and  his  temple 
hurned  to  the  ground,  leaving  no  vestige.     Certain 

*  Torquemada  assuiiica  that  tlio  r2,'210  victims  comprised  also  those  ofTcrod 
at  tlic  consecration  of  two  new  tenipk-s,  Tlamatzinco  and  Qtiuuhxieiilli. 
Set)  yntire  llaces,  v.  471.  Tezozomoc  relates  that  the  laliorers,  after  striviiit; 
ill  ..ill  to  movo  th<i  stone  from  its  original  site,  heard  it  utter,  in  a  miitllud 
voicn,  '  Your  eftbrts  are  in  vain ;  1  enter  not  into  Mexico. '  Tho  incident  finds 
a  ])arullel  in  tho  vain  ell'ort  of  Tarquin  to  remove  certain  statues  of  the  gods, 
to  nmke  room  for  Jupiter's  temple,  and  in  the  firm  adherence  of  ApolloH 
li'iid  to  the  ground,  sliortly  before  the  death  of  the  Roman  ruler.  But 
iccovering  from  their  alarm,  they  tried  again,  and  now  the  stone  moved 
almost  of  its  own  accord.  Another  iialt  is  made,  a  second  oracle  delivered, 
uiid  finally  tho  stono  reaches  tho  bridge,  where  it  disappears  into  the  water. 
Amiil  tho  invocation  of  priests,  divers  descend  in  search,  only  to  como  bade 
with  the  report  that  no  vestige  of  it  is  to  be  found;  but  there  is  a  fathomless  pit 
cxtondiiig  toward  Chalco.  While  diviners  arc  cudgelling  their  brains  for  clues, 
ill  coiiics  a  messenger  to  announce  that  tho  stone,  like  tho  Penates  of  ^-Eneas, 
li.'id  returniHl  to  its  original  site,  arrayed  in  all  tho  sacrificial  ornaments. 
Ohsorving  in  this  occurrence  tho  divino  will,  Montezuma  let  tho  stone  remain, 
and  recognizing  at  the  same  time  a  menace  to  himself,  perhaps  of  speedy 
death,  he  ordered  liis  statue  to  bo  at  onco  sculptured  by  tho  sitto  of  his  prc- 
dcfcssors,  on  the  rocky  face  of  Chapultepec  Hill.  Tezozomoc  describes  tho 
stiitue.  Ilht.  Mfx.,i\.2(A-l.  Duran,  JJint.  Iiid.,^lS.,n.  Sl'i-2T.  Claviijern, 
Slorid  Mess.,  i.  292-3.  Among  tho  troubles  which  after  this  fell  upon  tho 
(loomed  people  arc  mentioned:  An  earthquake  in  1513.  Codex.  Tel.  lii'in.,  in 
KiiiiiihoroiKjh'a  Mex.  Aiitii/.,  y.  134.  A  locust  jdague.  'Vioronse  gran  cant i- 
(lad  do  mariposas,  y  langostas,  quo  passauan  »lo  buelo  hizia  el  Oocidentc.' 
Jlerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  ix.  A  deluge  in  Tuzapan,  and  a,  fall  of  snow 
M-liich  ovei ".helmed  tho  army  en  route  for  Amatlan.  While  crossing  tho 
mountains,  rocks  and  trees  came  tumbling  down  upon  them,  killing  a  large 
number,  Avhile  others  froze  to  death.  Ixtlilxochitl  places  this  in  1514. 
Otiiers  say  1510.  During  the  Soconusco  campaign,  see  Amative  Hares,  v.  472, 
the  ground  opened  near  Mexico,  and  threw  up  water  and  fish.  Tho  Indians 
interpreted  this  to  signify  a  victory,  but  the  lord  of  Culhuacan  intimated, 
with  a  shake  of  the  liead,  that  one  force  expelled  another,  whereat  Monte- 
zuma's delight  somewhat  abated.  'Quando  prendio  Cortes  a  entrambos,  so 
accordo  (.Montezuma)  muy  bien  do  aquellas  palabras. '  JJerrera,  iibi  sup. 


u  ■ 


ii  I 


1'^  :i 


:  %'^^ 


t  wi ' 


lie 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THvjUGHT  OF  IT. 


hags  next  appear  with  a  dream  of  a  furious  stream, 
which  has  swept  away  the  palace  and  temple,  forcing 
the  lords  to  flee  the  city. 

This  will  not  do.  Away  with  such  trumpery  t  And 
so  tlie  terrified  monarch  hurls  the  evil  dreamers  into 
prison,  and  leaves  them  there  to  die  of  starvation, 
while  he  orders  on  new  ones  in  the  persons  of  the 
priests  and  men  of  circumspection.  But  softly  now. 
These  wise  ones  deem  it  prudent  not  to  dream  at  all, 
which  course  only  adds  suspicion  to  the  hot  anger  of 
Montezuma.  Next  he  calls  on  all  astrologers^  sorcer- 
ers, and  diviners  in  the  empire  to  dream,  to  cause 
others  to  dream,  and  to  declare  their  dreams;  to  de- 
clare the  secrets  of  the  starry  realms,  and  all  things 
pertinent  on  and  in  this  earth.  Neither  will  these  ply 
their  avocation  during  such  troublous  times.  Down 
with  them,  then,  to  the  lowest  depths  I  In  prison, 
however,  they  do  understand  that  the  planets  and  ter- 
restrial phenomena  combine  to  foreshadow  extraordi- 
nary occurrences,  whether  for  good  or  evil  the  emperor 
will  soon  enough  know.  "Force  them  to  tell;  burn 
them  else,"  are  the  next  instructions.  But  the  mes- 
sengers find  the  prison,  though  guarded,  empty.  The 
unhappy  monarch  sends  to  their  respective  towns  and 
dcmolish^°  their  houses,  but  these  agents  of  oftendcd 
heaven  are  never  seen  again." 

^  Meanwhile  it  came  to  pass  that  un  eagle  swooped  down  upon  a  i>easant  at 
work  in  afield  not  far  from  Mexico,  and  seizing  him  by  the  hair  in  full  view  of 
his  neighbors,  bore  him  out  of  sight.    Landed  liigh  upon  a  mountain,  the  man 


found  himself  led  by  invisible  hands  through  n  dark  cave  into  a  hall  of  daz- 
zling splendor,  where  Montezuma  lay  as  if  asleep.  Less  favored  than  Gany- 
mede, he  was  permitted  to  see  no  other  form,  but  voices  around  explained  to 
him  that  this  was  a  representation  of  the  emperor  intoxicated  with  pride  and 
blinded  by  vanity.  Tezozomoc  writes  that  the  eagle  assumed  tho  form  of  a 
lord  and  spoke ;  but  a  superior  being  can  hardly  bo  supposed  to  have  assumed 
tho  office  of  carrying  a  low  peasant.  A  liglited  pipe  with  a  rose  was  placed  in 
his  hand,  with  orders  to  bum  a  mark  upon  tho  monarch's  leg,  and  then  pro- 
ceed to  court  and  re'ate  to  him  what  liad  occurred,  pointing  out  the  blister 
in  testimony.  Tho  gods  were  annoyed  at  his  conduct  and  rule,  which  had 
evoked  the  ills  soon  to  overthrow  him.  Let  him  amend  and  use  well  tho 
short  term  still  allotted  to  him.  The  next  moment  tho  peasant  found  himself 
borne  through  the  air  by  the  eagle,  which  enjoined  upon  him  to  obey  the  com- 
mand received.  Tho  man  did  so,  and  Montezuma,  recalling  a  dream  to  the 
same  cS'ect,  looked  and  found  a  wound,  which  now  began  to  bum  painfully. 
Throwing  the  man  into  prison  as  an  evil  sorcerer,  he  sought  his  doctors  for  re- 
lief.   'Lo  que  vio  el  labrador,  pudo  ser  que  ocontecicssc  en  vision  imaginatiua 


DIVINERS  IN  DANGER. 


Ill 


This,  and  more  of  yet  wilder  strain  continued  in  the 
note,  shows  at  least  that  prior  to  the  coming  of  the 

porquo no  es  increyble  que  Dios  por  medio  de  vn  Angel  bueno  ordenasse .... 

que  aquel  auiso  se  dicsse.'  Ilerrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  ix.  Montezuma  now 
rusolvcd  to  seek  a  refuge  where  none  of  the  tlircatcned  evils  might  reach 
iiiin.  The  place  selected  waa  Cicalco,  'house  of  tlio  rabbit,'  painted  by  the 
myths  as  an  abode  of  delight,  abounding  in  every  product,  sown  with 
flowers,  and  flowing  with  crystal  waters,  a  place  where  death  never  entered. 
Aa  a  preliminary  step  four  human  victims  were  flayed  and  their  spirits 
sent  to  Huemac,  the  ruler  of  that  region,  to  prepare  the  way  for  the  living 
messengers.  These  consisted  of  sorcerers,  accompanied  by  dwarfs  and  hunch- 
backs to  carry  the  flayed  skins  aa  presents.  Two  hunchbacks  were  sent  with 
the  skins  of  ten  flayed  men,  savs  Duran.  Entering  the  cave  leading  to  Cicalco, 
they  were  guided  by  its  guardian  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  and  presented 
themselves  before  the  Aztec  Pluto.  With  humble  reverence  they  protlcred  the 
skins  with  the  prayer  of  Montezuma  for  admission  into  that  abode  of  delight 
and  into  his  service.  Unwilling  to  make  an  exception  to  the  rule  for  admis- 
sion through  death's  portals,  Huemac  sent  the  messengers  back  with  pres- 
ents, giving  the  evasive  reply  that  their  master  should  confide  to  him  lii3  .sor- 
rows and  await  relief.  On  receiving  this  report  Montezuma  engrily  ordered 
the  men  to  be  cast  into  prison,  and  sent  other  messengers  with  fresh  s'.kiiis., 
repeating  his  request  for  admission,  yet  conforming  in  so  far  as  to  ask  for  an 
explanation  of  the  many  signs  abroad.  Huemac,  again  avoiding  t>  direct 
answer,  told  them  that  Cicalco  was  quite  a  difi'erent  place  from  what  they  uup- 
posed  it  to  be.  He  and  his  comrades  stayed  not  of  their  own  accord,  but 
were  kept  there  by  a  superior  power,  steeped  in  abject  toil  ami  misery.  This  un- 
satisfactory report  entailed  upon  the  messengers  the  same  punishment  as  Ix)- 
fore.  Two  Acolhuan  chiefs  were  now  entrusted  with  fresh  skins  and  tlic  rc([uest 
tliat  Huemac  should  at  least  explain  the  si^jus  which  threatened  the  emperor, 
if  lie  still  refused  him  admission.  Among  these  signs  is  mentioned  a  white 
cloud  rising  at  midnight  toward  the  sky.  Propitiated  by  the  hifrhcr  rank 
or  qualities  of  these  messengei-s,  or  by  the  eanicst  perseverance  of  their  mas- 
ter, Huemac  explained  that  the  sufferings  and  mcnnccs  were  the  result  of  his 
pride  and  cruelty.  Let  him  amend,  and  as  a  preliminary  task  begin  a  fast  of 
e:;^hty  dfi,y.«.  This  accomplished,  Huemac  would  meet  him  at  Tlaciitonco,  on 
the  summit  of  Chapultcpec.  Montezuma  was  so  delighted  with  this  answer 
that  he  rewarded  the  chiefs  most  liberally,  and  made  the  necef.sary  arrange- 
ments for  the  government  of  th"  empire  during  his  seclusion.  Going  at  the 
appointed  time  to  Tlachtonco.  a  'rilliant  stone  ordered  him  to  make  certain 
preparations  and  return  in  foui-  uays,  when  lie  would  be  conducted  to  Cicalco. 
This  he  did,  aitsr  enjoining  n.icrccy  upon  all  who  had  a8siste<l  ia  the  matter. 
Arrayed  i:.  a  human  skin  adorned  with  precious  stones,  gold,  and  foathora,  ho 
seated  himself  upon  a  feathered  throne,  surroun<lcd  by  l.ia  richly  dressed 
dwarf  and  hunchlMick  pages,  and  in  this  guise  awaited  Hujmac.  8oon  a  light 
iu  the  distance,  brilliant  aa  the  aun,  announced  the  p.pproach  of  the  mys- 
terious being,  and  hope  leaped  high  in  Montczumr.'s  breast.  It  stopped, 
however,  and  the  emperor  was  devoured  by  anxiety.  Suddenly  a  human 
voice  recalled  him  from  his  absorption.  It  was  that  of  the  guardian  of 
Tzoncoztli  temple,  who  related  that  Huemac,  interdicted  by  supremo  coin- 
m.i-  •  om  approaching  the  emperor,  had  commissioned  him  to  recall  his 
masww  to  duty.  His  presence  is  needed  in  Mexico  to  direct  public  afiairs 
and  to  infuse  respect  among  the  hostile  nations,  who  would  rise  the  mo- 
ment his  disappearance  liecamo  kno',\ai.  What  will  his  si'bjccts  tiiink?  Ho 
must  obey  the  divino  command,  and  remember  that  he  is  '■n.ptnit  of  the 
world.  Montezuma  yielded  reluctantly  and  reentered  his  pidacc,  taking  to  Ids 
side  the  faithful  Tzoncoztli  guardian,  and  charging  all  to  keep  the  secret. 
Tczozomoc,  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  213-27;  and  in  Kinfjahorouglia  Mi:y.  Ant.,  v.  409, 
et  scq.;  Duran,  Hist.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  323-43. 


112 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OF  IT. 


Spaniards  the  people  of  the  Mexican  valley,  and  their 
sovereign  in  particular,  were  profoundly  moved  with 
fearful  forebodings  of  calamity  of  some  kind.  And 
whether  these  forebodings  pointed  to  some  strange 
arrival  by  sea  or  other  marvel,  certain  it  is  that  they 
opened  the  door  of  this  rich  realm  to  the  invaders. 

Ever  intent  on  means  to  propitiate  the  gods,  Monte- 
zuma in  1517  hit  upon  the  idea  of  plating  the  temple 
of  Huitzilopochtli  with  gold  set  with  precious  stones 
and  feathers,  and  gave  the  order  accordingly  to  Tzom- 
pantzin,  the  minister  of  finance.  Now  Tzompanztin 
was  an  old  and  faithful  servant  of  the  government, 
blunt  withal,  and  nowise  afraid  to  die.  He  was  of 
the  ancient  chivalry,  not  wholly  in  sympathy  with 
the  present  regime,  and  did  not  hesitate  to  expos- 
tulate with  his  sovereign,  saying  that  the  people 
would  be  ruined  by  the  proposed  tax.  "Beside,"  lie 
concluded,  "Huitzilopochtli  will  not  long  be  god,  for 
those  even  now  are  coming  who  will  take  for  them- 
selves all  these  riches  and  lord  it  over  us  forever." 
That  very  night  Tzompantzin  and  his  son  were  politely 
escorted  across  the  dark  river.* 

The  following  year,  1518,  the  temple  of  Coatlan  was 
dedicated,  with  the  usual  sacrifices,  the  last  recorded 
holocaust  to  consecrate  a  heathen  temple.  For  already 
the  white-winged  vessels  of  Spain  were  at  hand,  having 
on  board  the  messengers  of  a  purer  religion,  even  it' 
it  did  not  at  once  prove  to  be  the  gospel  of  peace  to 
the  poor  Indian. 

Pinotl,  calpixque  of  Cuetlachtlan,  was  the  first  of 
]\Iontczuma's  captains,  according  to  tlie  native  record, 
to  make  observations  for  the  emperor  of  the  dreaded 
visitants.  Prompted  no  less  by  zeal  in  his  master's 
service  than  by  curiosity,  Pinotl,  with  several  attend- 
ants, armed  with  provisions  and  rich  mantles  for 
presents,  had  mingled  with  the  crowd  which  boarded 
Grljalva's  vessel,  and  had  prostrated  himself  at  the 
feet  of  the  commander  and  his  officers  as  before  kinsT-s 

^  Codex  Chimalpopoca,  in  Braaseur  de  Bourbourg,  Iliat,  XcU.  Civ, ,  iv.  3-")  -0. 


INFORMATION  CONCERNING  GRIJALVA. 


113 


or  gorlsJ  The  beads  and  other  trinkets  given  in  re- 
turn for  their  goods  they  received  as  priceless  marlis 
of  favor  from  supernatural  personages.  When  Pinotl 
explained  as  best  he  was  able  the  majesty  and  wealth 
of  his  sovereign,  Grijalva  promised  to  return  some 
(lay  and  visit  him  in  his  great  city.  Bearing  with 
theui  paintings  on  amafl,  or  maguey  paper,  of  the 
vessels  with  all  their  belongings,  and  of  the  soldiers 
and  sailors  with  their  arms,  armor,  dress,  and  atti- 
tude, down  to  their  very  swagger,  and  leaving  orders 
that  the  strangers  should  be  treated  wath  every  con- 
sideration, the  chief  men  of  the  province  set  out  by 
fa:;t  relays  to  report  the  awful  tidings  to  the  emperor.* 
Entering  the  imperial  presence  they  prostrated 
their  bodies  to  the  ground,  which  they  kissed,  declar- 
ing tliemselvcs  worthy  of  death  for  having  ventured 
unbidden  before  their  lord,  but  their  mission  permitted 
no  delay.  "For  oh!  most  dread  sovereign,"  they  ex- 
cluinied,  "we  have  seen  gods!  All  of  us  here  present 
liave  seen  their  w^ater-liouses  on  our  shores.  We 
liave  talked  with  them,  and  eaten  with  them,  and 
have  handled  them  with  our  hands;  we  have  given 
tlieni  gifts,  and  have  received  in  return  these  price- 
less tr.\a:>ures."  Then  they  showed  the  glass  beads,  a 
sp'-  iuicri  too  often  approaching  the  value  of  the  gifts 
I  H  5  >.•.,<]  by  the  strong  from  the  weak.  Montezuma 
Sdt  1  ;i:.r:c,  scarcely  heeding  the  messages  sent  him  by 
(j!tl;'d-,  I,,  *"  )iicerne.d  most  of  all  that  vassals  should 
ii(»t  witness  his  dismay.  Here  again  was  his  j)hantasy 
before  him,   like  the  shade   of  dead   Hector  before 

'  'liosiiroti  todos  las  proas  ile  las  nnos  ou  scfial  de  adoracion,  pciisaron  <\\\o 
ei'.'i  t'l  ]  Hon  (^i'et:alro(ill  qnu  Yolviii.'  Su/m'jiin,  lliit.  Vom/.,  i.  5. 

"  Acroriling  to  T''?.ozoinoc,  an  Indian,  witli  ears,  tluinil)s,  and  big  toes  cut 
olT,  ui  civcd  frona  Mictlancuanhtla  with  tlie  report  that  he  had  sei'n  a  n>;iiid 
nionntaiii  on  the  sea  moving  to  and  fro  witlioiit  approaching  tin;  shore.  Tiie 
i' ; 'iiiiiuit  was  phiced  under  guard,  and  a  cliief  wiiii  an  atten(hint  si-nt  to 
l';i'  .1  to  v«  rify  tlie  statement,  and  to  chide  lam  for  ne^'leet  to  report.  1'iiey 
aO';i  :  'tnrned  to  say  tiiat  from  a  tree  they  had  seen  two  suth  mountains  or 
tiiwi :  j'.oni  one  of  wliich  a  canoe  had  set  out  on  a  lishing  ti'ip.  The  men  on 
h-m,:  ;,Q.(l  wiiitc  faces  and  iiands,  long,  thick  beard,  long  hair,  raiments  of 
vin  ltd  ami  brilliant  colors,  and  round  iiend-eovering.  The  mutilated  Indian 
luiii,'  now  called  to  answer  further  questions,  his  ])risoii  cell  waa  found  vuuaut, 
JJiil.  J/(U'.,  ii.  '->3i»-4;  Duriin,  Hint.  Iml.,  MS.,  ii.  330-17. 
Hmt.  Max.,  Vol.  1.    8 


114 


WHAT  MONTEZUMA  THOUGHT  OP  IT. 


^ncas,  warning  him  against  hopeless  resistance  to 
the  preordained  fall  of  Troy. 

Bidding  the  men  retire  and  keep  secret  what  they 
had  seen,  Montezuma  hastily  summoned  his  privy 
council,*  King  Cacama  of  Tezcuco,  his  brother  Cuitla- 
huatzin,  lord  of  Itzapalapan,  and  laid  before  them 
the  mystery.  After  sage  consultations,  attended  by 
divinings  and  comparisons  of  signs,  prophecies,  and 
traditions,,  not  unlike  the  means  by  which  we  of  to-day 
likewise  •;  'ain  the  unknowable,  it  was  concluded 
that  this  c  lander  was  none  other  than  the  fair- 
hued  god  hu^iSelf,  who  had  returned  to  resume  the 
throne,  as  he  had  said.  Therefore  resistance  would 
bo  in  vain ;  and  the  only  proper  course  was  to  tender 
worthy  reception  and  conciliate  with  gifts.  The  chiefs 
were  sent  back  with  orders  for  the  governors  of  tlio 
coast  districts ''^  to  report  any  arrival  or  strange  occur- 
rence. Following  them  was  an  embassy  of  five  persons 
bearing  rich  presents,  with  instructions  to  bid  the  god 
welcome  in  the  name  of  the  emperor  and  of  his  court ; 
yet  they  were  to  watch  him  closely.  But  the  embassy 
was  too  late.     Grijalva  had  gone." 


®  Torquemcula,  i.  370,  names  ten  members,  while  Veytia,  Hist.  Ant.  Mij., 
iii.  .378,  says  there  were  twelve. 

'"  Particularly  at  Naiihtla,  Toztia,  Mictla,  and  Qnauhtla.  Torqiipma'li, 
i.  371);  Saliagun,  J/ist.  t'onq.,  i.  (5,  calls  the  districts  Cucxteeatl,  Naulitlaiito/t- 
laii,  and  Mictlanquactla.  Brasufur  de  Bourlioiirrj,  J  list.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  411, 
writes  more  correctly  Nauthtlan,  Tochtlan,  iindMictlan-Quauhtla. 

"  Tonjuemada,  i.  379-80,  expresses  his  disapproval  of  diomara  and  lltr- 
rera  for  following  only  Spanish  versions,  and  ignoring  the  Indian  records  i;c- 
•juired  by  himself  and  others,  including  Saliagun.  The  latter  assumes  lliat 
Moutezuniahasbcenapprisedof  Grijalva 's  aoparture  before  the  embassy  Icin  cs, 
and  this  body  is  therefore  not  sent  till  Corti's  arrives,  Uisf.  Com/.,  i.  7.  'I  i.is 
is  not  unlikely,  for  council  had  to  be  first  held  and  the  future  course  lUilc  r- 
mined,  and  messengers  were  always  on  the  way  between  the  subject  provhut  a 
ancl  the  capital,  ready  to  convey  news.  But  most  writers,  followed  by  tiio 
Native.  Jlturs,  take  the  view  presented  in  the  text.  Herrera,  di  o.  ii.  lib.  iii. 
caj).  ix.,  who  is  very  brief  on  Grijalva *8  ^■isit,  says,  M'hen  it  was  Iciinml 
that  the  Spaniards  wanted  gold,  the  governors  on  the  coast  were  ordered  to 
barter  with  it,  and  to  find  out  what  further  object  they  had  in  coiuini:. 
Ixtlilxociiitl  states  that  merchants  from  the  coast  fair  brought  the  first  luw's 
of  Grijalva  to  Mexico.  Veytia,  Hint.  Aiit.  Mrj.,  iii.  377-8,  is  brief  on  flu;  m\\)- 
ject.  Tezozomoc  describes  the  necklace,  bracelet,  and  other  jewelry  prepiiitil 
as  presents  by  four  of  the  leading  goldsmiths  and  lapidaries.  With  they  !  tlio 
chief  who  had  been  to  the  coast  to  observe  the  floating  towers  is  ordcied  to 
seek  the  white  men.  Pinotl  must  prepare  food  for  them,  and  if  they  <'.it, 
they  are  surely  Quetzalcoatl  and  his  suite.     '  But  if  they  prefer  human  llesh,' 


FURTHER  EVIDENCE. 


115 


ice  to 

t  tlicy 

privy 
Cuitla- 
;  theiu 
dcd  by 
es,  and 
'  to-day 
Licludcd 
Lie  fair- 
imc  the 
3  would 
)  tender 
le  chiefs 
s  of  the 
fQ  oceur- 
;  persons 

the  god 
is  court; 
embassy 

Ant.  ^Iij-> 

iulitlaiilo/t- 
Jlv.,  iv.  4'.), 

ra  and  Hi'i"- 
i\  fcconU  i.c- 
Issmuca  that 

uassy  U'ux  ^■'', 

,  i.  7.     'H-'^ 
jursc  cU'ti  r- 
let  ],)ioviin-'  s 
well  by  til" 
.  ii.  Ill),  iii- 
.as  k'liiii'd 
ovd'ivd  to 
in  coiiiini-'- 
e  first  lu  \V3 
ou  the  Mill- 
ry  iin'piii''' 
,th  tlu'iv'  till) 
is  ordciiMl  to 
if  they  >':'^', 
uuiaii  lU'shi 


say?  Duran,  in  his  version,  'and  wish  to  eat  you,  let  them  do  so;  I  promise 
to  look  to  the  future  of  your  children  and  relatives.'  Hist.  Ind.,  ^I.S.,  ii.  3GG- 
7.     'If  you  are  convinced  that  it  is  Quetzalcoatl, '  continued  Montezuma, 
'adorn  his  person  with  these  jewels  made  for  the  purpose,  and  say  that  I  bi-.'» 
him  liumbly  to  come  and  take  possession  of  the  throne  which  I  hold  for  him. ' 
Te'oznmor,  Hint.  Mex. ,  ii.  23G-9.     This  author  confounds  Grijalva  and  Cort6s, 
but  allows  the  jewels  and  message  to  reach  the  latter.     According  to  Uuran, 
Montezuma  tells  the  chief  to  ask  the  god  for  permission  to  finish  his  rule; 
after  his  death  he  is  welcome  to  the  throne.     'Que  me  dege  morir,  y  que  de- 
Bpiies  de  yo  muerto  venga  muy  de  norabuena,  y  tome  su  Reyno  pues  es  suyo 
y  l(j  dejo  en  guarda  u  mis  antepasados, '  ut  supra.     Acosta,  Hist.  Ind.,  508-14 
refers  briefly  to  this  subject,  and  to  the  various  omens  and  visions,  some  of 
which  he  regards  as  dreams  imparted  by  angels.     Meanwhile  fresh  messengers 
arrive  to  report  that  the  white  captain  had  spread  the  wings  of  his  floating 
mountains  and  faded  a/  ay  in  the  east.     They  bring  later  drawings  and  gifts, 
inuluding  beads,  shirts,  i ,  '">t,  some  biscuits  and  wine.     The  monarch  crunches 
the  Ijiscuits  and  .idmits  ;heKi  to  be  good,  but  the  wine,  with  its  peneti-atiug 
sweetness,  lulling  the  senses  and  calling  up  happy  visions,  this  delights  him, 
and  specimens  of  both  are  deposited  upon  the  altar  of  Quetzalcoatl  at  Tula. 
Finally,  on  seeing  tnc  glass  necklace,  he  declares  the  giver  to  be  indeed  the 
Acatl  Ynacuitl,  the  travelling  god  of  tlie  reed;  and  deeming  himself  un- 
wortliy  of  so  brilliant  an  adornment,  he  consecrates  it  to  the  gods.     The  best 
painters  are  cadeu  to  give  a  superior  representation  of  the  strange  visitors  from 
the  rude  drfiwings  brought  by  the  messengers,  and  from  their  description,  while 
tlie  okl  and  wise  men  arc  asked  for  recollections  and  ideas  which  may  throw 
light  upon  the  subject.     After  much  search  a  tradition  is  raked  up,  wherein 
a  race  is  to  come  from  the  east  mounted  on  serpents  or  masted  mountains, 
and  witli  them  a  white,  bearded  people,  astride  of  big  deers  and  eagles,  wlio 
will  land  at  Tzonapan,  and  obtain  possession  of  all  the  land.     They  are  also 
described  as  a  one-legged  people,  with  the  face  in  the  middle  of  the  body,  of 
■white  complexion  ami  with  long  beard.     In  confirmation  thereof  is  produced 
nn  old  painting,  whi'^h  agrees  with  those  depicting  the  late  arrivals.     Con- 
vinced of  the  identity.  Montezuma  orders  the  governors  of  the  coast  provinces 
to  maintain  a  close  watch  for  the  return  of  the  strangers,  so  that  he  may  re- 
ceive speedy  notice.    Tezozomoc,  Hixt.  Mex.,  ii.  241-50;  Duran,  Hist.  Ind., 
MS.,  ii.  .3.>»-92. 

Tliis  chapter  presents  but  a  faint  picture  of  the  state  of  affairs  within  the 
Mexican  empire  at  the  time  of  the  arrival  of  CorttJs.  As  I  said  at  the  outset, 
all  this  I  have  given  in  my  Xatice  Races,  and  can  not  of  course  repeat  it  here. 
Further  authorities  on  omens  and  on  the  state  of  t!ie  Aztec  empire,  most  of 
them,  however,  of  no  value,  are  Carhajnl  Espinosa,  Hist.  Alex.,  ii.  5-12;  Bel- 
trami, Mfxi'iue,  ii.  137-9  and  142-3;  Zowacoi^,  Hist.  M^j.,  iii.  130-2;  Vetan- 
cvt,  Tcnfro  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  124-6;  Bo.i,  Leben  der  See-Heldeu,  4-5;  Iln~.art,  Kir- 
clicii-de.irliichfe,  ii.  505-8;  Touron,  Hist.  Gen.  Am.,  iii.  1*27-34;  Viagero  Univ., 
xxvi.  192-237;  Larenandiire,  Mex.  et  Gnat.,  12-5;  Lofond,  Voy.,  i.  105-7; 
E<,i[ih'stiin's  Montfzvvw,  11-17;  Sammhinr)  aller  Hei.iehesch.,  xiii.  289-91;  Rus- 
ii'Ts  Hist.  .Im.,  i.  7()-9;  Laharpe,  Ahrrije,  ix.  208-73;  Du  Perrier,  Gen.  Hist. 
I '()//.,  .'{32-G;  Burke's  Europ.  Si't.,\.  71;  SmolHt's  Voy.,  i.  214-19;  Chera- 
Vir,  Mexiipie,  7-22;  Mexiqur  Etudes,  9-10;  Robertson's  Ilixt.  Am.,  ii.  17-18; 
Jlii.f.vcrre,  L'Emp.  Mex.,  119-30;  Manti,  Conq.  diMess.  14-19;  lioure,  C'on<juete 
da  Mex.,  211-20. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


m' 


f  m 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 

Apbil-May,  1519. 

TuE  Embassy  from  the  Shore — The  New  Interpreter — Marina — Hkr 
Appearance  and  Quality — Her  Romantic  History — She  Cleaves 
TO  ijfE  Spaniards  and  to  Cortes — And  Becomes  One  of  the  most 
Important  Char-vcters  of  the  Conquest — The  Spaniards  Land  and 
FoPM  AN  Encampment — The  Governor  Comes  with  Phesenis — Tiik 
Si'ANiAnDs  Astonish  the  Natives — Who  Report  all  to  Month 
ZT7MA — Cortes  Sends  the  Monarch  Presents — Council  Called  in 
Mexico — Montezuma  Determines  not  to  Receive  the  Stkanceks  — 
Reciprocates  in  Presents  a  Hundredfold  —  Coutks  Persists  — 
Montezuma  Declines  more  Firmly — Olmedo  Attempts  Conversion 
— Teuhtlile,  Offended,  Withdraws  uis  People  from  the  Camp  of 
the  Spaniards. 


Under  Suii  Juan  cle  Ulua  the  fleet  of  Cortes  rests 
at  anelior,  lyinof  lazily  there,  its  fiery  purpose  clotlied 
in  peaeeful  white,  like  a  snow-capped  volcano  basking- 
in  the  sunlight.  The  ships  had  been  watched  from 
afar  by  ex])ectant  eyes;  and  now  from  the  wondeiiny 
multitude  that  lines  the  Chalchiuheuecan^  shore  conic 
two  large  canoes,  whose  occupants  step  to  the  deck  dt' 
the  flag-ship  and  reverentially  ask  for  the  Tlatoaiii, 
Their  language  is  new  to  Aguilar;  none  of  ihv. 
conijinny  can  understand  it.  What  is  to  bo  doiu' ; 
Modestly  speaks  one  of  the  female  slaves,  "  These 
are  Mexicans,  sent  by  Cuitlalpitoc,''  caci(jue  of  the 

'  See  Kntive  Hares,  iv.  434.  Duran'a  native  records  call  this  the  'jioit' 
of  Chalcliuihiiuoyaean.  J/ist.  Ivd.,  MS.,  ii.  .S89.  The  spelliiii.'  l)y  ilitlVnnt 
authorities  iliH'era  greatly.  Clavigero,  ami  Veytia,  /list.  Ai.t.  M<J.,  iii.  -"77, 
give  April  '21  as  the  date  of  arrival,  while  Bustamante,  in  Saluri'iii,  His'. 
Coil'/,  (od.  Mcx.  184,")),  13"),  makes  it  the  '22d.  Year  Ce  Acatl.  iMilxocli'itl, 
Iki,  411.     Sahagun,  Hist.  Coik/.,  i.  7.,  says  13  conejos. 

"  Torqtiemada,  i.  387.     Benial  Diaz  writes  Pitalpitoquc,  iiaimMl  by  the 

(110) 


MARINA. 


117 


nearest  town,  to  welcome  the  white  cliief  and  offer 
their  devotion.  They  would  likewise  know  whence 
lie  conies,  and  why." 

Instantly  all  eyes  are  on  the  speaker,  who  under 
Ihoir  continued  gaze  draws  back,  abashed  at  her  own 
tenierity,  while  the  warm  blood  mantles  beneath  its 
dear  olive  confine,  and  the  breath  comes  inconstant 
between  parted  lips.  Cortes  regards  her  as  she  stands 
there  unconscious  of  the  important  service  she  has 
rendered  him;  for  possessed  she  the  power  of  Thetis, 
to  assume  any  form  she  pleased,  the  fair  interpreter 
could  not  at  this  juncture  have  appeared  before  the 
chief  in  any  other  aspect  half  so  fascinating.  Who  is 
she!'  The  one  baptized  Marina,  at  Tabasco;  and  who, 
l)cMng  the  greatest  lady  there,  was  given  to  Pucrto- 
carrero,  the  greatest  gentleman  present.  Why  had 
she  been  given  to  Puertocarrero?  Why  had  not  the 
chief  chaniberer  himself  taken  her  ?  Cortes  had 
wciglitier  matters  on  his  mind.  He  was  playing  for 
(■iiij)ire,  and  would  not  now  stop  to  divide  the  })ettv 
winnings  with  his  men.  By  and  b}''  right  royally  will 
ho  i-eward  the  unsanctified  within  him  for  its  absti- 
nence. As  for  this  girl,  he  seems  now  for  the  first 
time  to  see  her.'  Had  Marina,  the  slave,  been  born 
in  other  lands,  under  different  auspices,  to  what  exalted 
s[)lure  might  not  her  personal  loveliness  and  beauty 
of  character  have  entitled  her! 

They  say  she  was  fair  for  an  Indian;  very  beautiful 
slie  ceitainly  is,  .and  of  that  order  of  loveliness  that 
(•a])tivates  the  understanding  no  less  than  the  pas- 
sions. The  old  as  well  as  the  young  are  ravished  witii 
lier  beauty,  even  as  Avith  Helen  were  the  elders  of 
Troy,  She  is  about  eijxhteen,  and  in  form  and  features 
perfect;  her  long  hair  falling  over  smooth,  round 
shoulders,  and  from  large  lustrous  eyes  radiating  a 

SiianianlsOvandillo.  Fn.<it.Verdafl.,2~\  Herrcra,  Pitalpitoc.  Solis,  followed 
liy  J!ijl)crtson,  I'ilpatoc.  Bernal  Diaz  and  Gomara  name  Teiihtlile,  tlie  chief 
^■nwnior  of  the  province,  who  lived  farther  in  the  interior,  as  tlic  sender, 

'  Acconling  to  Gomara,  /fiat.  M«x.,  40,  and  Herrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iv., 
tlii-j  new  interpreter  is  not  discovered  until  four  days  later. 


118 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 


p  :' 


tender  melancholy  that  overspreads  the  face  and 
tones  to  harmony  whatever  falls  beneath  its  influence. 
Sweet  and  frank  in  her  disposition,  she  is  never- 
theless resolute  enough  upon  occasion;  yet  in  her 
ordinary  mood  there  is  a  rare  grace  and  femininity, 
in  which  she  is  as  liquid  and  pellucid  as  a  passage  in 
Herodotus.  There  is  no  shame  in  her  blush,  nothing 
bordering  on  conscious  inferiority  in  her  bearing; 
nothing  that  these  or  any  other  beings  may  do  unto 
her  can  lessen  her  self-respect.  She  scarcely  knows 
she  is  a  slave,  the  plaything  of  passion ;  she  finds  the 
world  made  so,  men  the  stronger  and  wickeder,  and 
she  has  but  to  acquiesce.* 

Cortc's  is  deeply  interested.  As  if  from  heaven 
some  brijjht  being  had  been  sent  to  his  assistanciv 
so  comes  to  him  Marina  now.  What  is  her  history  ? 
Strangely  romantic.  She  is  the  daughter  of  a  cacique, 
born  at  Painala,  eight  leagues  from  Goazacoalco. 
While  yet  a  child  her  father  died;  and  upon  a  son, 
tlie  fruit  of  a  second  marriage,  the  mother  centred  all 
her  affections.  To  secure  to  him  the  succession  and 
inheritance  which  rightlv  belonged  to  the  dauijliter, 
INIarina  was  given  as  a  slave  to  some  travelling  mer- 
chants of  Xicalanco,  while  a  slave  girl  who  had  just 
died  was  passed  off  for  Marina  and  buried  with  the 
usual  statelv  ceremonies.^  Arrived  at  Tabasco,  Marina 

^ '  Kiitromi'tiila,  6  ilesembuelta, '  slal)l)er3  that  lecherous  old  soldier  Beriial 
T>i;ix.  To  call  \voin"U  loose  comes  well  from  men  who  spend  tludr  lives  iii 
ni;ikin;^  them  so.  If,  as  has  boon  stated,  tlic  women  of  lier  native  district 
hjiv..'  horno  a  reputation  not  altogether  enviable,  whose  fault  is  it?  \ut 
theirs,  truly.  Tliat  this  fih\  was  the  mistress  of  men,  under  the  circMin- 
staiK'os,  detracts  not  one  iofai  from  her  pood  name  in  the  minds  of  risht-thiiiU- 
iii;;  persons;  nay,  it  detracts  nothing  from  her  purity  of  mind,  her  honesty, 
or  h'r  innate  morality,  'llepreliensihlo  medio  de  osegurarla  en  su  fidelidinl,' 
says  Solis,  Hint.  Vomi.  Mex.,  i.  119,  otherwise  so  ready  to  cover  up  the  defects 
of  liis  hero. 

'•>  licriial  Dim,  Hint.  Verdad.,  '24-0.  According  to  Gomara  she  was  born 
in  Viliita,  in  the  direction  of  Jalisco,  the  daugliter  of  rich  parents,  related 
to  the  cacique.  From  them  she  was  stolen  by  traders  and  sold  in  Xical.nii  o. 
y/'-'.  .l/cr.,  40.  The  town  and  district  may  be  a  corruption  of  Huilotlan,  in 
Xi'.latzinco,  which  Ixtlilxocliitl,  lliat.  C'/iic/i.,  287,  gives  as  her  native  place,  and 
this  may  be  identical  with  the  jjresent  Oluta  or  Holuta,  near  Acayucan,  on  tin; 
istlrmisof  Tehuantei>ec.  Painala  is  no  longer  known.  Fosaey,  who  travelled 
through  the  region,  states  that  tradition  makes  Xaltipan  or  Altipan  herbirtli- 
place,  and  iu  support  of  this  belief  a  mountain  is  pointed  out,  close  to  the 


AN  EMBODIED  ROMANCE. 


U9 


ce    and 
fluencc. 

nevcr- 

in  her 
lininity, 
5sage  ill 
nothing 
beanng; 
do  unto 
Y  knows 
inds  the 
dcr,  and 

heaven 
isistance, 
history  ? 
,  cacique, 
.zacoalco. 
m  a  son, 
ntred  all 
sion  and 
aughter, 
ling  nior- 
jhad  just 
kvith  tlio 
|),  Marina 

Lldier  Beniiil 
Bieir  lives  in 
[tive  ilisti'ict 
ia  it?  N'lt 
I  the  oircum- 
I  ri};l>t-tliii>'^- 
Ihcr  hoiif.'^ty, 
gu  fuleliilu'l' 
the.  detects 

Bic  was  lioin 

Biits,  ri'latc'l 

111  Xiciiliiiu". 

luilotlan,  in 

k'CplilCO,  iiii'l 

lucan,  on  the 

Iho  tvavilli'l 

in  hcrliii'tli- 

close  to  tlio 


was  sold  to  tho  cacique,  and  by  him  transferred  to 
the  Spaniards.  With  a  mind  elastic  and  quick  to 
learn,  to  her  native  Mexican  tongue  she  added  at 
Tabasco  a  knowledge  of  the  Maya,  becoming  after- 
ward proficient  in  Spanish.  And  now  no  longer  slave, 
save  to  the  passion  love,  she  is  to  queen  it  for  a  while 
us  consort  of  the  conqueror,  becoming  in  the  conquest 
second  only  in  power  and  importance  to  Cortes 
lihnself,  whom  with  her  whole  soul  she  loves,  and  to 
whom  alone  she  clings  after  the  departure  presently  of 
Puertocarrero  for  Spain.  Accompanying  the  invaders 
as  interpreter  and  adviser,  she  shares  their  hardships 
and  rejoices  in  their  successes.  For  is  not  the  daring 
commander  lord  of  her  heart  and  person?  Moreover, 
what  claim  upon  her  has  a  nation  which  drives  her 
into  solitude  beyond  its  border,  and  for  no  crime? 
Tlierefore,  if  her  newly  found  friends  sicken,  she 
nurses  them;  if  they  despair,  she  comforts  them. 
Nevertheless  she  cannot  forget  he  people,  but  freely 
exerts  her  influence  in  their  behalf,  saving  many  a 
life  and  many  a  town  from  destruction.  Toward  the 
end  both  races  vie  in  showing  her  their  admiration, 
gratitude,  and  respect;  and  although  to  the  Indian 
the  invaders  become  more  and  more  objects  of  execra- 
tion, yet  he  never  mentions  with  aught  but  loving 
ie\erence  the  name  Malintzin,  or  Malinche,  as  in  his 
tonii^ue  is  called  Marina.* 

town,  liearing  the  iiatnis  of  Malinche.  Mcihjtte,  20-7;  Gomarn,  I/wt.  Mer. 
( I liistanuinte  cd. ),  i.  41;  Berendt,  ia  Sakizar,  Mix.  en  1  ^mA,  1 7S ;  llrrrcra,  dec. 
ii.  lib.  V.  cap.  vi. ;  Sahagun,  Hiitt.  Coinj.  i.  1."),  mentions  Tetiopac,  and  Oviedo 
n:inio.s  Mexico  as  Marina's  native  place,  iii.  2.">0,  while  Saiivdia  undertakes 
to  reconcile  the  diflereut  statements  hy  supjx)sing  that  lier  family  canio 
oriuinally  from  Jalisco,  west  of  Aniihnac,  to  Mexico  city,  and  thence  to 
<  loa/acoalco.  Her  high  iutelligenco  indicates  that  she  was  educated  in  the 
capit-d.  Die.  Univ.,  ix.  774. 

^Mexicans  being  unable  to  pronounce  the  'r,'  Marina  became  Malina,  to 
wliicli  the  tzi7i  waa  added  in  respect,  equivalent  to  dofta  or  lady.  Malinchi;  was 
ii  Spanish  corruption,  which  was  at  times  applied  by  the  Indians  to  Cortt^,  as 
the  lord  and  companion  of  Marina,  and  Juan  Perez  de  Arteaga  had  also  tho 
appellation  added  to  his  name,  from  being  so  often  with  her.  licrnal  Diaz,  flint. 
VinhuL,  52.  Another  conjecture  is  that  her  original  name  was  Malinn.  or 
Maliiudli,  signifying  'twisted  thing,'  the  term  lor  one  of  the  Mexican  days, 
applied  in  accordance  with  a  native  custom  of  giving  children  the  name  of 
their  birthday.     The  iianic  indeed  is  not  uncommon,  the  lord  of  Tlochquiuuhco, 


120 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 


\^4. 


tv  '^-f  i 


To  the  embassy  of  Cuitlalpitoc  Cortes  makes  friendly 
answer.  Ho  will  explain  his  purposes  to  the  cacique  in 
person.  Meanwhile  the  messengers  are  regaled  witli 
food;  presents  are  given  them,  and  gold  is  shown  as 

for  instance,  being  called  Malinal  or  Malinaltzin.   Velanevrt,  Teatro  ^fex. ,  ii.  .^l , 
40.     On  tindiug  her  own  nanus  so  similar  to  Marina,  the  Spanisii  priest  gave'  Irt 
tliis  at  the  font.     The  Indians  usually  acquired  a  suniamo  after  they  grew  up, 
and  Tenepal  is  that  found  for  Marina.    Shjuenza  y  Gonf/ora,  Paraijm  Occiil. ,  .'W : 
Salazur  yOlarte,  Vonq.  Me.f.,'2\~;  ArnSiiiz,  Orizahu,  171,  182.     To  Cort<''s  .slic 
liore  a  son,  who  was  recognized  by  his  father  and  raised  to  the  rank  of  a  kiiiglit 
of  Santiago.     While  on  the  way  with  Cortf's  to  Honduras,  in  \'flA,  she  \vii.s 
legally  married  to  Captain  Juan  .Jaraniillo.     This  took  place  at  Ostoticpac,  near 
Orizaba,  and  excited  no  little  comment.     Some  believe  that  the  airival  of 
('ortes'  wife  was  the  cause  of  the  marriage;  but  althougli  this  may  have  led  tn 
his  separation  froni  Marina,  it  could  not  have  affected  the  marriage,  since  tlic 
wife  was  already  dead.    Cort(?s  no  doubt  found  her  an  incumbrance,  and  souglit 
to  be  rid  of  it  in  a  manner  honorable  to  her  at  least,     (iomara  accuses  hirii  of 
having  made  Jaramillo  drunk  for  the  purpose.   Hint.  Mex.,  251 ;  but  this  I'er- 
iial  Diaz  corrects.     He  knew  one  of  tlie  witnesses  at  the  ceremony.  Hint. 
Verdad.,  25.     Jarc-imillo  had  .ichieved  a  certain  prominence  as  comnianclir 
of  one  of  the  brigantines  wl.icli  aided  in  tlie  siege  of  Mexico,  and  in  other 
affairs,  and  is  said  to  ha'  e  been  an  hidalgo.     Ixtlilxochitl  man-ies  her  to 
Aguilar,  probably  because  this  seemed  a  fit  union.   Hid.  Chicli. ,  287.    Caniarro, 
Hist.   TIax.,  143.     Shortly  after  her  man-iagc  the  army  halted  at  (loiizaco- 
alco,  whither  all  the  ehit'fs  of  the  neighborhood  were  sumnioned  to  tendiT 
submission  and  to  receive  instruction   in  the  faith.     Among  them    was   a 
young  cacique  with  his  mother,  whoso  resemblance  to  Marina  at  once  called 
the  attention  of  all  acquainted  with  the  story,  and  led  to  her  recognitioa 
as   the   heartless   parent.     The  old  dame   feared   for   her   life,  but   Min-ina 
reassured  her  with  tender  caresses,  excusing  her  conduct  as  controlled  l)y 
the  deceased  stepfather,  and  cheered  her  with  a  number  of  presents.     Sli<> 
presented  her  husljand,  and  referred  with  fond  pride  to  the  son  she  had  given 
to  Cortes.     ]k)th  mother  and  half-brother  accepted  baptism,  he  receiving  the 
name  of  Ltizaro,  and  she  that  of  Martii,  an  appropriate  name  for  one  who 
perhaps  lived  long  enough  to  lament  the  ruin  of  her  peojde  and  country,  cu 
indirect  result  of  her  unnatural  treatment  of  Marina.     Bernal  Diaz,  who  wit- 
nessed all  tliia,  and  became  turther  acquainted  wjth  the  family,  declares  (ui- 
niara  wrong,  and  says :  'Conoci  A  su  madre,  y  A  su  hennano,'  concluding  'todo 
ento  (jue  digo,  se  lo  oi  muy  certificadamente,  y  se  lo  junS,  amen.'  //int.  Verdad., 
2");  Clamijcro,  Sloria  .)le,'<s.,  iii.  12-14;    C''<jolhido,   Hid.  Yucalhan,  38.      I>'"- 
tuvning  to  Mexico,  she  received  lands  there  and  in  her  native  province,  but 
took  up  her  residence  in  the  capital,  where  her  husband  held  a  prominent 
jiosition  tln-ough  his  wealth  and  offices,  such  as  regidor  and  as  the  first  alferr/ 
of   the  city.      'Rccibieron  pr   Alferes  de  esta  Ciudad   a  Juan  Xaramillo. ' 
'  Primer  Alferes. '  Lihrode  Cahi/do,  MS.,  210.     Reference  is  made  to  lots  ai;d 
other  gnints  made  to  him  and  his  wife  Dofla  Marina,  on  March  14,  l."2S,  anil 
other  <lates.  Id.     Both  held  repartimientos,  one  of  which  lay  in  Xilotepee. 
Marina  appears  to  ha\e  been  still  living  in  Mexico  city  in  1550,  iniprcssin .; 
her  memory  upon  the  I'earts  of  the  grateful  people,  over  whose  welfare  slu' 
even  now  watclies.     Invoked  by  them,  her  spirit  is  frequently  encountered  in 
its  twilight  flights  on  errands  of  mercy  and  consolation,  issiung  from  the 
ancient  groves  of  Chapultepec,  where  centres  the  recollection  of  Aztec  glories. 
Ball:'ds  still  perpetuate  her  virtues,  and  many  a  nature's  monument  bears 
jiroudly  the  beloved  name  of  Malintzin.     Tradition  also  transfomis  her  into  n 
naiad  who  dnily  rises  from  the  pool  of  Chapultepec,  singing  divinely.  Jiodr/iiwr, 
Amihiiar,  4()1.     She  appears  to  have  had  .several  children  by  Cortes,     reralti 
mentions  five  besides  Martin,  of  whom  two  died  while  young.     The  thren 


APPEARANCE  OF  THE  SHORE. 


121 


somotliiiig  Spaniards  delight  in.  Then  they  return 
to  tlie  shore,  which  appears  not  very  inviting,  with 
its  broad  reach  of  sand  and  sandy  hillocks  whirled  up 
by  the  northers.  Likewise  vegetation  hercahouii  is 
stunted,  larger  trees  appearing  only  in  the  distance. 
The  place  had  been  recommended  by  Grijalva,  how- 
ever, as  possessing  good  anchorage,  and  the  people  as 
being  rich  and  hospitable.^ 


remaining  were  (laughters,  of  wliom  two  became  nuns,  and  the  third,  Leonor, 
the  wife  of  Martin  do  Tolosa.  A'a?.  Hint.,  75.  This  ia  not  wholly  correct, 
however,  for  iu  tlie  iJljro  de  Gobienio  del  Virey  Mendoza  ia  a  docnmeut, 
dated  April,  l.">r)0,  wherein  the  viceroy  grants  a  petition  from  her  in  favor  of 
her  gmndaon,  Don  Alonso  do  Estraila,  son  of  Luis  de  Saavedra,  deceased,  and 
encomendcro  of  Tilantongo  town.  Alanian'a  notes,  iu  I'rencoU's  Mcr.  (Mex. 
1S44),  ii.  '2(58-9.  In  Vori/s,  liesidenda,  i.  1"J.3,  ii.  70,  101,  witnesses  refer  also 
to  a  daugliter  of  the  interpreter  Marina,  wit!i  wliom  Cortiia  is  accused  of 
having  tampered,  aa  ho  did  with  the  mother.  If  so,  this  can  hardly  In; 
iSaavedra's  wife,  but  a  Tabascan  child;  yet  Mai-ina's  mastiT  would  not  have 
presented  a  woman  incumbered  with  a  child  when  he  sought  to  do  honor  to 
the  Spaniards.  Saavediu  allows  Marina  to  proceed  to  Spain  with  her  liusband, 
who  procured  for  her  a  high  position  at  court.  Here  siic  died,  leaving  several 
children,  from  wliom  descended  somo  of  the  first  families  in  Spain.  J)ic. 
I'liii:.,  ix.  778.  But  this  authority  is  too  full  of  blunders  to  be  relied  upon. 
Ideal  portraits  are  given  in  Carbajal  Uspinona,  Ilht.  Mex. ,  ii.  (Jo,  and  ZamacoLi, 
Hist.  Mrj.,  ii.  350. 

'  I  have  snid,  as  the  native  record  intcrpretetl  by  Tezozomoc  and  Ditran  re- 
lates, that  the  fleet  is  sighted  anil  reported  long  before  it  reaches  San  Juan  do 
Ulua — from  Tabasco,  says  Vetancvrt,  Tealro  Sle.v.,  ii.  IM.  Montezuma,  who 
Ii;id  already  begun  to  hope  that  the  strangers  would  never  return,  becomes  sad 
with  apprehension ;  yet  he  orders  special  relays  to  bo  stationed  on  the  route  to 
the  coast,  in  order  to  bring  speedy  news,  commands  his  lieutenant  to  furni^ih 
the  strangers  with  all  they  need,  and  sends  TUllancalqui,  the  messenger  who 
nift  Grijalva,  to  ascertain  their  object.  He  is  instructed  to  declare  tliat  Mon- 
tezuma holds  the  throne  as  mere  dejiuty  at  the  disposal  of  the  white  god,  for 
he  supposes  that  it  is  Quetz.ilcoatl,  as  before.  If  the  god  intends  to  procceil 
to  Mexico  the  roads  will  bo  cleaned,  and  the  towns  and  stations  prepared  for 
his  accommodation.  Tlillancahiui  delivers  his  message,  together  witli  a  neck- 
lace of  gold  set  with  precious  stones,  and  in  his  eagerness  to  please  the  strange 
licings  he  offers  fowl  and  tortilla  to  horses  as  well  aa  men.  Cortes  signiliea  liis 
wish  to  go  to  Mexico,  and  asks  that  cliiefs  bo  sent  to  guide  him.  Tlillancahiui 
hurries  back  with  the  message,  leaving  orders  to  supply  the  Spaniards  witi; 
all  they  desire.  Duran,  Hint.  Iiid.,  MS.,  ii.  389-90;  Trzo:nmo'\  llixt.  }fe.r.,  ii. 
-."»0-.3.  According  to  the  version  by  Sahagun  and  Ton|uenuida,  Moutczuiii  i 
sends  tho  same  messengers  whom  he  despatched  the  year  before  to  .seeli 
<  irijalva,  but  who  arrived  too  late.  Their  names  are  Yohualychan,  the  leadei-, 
Tepuztecatl,  Tizahua,  Huehuetecatl,  and  Hueycamecatleea.  With  them  a'-" 
sent  the  presents  already  prepared  for  Grijalva,  and  tho  sacerdotal  vestment  i 
of  Quetzalcoatl.  On  reaching  tho  flag-ship  they  inquire  for  their  king  and 
god  Quetzalcoatl.  At  first  surprised,  Cort(''S  the  next  moment  catches  tho 
<hie.  Seating  himself  on  an  improvised  throne,  surrounded  by  a  large  suite, 
he  orders  the  messengers  to  appear.  Being  told  that  he  is  the  personaxo 
whom  they  seek,  they  prostrate  themselves,  kissing  the  deck.  The  leader 
tiicreupon  addresses  him:  'Welcome,  god  ami  master;  long  have  wo,  your 
Kervants  and  vassals,  waited  for  you.    Montezuma,  your  vassal  and  lieutenant, 


122 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 


Early  on  Good  Friday  Cortt^  landed,  planted  guns 
upon  the  hillock,  and  began  the  construction  of  a 
fortitied  camp,  consisting  of  houses,  huts,  and  sheds, 
hij^li  in  the  centre  of  wliich  was  placed  a  large  cross. 
Informed  of  this,  the  cacique  sent  men  to  carry  timber, 
l)laster  the  walls,  and  ])ut  up  awnings.  Food  was  also 
provided,  and  feather- work  and  gold  were  presented 
('ortc's,  with  the  information  that  the  governor  would 
visit  him  presently.  Meanwhile  the  natives  flocked 
in  to  trade,  so  that  on  Saturday  the  jilaco  presented 
the  appearance  of  a  fair,  rather  than  the  encampment 
of  an  mvading  army. 

On  Easter  Sunday,  while  preparations  were  made 
for  mass,  Cuitlalpitoc  arrived  with  his  chief,  Teuhtlile, 
governor  of  the  province,  whose  residence  was  at 
Cuetlachtlan,  eight  leagues  away."  Attending  them 
was  a  larsje  retinue  of  nobles,  and  slaves"  beariuLr 
presents.     Cortes,  with  an  escort,  advanced  to  receive 

sends  us  to  salute  you,  and  btgs  the  acceptance  of  this  small  present  and 
tliesu  precious  ornaments,  once  used  by  you  as  our  king  and  god. '  Tliey  now 
army  iiini  in  the  vestments  of  Quetzalcoatl,  adding  also  many  ornament.') 
pertaining  to  tlie  gods  Tezcatlipoca  and  Tlalocatecuhtli,  as  if  to  proclaim  him 
the  greatest  of  the  gods.  The  most  attractive  pieces  are  a  bejewelled  and  pluuiu 
head-dress,  and  a  necklace  of  precious  stones.  '  Is  this  nil  the  gift  of  welcome 
tliat  you  bring?'  asks  Cortes.  'Lord  and  king,  it  is  all  that  was  given  us 
for  your  Majesty,'  was  tlio  reply.  They  are  given  food  and  accommodation 
for  the  night.  In  order  to  impress  upon  them  the  full  extent  of  Spanish 
power,  they  are  tied  hands  and  feet  while  the  horses  arc  exhibited,  the  arms 
displayed,  and  the  guns  fired.  They  are  then  told  tliat  the  white  men  have 
heard  the  fame  of  Mexican  warriors,  as  able  to  overcome  ten  or  even  twenty 
times  sujierior  numbers,  and  desire  a  proof  thereof  by  fighting  them  in  equal 
force.  Swords  and  shields  are  given  them,  but  they  decline,  pleading  their 
character  as  mere  envoys.  They  are  thereupon  insulted  as  cowards,  and  told 
that  the  white  men  will  descend  uijon  their  country,  kill  all  who  resist,  t-.'  o 
possession  of  the  government,  and  secure  better  presents  than  those  sent 
them.  The  messengers  now  hurry  back  to  Mexico  without  informing  any  one 
on  the  way  of  what  V.as  occurred.  Tor(iiienuiila,  i.  3S1-4;  Sahaijun,  IJint. 
Com].,  i.  7-11 ;  SUjuenza  y  C!6uijora,  El  Fenix,  MS.,  STiVS. 

"Tcudilli,  or  Quitaluor,  from  Cotosta,  is  Gomara's  corrupt  form,  ffist. 
Mex. ,  39.  Herrera  calls  Teuthlillo  the  chief  governor,  and  Pitalpitoe  a  chief, 
dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iv.  Teutile,  captain-general,  and  Pilpatoe,  governor.  So/m', 
J I  int.  Jlev.,  i.  119.  Teotlili  arrives  on  Monday.  Ixtlilxochitl,  Hixt.  Chkh., 
280.  'Tendile,  y  I'italpitoquc  eran  Gouemadorcs  de  vnas  Prouincias  que  se 
dizen,  Cotaatlan,  Tustepeque,  Guazpaltepeque,  Tlatalteteclo,  y  de  otros  pue- 
blos que  nueuamete  teniiV  sojuzgnclos. '  Bernal  Diaz,  /list.  Verdad.,  20.  Ho 
means,  however,  that  Tendile  is  the  chief  governor.  Pinotl  had  evidently  left. 
Cuetlachtlan  province  appears  to  have  extended  from  Rio  Papaloapan,  or 
Alvarado,  to  Rio  de  la  Antigua. 

*  Ixtlilxochitl  and  Gomara  place  the  number  attending  at  over  4,000. 


COXFEREXCE  WITH  THE  GOVERXOR. 


123 


lUM. 
e  a  chief. 
)r.  Soli-'', 
Chkh., 
3  que  so 
ro8  pne- 
20.  Ho 
itlyleft. 
ipan,  or 


them,  and  after  interchange  of  courtesies  led  the  way 
to  the  altar,  draped  in  native  cotton  fabrics,  where 
Father  Ohnedo  celebrated  mass,*"  aided  by  Father 
Juan  Diaz,  A^uilar,  and  a  trained  choir.  The  service 
over,  Cortds  invited  the  chiefs  to  dinner,  and  there 
informed  them  that  he  was  a  captain  of  the  p^reatest 
monarch  the  sun  smiled  on,  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  who, 
liearing  of  Montezuma's  fame,  had  sent  him  presents 
and  a  message,  which  must  bo  delivered  in  person 
immediately.^'  How  easy  the  way  to  him  who  knows 
it  I  Had  Cortes  but  spoken  the  simple  word,  "I  am 
Quetzalcoatl,  come  to  resume  my  rule,"  he  might 
possibly  at  one  time  have  ridden  midst  hosannas  to 
the  capital,  and  seated  himself  without  resistance  on 
Montezuma's  throne. 

But  the  minion  of  an  earthly  monarch  is  quite  a 
different  being  from  the  fair  god  in  the  eyes  of  the 
Aztec  officers,  who  answer  somewhat  haughtily,  "  Bo 
it  known  to  you  that  our  master  is  the  inferior  of 
none;  and  for  the  present  let  these  gifts  suffice."  Say- 
ing wliich  the  signal  is  given;  the  slaves  advance  and 
deliver  their  burdens,  consisting  in  part  of  food,  cotton 
fabrics  more  than  ten  bales,  brilliant  feather-work, 
and  a  cacaxtli,  or  basket,  filled  with  wrought  gold  set 
witli  rare  stones  and  pearls.  Cortes  expressed  thanks, 
and  gave  for  Montezuma  in  return  a  carved  and  in- 
laid arm-chair,  some  engraved  marcasite  laid  in  musk- 
scented  cotton,  a  bright  red  cap,  a  gold  medal  stamped 
M'ith  the  figures  of  St  George  and  the  dragon,  twisted 
.strings  of  beads,  and  other  articles;  and  would  the 
emperor  deign  to  wear  the  cap  and  occupy  the  chair 
when  it  became  his  pleasure  to  receive  him?  To 
the  chiefs  were  also  given  some  trifles.  Teuhtlile 
promised  to  deliver  to  Montezuma  tlio  gifts  and  the 

'''Here  Solia  takes  Bemal  Diaz  to  taak  for  asserting  that  mass  had  bcon 
already  said  on  Friday.  Hist.  Mex.,  i.  121.  But  the  scholar  is  too  severe  upon 
the  soldier,  whose  head  is  true  enough,  however  may  be  his  tongue. 

'"  'All  Gomara's  fictions,'  sneers  LasCosas,  Hist.  fiid.,iv.  484,  who  ignores 
Marina's  ability  to  interpret,  and  thinks  the  interview  woa  limited  to  the  sim- 
plest expressions  conveyed  by  signs. 


124 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 


inossaixo, 


^'Jl 


Tlicn  pointing  to  the  gilt  liclmet  of  a  sol- 
dier, wliicli  resembled  in  form  the  head-dress  of  tho 
idol  Qiiotzaleoatl,  he  expressed  a  desire  to  show  it 
to  ^[ontezuma.  "Take  it,"  said  Cortes,  "and  bring 
it  back  filled  with  gold-dust,  that  we  may  show  our 
emperor  what  kind  of  metal  you  have."" 

Observin<j:  the  native  painters  transcribincr  to  amatl- 
paper  tho  several  novelties,  and  wisliing  to  impres3 
them  further,  Cortes  mounted  a  horse,  and  ordered 
the  troops  to  fall  into  line  and  tlie  eannons  to  be 
cliarged.  The  infantry  iirst  passed  in  revicsv  to  the 
sound  of  musie  with  arms  and  banner.-^  displayed. 
Then  came  the  cavalry  with  the  best  riders,  led  by 
Alvarado,  dasliing  past  in  varied  and  swift  evolutions. 
The  o-raceful  movements  of  the  cfreat  animals,  tlujir 
rearing  and  prancing,  and  above  all  their  speed;  the 
flashing  swords,  the  glittering  armor,  all  seemed  to 
these  simple  people  like  a  scene  from  the  supernatural. 
Their  admiration  was  changed  to  terror,  however, 
when  the  guns  belched  flames  and  smoke,  and  sent 
midst  niony  thunderings  the  stone  balls  scudding 
along  the  beach  or  crashing  among  the  trees.  All, 
even  their  ow^n  fears,  were  faithfully  depicted  by  the 
painters.  On  leaving,  Teuhtlile  gave  orders  to  supply 
the  Sjianiards  v,  ith  (n'ery  neeossiiry,  for  which  pur[)ose 
two  thousand  of  his  people  were  detailed  to  dttend 
them,  pin'ticularly  to  bring  wt)0(l,  water,  and  food. 
For  their  accommodation  another  cluster  of  liuts  was 
erected,  so  that  within  thc^se  few  diiys  two  towns  arose 
on  the  sands  of  Chirlcjiiuhcuccan.  Cuitlalpitoc,  who 
remained  for  a  time  to  superintend  tlie  serv'ice,  received 
from  his  guests  the  name  of  Ovandillo." 


*'-  Carta  del  Ayunt,.,  iibl  sup  ,  10.  Oom.ara,  Hist.  Mcx.,  39-41,  wliilo  lio 
(Iocs  not  refer  to  a  .'u;linct,  stati's  that  Coftvs  nsked  for  gold,  as  a  rciiady  for 
heart  (lisoa.se,  fi-om  whicli  ho  and  his  men  were  .siiU'cring. 

'•'  'Dexo  alii  dos  lionibros  prineipales,  eonio  oapitaucs,  con  hasta  dos  mil 
poraouas  entro  mugcrea  y  homhres  do  seniicio,  y  f iiesc  a  Cotosta. '  (lomara, 
Jli.it.  Mr.v.,  41.  Ho  left  over  1(X)0  +■:,  wait  npou  tho  S])!iniard.<<,  luid  over  lOOl) 
to  carry  siipplios.  La.i  Cnnn.i,  List.  I  ml.,  iv.  4S'2;  /.illi/xitrhitl,  Hint.  Cliirli., 
iiST;  IJcrnal  Diaz,  If  int.  I'cnlail.,  '_'((,  supposes  tiiat  Teuhtlile  went  in  person 
to  Mexico,  but  not  so  Uomara  and  Ixllilxochitl. 


ROY^VL  COUNCIL. 


1'2j 


!Moiitczuma  was  quickly  in  possession  of  all  tlie.;o 
facts;  and  when  ho  saw  the  frills,  and  read  thr  ])icturc 
writings,  and  learned  how  a  woman,  beaut ifui  as  the 
sun,  talked  to  his  people  in  tlieir  own  ]an;_^uau;-c;  more 
])articularly  when  he  compared  the  hehncit  witli  tliat 
Vvorn  by  Iluitzilopochtli,  and  was  told  that  tlie 
toiTible  strangers  insisted  on  an  interview,  appi'ohen- 
sion  lilled  his  soul."  Cuitlahuatzin,  his  brother,  and 
Cacama  of  Tezcuco,  were  summoned  to  aid  in  telling 
him  wluit  to  do.  Tlie  council  was  divided.  'I'here 
was  the  [)opular  belief  regarding  (.,)uetzalc()atl  with 
its  attendant  prognostics;  on  the  other  hand  these 
strangers  did  not  behave  like  gods.  They  Jiad  hunum 
a[)petites,  overthrew  the  idols,  claimed  allegiance  to 
auoth(>r  power,  and  had  proved  themselves  vulnerable 
at  l\)tenc}ian.  Yeu  could  beings  wholly  terrestrial 
so  live  without  women,  mount  gigantic  deer,  and 
tame  the  lightning?  Cacama  thought  they  should 
liave  a  hearing.  The  national  honor  demantled  it; 
beside,  I'efusal  implied  fear.  Cuitlahuatzin  saw  in 
the  visitation  only  (3vil  to  tli(3  commonwealth,  and 
urged  expulsion.  The  gods  should  d!}cide;  and  very 
ibolish  gods  they  would  have  been  to  vote  admission 
to  their  destrovers.  And  now  behold  the  fatal  follv 
of  ]^.lontezuniaI     Instead  of  vigorous  action  toward 

"  '  Y  (Icsquc  vio  el  casco,  y  cl  quo  tenia  su  Iliiichiloltos,  tuno  p^r  oierto,  quo 
eT'iiliKvi  (Ul  liiiU'^o  do  los  que  les  iiuiau  ilielio  siirs  iuitejnissadix,  (['.'.o  vtndii.-ni 
li  scfinrejir  iKjucstji  ticrni. '  Jlcriial  /)/(iz,  Ili4.  \'' rilm'.,  '2i.  'J'lii/i  Kt;;t('intiit 
i  ■.  fiillowed  ))y  .a  cut  at  (toiiiiiiu  for  giviiii;  unreliable  inforinatinii.  ( 'utiKirijn, 
Jiisf.  7'/r(,sc.,  Itl.  'J'lie  native  version  of  Saliayun  jukI  Tonjueuiada  diHiilies 
li  )\v  tlie  niesfiii'^'ers  are  tspriidcled  witii  fi'e.iii  luinian  hlood,  an  eu^itoniary  wiili 
iMqiiMtant.  i)earers  of  new.i,  I'eiore  presentin;.;  theniMclves  biforo  Monti /.niia. 
'i'luy  arousc!  his  ndniiratiou  l>y  s[ieal,in;-;  of  the  wonders  beheld,  of  the  pen(  - 
tialnig  KWords,  the  suliilun\)U3  .smell  of  tiio  thiuider  snioki-,  anil  (;f  tin;  iu- 
t  ixiLMting  food;  but  Viiien  they  relate  how  outrageously  they  lia\e  bci;i 
treated  and  how  tlie  strani^'ers  threatened  to  conquer  the  country,  'hci  t!ie 
emperor  Wept,  and  with  him  all  i!io  city.  Sahwiun,  Hint.  Coni/.,  i.  lJ-1."!; 
'J'on/ii'  iiiaila,  i.  .'JStl-ti;  Arontd,  U'lHt.  Ind.,  r>ir>-1><  ]>rasseur  ile  1)  niibourg 
ineorporates  all  tliis  native  version  in  lii-s  narrative,  and  allown  Teulillile  to 
reach  Mexico  with  liis  I'cport  a  few  ilays  after  the.-ie  niessen:,'ers,  thus  con- 
lirinini;  tluir  account.  Hint.  I\'al.  Cir.,  iv.  7.'>~t).  Duran  writes  that  on  hear- 
ini^  of  Cortes'  eagerness  to  obtain  jjtuides  for  Mexico,  Monte/,uni:i  bejan  t.) 
grieve  deeply  over  tlie  prosjiect  of  liaving  to  resign  and  die.  'I'he  envoy  eon- 
(<olcd  hiui  by  representing  the  beni;,'nity  of  the  white  gods,  but  he  nevirt!u'- 
less  set  about  to  arrai.gc  for  tlio  safety  of  his  children,  l/i/it.  J, id.,  -MS.,  ii. 
'i'M  ~:  'J'czozumoc,  J  J  int.  J/ct'.,  ii.  'J53. 


120 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 


I' ■ '  ■  ' ' 


tbo  end  determined  on,  he  adopted  a  middle  course. 
lie  would  decline  the  interview,  yet  not  rudely  drive 
the  strangers  hence,  lest,  perad venture,  they  miu^ht 
be  gixls  and  successfully  oppose  him.  He  would  send 
them  liberal  gills,  and  beseech  tliem  to  de[)art,  thus 
exposing  at  once  his  weakness  and  his  wealth.'' 

A  dii)lomate  of  the  first  nobility  was  accordingly 
despatched  to  the  sea-shore.  With  him  went  Teuh- 
tlile,  returning  after  only  a  week's  absence.*"  Numer- 
ous natives  were  in  attendance,  amonn;  them  over 
a  liundred  slaves.  Bowing  low  before  Ccntes,  who 
had  on  this  occasion  put  on  greater  i)omp  than  usual, 
the  envoy  touched  the  earth  with  his  hand,  cari-viiig 
it  to  his  lij)s,  and  then  he  swuii<c  the  copal  censor." 
Together  with  Teuhtlile  he  thereupon  seated  himself 
beside  Cortes;  and  it  was  remarked  how  much  alike 
they  looked,  the  Spanish  conmiander  and  tJie  iV/.teo 
envt)y,  who,  ])erhaps,  had  been  selected  lor  t]ii:4 
reason,  with  the  aid  of  the  portraits  niadc!  l>v  the 
native  painters,  and  as  a  mark  of  honor  to  the  white 
captain.  The  soldiers  not  ina})propriately  called  him 
the  jMexican  Cortes.'* 

The  slaves  were  then  directed  to  lay  down  the 
presents;  among  which  were  thirty  bales  of  cotton 
fabrics,  from  gauzy  curtains  to  heavy  robes,  white, 


'5  Irnih-O'-hithllid.C'hh-h.,  "287-8;  Cnnuirno,  Hist.  Tlcu^c,  Ml-'.!;  Il<rr<.-it, 
<lco,  ii.  lil).  V.  c;ip.  ix.  Tonniomiidii  refcrn  lo  tlie  Kimihir  ini^tiilii'.  of  Kiiii; 
Ilt'zokiah  of  .liulea,  in  I'xliiliuing  to  the  Aaayriau  ouvoya  hia  wcallli,  ami  tluis 
attraotiiiL,' iuvailers.   i.  a! > I,  404. 

'"  Tliia  8u<-ins  an  iiu;riHli))Iy  short  tiino  in  a  country  witliout  liorsos,  for 
^^^'xil'o  lies  over  'JOO  luilea  by  road  from  this  part  of  tho  cnawt;  hut  vith 
nunieroua  rchiya  of  numi'rs  ami  littor-hi'arcrs  tlio  diatanco  voidd  not  taico 
Ion,!,'  to  cover.  'Eatas  nionsajoriaa  fni-ro  en  vn  dia,  y  vna  iioeho  (Kd  ;eal  dc 
'.'ortea  ii  Mexico,  «|ue  ay  setonta  Icguas  y  nuis.'  lloinari,  ll'isi.  Mi. v.,  II. 

''  'J'oniueniada.,  i.  .'{S!),  asamnea  tiiia  to  li^iv  e  heen  in  token  of  divine  ndnr.',- 
ticn,  hut  tlio  ceremony  waa  a,  (|iiito  connnon  mark  of  rea]iLet  for  diatini^'uishid 
persona.  Sec  Xntirc  /'(tris,  ii.  "Jsl.  'Noa  Uamaron  'JVndea .  .  .  .6  diosea.' 
'  Henei!  when  1  aay  'J'eules,  or  (roda,  it  may  he  understood  to  mean  ua,'  haya 
Ikrnal  Diaz  witii  consc  entioua  pride.  Illxf.  Virthul.,  '.VI.  ]>ut  tiio  hit  or 
Uo  prefix  to  names  nuial,  bo  accepted  in  the  aamo  ligiitas  tho  incenao  Imni- 
ing,  and  in  thia  caae  eipnvalent  to  'hei'o.'  See  als  )  Clari  irro,  Sloria  .Mi.^n., 
iii.  !!•.      'Demonioa'  ia  Oviedo'a  trauahition  of  teulea,  iii.  501). 

''^  Some  writera  ih)ubt  tho  ability  of  nativo  paintera  to  have  (.;iven  a  anl'l- 
ciently  ai'cnrato  portrait;  but  with  the  aid  of  explanatory  signa  there  was 
little  diliieulty. 


MONTEZUMA'S  PRESENTS. 


127 


colored,  plain,  aiid  fii^urod,'''  intcrwown  with  foatliors 
or  omhroidored  with  jji'old  and  silver  thread;  feathers 
and  plumes  of  all  colors,  enihroidered  sandals,  an<l 
niarcasite  mirrors.  All  these,  however,  were  trit^es 
heside  the  *;old,  the  beautiful  ^litterinj^  rt*^'^*'  which 
was  now  disclosed,  and  likewise  the  silver.  Fii'sl 
tliere  was  a  disk  of  the  yellow  metal,  representinu 
the  sun  with  its  rays,  as  largo  as  a  carriaLje  wheel, 
ten  sjKins  in  diameter,  ornamented  in  denii-relief  and 
valued  at  thirty-eight  hundred  ]k;sos  de  oi-o.'^  A 
c()mi)anion  disk  of  solid  silver,  of  the  same  siz(!,  and 
e(|ually  ornamented,  represented  the  moon.^^  Then 
there  were  thirty  golden  ducks,  well  fashioned;  a 
nuniher  of  otiier  j)ieces  in  form  of  dogs,  lions,  monkeys, 
and  other  animals;  ten  collai-s,  a  necklace  with  over 
one  hundred  ])c>ndent  stones  calU'd  emeralds  and  ruhies 
by  the  Spaniards;  twelve  arrows,  a  bow  with  cord 
stretched,  two  staves  each  iive  ]»ahns  in  length;  fans, 
bracelets,  and  other  pieces,  all  of  tine  gold,  Ix-sidi;  a 
number  of  silver.  What  could  ha\'e  tlelighted  the 
Spaniards  more!*  (^ne  tiling  only,  and  tliat  was  not 
wanting — the  gilt  helmet  returned  full  "f  \  ii-gin  gold, 
line  dust  and  coarse,  with  a  plentiiid  mixture  of 
nuggets  of  various  sizes  and  shaj)es,  all  fi'esh  iVoni 
the  placers.     The  value  of  this  was  three  thousand 

''■'  St  mil!  of  tliiMU  were  I'liockcMVil,  which  tn  I'l^ti-r  Martyr  ia  a  aullicient  pnxjf 
that  tliu  .Mi'xifiiiis  phiyud  clio.ss,  tloc.  v.  caj).  x. 

■■"' CffW"  'III  Aijiiiil.  lie  V.  i'riiz,  ill  Coiii'-.i,  ('(irtim,  '20.  '  Pcssnlxi  la  tin  oro 
(|tiaii()  r.ill  y  (ni.M»,:i'!it()s  ])i'S8us.  .  .  tenia  iuu'm'  iiahiio.s  y  medio  ih'  aiichuia  <S 
ticyiita  de  (,'il('Ulii'uron\'ia,' ways  Ovicdo,  who  iiispeeted  tlie  [iresi'iits  at  SexiUe, 
«\  iiK'iitly  witli  iiiatheiiiatical  i)rixit.iiiii.  iii.  'J.")!i.  '  I'csaua  eieii  inarcos,  hi'i'lia 
t'Kiiio  Sol,  y  con  iiiuelios  t'ollaje«,  y  aiiiiiiak's  de  I'llieue.'  (loniard,  Hist.  Mi'.r., 
•J'2.  I'etci'  Martyr,  dee.  iv.  eap.  ix.,  deserilies  the  eentral  liLjnre  as  a  Kini,'  en- 
throned, surroiilideil  with  foliated  oi'iianieiil.s.  In  the  alxivt'  Ciirtdild  .ii/inif. 
a  |)eso  de  oro  and  a  castelLuio  are  nhowii  to  he  (((nivali'iit,  apd  a  niareo  eini- 
tains  lifty  eastellaiios.  Writers  ditier  wiih'ly  in  their  enlcnlation.s  to  reduee 
these  coins  to  niotU'rn  values,  I'reseott  e.stiniatin;,'  the  (.istellanos  at  !?!  1.(17  in 
I'nited  Sta'  Mi  money,  and  l{aiiiiri/,  in  a  critical  imti'  thereii|)on,  at  Sl'.;i;{. 
I'irsriilf'.s  Mcv.,  i.  .'{•Ji  ;  also  edition  Mex.  1S4."),  a])[i.  ii.  7!*-!C_'.  See  note  on 
iiiins  in  //is/,  fni!.  Am.,  this  seriis,  i.  IK'J-U.  Cleiuencin,  in  .Mem.  ItnU  Antil. 
il'  1 1  inf.,  vi,  illnst.  '20,  iVJ."»-4.">,  enters  fully  into  the  suhject. 

'■'  \\\'ij;hinj,'  48  inarcos.  Cartdihl  Ajiiint.,  loc.  eit.  'De  cineii"iitft  y  faiitos 
mareos,  ternia  ile  gordor  oonio  un  tostou  de  il  4  reales,'  saxs  L.is  (  asas, 
wlio  examined  the  gifts  in  Spain.  Ilisi.  Iiiil.,'w.  4S.")-(i.  'Otm  mayor  nieil.i 
de  phiti.'  liiriml  Din.,  Hint.  Vmliul.,  '2().  Kohertson,  Hint.  Am.,  ii.  H!,  4i:», 
uiisuiidurstaiiding  Diaz,  iiliicea  tho  value  of  this  disk  at  '-'0,000  pesos  or  .C..000, 


128 


THE  COMBATANTS  SALUTE. 


pesos,  and  a]>preciation  was  attracted  not  so  inuch  by 
the  amount  as  by  th(^  significance  of  the  gift,  as  ]^er- 
nal  Diaz  remarks,  for  it  afforded  a  sure  inthcation  of 
the  existence  of  rich  mines  in  the  country.  "It  was 
this  gift  wliich  cost  Montezuma  his  head,"*^  says 
Torquemada. 

The  words  which  followed  fell  on  closed  ears. 
These  so  oreatly  admired  mfts  are  but  a  sliijht  token 
of  the  high  regard  of  the  emperor,  who  would  bo 
])leascd  to  form  a  iriendship  with  his  king;  but  Ih^ 
could  not  think  of  troubling  Cortes  to  come  to  him 
through  a  hostile  country;  besides,  he  was  ailing. 
JCvrrvthin*,;:  the  visitors  might  wish  to  aid  their  de- 
parture  would  be  instantly  su})plied.  Tliis  and  more. 
I'oor,  foolish  monarch!  As  well  might  he  ask  the 
ravenous  wolf  to  depart  after  giving  it  to  lick  a  little 
blood  from  his  scratched  hauil.  Foi-  the  gifts,  a  thou- 
sand tlianks;  but  after  so  long  a  voyage,  undertaken 
solely  for  the  purpose,  the  Spanish  ca})tain  dared  nt)t 
face  his  master  without  having  scjii  the  great  ^Nlonte- 
zuma.  As  for  the  road,  its  ditliculties  or  dauLTers  were 
nothing.  Would  the  chiefs  present  their  monarch 
these  further  articles,  and  bring  s[teedy  answer  f'-'^ 

^feanwhile  discussion  was  in  order  among  the 
Spaniards,  and  speculation  as  to  what  should  be 
done.     Some  advised  inunediate  advance  on  Monto- 


'"  Moiinrf[.  Intl.,  i.  .T,U).  '  Viildria  ol  oro  y  la  |iliita  (|uc  filli  lialiia  "JO  i) 
2."i,0(K)  liistLlliinos,  jHTO  la  lionnosiiia  dcllas  y  la  JRoluira,  luiulio  iii;is.'  I.uk 
CiiKii^,  iilii  sup.  'I'oilia  valor  csto  ]msi'iitL'  viyiito  mil  diicados,  o  jiocos  mas. 
VA  (|Ual  pivsiiit  toiiiau  jiara  daiaCirijalua."  <!'i,,i(irn.  //Is/.  Mix.,  4'2.  '  <>)  lo  it- 
jiarla  co  los  Toulos  (juo  cosiiio  trau,'  says  IJcnial  l)ia/.  I/i.it.  Wnhtil.,  'JT, 
iiitiin^'.liiiL;  that  another  present  was  eonduj,'  fur  the  white  enijieiMr;  Nut  it 
was  ajiplied  to  the  cx])edition  treasury  like  nearly  everythinj,'  ohtaine.l  hy 
tiade  or  seizure.  Ilcmrit.  dee.  ii.  lil>.  v.  eap.  v;  Wtam-rrl,  '/'•ulro  .l/c/-.,  ))t. 
iii.  II.").  IJrasseur  dc  IJourliuurg  estimati;s  the  gold  disk  alone  at  .'<.">7,->^" 
franes.  Ilist.  Xn/.  Cir.,  iv.  S.l.  I'eter  Maityr,  dec.  iv.  eap.  ix.,  gives  a  il"- 
tiiilud  deseiiption  of  severiil  of  tli'-  presents. 

•^  This  tin\e  the  presents  for  the  ehiefs  were  some  cnd)roiderc(l  sliirts,  .silk 
Bashes  and  other  things,  while  to  the  cini)eror  he  sent  a  Florentine  g.>'oiet,  gilt 
and  enamelled  with  figures,  three  Holland  shirts,  and  some  liead  ar'.  ieles,  notii 
veiy  eostly  return  for  what  he  lad  received.  IJernal  I»ia/,  //Lit.  I'criliv/.,  -7, 
and  Hei-rera,  <lec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vi.,  enumerate  the  presents  given  to  tiieni. 
'Teudilli.  . .  .le  rogo  mnclio,  (|  ]>nesestauamala])osontado  en  el  capo  y  arena les, 
se  fuessc  con  el  a  vnos  lugares  seys  o  siete  leguas  de  alii."  J>ut  Cortes  ilo- 
cliiiud  to  leavu  the  camp.  Goinani,  Hist.  Mi'j:.,  43. 


THE  SPANIARDS  SPECULATE. 


129 


liii  -.'0  <s 

IS.'     /.(!•'* 

)s  ma.s. 

I,>ll)  vo- 

('/.,  -27, 

l.ut  it 

iu'4  1>V 

rr.,  ,.t. 

:?.■.;, :is() 

S    iV    «l"- 

•t's,  silk 

ic-t.,_'ilt 

•s,  not  a 

r/..  •-•:, 

>   tlu'Ill. 

•Cllilll'S, 

tcs  'lu- 

zuma's  capital;  some,  fearful  of  the  nation's  strength, 
as  manifested  by  its  arts  and  refinements,  favored 
return  to  Cuba  for  reinforcements.  Cortes  let  them 
talk,  but  said  little.  Traffic  at  first  was  freely  per- 
mitted among  the  men,^*  and  as  the  result  was  meagre 
Cortes  did  not  think  it  worth  while  to  require  of  them 
a  division.  To  this  irregularity  certain  of  the  A'elaz- 
(juez  leaders  objected,  demanding  at  least  that  the 
r(\yal  fifth  should  be  deducted;  the  commander  there- 
lore  ordered  gold  to  be  received  only  by  Gonzalo 
iMcjia,  as  treasurer.'^^ 

Ten  days  elapsed  before  Teuhtlile  returned,  without 
the  envoy ,^  but  followed  by  a  file  of  slaves  bearing, 
among  other  things,  as  a  present  to  the  Spanish  king, 
ten  loads  of  rich  feathers  and  robes,  some  j]fold  figures 
vahied  at  three  thousand  pesos,  and  four  chalchiuite 
stones,  each  declared  to  be  worth  a  load  of  gold,  but 
of  no  value  to  Europeans. 

Teuhtlile  then  stated  that  further  messages  to 
tlie  emperor  were  useless,  since  the  desired  inter- 
view could  not  be  granted.  He  hoped  the  Spaniards 
would  content  themselves  with  the  promi.-ed  supplies 
and  depart  in  peace. 

Turning  to  his  companions,  Cortes  said:  "Truly 
tliis  must  be  a  great  lord,  and  rich;  and,  God  willing, 
some  day  we  will  visit  him."  Just  then  the  bell 
struck  for  Ave  ]\Iaria,  and  instantly,  with  uncovered 
heads,  the  soldiers  were  kneeling  round  the  cross. 
The  priests,  ever  ready  to  preach  their  faith  where 
nil  (ip[)oi'tunity  presented,  were  soon  at  work.  His 
words,  however,  made  a  bad  inijiression  on  the  go\ - 
trnor,  as  had  also  the  evasive  answer  of  Cortes  to  liis 

■-'  'Y  aquel  oro  q<io  rescatau.inios  daiuinios  ;i  los  honilnvs  que  tvaianins  ilo 
1;>  niar,  qnv  ibaii  A.  pescar,  Ti  trueco  dt'sii  ))oseailo. '  Jtirnal  J>i(iz,  Hist.  Vcrddd., 
■J7.     If  so  it  was  probably  after  the  Indians  deserted. 

'-'  ( loniara  refers  to  i»n  order  to  sto])  all  barter  for  gold,  with  a  view  to  let 
it  ajijicar  that  the  S[ianiard.s  eared  not  for  tiie  inet-al,  and  thus  to  indnee  tlio 
Indians  to  make  noseeretof  the  manner  in  which  it  was  obtained.  Hist.  Mix., 
"■'.I.  As  if  the  natives  had  not  already  learned  what  we  wanted,  sneei's 
I'urnal  Diaz. 

-''  '()uc  so  dezia  Quintalbor,  no  bolvio  mas,  porquo  aula  adolecido  en  el 
caniino.'  liirnnl  />inz,  Hist.  Vcnlad.,  'J7. 
UiuT.  Mbx.,  Vol.  I.    U 


130 


THE  COMBATAXTS  SAHTTE. 


iiicssngc.  lie  bade  a  cold  farewell,  and  the  next 
morning  the  Spaniards  awoke  to  find  the  native  en- 
campment deserted,  and  even  the  supjilies  carried 
away.  Precautions  were  now  taken  against  jirobable 
attack,  by  sending  on  board  the  provisions  and  all 
cumbrous  articles,  leaving  embarkation  easy  at  any 
niomcnt.^^ 

*'  According  to  Gomara,  ffist.  Mrx.,  45,  Corti^s  told  the  governor  that  lio 
would  not  k'iivo  without  seeing  Montezunia.  Solia  eln1>oniti'.s  this  ns  usual 
into  a  long  Hpocch,  to  which  Tcuhtlilc  replies  with  threats,  and  turning  liin 
back  stalks  out  of  the  camp.  Coiiq.  Mcx.,  i.  153-5;  Ilcrrcni,  dec.  i.  lib.  v. 
cap.  vi. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 

May,  ir>H). 

SEUiors  Dilemma  of  CoRxfe— Ai'thouity  wiTiiorx  Law — Montkio  Sent 
NDHTUWAun — Recommends  anotiieu  Anohoii.\(!E  —  Dissensions  at 
Vera  Curz — Pkompt  ani>  Siihewd  Action  ok  Cortes — A  MiNin- 
I'Ai.rrv  Okcanizek— (V>KTEs  Resicns— And  is  Chosen  Leader  r.v  the 
Ml  Nicii'ALiTY — Vela/.ioiez'  Cai'Tains  Intimate  Leiiei.i.ion --('outes 
riioMi'TLY  Arrests  Several  of  Them — Then  he  Conciliates  them 

ALL  —  iMrORTANT   EMBASSY  FROM   CeMI'OALA  —  TlIE  VeIL  LiJTED  — ThE 

March  to  Cemi'Oal.^ — What  was  Done  there— (JriAiici/TLAN — The 

CoMINO    OK   THE   TrIRI'TE   GaTHEREIW  —  HoW    TlIEY    WERE    TREATED  — 

Grand  Alliance. 


At  this  point  in  his  career  Ilernan  Cortes  iVnuul 
liiniself  less  muster  of  the  situation  than  suited  liiuL 
The  color  of  his  command  was  not  sutiiciently  pro- 
nounced. He  had  no  authority  to  settle;  he  had  no 
authority  to  conquer;  ho  niii^ht  only  discover  and 
trade,  lie  did  not  care  for  Velazquez;  anything  that 
pertained  to  Velazijuez  he  was  })repared  to  take.  Ihit 
Velaz(|uez  had  no  lej^al  ])ower  to  authorize  him  further. 
Cortes  cared  little  for  the  authorities  at  Espanola;  the 
kiiiij;'  was  his  chief  dependence;  the  kinj^  to  whose  favor 
his  ri^^dit  arm  and  mother  wit  should  pave  the  way. 
Some  signal  service,  in  the  eyes  of  the  monarch, 
nii'dit  atone  for  slio-ht  irrci'ularities;  if  he  failed,  the 
sever(\st  punisliments  were  uln^ady  come.  ]^ut  wIuto 
was  the  service?  Had  ^Montezuma  granted  him  an 
interview,  he  might  make  n  oort  of  that,  and  iind 
listeners.  As  it  was,  he  could  land  and  slay  a  few 
thousand  natives,  but  his  men  would  waste  away  and 
no  benetlts  accrue.     Nevertheless,  if  he  could  plant 

(131) 


189 


THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  COXCEH^ED. 


liiinsolf  somewhat  more  firmly  on  this  soil  than  his 
connnission  seemed  to  justify,  chance  might  ofter  o])por- 
tunity.and  the  signal  service  find  achievement.  Sucli 
were  tlie  thoughts  that  just  now  filled  his  sagacious 
brain,  but  the  way  was  by  no  means  clear  before  him. 

While  the  events  narrated  in  the  preceding  chapter 
were  in  progress,  Montejo,  with  two  vessels,  had  been 
sent  northward  to  seek  a  harbor  less  unwholesome 
than  the  present,  where  many  of  those  wounded  at 
Tabasco  had  died.^  As  second  in  command  went 
Kodrigo  Alvarez  Chico,  and  as  pilots,  Alaminos,  and 
Alvarez  el  Manquillo.  On  reaching  the  extreme 
pt)int  attained  by  Grijalva,  the  strong  current  pi'e- 
veuted  further  advance,  as  in  the  former  attem[)t.- 
Tliey  were  obliged  by  a  gale  to  throw  overboard 
part  of  their  cargo.  Water  failed,  and  in  the  attcni[)t 
to  land  an  artilleryman  perished.  Prayer  was  now 
their  only  recourse,  and  this  not  only  changed  the 
wind,  but  brought  rain.  After  a  fortnight  of  mis- 
adventures'' they  returned  to  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  and 
hastened  bareheaded  to  the  cross  to  offer  thanks. 
More  wholesome  airs  were  not  difficult  to  find,  but 
good  harbors  were  not  abundant  thereabout.  The 
only  favorable  spot  found  by  IMontojo  lay  some  ten 
leagues  north  of  the  camp,  close  to  the  native  fortress 
of  Quiahuiztlan.*    A  high  rock  affording  shelter  from 


'^  J>t>riial  Diaz,  Ifi.-il.  Verthtd.,  27.  Herrera,  tloc.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vi.,  auil 
otlu'i-a  rcfoi"  to  a  similar  number  .is  being  on  tho  sick-list.  Yellow  fever,  cr 
viiiiiito  iiegro,  now  tho  scourge  of  this  and  adjoining  regions,  appears  t)  li.u  o 
devi'lopetl  with  the  growth  of  Em-opean  Hettlements,  and  Cla\ngero  states  that 
it  was  not  known  there  before  IT-").  Storla  Mess.,  i.  117. 

^ '  Hastii  cl  parage  del  rio  graiule  de  I'iiuuco. '  Ilcrrcra,  loc.  cit.  '  Llcgarou 
nl  i>aragc  del  rio  grande,  qiio  es  cerea  <lo  Panuco,  adondo  otra  vcz  llegauio 
quudo  lo  del  Capit;l  Juan  do  Grijalua.'  licrnnl  J)'iaz,  J  list.  Va-Jad.,  27. 

"  'Dozo  tlias  quo  gast;iroa  ea  esto  poligroso  viage.'  Jlcrrcru,  ubi  sup.  '15i>l- 
niose  al  cabo  de  tres  t>enuinas .  . . . Ic  salian  los  de  la costa,  y  so  eacauil  sar.gie,  y 
se  la  ofrecii\  en  pijueloa  por  aniistad  a  dcidad. '  Gomarn,  Hist.  Met;.,  45. 

*  IxtUlxochitl,  Jli.it.  C/iich.,  2HQ.  Quiauitl,  rain  or  shower.  Molina,  I'ocnliii- 
Inrii).  Henoo  rainy  place.  Herrera  calls  it  Chianhuitzlan,  and  this  has  been 
adopted  by  Clavigcro  and  most  other  writers.  IVeseott,  Mcx.,  i.  348,  in  a 
note  holds  up  Clavigero  as  a  standard  for  tlio  spelling  of  Mexican  nanic.i,  but 
he  foi'gets  that  tho  Itidiau  form,  as  in  the  above  case,  would  be  misleading  to 
English  people. 


SUBTLETIES. 


Jvi.,  nii'l 

Ifcvcr,  (  r 

1  t',1  hnvo 

latcj  tluit 

'IV.l- 
iiingiv,  y 

45. 

,  Vocnhii- 
Ihas  litfii 

J48,  ill  n. 
linca,  l)ut 


north  winds  rravc  tlio  ]ilaeo  some  resemblance  to 
the  Spanish  harbor  of  Bernal,  whieli  name  was  ae- 
(•(inhnu'ly  ap|)He(l  to  it.  Exten(Hng  inkmd  were  green 
iiehls  fringed  M'ith  fine  timber,  and  .suppUed  with 
creeks  f)f  good  water." 

The  fifty  men  comprising  the  expedition  of  ^lontejo 
liad  been  picked  from  the  adherents  of  Vehizquez,  in 
order  that  by  weakening  this  faction  Cortes  might 
be  ahowed  to  deveh)p  his  phins.  For  the  army  was 
slowly  but  surely  drifting  into  division,  as  we  have  so 
often  found  in  adventures  of  this  kind,  and  the  Velaz- 
(|uez  party  comprised  all  who  desired  immediately  to 
]'eturn.  In  this  clique  were  many  wealthy  and  in- 
fiuential  men  who  cared  no  more  for  Yelazipiez  than 
for  Cortes,  but  who  had  possessions  in  Cul)a,  and 
were  becoming  impatient  to  return  to  them.  Nor  was 
there  much  difficulty  in  giving  form  to  discontent. 
There  were  grave  suspicions  atloat  as  to  the  li)yalty 
of  the  commander;  but  these,  which  assuredly  wimo 
more  conspicuous  in  Cuba  than  here,  were  of  little 
moment  when  they  harmonised  with  the  wishes  of 
the  men.  What  stupidity  in  forming  camp  amidst 
such  malaria,  and  in  so  early  making  enemies  of  the 
l)eo})le.  It  was  evident,  so  they  argued,  that  the 
eonnnander  intended  to  sacrifice  the  company  to  Im 
ambition. 

The  action  of  Cortds  here  as  elsewhere  marks  the 
great  man,  the  man  of  genius,  the  born  master  of 
men,  and  rightfully  places  him  beside  the  Ciesars  and 
the  Napoleons  of  the  world.  The  eonnnander  wished 
to  remain.  All  his  fortune,  all  the  fortunes  of  his 
friends  w'cre  staked  on  this  adventure,  and  ho  would 
1  ather  die  than  return  unsuccessful.  Little  hope  there 
woukl  be  of  his  obtaining  command  again;  ..le  would 

'^  '  Lc  llamaro  Vernal,  por  ser,  como  es,  vn  Cerro  alto. '  Vftann^rt,  Tentro 
^fix.,  ])t.  iii.  115.  Tliia  nui^  have  been  the  origin  of  the  name  for  the  Spanish 
port,  after  which  Bernal  Diaz  says  it  was  called.  Hist.  Venlml.,  "27.  Ho 
iipiilie-s  the  name  to  a  neighboring  fort,  spelling  it  in  different  ways,  of  wliich 
Snli.s,  and  consequently  Robertson,  have  selected  the  must  lutlikely.  Gomara 
applies  A(|uialmiztlau  to  the  harbor.  Hist,  Mcx,,  49. 


m 


THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  COXCEIVED. 


ii|jH 


'  not  return,  neither  would  he  just  at  present  die.  In 
desperate  cases  spirited  counsels  and  spirited  actions 
are  usually  safest. 

Calling  to  him  his  most  trusty  followers,  Pucrto- 
carrero,  Alvarado  and  his  brotliers,  Avila,  Olid,  Esca- 
lante,  and  Francisco  Lugo,  he  laid  the  situation  fairly 
before  them.  Shortly  after  these  captains  were  out 
among  the  men,  holding  forth  to  them  ]irivat(,'ly  on 
the  wealth  of  the  country,  the  ease  and  glory  of  con- 
quest, and  the  prospect  of  repartimientos.  Where  was 
the  benefit  of  returning  to  Cuba?  Surely  they  migjit 
as  well  hold  the  country  for  themselves  as  to  aban- 
don it  and  let  others  step  into  their  places.  It  would 
be  much  easier  to  increase  the  present  force  by  add- 
ing to  it  than  to  raise  a  new  army  better  appointed 
or  larixer  than  this.  Nor  did  they  forijet  the  arijfu- 
ment  of  religion,  which,  however  hollow  in  practice, 
was  weighty  enough  in  theory.  "Elect  therefore  to 
remain,"  they  said  in  conclusion;  "and  choose  the 
al)le  and  cfenerous  Cortes  for  your  ijeneral  and  iu.sticia 
mayor  till  the  emperor  decides  in  the  matter."*^ 

The  opposition  was  by  no  means  ignorant  of 
these  manrouvres,  and  Ordaz  was  conniiissioned  to 
remonstrate  with  Cortes.  He  dwelt  on  the  danocr 
of  present  colonization,  denounced  any  attempt  to 
ignore  Velazquez,  and  insisted  on  instant  return. 
Suppressing  the  anger  natur-ally  arising  from  these 
insinuations,  true  as  they  were,  Cortes  disavowed 
any  intention  of  exceeding  the  instructions  of  his 
commission.  For  himself  he  preferred  to  remain,  as, 
among  other  reasons,  the  oidy  means  of  reimbursinn 
himself  for  his  heavy  expenditures.     If,  ho\vever,  it 

'■  Bcmal  Diaz  relates  with  great  satisfaction  how  earnestly  the  speake'- 
pleaded  for  his  vote,  Jiddrossing  him  repeatedly  as  'your  worship.'  One  rea.sim 
for  their  earnestness,  ho  implies,  was  tlie  superiority  in  nuniher  of  the  Vela/.- 
qucz  party.  '  Losdeudos,  y  aniigos  del  Diego  Velazijucz,  que  eran  muehos  iiuis 
que  nosotros. '  Bernal  J)iaz,  Hist.  VcrdcuL.  28-!).  He  forms  this  estimate 
most  likely  on  the  propoi-tion  of  leaders  wlio  from  jealousy  of  CortOs,  ami  for 
other  reasons,  were  addicted  to  Ve!azc|nez;  hut  their  men  were  prohahly 
more  in  favor  of  the  general  tlian  of  the  captains,  to  judge  from  the  result, 
The  sailors  for  obvious  reasons  may  have  added  to  the  Velazquez  number,  if 
not  to  their  at'  .-nsth. 


CORTES  WINS. 


135 


v.tis  tho  will  of  the  army  to  return,  lie  would  ^'ield. 
A  t'cw  hoiu'.s  later  appeared  an  order  to  eud)ark  the 
lolloNvin^"  day  for  Cuha.  This,  as  was  intended, 
lii'()U!j;ht  puhlic  feeling  to  a  crisis.  All  saw  their 
i^oideii  hopes  su'ldenly  dashed  to  the  ground,  their 
\isions  of  honors  and  repiirtiniientos  dispelled;  even 
the  men  so  lately  clamorous  to  return  were  n(»t 
])i'ej)ared  to  tind  their  re(juest  so  readily  granted. 
Would  it  not  be  well  to  think  further  of  the  matter, 
and  perhaps  devise  a  plan  to  cover  the  emergency? 
After  noisy  discussion  the  soldiers  appeared  in  force 
before  tlic  captain-general  and  demantled  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  order.  Thev  had  left  Cuba  with  the  de- 
dared  understanding  that  a  colony  was  to  be  ]>lantetl, 
and  now  they  were  informed  that  Velaz(|uez  had 
given  no  authority  to  settle.  And  if  he  had  n(jt, 
wore  not  the  interests  of  God  and  the  king  par- 
amount to  the  order  of  any  governor?  And  did  not 
tliis  same  Velazquez  defame  Grijalva  for  not  tlisobey- 
inn'  instructicms  in  this  very  rey'ard?  With  no  small 
satisfaction  Cortes  saw  that  he  was  safe;  then  urging 
c.ilm  deliberation  ho  graciously  promised  delay,^ 
which  was  emjiloyed  first  of  all  in  impressing  on  their 
minds  how  indispensable  he  was  to  their  success. 

Finally  before  the  assembled  army  the  captain- 
general  appeared  and  said:  That  he  had  invested  his 
whole  fortune  in  the  tleet,  and  controlled  it;  yet  he 
was  willing  to  subordinate  his  individual  interest  to 
that  of  tho  whole.  He  had  given  the  order  to  n'turn 
because  ho  understood  such  to  be  the  will  of  the 
niaioritv.  As  this  was  not  the  case,  he  would  oladly 
renuiin;  for  God  who  had  ever  been  with  them  was 
now  disclosing  such  a  field  of  wealth  and  glory  as  had 
n(!ver  before  been  offered  to  Spaniard.  Yet,  if  any 
w  iy.hed  to  return,  let  them  freely  speak,  and  a  vessel 
would  be  at  their  disposal.  W^hat  magic  power  ruled, 
that,  when  the  disaflected  majority  were  thus  given 

"  '  Se  hazia  niuclio  de  rogar:  y  coino  tlize  cl  rcfran:  Tu  me  lo  rucgas,  li  yo 
iiic  lo  4iiiL'i'o. '  Btriial  Diaz,  11  tat.  I'erdad.,  '2'3. 


4  m 


'^ 


m 


■!    I 


s 


M 


ii  '& 


4 


lU: 


: 


!■ 


■  %.'■■  'J' 


tv5: 


\n(\ 


TIIR  MIOITTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCRIVRn. 


their  way,  every  mouth  was  (hiinh,  and  the  coinmaiidfr 
rLiiiiUiKid  more  potent  than  ever? 

A  colony  hc'iw^  tlius  (lecidod  on,  tlio  foumUiii,' 
(•(.•reniony  was  neri'ornied  hy  the  quasi  hiyinjjf  out  of 
a  town,  tlie  })Iantin!j^  a  pillory  in  the  plaza,  and  a 
jjfallows  at  some  distance  outside,"  thouj^h  strictly 
spcakini^,  the  town  was  not  proj)erly  located  or  lai«l 
out  till  afterward.  KeferriiiLC  to  the  treasures  here 
obtained,  and  to  the  ilay  of  landin;^,  the  new  town 
was  called  Villa  Rica  de  la  Vera  Cruz."  Cortes,  as 
commander,  appointed  the  nmnicipal  otWcers,*"  namiiij,' 
for  alcaldes  I'uertocarrero  and  JVIontejo,  a  judicious 
selection,  both  for  his  own  interests  and  as  likely 
to  meet  general  approval.  And  here  again  is  dis- 
played the  subtle  policy  of  Cortes,  who  to  this  im- 
portant position  nominates  but  one  from  among  his 
own  faction,  Montejo  being  for  Velazquez.  Thus  of 
an  opponent  he  made  an  adherent,  conciliating  at 
the  same  time  the  entire  Velazcpiez  party."  I'lio 
resxidores  were  Alonso  de  Avila,  Pjdro  and  Alonso 
de  Alvarado,  and  Gonzalo  de  Sandoval;  procurador 
general,  Francisco  Alvarez  Chico;  alguacil  mayor,  Juan 
de  Escalante;  escribano,  Diego  de  Godoy.  Beside 
these  vv^cre  appointed,  in  the  interests  of  the  military 
department,  as  capitan  de  entradas,  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado; maestro  de  campo,  Cristobal  de  Olid;  alferez, 
Corral;  alguaciles  de  real,  Ochoa  and  Romero;  teso- 
rcro,   Gonzalo    Mejia;    contador,  Alonso    de  Avila.'" 

*  '  Sc  piiso  vna  picota  en  la  pl.i<;n,  y  fucra  de  la  Uilla  vi.u,  horca. '  Rcrnnl  Din:, 
Il'iff.  Vcrdrul.,  29;  Vetancvrt,  Tcatro  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  11(5.  This  signifies  tliat 
justice  was  installeil,  its  otiicers  being  next  appointed. 

"  See  note  *2.3,  chap.  ii. ,  this  volume. 

'"  '  Xombronos ....  por  aleuldcs  y  regidorcs, '  say  distinctly  the  appointed 
officers  themselves,  in  their  letter  to  the  eiu])eror.  Carta  del  Ayiiiit.,  in  To/Vo, 
C'liicvi,  20.  Bcrnal  Diaz  also  indicates  that  C'ortt5s  made  the  apjiointments, 
although  he  at  first  says,  'hizimos  Alcalde,  y  Itegidores.'  Yet  it  is  probable  that 
the  authorities  were  confirmed  fonnally  as  tlu-y  were  tacitly  by  the  nK^nibers 
of  the  expedition ;  for  Cort(5s,  aa  he  acknowleilges,  had  no  real  authority  to 
form  a  settlement. 

"  Tcdlmiiniodc  Montejo,  in  Col.  Doc.  Im'd.,  i.  489.  'A  este  Montejo  ponjuo 
MO  estaua  may  bien  con  Corti''s,  por  mctelle  en  los  primcros,  y  principal,  lo 
mando  nombrar  por  Alcalde. '  Bcnud.  Diaz,  llial.  VcrdiuL,  29. 

''  Hcrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vii;  Tonjucmadd,  i.  587.  Bemal  Diaz  skips 
■the  regidorea.    He  thinks  Villareal  was  not  reappointed  alferez  because  of 


ARDICATIOX. 


m 


Xearly  all  tliose  men  wvro.  duvotod  to  Cortes,  niul 
Will' 1 1  lore  fore  Jipowert'ul  /utint  i/\(jt/)iti  for  his  project. 
Thus  fur  all  was  well.  The  men  of  Velazciuez  and 
the  men  of  Cortes,  S[»aniauis  all,  for  the  same  (iod 
jiiid  the  saino  kinjjf,  had  of  their  own  volition  drtiT- 
iiiined  here  t^  plant  a  Spanish  settlement,  and  had  so 
](Iiinted  it.  By  virtue  of  his  olHee,  and  in  the  ah- 
siiice  of  any  hij^her  authority,  the  captain-i^eneral 
Iiad  eiiosen  tenjporary  officers  for  the  new  connnon- 
wealth.  This  was  all.  These  men  had  elected  to 
transform  the  army  into  a  civil  society,  for  temporary 
or  permanent  puqjoses  as  the  case  niis^ht  be;  and  they 
had  done  .so.  But  ahout  their  leader!'  What  position 
did  he  occupy'^  A  j^^eneral  without  an  army,  dc  facto 
at  the  head  o(  afi'airs,  but  by  no  legal  right.  Let 
hiiu  cut  his  own  knot. 


The 
A^lonso 
urad(  )r 
Juau 
Reside 
litary 
Alva- 
fere/., 
teso- 
vila.'- 


()  porf|uo 
icipal,  lu 

!az  skips 
«au8e  of 


Hat  in  hand,  before  the  new  municij)ality,  Cortes 
a])peared  and  surrendered  his  connnission.  Authority, 
chief  and  absolute,  was  now  vested  alone  in  the  ayun- 
tamiento.  Then  with  the  modesty  of  Cincinnatus  he 
retired. 

]t  was  then  in  order,  on  the  part  of  the  munici- 
pality, to  choose  a  chief  ruler  and  representative  of 
royal  authority.  This  could  be  done  by  the  council 
alone,  though  in  this  instance,  for  obvious  reasons,  it 
would  be  better  to  secure  the  ap])ointment  by  poi)ular 
Vote.  Cortes  felt  safe  enough  eitlier  way.  A  glowing 
eulogy  delivered  by  a  fluent  speaker  was  followed  by 
such  noisy  demonstrations  that  the  opposition  found 
no  opportunity  to  express  their  opinion."   The  follow- 

n  ilitliciilty  with  Cort/'S  about  a  Cuban  female.  Ilitf.  Wrdad.,  29;  Vitnwvrt, 
Tiairo  M('j\,  pt.  iii.  ll<5.  Promotion  and  otluT  caus<  s  f,'iivo  speedy  rise  to 
eli;iiij,'es  among  the  otheials ;  Avila,  for  instance,  becoming  ulcaldu  mayor  of 
>i'e\v  Spain,  and  Pedro  de  Alvarailo  alcalde  of  the  town. 

'^  '  Los  q  para  esto  cstiiua  auisados,  sin  dar  lugar  a  quo  nadio  tomasse  la 
itiano.  A  vozcs  respodiero  Cortes,  Cortes.'  Ilirrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vii. 
iSi'iui'l  Diaz  merely  intimates  that  a  'packed'  meeting  was  held,  by  st.ating 
tliat  the  m'^n  of  Velazquez  were  furious  on  finding  Cortes  and  the  munici- 
J):ility  elected,  declaring,  'q'  no  era  bien  heclio  sin  ser  sabidores  dello  todos  los 
C;ipitanes,  y  soldados.'  Ilixt.  Venlad.,  "29.  This  indicates  ako  that  many  of 
the  opponents  must  have  been  sent  away  from  camp  foi-  the  occa.8iun,  ]>erhapa 
on  board  the  vessels.     Montejo  had  besides  a  number  witli  him. 


138 


THE  MICHTY  TROJECT  IS  COXCEIVED. 


ing  day  a  committee  tvus  sent  to  apprise  Cortes  of 
his  election,"  in  the  name  of  their  Catholic  Higrh- 
nesses,  to  the  offices  of  captain-general,  and  of  justicia 
mayor  of  the  town.  On  appearing  before  the  council 
to  take  the  oath,  the  alcalde  addressed  Cortes,  giv- 
ing as  reason  for  the  appointment  his  loyalty,  his 
worth,  and  his  talents.  The  commission  which  was 
then  given  granted  him  one  fifth  of  all  treasure  ac- 
■-|uired  by  trade  or  conquest,  after  deducting  the 
royal  fifth.  This  was  in  consideration  chiefly  for 
his  services   as   leader.^'    Exitus  acta,  probat.     Las 


'* '  El  qiuil  como  si  nada  snpiera  del  caso,  pregunt6  que  era  lo  que  mandau.a. ' 
Having  signiliod  his  acceptance,  'Quisiero  besarle  las  niuiioa  por  ello,  como 
co3a  al  bien  ilc  todos.'  Hcrrcrn,  ubi  sup. 

'•(loniai'a  says  frankly,  'Cortes  acepto  el  cargo  de  capitan  general  y 
justicia  mayor,  a  pocos  ruegos,  porq  no  dcsseaua  otra  cosa  mas  por  entonces.' 
Hist.  M<\r.,  48.  'Y  no  tuvo  vcrgiienza  Gomara,'  is  Las  Casas'  comment  on 
the  admission.  Hint.  Iiid.,  iv.  4!i6.  Uernal  Diaz  states  that  Cortes  had  mado 
it  a  condition,  when  the  army  pleaded  to  remain  in  the  country,  tliat  lio 
.should  receive  these  offices:  'Y  lo  peor  de  todo  que  le  otorgamos  que  le 
dariamos  el  (juinto  del  oro.'  Hist.  Venlad.,  29.  The  letter  of  the  ayunta- 
mieiito  to  the  emperor  sets  forth  that  they  had  represented  to  Cort(5s  thti 
injustice  of  trading  gold  for  the  sole  benefit  of  Velazquez  and  himself,  and 
the  necessity  of  securing  the  country  and  its  wealth  for  the  king  l)y  founding 
a  colony,  wliicli  would  also  benefit  them  all  in  the  distribution  of  grants. 
They  lia<l  accordingly  urged  him  to  stop  barter  as  hitherto  carried  on,  and 
to  found  a  town.  It  is  then  related  how  ho  yielded  his  own  interest  in  favor 
of  king  and  community,  and  appointed  them  alcaldes  and  regidores.  His 
authority  having  in  consequence  become  null,  they  appointed  him  in  the 
king's  name  justicia,  alcalde  mayor,  and  captain,  as  the  ablest  and  most  loyal 
man,  and  in  consideration  of  his  expenses  and  services  so  far.  Carta  JO 
Jul.,  lol'J,  in  t'ortfs,  Cartas,  19-21.  Both  Puertocarrero  and  Montejo  con- 
firm, ill  their  testimony  before  the  authorities  in  Spain,  that  Cortes  yieliled 
to  the  general  desire  in  doing  what  he  did.  Col.  Doc.  Ini}il.,  i.  489,  493-4. 
According  to  Gomara,  Cort«53  makes  a  trip  into  the  neigliboring  country,  and, 
finding  how  rich  it  is,  he  proposes  to  settle,  and  to  send  the  vessels  to  Cuba 
for  more  men  wherewitli  to  undertake  the  conquest.  This  was  approved : 
t"ortt%  accordingly  apjwinted  the  municipality,  and  resigning  the  authority 
conferred  by  the  Jeronimite  Fathers  and  by  Velazquez,  as  now  useless,  tlicso 
officers  in  turn  elected  him  as  their  captain -general  and  justicia  mayor.  'I'lio 
council  j.roposed  that,  since  the  only  provisions  remaining  belonged  toCorti'.s, 
he  should  take  from  the  vessels  what  he  needed  for  himself  and  servants,  and 
distriVoito  the  rest  among  the  men  a.,  a  just  price,  their  joint  credit  being 
pledgi'd  for  payment.  The  fleets  and  outfit  were  to  bo  accepted  by  the  coiu- 
l)r,ny  in  tlic  same  way,  the  vessels  to  be  used  to  carry  provisions  from  the 
islands.  Scorning  the  idea  of  trading  his  possessions,  Cort(^'<  surrendered  tlie 
fleet  and  eti'ects  for  free  distribution  among  his  companions.  AltiiouLsh 
lilieral  at  all  times  with  them,  thif  act  was  proniptetl  by  a  desire  to  gain 
g(K>d-will.  Hist.  Mer.  4G-8;  He.rrern,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  vii. ;  Tori/ucmndi, 
i.  .S9.').  ri87.  I>as  Cast  terms  the  whole  transjiction,  as  related  byComnraand 
the  ayuntamiento,  a  plot  to  defraud  Vel.izquez  of  his  property  and  honors. 
Co'.tiparinjr  the  conduct  of  Cortc''S  with  that  of  Velazquez  against  Colon,  ho 
lludd  the  latter  trifling  and  pardonable,  while  the  former  was  a  barefaced 


A  MUXICIPALITY  ESTABLISHED. 


if» 


Casas  insists  that,  since  Cortds  had  no  authority  to 
form  a  settlemen^,  his  appointment  of  an  ayuntamicnto 
A\as  illegal,  and  consequently  their  election  of  him. 
No  one  supposed  for  a  moment,  l(^ast  of  all  Cortds, 
that  these  proceedings  were  regular.  They  were 
but  make-believe  legal.  But  in  following  Gomara's 
version  Las  Casas  failed  to  understand  that  the 
appointment  wa:^  conferred  by  the  popular  majority 
in  the  name  of  the  king,  which  though  not  strictly 
legal  threw  over  all  the  color  of  law.  Beside,  with 
consummate  skill  Cortes  made  it  appear  that  the 
expedition  obligol  him  to  act  as  he  did;  and  if  these 
manoBuvres  did  not  legalize  the  transaction,  they  were 
the  means  of  weaving  a  stronf?  bond  between  the 
men  and  their  leader,  such  as  King  Charles  and  all 
his  ordinance-makers  never  could  have  created.  Cor- 
tes was  no  longer  the  chief  of  Velazquez'  expedition, 
but  the  leader  of  the  Vera  Cruz  militia,  as  the  army 
uiiglit  now  be  termed,  and  removable  only  by  the 
})()\ver  that  placed  him  there,  or  by  the  emperor.*® 

Although  opposition  was  now  in  vain,  the  ad- 
lioreuts  of  Velazquez  loudly  denounced  the  whole 
affair,  called  it  a  conspiracy  and  a  cheat,  and  refused 
t(i  acknowledge  Cortes  as  their  leader.  So  abusive 
(lid  they  become  that  open  rupture  was  imminent. 
The  leaders  of  this  faction  were  Velazquez  de  Leon, 
Oi'daz,   Escobar,   Pedro   Escudero,   Morla,   and    the 


iijUbeiy,  resulting  to  Velazquez  in  loss  of  fortune,  honors,  and  life.  The  cap- 
tains were  accomplices.  Hisf.  ImL,  iv.  4")3,  494-0.  Peter  Martyr  gives  tiio 
farts  in  brief  without  venturing  an  opinion,  dec.  v.  cap.  i. ;  Zumdmuja,  in 
ll'un'n-ez.  Doc,  MS.,  271-2.  Cort&s  still  held  ont  the  ofler  to  furnish  a  vessel 
for  those  who  preferred  to  return  to  Cul)a.  As  for  Velaznu'jz'  goo<ls,  they 
i-eiriained  safely  in  charge  of  the  autliorized  agent,  who  a'so  lecuvered  tlie 
advances  made  to  members.  See  note  5,  cap.  v. 

'"As  for  the  aj'untainiento,  the  passive  recognition  accorded  to  it,  con- 
finned  as  it  was  by  the  popularly  elected  general,  may  be  regarded  as  snliicient. 
Spanish  municipal  bodies  possessed  an  extensive  power  conferred  upon  tiieni 
during  successive  reigns,  chiefly  with  a  view  to  afford  the  sovereign  a  support 
against  the  assuming  arrogance  of  tiio  nobles.  Their  deliberations  were 
respected ;  they  couhi  appoint  members,  regulate  tlieir  expenses,  and  even 
raise  troops  under  their  own  standard.  As  an  instance  of  tiie  consideration 
enjoyed  by  these  troops,  it  is  related  that  Isiibella  the  Catholic,  when  re- 
viewing the  army  besieging  Moclin,  gave  a  .special  salute  of  respect  to  tho 
banner  of  Seville.    Ataman,  Divert.,  i.  012;  Zamacois,  Hint.  Mtj.,  ii.  401-2. 


_J^ 


140 


THE  MIGTiTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 


1(1  ■  Si 


priest  Juan  Diaz.  Seeing  the  necessity  of  prompt 
action,  Cortds  seized  the  first  two,  with  a  few  others, 
and  sent  them  on  shipboard  in  irons,  while  Alva- 
rado  went  a-fo raging  with  a  hundred  men,  chiefly 
adherents  of  the  disaffected  leaders."  They  found  a 
fertile  country,  and  several  small  towns.  The  in- 
habitants fled  at  their  approach,  leaving  signs  of  re- 
cent human  sacrifices  in  the  temple.  In  one  building, 
with  pyramidal  foundation  several  feet  in  height, 
were  found  a  number  of  fine  rooms,  some  filled  with 
grain,  beans,  honey,  and  other  provisions;  other;: 
with  cotton  fabrics  and  feathers,  adorned  in  instances 
with  gold  and  silver.  In  obedience  to  strict  orders 
nothing  was  touched  save  food.  The  report  brought 
back  of  the  beauty  of  the  country,  together  with  the 
ample  supplies  obtained,  tended  toward  harmony;  and 
while  the  soldiers  were  thus  easily  reconciled  to  the 
new  order  of  things,  Cortes  with  his  usual  tact  won 
over  nearly  all  his  adversaries.  Some  he  bribed, 
some  he  flattered;  others  were  allured  with  hopes 
of  preferment.  Most  remarkable  was  it  that  with 
such  fire  in  his  veins,  he  could  so  control  it;  for  how- 
ever treacherous  Cortes  knew  them  to  be,  seldom  a 
sign  escaped  him  that  he  suspected  them.  Even  the 
imprisoned  officers  yielded  to  his  persuasive  power, 
aided  as  it  was  b}^  irons,  and  soon  were  ranked  among 
his  devoted  sustaincrs.'" 

And  now  came  to  pass  an  event  such  as  the  gods 
not  unfrequently  fling  their  favorites,  which  was  ma- 
terially to  brighten  the  prospects  of  the  Spaniards. 
While  preparing  their  removal  to  a  new  harbor, 
and  shortly  after  the  Mexican  withdrawal  from  inter- 


.   ,i; 


"  According  to  Gomara,  Covtt'a  entcra  the  country  with  400  men  and  all  the 
horses,  before  tlie  election  liad  been  mootei'..  He  describes  the  towns  visited, 
J  fist.  Mex. ,  4G-8.  Herual  IJiaz  proiiuuiiccs  the  number  of  men  and  the  time 
of  entry  false.  He  also  abttes  that  M;mtejo  was  bought  over  for  2000  pesos 
and  more.   ffisL  I'cr  in:/.,  30. 

'"  According  to  Bernal  Diaz,  fflKf.  I'erdad.,  .10,  gold  played  an  importjiiit 
role  in  etieoting  this  change  of  allegiance,  termed  by  Velazquez,  in  his  Me- 
morials to  Spain,  a  witchery.  Solis  sees  nothing  but  the  dignitiud  yet  clever 
traits  of  his  hero  in  all  this. 


CEMPOALAN  EMBASSY. 


141 


cour.se,  Bernal  Diaz  brought  in  from  his  outpost  five 
Indians,  different  in  dress  and  features  from  any 
hitherto  seen.  Among  other  peculiarities  were  large 
oold  rings,  set  with  stones,  in  their  perforated  ears, 
nose,  and  lower  lip.  Two  of  them,  who  spoke  Mexi- 
can, explained  the  purport  of  their  visit.  The  deeds 
of  the  Spaniards  having  reached  the  ears  of  their 
i. lister,  the  lord  of  Cempoala,  in  the  Totonac  country, 
tlioy  liad  been  sent  to  see  these  valiant  beings,  and  in- 
vite thorn  to  their  city  a  few  leagues  distant.^®  Ques- 
tionings revealed  that  the  Totonacs  were  a  subjected 
nution,  languishing  like  others  under  the  oppressive 
yoke  of  the  Aztecs,  and  only  too  ready  to  welcome 
dcHverance. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  Cortds  and  his  com- 
panions were  wholly  in  the  dark  as  to  the  power 
and  positions  of  the  interior  nations.  Now  for  the 
iirst  time  a  little  light  was  shed  on  tlic  subject.  It 
appeared  that  the  mighty  monarch,  with  whom  took 
place  the  late  interchange  of  courtesies,  had  enemies 
v,ho,  if  not  as  powerful  as  himself,  were  still  strong, 
and  in  spirit,  at  least,  unsubdued.  Might  not  this 
adverse  influence  be  utilized  and  joined  to  otlier  ad- 
verse influences  for  the  humbling  of  the  great  interior 
l>o\ver?  Possibly  Montezuma  might  grant  Cortes 
audience  under  circumstances  yet  to  be.  Thus  tlie 
plan  of  the  conquest  was  conceived.  The  messengers 
^vcre  dismissed  with  presents  and  the  assurance  of  a 
speedy  visit.^ 

According  to  Ixtlilxochitl,  the  first  revelation  of 
Aztec  ^v^akness  was  made  by  his  ancestor  and  nanio- 
f^ake,  the  king  of  northern  Acolhuacan.-'  Fearing  the 
power  and  treachery  of  Montezuma  and  his  allies,  and 

''■•The  soldiers  called  them  Lopelueios,  bconnso  tlioir  first  in(|itii'y  was 
I.npolncii),  'chief,'  whom  they  wished  to  see.  Tliey  hud  not  ventured  to  ap- 
piMK'li  while  the  Mexicans  were  at  the  canip.   litriial  I>i(r.,  /fist,  I'enlml.,  "JS. 

^'' Acconling  to  (ionmra,  folic wd  hy  Herrera,  the  Totonacs  were  about 
twenty  in  nuniljer,  and  came  while  Teulitlilc  was  al>.sent  on  liisse(ond  niissioii 
to   Mc.cioo,  without  bringing  a  direct  iiivitatiou   to   the   .jpiuiiards,    Uist. 

'  Site  Xative  Races,  v.  47j-7. 


142 


THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 


hating  the  Aztecs  with  a  perfect  hatred,  this  prinoo 
had  hailed  Avith  joy  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards,  antl 
had  gloated  over  the  terror  with  which  their  presence 
Avould  inspire  the  emperor.  The  prospect  of  gaining 
an  ally  who  might  aid  his  own  ambitious  plans  for 
supremacy,  and  for  Mexican  humiliation,  impelled  him 
to  send  an  embassy  to  Cortes  with  rich  presents,  and 
with  instructions  to  explain  to  the  strangers  tlio 
prevailing  disaffection,  the  ease  wath  which  the  Aztec  5 
might  be  overthrown,  and  the  rare  spoils  that  wouLl 
accrue  to  the  conquerors.  The  interview  with  Cortes 
is  placed  at  about  the  same  time  as  the  Totonac  visit, 
and  Ixtlilxochitl  is  said  to  have  received  the  mo;st 
friendly  assurances  from  Cortes.^-  Be  that  as  it  may, 
here  was  an  incident  which  should  crush  all  cavillings. 

As  well  to  examine  the  country  as  to  inure  the 
troops  to  whatever  experience  should  be  theirs  on  tliis 
strange  shore,  Cortes  with  about  four  hundred  men  uikI 
two  light  guns  proceeded  by  land  to  Cempoala,  while 
the  Hect  with  the  heavy  camp  material  and  the  iv- 
mainder  of  the  expedition  coasted  farther  northward 
to  Quiahuiztlan. 

-Burning  overhead  was  the  sun:  burning  underfoot 
were  the  sands;  while  on  the  one  side  v/as  tlic  tan- 
talizing sea,  and  on  the  other  the  tantalizing  wood, 
both  inviting  bv  their  cool  refreshing  airs.    ]3eliind 


"'■'  fxtUlxochi/l,  Hist.  C/c'i'A.,  288.  This  author  is  not  very  careful,  howovoi-, 
and  his  dcsiro  to  court  the  Spaniards  has  no  doulit  led  him  to  antedate  tlio 
event.  ]>rasseur  do  JJourbourg  accepts  liis  storj'  in  full,  //^s^  Nnf.  Cir.,  iv. 
87-8.  A  .similar  revelation  is  elaiuied  to  have  been  rnado  by  two  Azteo  chiefs, 
Vaniapantzin  and  Atonaltzin,  who  came  to  the  camp  in  the  i-etinuc  of  the  lir.-t 
ines:jcngers  from  Mexico.  Descendants  of  the  early  Aztec  kings,  and  discon- 
tented with  tlio  ])resent  ruler,  they  promised  Cortes  to  deliver  certain  native 
paintings  foretelling  the  coming  of  whito  men,  to  reveal  tho  wherealiouts  of 
the  imperial  treasures,  and  to  plot  an  uprising  among  native  states  in  aid  nf 
Spaniards.  For  these  services  they  received  extensive  grants  after  the  con- 
quest, including  that  of  Ajapusco  town.  The  document  recording  this  i.s  a 
fiugment  which  Zercccro  parades  in  the  opening  part  of  his  Mem.  R<  r.  Mr. v., 
8-14,  as  a  discovery  by  him  in  the  Archivo  General.  It  pretends  to  be  a  title 
to  Ajapusco  lands,  and  contains  on  tho  lirst  pages  a  letter  signed  by  (fortes  iit 
San  .Tuan  do  Ulua,  '20  March,'  lolO,  as  'Captain-general  and  goveninr  uf 
tiieso  New  Spaius.'  Both  the  date  and  titles  utamp  the  letter  at  least  as  uio.o 
than  auspivious. 


EXPEDITION  TO  CEMPOALA. 


143 


the  (lark-fringed  forests  rose  old  Orizaba,*^  laughing 
at  their  distress  beneath  its  cap  of  snow,  and  wonder- 
ing why  mortals  so  superior  should  choose  the  deadly 
ticnu  caliente  country  for  their  promenade,  when 
gentle,  genial  Anahuac  lay  so  near.  But  presently 
tiie  senses  quickened  to  the  aroma  of  vegetation;  soft 
swards  and  cultivated  fields  spread  before  them  their 
living  green,  and  the  moist,  murmuring  wood  anon 
threw  over  them  its  grateful  shade.  If  beside  grave 
tlioughts  on  the  stupendous  matters  then  under 
consideration,  might  find  place  such  trillcs  of  God's 
creation  as  birds  of  brilliant  plumage  and  of  sweet 
song,  they  were  there  in  myriads  to  charm  the  eye 
and  ear;  game  to  fill  the  stomach,  though  not  so 
satisiiying  as  gold,  always  commanded  attention,  and 
v.as  also  plentiful.^*  Through  all,  dispensing  life  and 
beauty  on  every  side,  flowed  the  Rio  de  la  Antigua, 
Vvhere  a  few  years  later  rose  old  Vera  Cruz.'^^ 

(,'rossing  this  stream  with  the  aid  of  rafts  and 
shaky  canoes,  the  army  quartered  on  the  opposite 
bank,  in  one  of  the  towns  there,  which  was  desti- 
tute alike  of  food  and  people,  but  which  displayed  the 


lunvevov, 
nluto  tho 
<'ii'.,  iv. 

tholiv-t 

:1  di.-'c(;u- 

liii  iiiitive 

jabouts  <if 

in  aiil  "( 

the  CI  111- 

[f  this  i.i  u 

Vc.  Mrx:, 

1)0  iitiUo 

Corti's  :it 

VLTUnr   dt' 
it  ll.S  IIIO.'O 


^ '  The  natives  called  it  Citlaltepetl,  starry  mountain,  witli  reference  probably 
to  the  f  parkd  issuing  from  it.  For  height,  etc. ,  see  llnmholdt,  E<sai  Pol. ,  i.  "JT.'J. 
I'rasscur  du  IJourbourg  gives  it  the  unlikely  name  of  Ahuilizapan.  J/iif.  Nat. 
( ■''•.,  iv.  90.  Tlio  ending  'pan'  implies  a  district  or  town,  not  a  mountain.  The 
dc'scriiition  in  Carta  del  Aijuiit.,  in  Corica,  Curl'is,  '2'l-\\,  expresses  doubt 
whether  the  whiteness  of  the  summit  is  due  to  snow  or  to  clouds. 

'-'Alvarado  chased  ii  deer,  and  succeeded  in  wounding  it,  but  the  next 
moment  tiio  dense  underbrush  saved  it  from  pursuit.  The  Carta  (hi  Aftunt., 
Inc.  cit.,  gives  a  list  of  birds  niul  quadi'upeds;  and  a  descriptive  account, 
foiii'.ded  greatly  on  fancy,  however,  is  to  be  found  in  the  curious  Er(i.iini 
Fraiirisci.  OuhiciKchrr  und  Amerirani.vhcr  Jilumcn-Piisrh,  Niirnberg,  Kjtil), 
wherein  the  compiler  presents  under  the  title  of  a  nosegay  the  'perfume  of 
the  wonders  of  strange  animals,  of  peculiar  customs,  and  of  the  doings  of  the 
kings  of  I'eru  and  Mexico.'  The  lirstof  its  two  parts  is  devoted  to  the  animal 
kingdoDi,  with  particular  attention  to  the  marvellous,  wherein  credulity  finds 
free  phiy,  as  may  be  seen  also  in  the  flying  dragon  of  one  of  the  crude  en- 
giaving.s.  In  the  second  part,  the  aborigines,  tlieir  iiistoiy,  cundition,  and 
customs,  are  treated  of,  chiefly  under  Peru  and  Mexico,  chapter  v.  relating 
specially  to  t!io  latter  country.  The  narrotivc  is  quite  superficial  and  fragmen- 
tarj- ;  the  '  nosegay '  being  not  only  common  but  faded,  even  tlie  stylo  and  typo 
ap)ieann;T  antiquate<l  for  tlie  date.  Ajipended  is  H<  miiirr-'iaiii,  (riiint'isrfi''  vtiil 
III  <''-/(/(/l'rtK(«t'AfyiVW;c»c/jn't/>tt«y,  with  auiiilion  by  Dietherr,  relating  to  Africa 
and  ll.'azil. 

-'  '.V  tres  leguasandadas  llego  alrio  que  parte  termino  con  tierraado  Mou- 
teci/uDui.'  Gomara,  Hist.  J/ia;.,4L>;   Torqiionada,  i.  39o. 


144 


THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 


usual  ghastly  indications  of  recent  human  sacrifice. 
The  next  morning  they  followed  the  river  westward, 
and  soon  after  met  a  party  of  twelve  Totonacs,  wJio 
had  been  sent  by  the  Cempoalan  ruler  with  presents 
of  food.  By  them  the  Spaniards  were  guided  north- 
ward to  a  hamlet  where  a  bountiful  supper  was  pro- 
vided.'^''  While  marching  the  next  day,  with  scouts 
deployed  as  usual  to  guard  against  ambuscades,  they 
emerged  from  a  dense  tropical  forest  into  the  midst 
of  gardens  and  orchards,  and  by  a  sudden  turn  in  the 
road  the  bright  buildings  of  Cempoala  stood  forth  to 
view. 

Just  then  twenty  nobles  appeared  and  offered  wel- 
come. They  were  followed  by  slaves,  and  instantly 
the  travel -worn  army  ^Yas  revelling  in  fruits  and 
flowers.  What  more  beautiful  reception  could  have 
been  given?  yet  the  Spaniards  w^ould  have  preferred 
a  showci'  of  gold.  To  Cortes  were  given  bouquets; 
a  garland,  chiefly  of  roses,  was  flung  around  his  neck, 
and  a  wreath  placed  upon  his  helmet.  Species  of 
pineapples  and  cherries,  juicy  zapotes,  and  aromatic 
anones  were  distributed  to  the  men  without  stint. 
Almost  the  entire  populace  of  the  city,  some  twenty- 
five  thousand,^^  staring  their  v/ondermcnt  wdth  open 
eyes  and  mouth,  thronged  either  side  of  the  way 
along  which  marched  the  army  in  battle  array,  headed 
by  the  cavalry.  Never  before  had  the  Spaniards  seen 
so  beautiful  an  American  city.    Cortes  called  it  Seville, 


^*  Goni.ira,  who  igiiorca  the  previous  night's  camp,  states  that  the  iloto\u-  r.p 
the  rivLT  wiw  iiiaJo  to  avoid  marslics.  They  saw  only  isolated  huts,  and  liolils, 
and  also  alwut  twenty  natives,  who  were  chused  and  caught.  ]!y  tlieni  tlioy 
•were  guided  to  the  luunlct.  Hint.  Mex.,  4!l.  They  met  one  hundred  nuu 
bringing  them  food.  Ixtlilxochitl,  Hint.  Chich.,  '2S9.  I'rescott  allows  tliO 
Spaniards  to  cross  only  a  tributary  of  la  Antigua,  and  yet  gain  Cenipuala. 
i/w.,  i.  339-40. 

"  Las  Casas  says  20,000  to  30,000.  Hint.  1ml.,  iv.  492.  Torquemada  vinka 
in  diflerent  places  from  25, (XK)  to  150,000.  Tiic  inhabitants  were  moved  by 
Conde  do  Monterey  to  a  village  in  Jalapa  district,  and  in  Torquemada's  time 
less  than  half  a  dozen  remained,  i.  397.  'Dista  do  Vera-Cruz  qiiatro  leguus, 
y  las  ruinas  dan  ii  entender  la  grandeza  de  la  Ciudad ;  pero  es  distinto  <le  otro 
Zempoal.  . .  .que  dista  de  cste  doze  leguas.'  Lormz'iiia,  in  Corfrn,  l/l.^l.  A. 
EniJUi'iu,  3!i.  -Vcc""tada  en  vn  llano  entro  dos  rios.'  A  league  and  u  half  from 
tlie  sea.   Ilernra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  viii. 


I.  r 


THE  CITY  AND  ITS  PEOPLE. 


14S 


open 


tletour  I'.p 

Ihoin  tliey 

llred   im'ii 

llkiws  tl-o 

Puiuiioiila. 

idii  varies 
liiovod  I'.V 
lulu's  tiinu 
JO  loguus, 
|to  lie  ctio 

//;.>^  y. 

Ihalf  from 


a  name  which  Spaniards  frequently  applied  to  any  place 
that  pleased  them,  as  we  have  seen,  while  the  soldiers, 
channed  with  its  floral  wealth  and  beauty,  termed 
it  Mllaviciosa,  and  declared  it  a  terrestrial  paradise. 
Olio  of  tlie  cavalry  scouts,  on  first  beholding  the 
fioslily  stuccoed  walls  gleaming  in  the  sun,  came  gal- 
loping back  with  the  intelligence  that  the  houses 
wcrv  silver-plated.  It  was  indeed  an  important  place, 
liokling  a  largo  daily  market.  A  central  plaza  was 
inclosed  by  imposing  temples  and  palaces,  resting 
on  pyramidal  foundations,  lined  with  apartments  and 
surmounted  by  towers,  and  around  clustered  neat 
(Iwollings  with  whitened  adobe  walls  embowered  in 
foliage.  Statelier  edifices  of  masonry,  some  having 
several  court -yards,  rose  here  and  there,  while  in 
every  direction  spread  an  extensive  suburb  of  mud 
lints  with  the  never  failing  palm-leaf  roof  Yet  even 
the  humblest  abodes  were  smothered  in  flowers.^' 
The  people  also,  as  we  might  expect  by  their  sur- 
roundings, were  of  a  superior  order,  well  formed,  of 
intelligent  aspect,  clothed  in  neat  white  and  colored 
cotton  robes  and  mantles,  the  nobles  being  adorned 
with  golden  necklaces,  bracelets,  and  nose  and  lip 
rings,  set  with  pearls  and  precious  stones. 

When  the  troops  reached  the  plaza,  Chicomacatl,^ 
lord  of  the  province,  stepped  from  the  palace  to 
receive  his  guests.  He  was  supported  by  two  nobles, 
and  though  enormously  stout,^  his  features  denoted 
liiijfh  iiitclliixence,  and  his  manner  refinement.  I  To  was 
more  of  a  gentleman  than  many  of  the  Spaniards, 
whose  merriment  over  his  corpulence  Cortes  was 
ohligod  to  repress.  After  saluting  and  wafting  incense 
hcl'oro  the  commander  of  the  strange  company,  Chico- 
iimcatl  embraced  Cortes  and  led  him  to  his  quarters 

"'  'Coiiipoal,  que  yo  intitul6  Sovilla.'  Corlfs,  Cartas,  52.  See  Native  Iface.i, 
ii.  rMH-tlli;  iv.  4'J.'>-(!;?,  on  Nalma  architecture. 

'•"•'  l.rilil.rorliill,  Jlii^l.  Chich.,  '294.  Brasaeur  de  Bourbourg,  by  a  luiscon- 
ptriK'tion  of  \\\n  authorities,  calls  him  Tlacoclicalcatl.  Codex  Chimaliiujioca,  in 
Bnisiii  iirili'  Jioiirhoiirii,  H'lKt.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  93.     Hvo  Sahmjim,  /Hit.  ('un'/.,  ll>. 

"" '  Una  jionlnra  uionstruosa. . . , Fue  ncccsario  quo  Cort<;8  tletuviesso  la  risa 
dc  lijs  soldiiilos.'  SoUk,  Hint.  Mcx.,  i.  175. 
Ui8T.  Mex..  Vol.  I.    10 


i 


<!  ^1 


.141 


THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 


ii  'I 


''tW 


'■'    I:-.  Jil;  i 
.v<-B:!! 


'Mi  ■ 


in  tlio  spacious  halls  adjoining  the  temple,  after  which 
lie  retired  for  a  time.  There  the  men  rested  and  re- 
freshed themselves,  guards  being  carefully  posted,  for 
Cortes  would  not  trust  his  fate  to  strangers,  and 
strict  orders  were  jjiven  that  no  one  should  leave  the 
building."^ 

It  was  not  long  before  Chicomacatl  returned  in  a 
litter  with  a  richly  attired  suite,  bringing  presents  of 
tine  robes,  and  jewels  worth  about  two  thousand 
ducats.  Durinj;  the  conversation  that  ensued,  Cortes 
as  usual  extolled  the  greatness  and  power  of  his  king, 
and  spoke  warmly  of  his  mission  to  replace  tlieir 
bloody  religion  with  a  knowledge  of  the  true  God. 
Were  there  wrongs  to  redress,  that  is  to  say,  when 
opportunity  offered  for  the  perpetration  of  a  greater 
wrong  by  himself,  no  knight  of  La  Mancha  or  Amadis 
of  Gaul  could  be  more  valiant  than  he.  In  return 
the  chief  of  Cempoala  unbosomed  himself,  for  tlie 
manner  of  Cortes  was  winning,  and  his  speccli  in- 
spired confidence  whenever  he  chose  to  make  it  so. 
Then  his  fame,  already  wide-spread  over  the  land,  and 
the  dim  uncertainty  as  to  his  nature,  wlicther  more 
celestial  or  terrestrial,  added  weight  to  his  words.  So 
Chicomacatl  poured  forth  from  an  overflowing  heart 
a  torrent  of  complaints  against  the  tyranny  of  Monte- 
zuma. He  drew  for  the  Spaniards  a  historic  outline 
of  the  Aztecs — how  a  people  the  youngest  in  the  land 
had,  at  first  by  cunning  and  treachery,  and  finally  by 
forced  allies  and  preponderance  of  arms,  built  their 
power  upon  the  ruin  of  older  states.  The  Totonaes, 
whose  records  as  an  independent  nation  in  this  region 
extended  over  seven  centuries,  had  succumbed  only 
some  twenty-five  years  before  this.^'*  And  now  ^[on- 
tezuma's  collectors  overran  the  provinces,  gatheriiiL;; 
heavy  tributes,  seizing  the   beautiful   maidens,  and 

"  '  iSe  hizo  el  alojamento  en  el  patio  del  Templo  mayor.'  Iferrera,  tlco.  ii. 
lib.  V.  cap.  viii. 

^^F(ir  the  reigns  of  their  kings,  see  Torquemada,  i.  278-80.  Robertson, 
If  int.  Am.,  ii.  H\.  wrongly  assumes  the  Totonaes  to  be  a  tierce  people,  differuut 
from  Cunipoalans. 


TOTONAC  PLEDGES. 


147 


conv^eying  the  men  into  slavery  or  to  the  sacrificial 
stone.  Neither  Hfe,  hberty,  nor  property  could  be 
enjoyed  with  any  degree  of  safety. 

Whereat  Cortes  of  course  was  indignant.  It  was 
Ills  special  business  to  do  all  the  tyrannizing  in  that 
region  himself;  his  sword  would  give  ample  pro- 
tection to  his  new  allies,  and  bring  abundant  honor 
to  his  king  and  himself.  Let  but  the  people  prove 
loyal  to  him,  he  concluded,  and  he  surely  would  de- 
liver them  from  the  hated  yoke;  yet  he  did  not 
mention  the  more  fatal  bondage  into  which  he  would 
jilace  them.  Chicomacatl  eagerly  assured  Cortes  of 
support  from  the  Totonacs,  numbering  fifty  thousand 
Avaniors,  with  numerous  towns  and  fortresses.^  Fur- 
thermore, there  were  many  other  states  ready  to  join 
an  insurrection  which  should  prove  strong  enough  to 
brave  the  terrible  Montezuma. 

Their  visit  over,''*  the  Spaniards  continued  their 
march  northward  to  join  the  fleet.  Four  hundred 
tla mamas,  or  carriers,  attended,  in  courtesy  to  hon- 
ored guests,  to  relieve  the  soldiers  of  their  burdens. 
The  following  day  they  reached  Quiahuiztlan,  a  for- 
tified town  about  a  league  from  the  sea.  This  town 
was  picturesquely  placed  on  a  rocky  promontory 
bordering  one  of  the  many  wild  ravines  thereabout, 
and  of  difficult  access,  commanding  the  plain  and 
harbor  at  its  base.^     The  army  advanced  cautiously. 


'^  'Tod:-  aquclla  provincia  de  Cempoal  y  toda  la  sierra  comarcana  A  la 
dicha  villa,  que  serdn  hasta  cinqueiita  mil  liomhrcs  de  gucn-a  y  cincucntA 
villas  y  fortalezas.'  Vortia,  Cartas,  5.3.  'Cicii  mil  hobres  entre  toda  la  liga.' 
(lonvira.  Hist.  Mex.,  57.  '  En  aqnellas  tierraa  do  la  loiigua  de  Totouaqne,  (jiio 
oraii  mas  de  trienta  pueblos.'  Benud  Diaz,  Hist.  VerdaiL,  31.  The  province 
ai)pear3  to  have  e.xteuded  from  Rio  do  la  Antigua  to  Iluaxtf  capan,  in  the 
iiortli  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  from  the  sea  to  Zacatlan,  in  Pucbla.  i'atifio  assumes 
Mixquhuacan  to  have  been  the  capital,  but  this  must  be  a  mistake. 

^'  Gomara  relates  that  the  army  remained  at  Ccmpoala  fifteen  days,  during 
which  frequent  visits  were  made  by  (he  lord,  Cort<?s  paying  the  first  return 
visit  on  the  third  day,  attended  by  fifty  soldiers.  He  describes  briefly  tlio 
palace,  and  how  Cortt^s,  seated  by  the  siik  if  the  lord,  on  icpalli  stools,  now 
Won  his  confidence  and  adhesion.  Hist.  Mex.,  51-3;  J'apin,  I{el.,  in  Irazlial- 
citn,  Ciil.  Doc,  ii.  ,561;  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  x.  Bemal  Diaz  declares 
(loinara  wrong,  and  insists  that  they  pi'oceeded  on  their  way  the  following 
day.   Hint.  Verdnd.,  .31;  Claviijero,  .Gloria  Mess.,  iii.  2G-7. 

^■^  For  illustrated  description  of  barranca  ruins,  see  Xative  Races,  i  v.  439  et  seq. 


148 


THE  mOHTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED, 


!       <! 


PW 


in  battle  array,'"'  but  the  place  was  deserted.  On 
reaching  tlio  plaza,  however,  some  fifteen  chiefs  came 
forward  with  swinging  censers,  and  apologized,  saying 
that  the  people  had  fled,  not  knowing  what  the  strange 
arrival  portended,  but  reassured  by  the  Cempoalans, 
they  were  alrea  ly  returning  to  serve  them.  The 
B;>ldier>.  Lhen  took  possession  of  a  large  building,  where 
food  was  brought  them.  Presently  the  chief  ap- 
peared; and  close  at  his  heels  in  hot  haste  came  the 
lord  of  Cenipoala,  who  announced  that  the  Aztec  col- 
lectors had  entered  his  city.^  While  conferring  with 
(vortds  and  the  chiefs  assembled,  Chicomacatl  was 
informed  that  the  collectors,  five^  in  number,  had 
followed  him  to  Quiahuiztlan,  and  wore  even  then  at 
the  door.  All  the  chiefs  present  turned  pale,  and 
hastened  out  to  humble  themselves  before  the  officers, 
wlio  responded  with  disdainful  condescension.  The 
officers  were  clad  in  embroidered  robes,  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  jewelry,  and  wore  the  hair  gathered  upon  the 
crown.  In  the  right  hand  they  carried  their  insignia 
of  office,  a  hooked  carved  stick,  and  in  the  left  a  bunch 
of  roses,  the  ever  welcome  offering  of  the  obsequious 
Totonac  nobles  who  swelled  their  train.  A  suite  of 
servitors  followed,  some  with  fans  and  dusters,  for 
the  comfort  of  their  masters.  Passing  the  Spanish 
quarter  without  deigning  to  salute  the  strangers, 
tlic  emissaries  of  the  mighty  Montezuma  entered  an- 
other large  building,  and  after  refreshing  themselves 
summoned  the  tributary  chiefs,  reprimanded  them 
for  having  received  the  Spaniards  without  permission 
from  Montezuma,  and  demanded  twenty  young  persons 
for  an  atoning  sacrifice.     Well  might  the  demoniacal 

'"  Avila,  who  had  command,  was  so  strict  as  to  lance  Hernando  Alonso  do 
Villaniieva  for  not  keeping  in  line.  Lamed  in  the  arm,  he  received  the 
nickname  of  cl  Manquillo.  Bi  rmd  iJiaz,  Hint.  Vcrdad.,  31.  The  riders  wore 
o)i!ij,'cd  to  retain  their  seats,  lest  the  Indians  should  suppose  that  the  horses 
could  bo  deterred  by  any  obstacles.  Gomara,  If  int.  Mex.,  53. 

•''  Vclancvrt,  Tcatro  Me.i:.,])i.  iu.  117.  Others  suppose  that  he  came  merely 
to  persuade  the  cacique  to  join  Cortt^s.  Clarlijero,  Storia  Mens.,  iii.  27. 

'■'  Four  men.  Ixtlilxochitl,  Hist.  Chick.,  280.  '  Twenty  men,'  says  Gomara, 
11  id.  M<:x.,  54,  who  does  not  refer  to  the  arrival  of  Cempoula'a  lord. 


MONTEZUMA'S  TAX-GATHERERS. 


149 


order  cause  to  tremble  every  youth  througliout  the 
hind;  for  whoso  turn  should  be  next  none  could 
till.  Even  the  faces  of  the  chiefs  were  blanched  as 
they  told  Cortes,  informing  him  also  that  it  was 
already  determined  in  Aztec  circles  to  make  slaves 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  after  being  used  awhile  for 
purposes  of  procreation,  they  were  to  be  sacrificed;*" 
Cortes  lauofhed,  and  ordered  the  Totonacs  *  >  seize 
tlic  insolent  officials.  What!  lay  violent  hands  on 
;^[ontozuma's  messengers?  The  very  thought  to  them 
was  appalling.  Nevertheless  they  did  it,  for  there 
was  something  in  the  tone  of  Cortes  that  made  them 
obey,  though  they  could  not  distinguish  the  meaning 
of  his  words.  They  laid  hold  on  those  tax-men  of 
^Montezuma,  put  collars  on  their  necks,  and  tied  their 
hands  and  feet  to  poles.*"  Their  timidity  thus  brokeri, 
they  became  audacious,  and  demanded  the  sacrifice 
of  the  prisoners."  "By  no  means,"  Cortes  said,  and 
he  himself  assumed  their  custody. 

Howsoever  the  cards  fall  to  him,  a  skilful  gamester 
plays  each  severally,  nothing  cavilling,  at  its  worth. 
So  Cortes  now  played  these  messengers,  the  method 
assuming  form  in  his  mind  immediately  he  saw  them. 
With  him  this  whole  IMexican  business  was  one  great 
game,  a  life  game,  though  it  should  last  but  a  day; 
and  as  the  acrencics  and  iniluences  of  it  fell  into  his 
fingers,  with  the  subtlety  of  the  serpent  he  dealt 
them  out.  placing  one  here  and  another  there,  pla^'ing 
with  equal  readiness  enemy  against  enemy,  and  mul- 
tiplying friends  by  friends. 

These  so  lately  pride-puflfcd  tribute-men,  now  low 
laid  in  the  depths  of  despondency— how  shall  they  lie 
jilaycd?  Well,  let  them  be  like  him  who  f(;ll  amongst 
thieves,  while  the  Spanish  commander  acts  the  good 

''■' '  Montoi;!uma  tenia  pcnsamiunto, ....  do  nos  aucr  totlos  i'l  l.ns  inaiios,  \xivn 
quo  hiziesscmos  goneracion,  y  tambien  para  tener  quo  sacrilicar. '  Bfinal  iJ'.vz, 
Jli.-t.   W'rdfuL,  28. 

*"  'Carcerati  nolle  loro  gabble,'  is  the  way  Clavigero  puta  it.  Storia  Mcm., 
iii.  28.     One  was  even  whipped  for  re.sisting. 

*' '  Por([ue  no  so  Ics  fuessc  algnno  tlellos  a  dar  mandado  (\  Mexico,'  is  Ber- 
nal  Diaz'  reason  for  it.  Hist.  Wrdud.,  32. 


160 


THE  MIGHTY  PROJECT  IS  CONCEIVED. 


Samaritan.  In  pursuance  of  wliioh  plan,  when  all 
had  rotirod  for  tlio  night,  ho  went  stealthily  to  thcni, 
asked  who  they  were,  and  why  they  were  in  that  sad 
plight,  pretending  ignorance.  And  when  they  told 
liini,  this  rare  redresser  was  angry,  hot  with  indig- 
nution  that  the  nohle  representatives  of  so  noblj  a 
monarch  .should  he  so  treated.  Whereupon  he  in- 
stantly released  two  of  them,  comforting  the  otliers 
with  the  assurance  that  their  deliverance  should 
quickly  follow;  for  the  emperor  Montezuma  he  es- 
teemed above  all  emperors,  and  ho  desired  to  serve 
him,  as  commanded  by  his  king.  Then  he  sent  the 
twain  down  the  coast  in  a  boat,  beyond  the  Totonac 
boundary. 

Next  morning,  when  told  that  two  of  the  Aztec 
capti\es  had  broken  their  bonds  and  escaped,  the 
Totonacs  were  more  urgent  than  ever  for  the  im- 
molation of  the  others.  But  Cortes  again  said  no, 
and  arranged  that  they  should  be  sent  in  chains  on 
board  one  of  his  vessels,  determined  afterward  to 
release  them,  for  they  were  worth  far  more  to  his 
purpose  alive  than  dead. 

It  is  refreshing  at  this  juncture  to  hear  pious 
people  censure  Cortes  for  his  duplicity,  and  to  hear 
other  pious  people  defend  him  on  the  ground  of  ne- 
cessity, or  otherwise.  Such  men  might  with  equal 
reason  wrangle  over  the  method  by  which  it  was 
right  and  honorable  for  the  tiger  to  spring  and  seize 
the  hind.  The  one  great  wrong  is  lost  sight  of  in  the 
discussion  of  numerous  lesser  wrongs.  The  murderer 
of  an  empire  should  not  be  too  severely  criticised  for 
crushing  a  gnat  while  on  the  way  obout  the  business. 


a 


At  the  suijQfestion  of  Cortes,  messeuijers  were  sent 
to  all  the  towns  of  the  province,  with  orders  to  stop 

■■- '  Condotta  artifiziosa,  e  rloppia,' etc.,  says  CLavigero,  !^tor!a  Jfc.i.f.,  iii. 
28,  while  Solis  laiuls  it  as  'Grande artifice  ile  niedir  lo  1^110  disponia,  con  lo  <iao 
rezclaba:  y  prudentc  Capitan. '  J  lint.  Mex.,  i.  18(5. 


BT.OODLESS  DATTLES. 


151 


tlio  jKiynu'iit  of  trilmto  and  to  seize  the  collectors, 
luit  to  spafe  their  lives.  Information  was  likewise  to 
he  <;Iven  to  the  neii'liborin''  nations,  that  all  niiirht 
|ii'e|)iire  tt)  resist  the  force  which  Montezuma  would 
])r()l);il)ly  send  a^^ainst  them.  The  Totonacs  became 
w  ild  with  joy,  and  declared  that  the  little  band  who 
dare  so  brave  Montezuma  must  be  more  than  men.*^ 
To  Quiahuit;:lan  Hocked  chiefs  and  nobles  from  all 
j>arts,  eager  to  behold  these  beings,  and  to  ascertain 
lliiir  own  I'uture  course  of  action.  There  were  those 
aiiioiig  them  still  timid,  who  urged  an  embassy  to 
lilt'  king  of  kings,  to  beseech  pardon  before  his  army 
should  be  u\Hm  them,  slaying,  enslaving,  and  laying 
waste;  but  Cortes  had  already  influence,  was  already 
strong  enough  to  allay  their  fears,  and  bring  them 
(11  into  allegiance  to  the  Spanish  sovereign,  exacting 
their  oath  before  the  notary  Godoy  to  sujjjjort  him 
witli  all  their  forces.  Thus,  by  virtue  of  this  man's 
mind,  many  battles  were  fought  and  won  without  the 
striking  of  a  blow.  Already  every  Spaniard  there 
was  a  soverei^jjn,  and  the  meanest  soldier  amon<j  them 
a  ruler  of  men. 

••^ '  Dcsdo  nlli  nilclante  noa  llamaron  Tculcs,'  says  Bernal  Diaz,  with  great 
BiitisfactiiJii.  Ilift  Virdnd.,  ?i'l.  '  A  los  Espafiolcs  llamaron  <^<c/(/i,  que  ([uicro 
(liiir  (liosus,  y  I03  Kapauoles  corronipiemlo  cl  vocablo  decian  ti'itle^,  t'l  cual 
iiuiiiliru  Itjs  diiru  luas  do  trus  afius,'  till  m'c  stopped  it,  declaring  that  there 
Was  but  one  Gud.  Muloitnia,  Hid.  lad.,i.  14'J-3.     Soo  note  IG. 


CHAPTER  X. 

MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 
June-July,  1o19. 

CoRTts,    DiPLOMATE    AND    GENERAL — TlIE    MUNICIPAL  (TY    OF    VlLLA     RiCA 

Located — Excitement  TURouonorT  Akauuac — Montezuma  Demor- 
alized— Arrival  of  the  Released  Collectors  aT  the  Mexican 
Capital — The  Order  for  Troops  Countermanded — Montezuma 
Sends  an  Embassy  to  Cortes — Ciiicomacatl  Asks  Aid  aoainst  a 
Mexican  Garrison — A  Piece  of  Pleasantry — The  VELAZ^r^EZ  Mi:n 
Refuse  to  Accr-MPANY  the  Expedition — Opportunity  Offerei'  tiikm 
to  Return  to  Cuba,  which  tiiey  Decline  'niRotioii  Shame — The 
Totonacs  Rebuked — The  Cempoala  Brides — Destruction  of  Tin; 
Idols — Arrival  at  Villa  Rica  of  Salcedo — Efforts  of  Velazque? 

WITH    THE    EmPERJR  —  CoRTfiS    SENDS   MESSENGERS  TO   SpAIN— VeLAZ- 

guEz  Orders  them  Pursued — The  Letters  of  Cortes — Audience 
OF  jhe  Emperor  at  Tordesillas. 


Palamedes  invented  the  game  of  chess  Avliilc  watch- 
ing before  the  gates  of  Troy;  a  tame  business,  truly, 
beside  the  acliiovemcnts  of  the  lieavon-born  Aclulk'S, 
the  liero  of  the  war.  Yet  chess  remains,  while  Achilles 
and  his  heaven  have  melted  with  the  mists.  Who 
shall  say,  then,  wlilch  was  the  greater,  Cortes  the 
soldier,  or  Cortes  the  diplomate^  But  these  were 
barbarians,  <>ij<!  says,  with  whom  th  >  shrewd  Span- 
iards had  to  deal;  they  had  neither  lorses,  nor  iron, 
nor  gun})owdor,  to  aid  them  in  their  .vars.  Further- 
nujre,  they  regarded  the  strangers  fu  ly  as  (huni-gods, 
])robably  as  some  of  their  own  want. (.ring  deities  it- 
turned.  True;  but  he  uiakes  a  great  mistake  who 
rates  the  Mexicans  so  far  beneath  Europeans  in  natu- 
lal  ability  and  cunning.  jMontezuma  lacked  some  df 
the   murderous   engincny   that    Cortes   had,    and    his 


LOCATING  VILLA  RICA. 


Ib3 


Inner  life  was  of  different  dye;  that  was  about  all.  If 
any  would  place  Cortc5s,  his  genius,  and  his  exploits, 
below  those  c"  the  world's  greatest  generals,  because 
ho  warred  op  enemies  weaker  than  their  enemies,  wo 
have  only  to  consider  the  means  at  his  command,  how 
much  less  was  his  force  than  theirs.  What  could  the 
Scipios  or  tiic  Caesars  have  done  with  half  a  tliousand 
men ;  or  Washington,  or  Wellington,  with  five  hundred 
agai nst  five  liundred  thousand?  Nap-  I'-'on's  tactics wero 
always  to  have  at  hand  more  tbrces  than  the  enemy. 
In  this  the  Corsican  displayed  his  astuteness.  But  a 
keener  astuteness  \vas  required  by  Cortes  to  conquer 
tluHisands  with  hundreds  and  with  tens.  Perhaps 
Moltke,  who,  with  a  stronger  force,  could  wage  suc- 
cessful war  on  France,  perhaps  he,  and  a  handful  of 
Ills  A'cterans,  could  land  on  the  deadly  shores  of  the 
^lexican  Gulf,  and  with  Montezimia  there,  and  all  the 
interior  as  dark  to  them  as  Erebus,  by  strategy  and 
force  of  arms  possess  themselves  of  the  c  juntiy.  I 
doubt  it  exceedingly.  I  doubt  if  one  In  ten  of  the 
greatest  generals  who  cN^er  lived  would  have  achieved 
what  the  base  bastard  Pizarro  did  in  Peru.  Tlie  very 
qualities  which  made  them  great  would  have  deter-reel 
them  from  anything  which,  viewed  in  the  Uglit  (jf  ex- 
perience and  reason,  was  so  wildly  chimerical.  Then 
give  these  birds  of  prey  their  petting,  I  say;  they 
deserve  it.  And  be  fame  or  infamy  immortal  ever 
tlicirsi  LasLly,  if  any  still  suspect  tlic  genius  of 
Cortes  unable  to  cope  with  others  thrn  Indians,  let 
them  observe  how  he  handles  his  brother  Spaniards. 

It  was  about  time  the  municipality  should  find 
anchorage;  too  much  travelling  by  a  town  of  sucli 
immaculate  conception,  of  so  much  more  than  ordinary 
signification,  Vvore  not  soend}-.  Velazquez  wouhl  de- 
ride it;  thc!  emperor  Charles  would  wonder  at  it: 
therefore  half  o  league  below  Quiahuiztlan,  in  the 
dimpled  plain  which  stretches  from  its  base  to  the 
harbor   of   Bernal   at  present  protecting  the  shi[»s, 


I*  \ 


m^.^u 


154 


MULTirLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


where  bright  waters  coimningliii;^  witli  soft  round 
hills  arul  rugged  proinoutories  were  lifted  into  ethereal 
heights  by  the  misted  sunshine,  the  whole  seene  fulling 
oil  the  senses  like  a  vision,  and  not  like  tame  realit) , 
there  they  chose  a  site  for  the  Villa  Ilica,^  and  drew 
a  plan  of  the  town,  distributed  lots,  laid  the  founda- 
tions for  forts  and  batteries,  granary,  church,  town- 
hall,  and  other  buildings,  which  wore  constructed 
chielly  of  adobe,  the  whole  being  inclosed  by  a  strong 
stockade.  To  encourage  alike  nien  and  officers  to 
push  the  work,  Cortes  himself  set  the  example  in 
preparing  for  the  structures,  and  in  carrying  earth 
and  stones.  The  natives  also  lent  their  aid,  and  in  ;i 
few  weeks  the  town  stood  ready,  furnishing  a  good 
shipping  depot,  a  fortress  for  the  control  of  the  in- 
terior, a  starting-point  for  operations,  an  asylum  for 
the  sick  and  wounded,  and  a  refuge  for  the  army  iu 
case  of  need. 


Great  was  the  excitement  in  Anahuac  and  the 
re!i"ions  round  about  over  the  revolt  of  the  Totonacs 
and  the   attitude    assumed    by  the    Spaniards;   and 

'  Villa  Uicii  13  the  name  appearing  iu  the  first  royal  charter  of  1523,  hut 
M'ith  later  foundations  Vera  Cruz  became  the  title.  /^o('.i,  Exfcns'ion  Vrrn- 
crir.,  MS.,  1  ct  scq.  The  municipal  council,  however,  distinctly  culls  it  In 
Rica  Villa  ilf  Id  Wiracruz  and  ouylkt  to  hu  the  pro])cr  authoiity  for  the  furm 
of  name  first  applied.  C<irl(i  ilelAiiunt.,u.x<'orl(K,<'artiix,  1  et  He(j.  'YluiLro 
ordcnamoa  do  hazer,  y  fundar,  6  poblar  vna  Villa,  que  se  uomhro  la  Villa  llica 
de  la  Vera-Cruz;  porque  lleganios  Juevcs  do  la  ('cna,  y  di'send)urciiini).s  en 
I'icrnes  Santo  do  la  Cruz,  <5  rica  por  aquel  Cauallcro  (|nu . .  .  .  dixo  fjuc  niirasse 
las  tierras  ricas.'  licnial  Diaz,  J /int.  I'enlail.,  '2'J.  '  J  Jamola  Villa  llica  a  la 
niioua  pi)blaci(1,  y  do  la  Veracruz,  por  auer  dcscmbarcado  el  Viernes  Sato,  y 
Kica,  por  la  riqneza  que  so  nuia  descubicrto.'  llcnwra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap. 
vii.  Although  nominally  founded  adjacent  to  San  Juan  do  Ulua,  there  was  no 
intention  to  l)uil(l  tho  town  on  that  unhealthy  and  dreary  spot.  The  lir.-t 
actual  foundation  took  place  at  tlic  harbor  of  Bernal.  Xearly  live  years  later 
the  town  rose  anew  on  the  jjresent  Kio  do  laAnti.i^ua,  where  it  became  Icnuuii 
nl(>no  as  Vera  Cruz.  In  1.")!)!)  the  actual  or  new  Vera  Cruz  found  itself  finally 
planted  on  tho  very  site  of  the  first  nominal  foundation.  'J'he  chief  reiison  Inr 
tiiis  eliango  was  i)i'ol)ably  the  need  for  tlio  better  protection  against  lllil)usters 
nllorded  by  the  islan<l  of  San  Jtian  de  Ulnn,  whoso  batteries  eonimandeil  the 
harbor.  Seo  Alhonioz,  Carta  al  Empfirailo);  Dec,  15i!.'>,  in  Irazhaki la,  Cul. 
J>if.,  i.  4!!.").  The  charter  for  la  Nueva  Ciudail  dc  la  \'eia-Cruz  was  g)anted 
.Inly  10,  HilT).  Callc,  Mem.  y  Not.,  08;  ClaiHi/<'ro,  Sluria  Mr.i.i.,  iii.  30;  JUnra, 
Jil  f.  Jalii/ia,  i.  '27;  Ihnnhuhlt,  Knsai  Pol.,  i.  '270-7.  Alcgre,  J/isf,  Comp.  de 
Jr^iiK,  i.  14'.)- .jO,  has  K()in(>  e.veellent  remarks  hereon.  Few  authors,  however, 
aw  iwv  from  blnmh  r;  with  regard  t<i  thedilunent  sites,  even  Loron.ama com- 
luiltuig  more  than  one.   C'oW(\s,  JliM.  X.  Espui'ia,  381. 


MONTEZUMA  PERPLEXED. 


I6S 


■while  hope  swelled  the  breast  of  subjected  peoples, 
the  Aztec  nobles,  seeing  revolution  in  the  signs  of 
the  times,  began  to  look  to  the  safety  of  their  fanii- 
Hos  and  estates.^  To  JMontezunia  the  seizure  of  his 
collectors  was  an  outrage  on  the  sacred ness  of  his 
jiiiijof^ty,  and  a  slur  on  his  power,  which  the  council 
declared  must  be  punished  in  the  most  pronn)t  and 
ctlcctive  manner,  lest  other  provinces  should  fjllow 
the  example.  And  yet  the  monarch  had  no  stomach 
for  the  business.  Ofttimes  since  these  accursed 
stran<]:ers  touched  his  shores  would  he  willin<j;ly  have 
resigned  that  which  he  above  all  feared  to  lose,  his 
F'^eptre  and  his  life;  tlien  again,  a^-,  appetite  returned 
and  existence  was  loaded  with  affluent  pleasure,  he 
sighed  to  taste  the  sweets  of  power  a  little  longer. 
He  was  becoming  sadly  pusillanimous,  an  object  of 
euutempt  before  his  gods,  his  nobles,  and  himself  It 
seemed  to  him  as  if  the  heavens  had  fallen  on  him 
and  held  him  inexorably  to  earth.  There  was  no 
escape.  There  were  none  to  pity.  lie  Avas  alone. 
His  very  gods  were  recreant,  cowering  before  the 
approach  of  other  gods.  Repressing  his  misgivings 
as  best  he  might,  he  issued  orders  for  an  immediate 
descent  of  the  army  on  the  offenders.  Let  the  mettle 
of  these  beings  be  proven,  and  let  them  live  or  die 
with  their  Totonac  allies.  To  this  end  let  levies  be 
made  of  men  and  money  on  a  long-suft'ering  ]:)eople, 
Avhose  nuu'murs  shall  be  drowned  in  the  groans  of 
fresh  victims  on  the  sacrificial  altar  of  the  war  god.'' 
Sec  now  how  powerfully  had  wagged  that  little 
forked  tongue  of  Cortes!  See  h(nv  those  gentle 
whisperings  that  night   at    Quiahuiztlan,  those  soft 

■'  'Los  ITombi'cs  inas  PoiUtosos  cnten<luiii  en  l)tisciirLu;,'nrcH  en  lo.s  Mdntos, 
y  piutcs  nuis  I'eniotiis,  iiani  conacrvar  sua  ^Iiigorus,  llijos,  y  llaciondu. '  'j'ur- 
ijiti  iiitt(l<i,  i.  40,'?. 

^luL'oiisoluIjlc  at  the  prospect  of  the  strancjcrs  ncquirini:?  a  font  in,'  in  the 
roinitry,  Mnntezunin,  after  vainly  searching:  tor  ailnii.ssinn  into  tlic  Hailc  i  -it 
Ciialco,  retired  to  tiie  alxxle  oeeupied  l)y  him  ere  he  l)eeanie  enijii  ror.  >!ii!iii. 
'ji'ii,  ///.</.  Coii'i.,  i.  lil-lO.  One  reason  lor  this  is  said  to  hav«^  heeii  the  res.ilt 
of  the  emhassy  to  the  orach;  at  Aohiuhtla,  in  Mizteeapan,  w  Lieh  lnnught  har); 
tlie  annoinieenient  that  the  Aztec  empire  nnist  yickl  to  stranj^'ers.  Iturjit, 
iicoj.  Uetii-rip.  Uitjaca,  pt.  ii.  ll"J. 


hi 


■■* 


■I 


156 


MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


Kim 


iiH 


<i 


ii  "^  I 


disscmblings  brcatlicd  into  the  ears  of  two  poor  cap- 
tives— see  how  they  shot  forth  like  winged  swords  tc 
stop  an  army  on  the  point  of  marcliing  to  its  slaugh- 
ters! Here,  as  in  scores  of  other  instances,  Cortes' 
shrewdness  saved  him  from  disaster. 

For  in  the  midst  of  the  warhke  preparations  arrived 
the  two  released  collectors,  and  their  presentation  of 
the  magnanimity  of  the  white  chief,  of  his  friendly 
conduct  and  warm  assurances,  materially  chantjed 
the  aspect  of  affairs.  There  was  no  alliance;  there 
was  no  rebellion;  the  Totonacs  dared  not  reljel  with- 
out foreign  support;  with  them  Montezuma  would 
settle  presently.  And  with  no  little  alacrity  did  ho 
countermand  the  order  for  troops,  and  send  an  em- 
bass}'  to  Cortes.  Thus  through  the  vacillating  policy 
which  now  possessed  the  jMexican  monarch  was  lost 
the  opportunity  to  strike  the  enemy  perhaps  a  fatal 
blow;  and  thus  by  that  far  off  impalpable  breath 
was  fought  and  won  another  battle,  this  time  van- 
quishing the  king  of  kings  himself,  Avitli  his  hundred 
thousand  men. 

Tlie  embass}'-  sent  comprised  two  of  Montezuma's 
nephews,*  accompanied  by  four  old  and  lionorabK; 
caciquey.  They  were  to  express  the  monarch's  thank-^ 
to  tlic  Spaniards,  and  to  remonstrate  against  the  re- 
volt encouraged  by  their  presence.  He  had  become 
assured  that  they  were  of  the  race  predicted  by  his 
forefathers,  and  consequently  of  his  own  lineage;  out 
of  regard  for  them,  as  guests  of  the  revolted  peoph  , 
he  would  withhold  present  chastisement.  A  gift  of 
robes  and  feather- work,  and  gold  worth  two  thousand 
castellanos,  accompanied  the  message.' 

We  cannot  blame  Cortes  if  his  heart  danced  to  its 
own  music  as  he  assured  tlio  envoys  that  he  and  all 
his  people  continued  devoted  to  their  master;  in  proof 
<  f  wliiv'h  he  straightway  produced  the  other  three 


* '  I "i  'iuoH  ixirsodcl  RnofratcUoCnitlalnintzin.'  Clnv'vjero, Storia Mcf!K.,\\\.  .'!!>. 
"I  '.V  i;;:;!  picM/as  (l(!  oro  y  p!uta  liieu  lahnulas,  y  vn  oastpictc  dv  oro  iiiciut- 
ilo.    .  I  L.j.j  Loilo  Coto  JuJ  11. il,  y  iKiiiL'uUi  C ..istullauod. '  Gomara,  Jlidt.  JIcx. ,oS, 


TIZAPANTZINCO  EXPEDITION". 


157 


colleotors,  safe,  sound,  and  arrayed  in  their  new  attire." 
Nevertheless,  he  could  but  express  displeasure  at  the 
abrupt  departure  of  the  Mexicans  from  the  former 
cauip.  This  act  had  forced  him  to  seek  liospitality 
at  the  hand  of  the  Totonacs,  and  for  their  kind 
riccption  of  him  they  deserved  to  be  forgiven.  Fur- 
ther than  this,  they  had  rendered  the  Spaniards 
great  benefits,  and  shovdd  not  be  expected  to  serve 
two  masters,  or  to  pay  double  tribute;  for  tlie  rest, 
Cortt-'s  himself  would  soon  como  to  Mexico  and 
arrange  everything.  The  envoys  replied  that  their 
sovereign  was  too  engrossed  in  serious  affairs  to  bo 
able  as  yet  to  appoint  an  interview.  "Adieu,"  they 
concluded,  "and  beware  of  the  Totonacs,  for  they  arc 
a  treacherous  race."  Not  to  create  needless  alarm, 
iiiir  leave  on  the  minds  of  the  envoys  at  their  depart- 
ure un[)leasant  impressions  concerning  ]\is  piojects, 
C'orte.s  entertained  them  hospitably,  astonished  them 
witli  cavalry  and  other  exhibitions,  and  gratified  thom 
with  presents.  The  effect  of  this  visit  was  to  raise 
still  higher  the  Spaniards  in  the  estimation  not  uiily 
of  the  Aztecs,  but  of  the  Totonacs,  who  with  amaze- 
inoiit  saw  come  from  the  dread  Montezuma,  instead 
of  a  scourging  army,  this  high  embassy  of  peace.  "It 
must  bo  so,"  they  said  among  themselves,  "that  the 
]\Iexican  monarch  stands  in  awe  of  the  strangers." 

Xot  long  after,  Chicomacatl  came  to  Cortes  ask- 
ing aid  against  a.  Mexican  garrison,  said  to  be  coni- 
mlttiiig  ravages  at  Tizapantzinco,''  some  eight  leagues 
i'v'iin  Cempoala.  Cortes  was  in  a  merry  mood  at  tlie 
moment;  he  could  see  the  important  progres,-,  he 
WIS  makiuiT  toward  the  consummation  of  his  desires, 
though  the  men  of  V('laz()ue/.  ('()uld  not  —at  K;ast 
they  would  admit  of  nothing  honoral)le  or  beneficial 
to  (JorteSs  aikI  they  continued  to  make  much  trouble. 

°  P^'foro  t:\o  cmlviwsy  came,  saya  Hcrrera,  'Di6  orilen  con  voliiutail  di'l 
BL'uonlo  C'h-^Auhuitsfaui,  que  loatiii.i  Mcxicauos  proasos  fiu'aaeii  sucltoa,'  dec.  ii. 
lib.  V.  cup.  xi, 

'  Jxttllclwtitl,  HiM.  Chich.,  290.     Otlier  authoritiea  differ  in  the  spelling. 


I 


h: 


'.  >i 


f:fu,    m 


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i 

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■I 

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T- 

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ii 

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J- 

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\i. 

108 


MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


:  f' 


I!;! 


,.:\'\ 


\r 


tM 


Hero  was  an  opportunity  to  test  the  credulity  cf 
those  licathcn,  how  far  they  might  bo  brought  to 
believe  in  the  supernatural  power  of  the  Spaniards. 
^Vmong  the  musketeers  was  an  old  Biseayan  from  tlio 
Italian  \vars,  lleredia  by  name,  the  ugliest  man  in 
the  army,  uglier  than  Thcrsites,  who  could  not  find 
his  fellow  among  all  the  Greeks  that  came  to  Troy. 
Lamo  in  one  foot,  blind  in  one  eye,  bow-logged,  with 
a  slaslicd  face,  bushy-bearded  as  a  lion,  this  musketeer 
had  also  the  heart  of  a  lion,  and  would  march  straiglit 
into  the  mouth  of  Popocatepetl,  without  a  question, 
at  the  order  of  his  general.  Calling  the  man  to  hiin, 
Cortes  said :  "  The  Greeks  worshipped  beauty,  as  thou 
knowest,  good  Heredia,  but  these  Americans  seem  to 
deify  deformity,  which  in  thee  reaches  its  uttermost. 
Thou  art  hideous  fniough  at  once  to  awe  and  enravish 
the  Aztecs,  whose  Pantheon  cannot  produce  thine 
equal.  Go  to  them,  Heredia;  bend  fiercely  on  them 
thine  only  eye,  walk  bravely  before  them,  flash  thy 
sword,  and  thunder  a  little  with  thy  gun,  and  tliou 
ahalt  at  once  command  a  hundred  sacrifices."  Then 
to  the  Totonac  chief:  ''This  brother  of  mine  is  all 
sullicient  to  aid  thee  in  thy  purpose.  Go,  and  behold 
the  Culhuas  .,i'l  vanish  at  thy  presence."  And  they 
wont;  an  obedie/jce  significant  of  the  estimation  in 
which  Cortes  was  then  held,  both  by  his  own  u\on  and 
by  tlie  natives, 

Tliey  liad  not  proceeded  f;ir  when  Cortes  sent 
and  recalled  them,  saying  that  Ik;  desifd  to  exomino 
the  c(^untry,  and  would  accompany  them.  Tlamanm? 
would  be  required  to  carry  the  guns  and  l//i^'^;ige,  aiul 
they  would  set  out  the  next  day.  At  the  Ia.-;t  UKonciit 
sevc  1  of  tlie  Velazquez  faction  refuse<|  to  go,  on  the 
ground  of  ill  health.  Then  otliers  of  tlieir  numl)cr 
s]K)!;o,  condomnmg  the  rashness  of  the  present  pm- 
cc'ediu-j:,  and  desiring  to  return  to  Cuba.  CJortes  toltl 
them  they  could  go,  and  after  chiding  tliem  for  negli^ct 
of  duty  he  ordered  j)rt'pared  a  vessel,  which  slionld 
be  phieed  at  their  service.     As  they  were  about  to 


DISAFFECTION  QUIETED, 


150 


riubark,  a  deputation  appeared  to  protest  against 
[icrmitting  any  to  depart,  as  a  proceeding  prejudicial 
to  the  service  of  God,  and  of  the  king.  "Men  who 
at  sucli  a  moment,  and  under  such  circumstances, 
desert  their  Hac;  deserve  death."  These  were  the 
words  of  Cortes  put  into  the  mouth  of  the  speaker. 
Of  course  the  order  concerninij  the  vessel  was  re- 
called,  and  the  men  of  Velazquez  were  losers  by  the 
utlair.^ 

Tlie  expedition,  composed  of  four  hundred  sol- 
diei-s,  with  fourteen  horses,  and  the  necessary  carriers, 
tlien  set  off  for  Cempoala,  where  they  were  joined  by 
i'our  companies  of  two  thousand  warriors.  Two  days' 
iiinrch  bi'ought  them  close  to  Tizapantzinco,  and  the 
f  )ll()wing  morniu!^  they  entered  the  plain  at  the  foot 
of  the  fortress,  which  was  stron!]^lv  situated  on  a  \u<Ai 
rock  bordered  by  a  stream.  Here  stood  the  people 
jii'opared  to  receive  them;  but  scarcely  had  the  cav- 
ali'v  come  in  siglit  when  they  turned  to  seek  refuge 
within  the  fort.  The  horsemen  cutoff  their  retreat 
in  that  direction,  however,  and  leaving  them,  began 
tile  ascent.  Eight  chiefs  and  priests  thereupon  camo 
i'lrtli  wailing,  and  informed  the  Spaniards  that  the 
^  lex  I  can  garrison  had  left  at  the  first  uprising  of  the 
Totonacs,  and  that  the  Cempoalans  were  taking  ad- 
\  aiitago  of  this  and  of  the  Spanisli  alliance  to  enforce 
\\w  settlement  of  a  long-standing  boundary  dispute. 
They  beggi  l  that  the  army  would  not  advance. 
Cortes  at  once  gave  orders  ti)  n.-strain  the  Cempoalafjs, 
who  Well'  already  plundering.  Their  captains  W(M-o 
severely  reprimanded  for  want  of  candor  as  to  the 
i'e;d  oltject  of  the  expedition,  and  were  ordered  to 
r.'store  t\\e.  effects  and  captives  taken.  This  strictness 
was  by  rK)  Miwians  eonlined  to  th«;ni,  for  a  soldier  named 
.dora,  (^uglit  by  the  general  in  the  act  of  stealing 

"Oiii'  I'f  tliom  who  liiul  l>artpro(l  a  line  light •  c  il  .rod  horso  fur  some 
]irii|i(>rty  in  ('i\l>,a  w.as  iinablo  to  annul  the  trade,  iind  thus  lout  his  animal. 
It  .iul  l)iir.,  I/M.  I >/•(/(((/. ,  ',i\.  (i'jiniua,  Hist.  Mix.,  04,  refers  nieii'ly  to 
iiiiiniuirs  ill  favor  of  Vclazij[uez,  which  Corttia  quiets  by  placing  a  tow  iu 
chains  foi  a  time. 


m 


l\ 


i:!il 

1 


IGO 


MULTirLICATIOX  OF  PLOTS. 


i<  ! 


two  fowls,  was  ordered  hanged.  Alvarado,  however, 
cut  him  down  in  time  to  save  his  hfe,  probably  at  the 
secret  intimation  of  Cortes,  who,  while  securing  the 
benefit  of  example,  would  not  unnecessarily  sacriiice  a 
soldier." 

Charmed  by  this  display  of  justice  on  the  part  of 
the  Spaniards,  and  impres.sed  as  well  by  their  ever 
increasing  prestige,  the  chiefs  of  the  district  came  in 
and  tendered  allegiance.  A  lasting  friendship  was 
established  between  them  and  the  Cempoalans;^"  after 
whieh  the  army  returned  to  Ccmpoala  by  a  new  route," 
and  was  received  with  demonstrations  of  joy  by  the 
populace.  With  a  view  of  binding  more  closely  sueli 
powerful  allies,  Chicomacatl  proposed  intermarriages. 
And  as  a  beginning  he  presented  eight  young  women," 
richly  (h-essed,  witli  necklaces  and  ear-rings  of  gold, 
and  each  attended  by  servants.     "Take  them,"  said 

*  '  ^^ll^i^  cstc  solilado  en  vna  gucrra  en  la  Prouincia  dc  Guatimala  sohro 
VII  IV'finl,'  III  rind  Diaz,  1114.  Verdtid.,  3o.  Ho  placea  the  incident  on  tlic 
rc'tuin  niarcli. 

'"  Ai'cordint;  to  (Joniara  the  Aztec  garrison  does  ravage  the  conntry  when 
the  Totoiuio  ruvolt  occur.?,  and  their  forces  meet  the  Spimiiirds  on  the  liclil, 
oidy  to  the  at  tlic  .sight  of  the  horsonion.  Corti's  and  four  others  dismount, 
and  min.'^ling  witli  the  fleeing,  reach  the  fort  gates,  which  tlioy  hold  till  their 
troops  come  up.  Surrendering  the  phicc  to  the  allies,  Cortes  tells  them  to 
re.siK'ct  the  people  ami  to  let  the  garrison  depart  without  arms  or  banner. 
This  vit'tory  gained  great  influence  for  the  Spaniards,  and  remembering  the 
fcatof  Coi'tcs,  the  Indians  declared  that  one  Spaniard  was  enough  to  aid  tlicm 
in  achieving  victory.  IHkI.  Mcr.,  5!).  Ixtlilxocldtl,  who  follows  (Jomara, 
fights  the  Aztec  garrison  as  far  as  the  eity,  ami  then  captures  it.  lili^t.  Chirh., 
2!t0.  Solis  assumes  that  a  few  Spaniards  cut  oil'  the  retreat  of  the  townsmen, 
and  rushing  forward  with  some  Cenipoalans,  are  already  inside  when  the 
leaders  come  to  ])lcad  for  mercy.  ///•-•/.  Mcr.,  i.  107-8.  The  foremost  crcilit 
is  however  due  to  ]5ernal  Diaz,  I/iM.  Vcnlml.,  ,34-,">,  who,  being  present, 
deelaris  (lomara's  account  wholly  wrong,  that  no  garrison  existed  here,  and 
that  no  i-esis'ance  was  made.  The  latter  sentence  is  modified  by  Tapia,  also 
a  n)cml)er  of  the  expedition,  who  states  that  the  town  did  resist  and  was 
punished.  J'lliirioii,  in  laizltalccfd.  Col.  Doc  ,  ii.  .'tOG.  Hence  it  may  be 
assumed  that  Diaz,  as  a  foot  soldier,  was  no\  present  to  sec  the  prol)ably 
bloodless  rout  of  the  Iiulians  by  the  cavalry.  The  townsmen  are  not  lilicly  to 
have  allowed  tlie  ( 'empoalans  to  approach  witlioi.t  ollering  resistance,  oi',  in 
case  they  knew  of  the  Spanish  advance,  without  si-iding  a  deputation  bet()ru 
the  pillage  began. 

"  I'as.sing  through  two  towns,  the  soldiers  sulTcr'ng  greatly  from  heat 
and  fatigue.  \ear  Ccmpoala  the  lord  aAxaited  them  in  onie  temporaty  luit.s 
with  bountiful  cheer,  though  ap])rehensive  of  Cortes'  anger  at  his  deception. 
Tiie  following  ilay  they  entered  the  city,  i'uvas/  Ditiz,  iJf^t  W'nlad.,  X>; 
Jl<  rrcnt,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  \iii. 

'-'  'Veinte  Doncellas  (auncjue  (lomara  dice,  que  fueroii  ocho),'8ays  .um'huo- 
mada,  :.  3!'!),  without  giving  his  reasons. 


CONCUlilNES  AND  CONVERSION. 


161 


3vcr, 

t  the 
J  tlio 
lice  a 


,rt  of 

ever 
QIC  in 
1  was 

after 
^ute," 
»y  the 
\f  such 
■iagcs. 
linen," 

gold, 
,"  said 

lala  sobro 
lit  on  the 

try  when 
tho  liria, 
ilisitii'imt, 
till  their 
them  ti) 
|i'  Vi:uiiii'r. 
ieriii;4  tho 
aiil  tlii'tn 
( limiiiMi, 
I/.  Choh; 

jwnsiiu'U, 
,vhou  the 

)St  CITllit 
pV'.'St'Ilt, 

Ihore,  aii'l 

iinil  wart 
may  hi; 

pvohahly 
lilicly  to 

00,  or,  ill 

pa  bi'toru 

i-om  heat 
Irary  huts 
Icception. 

\iad.,  ■.'■>; 


ho  to  Cortds.  "  They  are  all  daughters  of  caciques. 
Seven  are  for  your  captains,  and  this,  my  nieuo,  is  for 
y(jurself,  for  she  is  the  ruler  of  towns." 

IVIatters  were  becoming  interesting.  Cortds  and 
some  of  his  captains  had  wives  in  Cuba,  and  nearly 
all  of  them  had  mistresses  here.  The  damsels  of 
Ccmpoala  were  not  fam.ed  for  their  beauty;  the  one 
offered  Cortds  was  particularly  ill-favored.  With  re- 
gard to  captives  and  slaves,  of  course  no  marriage 
vow  was  necessary,  but  with  princesses  the  case  was 
different.  But  even  here  there  M'as  little  difficulty. 
The  aboriginal  form  of  marriage,  while  it  satisfied  tho 
natives,  rested  lightly  on  the  Spaniards.  Indeed, 
with  them  it  was  no  marriage  at  all;  and  so  it  has 
been  throughout  the  New  World;  in  their  marital 
relations  with  foreigners  the  natives  have  felt  them- 
selves bound,  while  the  Europeans  have  not.  To  the 
ceremony  in  this  instance  no  objection  was  offered. 

At  this  happy  consummation,  the  ugh  the  rite  is 
nut  yet  performed,  serious  meditation  takes  posses- 
sion of  the  mind  of  Cortes,  who  bethinks  himself  that 
lie  is  doinor  little  of  late  for  his  God,  who  is  doinjj 
so  much  for  him.  Success  everywhere  attends  his 
strategies.  And  these  female  slaves  and  princesses  1 
While  trying  to  quiet  his  conscience  for  accepting 
this  jnincess,  he  was  exceedingly  careful  in  regard  to 
taking  unto  himself  real  wives,  as  we  have  seen  in 
Cul)a.  But  here  marriage  after  the  New  World 
iltsliion  would  surely  advance  his  purposes.  And  so 
tlioy  arc  compelled  to  submit  to  the  stronger,  who  by 
tho  right  of  might  proceeds  to  rob  them  of  their  gold 
and  to  desolate  their  h(nnes;  and  now  assumes  the 
higher  prerogative  of  requiring  them  to  relinquish 
tho  faith  of  their  fathers  and  embrace  the  reliiT^ion  of 
their  enemies.  It  would  please  God  to  have  tiiese 
Cempoala  people  worship  him;  Cortds  can  make  them 
do  so.  True,  they  love  their  gods  as  much  as  Cortes 
L'ves  his.  Their  gods  likewise  help  them  to  good 
among  others  to  the   Spaniards   themselves, 


tbino's, 


Uisi.  1IE.\..  Vol.  I.    U 


im 


MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


>.' 


Y  <■    \ 


II  urn 


who  in  return  now  detorniinc  their  overthrow.  And 
shall  they  consent  1  Alas,  they  are  weak,  and  their 
gods  are  weak  I 

Heatlicnism,  with  its  idolatry,  and  bloody  sacri- 
fices, and  cannibalism,  is  horrible,  I  grant  you.  "For 
daily  they  sacrificed  three  or  five  Indians,"  says  Bernal 
Diaz,  "oti'ering  the  heart  to  idols,  smearing  the  blood 
upon  the  walls,  and  cutting  off  the  limbs  to  be  eaten. 
I  even  believe  they  sold  the  flesh  in  the  market."  '^ 
But  equally  horrible,  and  far  more  unfair,  arc  the 
doings  of  the  superior  race,  which  with  the  advance 
of  the  centuries,  and  the  increase  of  knowledge  and 
refinement,  are  often  guilty  of  deeds  as  bloodtliirsty 
and  cruel  as  these.  With  the  most  powerful  of  micro- 
scopic aids  to  vision,  I  can  see  no  difference  between 
the  innate  goodness  and  badness  of  men  now  and  two 
or  five  thousand  years  ago;  the  difference  lies  merely 
in  a  change  of  morality  fashions,  and  in  the  apparent 
refining  and  draping  of  what  conventionally  we  choose 
to  call  wickedness.  What  is  the  serving  of  dainty 
dishes  to  the  gods  in  the  form  of  human  sacrifices, 
of  carving  before  them  a  few  thousand  fattened  cap- 
tives, to  the  extirpation  of  a  continent  of  helpless 
human  beings ;  and  that  by  such  extremes  of  treachery 
and  cruelty  as  the  cannibals  never  dreamed  of,  cntra[i- 
ping  by  fair  words  only  to  cut,  and  mangle,  and  kill 
by  steel,  saltpetre,  and  blood-hounds;  stealing  at  the 
same  time  their  lands  and  goods,  and  adding  still  more 
to  their  infamy  by  doing  all  this  in  the  name  of  Christ; 
when  in  reality  they  violate  every  principle  of  religion 
and  disregard  every  injunction  of  the  church;  just  as 
men  to-day  lie  and  cheat  and  praise  and  pray,  and  out 
of  their  swindlings  hope  to  buy  favor  of  the  Ahnighty ! 

And  now  these  poor  people  must  give  up  their 
poor  gods,  for  their  masters  so  decree.    The  chiefs  and 

"  '  Tambicn  auian  de  ser  limpios  do  sodomias,  porquo  tenian  muchachos 
vestidos  en  habito  do  niugeres,  quo  andauaii  .1  ganar  eu  aqucl  maldito  olitio.' 
This  tlioy  promised.  Bernal  Diaz,  Hint.  VerdcuL,  S.').  Solis  assumes  tliat 
C'ort(5s  was  aroused  to  this  crusade  by  the  heavy  sacrifices  at  a  great  festival. 
Jlist.  Mcx.,  i.  204r-5. 


mm 


MISSIONARY  MOVEMENTS. 


t« 


IP 


ditv! 
their 


fs 


aiul 


lichachos 

J1C3   thiit 
Ifestivul. 


native  priests  protest.  Tlic  Spaniards  are  benefactors 
and  friends,  but  the  gods  arc  superior  to  men.  To 
tlieni  they  owe  health,  prosperity,  existence;  and  sac- 
lilices  arc  but  the  necessary  sHght  returns  for  so  gr(\'it 
blessings.  The  sacrificed  arc  by  no  means  injured, 
say  the  Aztecs,  but  arc  sent  to  heaven  and  enfolded 
at  once  in  the  bosom  of  their  god.  Verily  there  arc 
curious  articles  of  faith  among  tlie  heathen  wor- 
shipers as  well  as  among  our  own,  but  if  we  look  for 
all  the  good  in  ours  we  shall  be  mistaken.  In  vain 
the  men  of  Cempoala  beg  to  retain  the  religion  of 
their  forefathers  and  the  sacred  emblems  of  their 
faith.  Carried  away  by  the  fierce  zeal  which  more 
than  once  in  these  annals  overcomes  his  prudence 
and  brings  him  to  the  brink  of  ruin,  Cortes  cries: 
"Christians  and  soldiers,  shall  these  things  be — 
these  idolatries  and  sacrifices,  and  other  impious 
doings?  No!  First  down  with  the  images,  then  to 
arguments,  and  the  granting  of  entreaties.  Our 
lives  on  work  rewarded  with  eternal  glory!"  Shouts 
of  earnest  approval  was  the  response,  and  on  they 
marched  toward  the  temple.  Priests  and  people 
rushed  to  the  defence  of  their  deities.  With  a 
scornful  gesture  the  ruler  was  waived  aside,  as  he 
interposed  with  the  warning  that  to  lay  hands  on  tlie 
idols  was  to  bring  destruction  alike  on  all.  "You  are 
not  my  friends,"  exclaimed  Cortes,  "  if  you  do  not  as 
I  wish!  Choose  ye;  and  I  will  leave  you  your  gods 
to  save  you  from  the  threatened  vengeance  of  Mon- 
tezuma." This  was  by  far  too  practical  an  application 
of  their  piety.  The  fact  is,  their  gods  had  not  done 
exactly  right  by  them  in  the  matter  of  the  Aztec 
iin])osition.  These  white  strangers,  after  all,  seemed 
to  be  better  gods  than  their  idols.  "Well,  work  your 
will,"  at  length  said  Chicomacatl,  "but  do  not  ask  our 
aid  in  such  detestable  doings."  So  the  thinij  was  ac- 
eoniplished,  as  before  this  had  been  determined.  In 
a  moment  fifty  soldiers  were  on  the  temple  summit, 
and  down  came  the  worshipful  wooden  tilings,  shat- 


I 


'it 


IMAGE  EVAIUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


A^ 


f/i 


;\ 


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C^ 


1C4 


MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


tored  and  clattering  along  the  steps,  while  witli 
blooding  hearts  their  makers  stood  by,  their  fueus 
covered  to  exclude  the  sacrilegious  sight.  Ah,  how 
thoy  wailed,  how  they  lamented,  calling  on  the  mis- 
shapen blocks  to  pity  their  inability  to  stop  the  deed  !'* 
Not  such  dastards  were  these  people,  however,  that 
not  one  among  them  would  strike  a  blow  for  tlu.-ir 
faith.  For  presently  the  court-yard  was  filled  with 
armed  men,  lieaded  by  infuriated  priests  in  lonL,^ 
hooded  robes  of  dark  material,  with  slashed  ears  and 
faces  clotted  with  blood,  determined,  if  not  to  pre- 
vent, at  least  to  avenge  the  outrage.  What  was 
sworn  allegiance,  or  even  life,  beside  the  momentous 
question  of  religion?  Seeing  the  danger,  Cortes  with 
characteristic  promptness  seized  the  lord,  together 
with  several  leading  men,  and  declared  if  a  single 
Spaniard  was  so  much  as  scratched  they  should  im- 
mediately die.  Chicomacatl  accordingly  spoke  to  the 
people  and  made  them  retire.  Nor  was  wholly  lost 
on  them  the  mute  arjrument  of  the  shattered  idols 
lying  powerless  at  their  feet.  Hence  when  the  ini- 
a^os  were  burned,  'he  natives  looked  on  with  com- 
pjuative  calmness.  "  Surely  these  beings  ar<  oiior 
to  our  gods,  whom  they  have  thus  vanquisl  thev 

said  one  to  another.  Sweetly  and  screnel}'  Cortes  now 
smiled  on  them,  called  them  brethren,  and  preached 
the  Euroj)ean  doctrines.  The  pagan  temple  was 
cleansed,  tlie  blood-smeared  walls  were  whitewashed, 
and  in  their  place  was  erected  a  Christian  altar,  dec- 
orated with  llowers  and  surmounted  with  a  cross. 
H<M(',  before  the  assembled  natives,  Olmedo  preaclicd 
the  Christian  faith,  and  celebrated  mass.  The  con- 
trast between  the  simple  beauty  of  this  impressive 
(Ceremony  and  their  own  bloody  worship  made  a  deep 
impression  on  tlie  minds  of  the  natives,  and  at  the 
conclusion  those  who  desired  were  baptized.    Among 

'*(ioninra  makes  the  natives  tear  down  the  idols  and  the  Bepulclires  uf 
i!ftci<HK'8  worsli.iiped  as  gods.  '  Acabo  con  los  du  In  ciudod  ijuo  dcrribasseii  Im 
ido'os  y  sopulcros  do  los  caciques,  (J  tuinbicn  reuerCciauan  conio  a  Uioscs.' 
Ilinl.  AJvx.,  07. 


ARRIVAL  OP  S.UX:ED0. 


103 


llclires  of 
lasseu  liis 


(licm  were  the  eight  brides,  the  ill-favored  ruler  of 
towns  who  had  been  given  to  Cortds  being  called 
Catalina,  probably  in  honor  of  his  wife  in  Cuba,  whoso 
place  she  was  to  occupy  for  a  time.  Lucky  Puerto- 
carrero's  second  pretty  prize,  the  daughter  of  Cacique 
Cucsco,  was  named  Francisca." 

Accompanied  by  the  brides  and  a  large  escort  the 
army  now  returned  to  Villa  Rica.  There  thov  found 
just  arrived  from  Cuba  a  vessel  commanded  by  Fran- 
cisco de  Salcedo,  nicknamed  'the  dandy,'  wlu)  with 
Luis  Marin,  an  able  officer,  and  ton  soldiers,  all  well 
jirovidcd  with  arms,  and  with  two  horses,  had  come 
in  quest  of  fortune  under  Cortes.*"  Salced(j  reported 
that  Velazquez  had  received  the  appointment  of  ado- 
lantado  over  all  lands  discovered  by  him  or  at  his 
cost,  with  one  fifteenth  of  all  royal  revenues  the:\(.e 


ansm<]f." 

Benito  Martin,  the  chaplain,  who  had  been  sent  to 
ol)tain  the  commission,  was  rewarded  with  the  benelice 
of  tlic  new  discovery  at  Ulua,  which  really  comprised 
all  ^loxico,  while  tlie  lately  appointed  bishop  of  Cul)a, 
the  Dominican  Julian  Garces,  confessor  to  the  bis]io[) 
of  Burgos,  the  patron  of  Velazquez,  was  i)romoted  to 

^'' llcnial  l)it(z,  l/ist.  ]'i'nlu(l.,  ilG;  Ihrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lilj.  v.  oiip.  ix.  xiv. 
rioinarii  iilacea  tho  presentation  of  tlie  women  nt  tlic  (irst  visit  of  tiio  Sjian- 
iiinls  to  tho  eity,  and  Iierein  he  is  followed  by  Herrern,  Torijuenmda,  and 
Ixllilx<.chitl.   llUt.  Chkh.,  '280. 

'"The.so  proved  tho  more  valuable  since  Cortes'  horse  had  died  shortly 
Itcfore.  Ho  obtained,  by  gift  or  purchase,  tho  line  Arriero,  it  dark  choMtnut 
lu'loiijring  to  Ortiz,  tiio  musician,  and  to  (larcia,  tho  miiu.T.  Jlrnidl  />'>ii:,  1114. 
V'  nhnL.'Xi.  Gomarft  assumes  tliat  Salcedo  broui''it  a  caravel,  with  sixty  S[iiin- 
iavils  and  nine  horses,  tho  vessel  haviny  been  (letuined  in  (,'uba  for  rejuiirs. 
//(>'.  JAcr. ,  50;  yet  lie  includes  Salcedo  as  present  at  tho  final  review  tlieiv. 
/'/.,  14.     Ho  is  evidently  confused. 

'■  l'"or  himself  and  one  heir.  Further,  after  conr|uerin<;  ami  settlin;^;  four 
i<l:m'l-i,  ho  might  select  one  from  whicli  to  receive  perpetually  for  himself  and 
lulls  one  twentieth  part  of  all  the  revenue  accruing  therefrom  foi'  the  l.ing. 
Ni>  duty  would  bo  cliarged  during  his  life  on  any  clotliiui.',  ai-ms,  and  ;  ro- 
visions  imported  by  him  into  those  lands.  A.<  an  aid  toward  the  expens(  ,  of 
t'li'  conquest,  a  royal  estate  nt  Ha))ana  was  granted  him,  ancl  a  sidary  in 
t'liwc  lands  of  300,000  maruvedis.  The  other  clauses  of  the  conniiission  ic- 
lii'ed  to  mines,  clergy,  taxes,  and  settlors.  It  was  dated  at  Sa'  a^jossa,  Nu\  cm- 
I'lr  l.'J,  ir>18,  'five  days  previous  to  tho  usur]>ation  of  tlie  fleet  by  Cort  .s,' 
iiliservcs  Las  Casus,  ll'ml.  Ind.,  v.  3-.">.  Dated  ot  r.arcelnn.i,  ^'ays  Hernia, 
iliM'.  ii.  lib,  iii.  cap.  xi.  Several  are  led  to  suppose  that  \'ila/i(ucv.  did  not  re- 
I'livo  the  notice  of  his  appointment  for  o\cr  a  year  after  ilo  d.ite,  'whii.li  is 
unlikely.  J/''x-.,ii.  '222-A. 


ftl 


M 


m 


ii: 


166 


MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


the  insignificant  see  of  Cozumel.  Those  preferments, 
hascci  on  an  insufficient  knowledge  of  tlie  country, 
were  corrected  at  a  later  time,  when  Garces  was 
made  bishop  of  Tlascala,  while  Martin  received  other 
compensation."  Before  the  issue  of  these  grants 
it  appears  that  Yucatan  at  least  had  a  narrow  escape 
from  slipping  entirely  out  of  Spanish  hands.  At  the 
first  news  of  CfSrdoba's  discoveries  the  admiral  of 
I  i mders  was  induced  to  ask  for  the  land  in  grant,  in 
order  to  settle  it  with  Flemings,  and  also  to  petition 
for  the  governorship  of  Cuba  as  a  means  to  promote 
the  colony.  This  was  supported  by  Xevres,  the  chief 
adviser  in  such  matters,  who  knew  little  of  the  Indies 
and  the  vast  tracts  referred  to,  and  so  the  promise 
was  given.  Las  Casas  was  in  Spain  at  the  time,  and 
being  consulted  by  the  admiral  as  to  the  means  lor 
colonizing,  became  indignant  at  the  rash  concession  of 
Cuba,  which  he  considered  as  belonging  to  Columbus. 
He  remonstrated,  and  warned  those  interested  to  do 
the  same.  The  result  was  the  withdrawal  of  the 
grant,  greatly  to  the  disappointment  of  the  admiral, 
for  whose  account  several  vessels  had  already  reached 
San  Liicar,  laden  with  Flemish  settlers.*" 

Cortes  was  fully  aware  that  Velazquez,  possessed 
of  a  commission,  would  not  long  delay  in  asserting  liis 
claim  with  all  the  power  at  his  command  upon  the 
islands,  and  with  all  his  influence  at  court;  thisspurriMl 
on  the  captain-general  to  lose  no  time  in  bringing  for- 
ward his  own  pretensions,  and  in  seeking  to  ohtaiii 
royal  ai)[)roval  of  his  acts.  Therefore  at  this  junctiuo 
he  determined  to  gain  authority  for  effectually  suj^- 
phinting  tlie  Cuban  governor  in  the  Held  wherein 
he  had  already  openly  ignored  him,  and  to  despatoh 


'■*  ^Vhicll  lie  failed  to  enjoy,  since  ho  tlicil  nt  sea  while  en  route  to  'N'i'\v 
Spain  to  take  possession.  La-i  <^inax,  /fht.  /ml.,  iv.  4(5.'i-0;  llrrnra,  dec.  ii, 
lib.  iii.  cup.  xi. ;  Coijo'liido,  Jfint.  Yiicnlhaii,  lG-17. 

'"  Many  of  these  died  from  li.ard.ship,  and  the  rest  returned  impovi'n>!li'''l 
to  tlii'ir  country.  Lnn  t'nsitu,  l/tnt.  iwt.,  iv.  374-0;  llrrnra,  dec.  ii.  lili.  ii. 
cup.  xix.;  Vojjullado,  IJinl.  Yucalhan,  8. 


BIDS  FOR  ROY.VL  FAVOR. 


107 


messengers  to  the  king.  The  men  of  Cortes  needed 
no  i)ronipting  to  see  how  necessary  to  their  interest 
it  was  to  procure  his  confirmation  as  general  to  the 
txclusion  of  Velazquez,  and  to  supjiort  Cortes  by 
writing  reports  in  corroboration  of  his  own  state- 
ments. Yet,  in  view  of  the  flowing  in  of  exagi^crated 
utoounts  concerning  new  discoveries,  little  would 
avail  descriptions  of  conquests  and  resource;-;,  how- 
ever glowing,  and  recommendations  howevei  warm, 
unless  made  real  by  specimens  of  the  treasurer  which 
were  the  main  attraction  alike  to  king  and  subject. 
For  gifts  can  move  gods,  says  Hesiod.  To  the  crown 
was  due  one  fifth  of  the  wealth  so  far  obtainitl,  but 
fearing  that  this  would  hardly  })roduce  the  elfect  de- 
sired, Cortes  proposed  to  surrender  the  one  fifth  due 
himself,  and  prevailed  on  his  friends,  and  with  their 
aid  on  all  members  of  the  exjiedition,  to  give  up 
their  share  in  the  finer  })ieces  of  wrought  gold  and 
silver,  and  in  all  clu»ice  articles,  so  that  a  gift  worthy 
of  themselves  and  the  country  might  be  presented 
to  the  king.** 


sscssed 

llg  lllS 

)U  the 
luri'etl 
ig  for- 
obtaiii 
neture 
y  sup- 
hereiii 
spateh 

■  to  New 
ft,  dec.  ii. 

f)Vi'ri-'ti'''l 
ii.  lib.  ii. 


-"  It  Ims  been  generally  assumed,  from  a  loose  acceptance  of  chroniclers' 
ti  xt,  that  all  the  treasures  were  snrrendercil  for  the  object  in  view,  but  this 
iiiiild  nut  have  Ikcii  the  case.  The  pile  of  gold  dust  and  nuggets,  aLOuniulated 
liy  constant  barter  along  tlie  coast,  ami  increa.scd  by  the  contint.s  of  two 
litlnicts  sent  i>y  Montc/unia,  forineil  a  reHpectal)le  amount,  of  w  hich  only  u 
s.'Miill  portion  was  sent  to  the  king,  a.s  specimens  of  mining  prinlucts.  'J'liree 
thousand  cMstellanos  wt'rcscta.sidc  for  the  expenses  of  tiie  mcs->engeis  to  Spain, 
iiiid  .'III  ci|Uiil  sum  for  (.'iirtcs'  father,  'Otros  .'}(K)0  (pie  (.'ortcs  eiivialia  ])aiu  su 
);ii(hv.'  l,(in('fisiin,  Hist,  ///f/.,  iv.  4:)S.  '  A sii  padre  .Martin  (.'orle:iy  a  su  madro 
liiitos  ('a;  tellaiids.'  GniKiid,  II  .</.  Mi'.c,  (iJ.  The  di.sposfil  of  the  ciiisi  alono 
iiidiiates  an  ap[iortiomiient.  Kurther,  tlie  list  of  treasure  sent  t<>  Sjiain,  as 
i.plicndi'd  to  the  '  itilii  ilil.  AjikiiIiiik'h  ntn,  ami  as  given  liy  (iomara,  shows  that 
iiiuc  li  of  the  wniught  metal  received  from  Mcniteziliiia,  not  cnimiiiig  that 
aii|uired  by  barter,  was  reUiiiicd  by  the  cxpeililion.  (jomara  wiius  that  the 
l:ist  step  of  f'lirti'S  was  to  order  a  divihion  of  Iriasures  by  Avila  and  Mejia, 
■aliii!,'  respectively  for  the  crown  and  thearmy.  All  tlie  ell'ects  1"  in;,'  di.->|ilaye(i 
i  I  the  pla/a,  the  gold  and  silver  amounting  to  J7,(HK)  ducats,  the  cabildo 
I'liserveil  tliat  what  remained  alter  deducting  tiie  rciyal  llfth  widild  beluiig  to 
llie  gL'iicral  in  payment  for  the  ves.sels,  arm;,  and  su|iplies  surreinl'TKl  iiy  him 
to  the  coinjiany.  (^'oltJs  said  there  was  time  enough  to  jiay  hiiii ;  he  would 
h'lW  take  only  his  share  as  caiitiiin-geneial,  and  hav  ■  otliers  wlicn  with  to 
wltle  their  small  <lebts.  He  also  jiioioseil  that  instead  uf  seiuling  i;h  rely  the 
i.ii'  liftli  to  the  king,  the  linest  specimens  ;.lioid<l  1m'  givili,  whiili  was  agreed 
t  I.  His  list  is  given  in  //i.il.  Mi  r.,  (i>)  •!.  Orda/.  and  Montcj  t  were  .sent  iduikI 
Viitli  a  list  to  be  si;.;ned  by  all  who  wished  to  t.iirreiider  t!i(  ir  .shair  in  the  guld. 
'V  destu, muiieru  todos  lofirmuroaa  vna.'  IJcruul Jjici:.,  Jiitit.  I'crdcul.,  'M.    Tho 


l.-^l 


'C; 


■  s 


i 


w 


m 


yd 


168 


MULTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


The  flag-ship  was  prepared  for  the  voyai^e,  and  the 
navij^ation  intrusted  to  Alaminos  and  another  pilot 
called  Bautista,  with  fifteen  sailors  and  the  neees^^ary 
outfit.  Four  Indians,  rescued  from  the  sacrificial  caj^e 
at  Ccnipoala,  where  they  had  been  kept  to  fatten, 
were  also  sent  on  board,  together  with  native  curiosi- 
ties, including  specimens  of  picture-writing.  The 
difiicult  task  of  out-manceuvring  Velazquez  and  se- 
curing the  aims  of  their  party  was  intrusted  to  the 
alcaldes  Puertocarrero  and  Montcjo,  the  former  being 
selected  chiefly  because  of  his  high  connections,  which 
might  serve  him  at  court,  the  latter  for  his  business 
talent.  Three  thousand  castellanos  were  given  them 
from  the  treasury  for  expenses,  together  with  the 
necessary  power  and  instructions,  and  three  letters 
in  duplicate  for  the  king.  One  of  these  was  the  first 
of  the  celebrated  letters  of  Cortes  on  the  conquest. 
He  related  at  Icnyfth  all  that  had  occurred  since  ho 
left  Santiago;  the  diflTiculties  with  Velaz(]uez,  the 
hardships  of  the  voyage,  and  the  progress  of  conquest 
for  (Jod  and  the  king.  He  dwelt  on  the  vast  extent 
and  W(uilth  of  the  country,  and  expressed  the  hope  of 
speedily  subjecting  it  to  the  crown,  and  of  seizing  the 
person  of  the  great  Montezuma.  And  he  trusted  that 
in  return  for  his  services  and  loyal  devotion  he  would 
be  remembered  in  the  cedulas  to  be  issued  for  this 
new  addition  to  the  empire.^* 

Carta  >ld  Ai/iivt.  refers  to  four  of  Vclazqnez'  men  as  objecting  to  the  presents 
l»eiiig  sent  elsewhere  than  to  thoir  leader.  ('o)7<w,  <'(irt'ti>,  'Jli-T;  Toi'ia,  /.''■- 
Iiiriiiii,  in  li-a:halrftn,  Cnl.  Dor.,  ii.  "i(W;  Ilrrrcra,  «lee.  ii.  1;'.j.  v.  cup.  .\iv.; 
Torifnenrdla,  i.4()7;  i'rtaiin'it,  'J'catrn  Mfr.,  pt.  iii.  US. 

'■"  \()  (.'enentUM  alluMion  apjienrx  to  h:ive  heen  niailo  to  the  discoverers  wh.) 
opened  the  w;iy  for  him.  (ioniani  alone  gives  a  hrief  outline;  of  the  letter,  l.iit 
the  original  or  copy  has  never  lieen  fonml,  notwitiistaiiding  the  clo.si;  seiirih 
made.  Since  ('iiiirles  V.  received  it  on  tiie  eve  of  his  departure  for  (Jcruiany, 
it  occurred  to  )-{ot>ertson  that  the  Vienna  airliives  niiLrht  tlu'ow  on  it  sur.u.' 
liiriit.  and  the  conseepient  search  led  to  tlie  discovery  of  an  authenticated  cnpy 
of  the  ccinipiiniiin  letter  from  the  nnniicipality  "f  N'illa  Itica,  hut  nothing  re- 
lating to  Cortt's' report.  //*'</..  I  »((,,pi'cface,  x.-.\i.  I'anes  insists  that  the  letter 
nnist  iiave  existe(l  in  the  Vienna  Court  Library  at  one  time.  I)<>r.  Jhnuh).  K</'., 
MS,.  .'iD-di).  ]?arci:v  HUggests  several  way.s  in  which  it  might  have  been  lost; 
one  being  its  production  before  tiie  royal  council  at  the  instanc«!  of  I'l'mlilo  do 
iS'arvaez.  /lihl  ih-v'ul.,  tit.  iv.  ii.  .V,t8.  V-rtunately  the  companion  letter  ami 
other  narratives  cover  its  esseiiliul  ]x>iiits. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  KINO. 


ICO 


Tlic  second  letter  was  In*  the  ayuntamiento  of  Villa 
Rioa,  dated  July  10,  1519,"  covering  not  only  the 
same  ground,  'out  giving  an  account  of  the  voyages  of 
discovery  l)y  Cordoba  and  Grijalva,  the  reasons  i'or 
founding  a  colony,  and  for  Coi'tt's'  appointment.  The 
features  of  the  countr}',  its  resources  and  inhabitants, 
were  touched  upon,  and  the  belief  expressed  that  of 
gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones  "there  is  in  the  laiul 
as  much  as  in  that  where  it  is  said  Solomon  took  the 
gold  for  the  temple."  Vehizqucz  was  exposed  as  a 
cruel,  dishonest,  and  incompetent  governor,  and  as 
such  most  dangerous  to  be  intrusted  with  the  control 
of  these  vast  and  rich  territories.  They  asked  for  an 
investigation  to  prove  the  charges,  as  well  as  the 
propriety  of  their  own  acts;  and  concluded  by  recom- 
mending that  Cortes,  whose  character  and  conduct 
stamped  him  a  loyal  subject  and  an  able  leader,  be  con- 
fiiined  in  his  offices,  till  the  concpiest  of  the  country, 
at  least,  should  have  been  achieved.'" 

Tlie  third  letter,  even  longer  than  tl:is,  though  of 
similar  tenor,  was  signed  by  the  repVesentadve  men 
ill  the  army,^*  and  concluded  b}'  praying  that  their 
services  and  hardships  be  rewarded  with  grants,  and 
that  Cortes  be  confirmed  in  the  government  till  the 
king  might  be  pleased  to  appoint  on  intante  or  a 
grandee  of  the  highest  class,  for  so  large  and  rich  a 
country  ought  to  be  ruled  by  none  else.  Should  the 
designing  bishop  of  Burgos  of  his  accord  "send  us  a 

-'-'  'El  Ciibildo  cscriiii6  juntnmcntc  con  dicz  soldodos. . .  .6  iva  yo  fimwulo 
ciiilla.'  n< mat  Dinz,  /fist.  I'mlrt'l.,  ^W. 

-'•' Written  liy  Cortt-u' most  duvotcd  friends,  and  undoubtedly  under  liis 
iiitprrvisiou,  wo  cannot  expect  to  find  it  other  than  n  laljored  eflbrt  to  pronioto 
his  viowM.  Hobertson,  wlioso  suggestion  led  to  its  tliseovery  in  tin;  Vienna 
Ii]il)eiial  Library,  offers.i  mere  synopsis  of  tlic  contents.  ///V.  Am.,  pn'faee,  ]>. 
xi.  ii.  .")•_' 1  -J.  It  is  given  nt  lengtli  in  tlic  (.'<irtr<,  CnrfnM,  hy  (Jayangos,  Pari^, 
!S(i(l,  1  'M,  withnotes,  and  with  the  liit  of  iire-wntsaiiiR-niled  ;  ami  in  /V./.  />«'■. 
Iiii'l.,  i.  4I7-7-,  and  in  Afdiumi,  I)i-<^rt.,  i.  '1>\  app.,  4l-!(»4,  preceded  by  an 
introductory  sketcli  of  the  expedition  liy  the  collector  of  tlie  jiapers,  and 
luiiUiiniiig  tlie  list  of  presents  as  chcked  by  Mufio/  iji  1784  from  the  Manual 
ikl  Tesorero  do  la  Casa  do  la  Contratacion  du  Sevilla. 

-'Todos  los  Capitanes,   y  so'd.idos  j;inta:nentc  cftcriuimos  otra  carta.' 

Jlimal  /Htn,  l/isf.  I'lfd/vf.,  ',]">.     '  K!  c.ibildo,  .  .  .es«Tiuio doa  Ictras.     Vn.i 

no  lirniaron  sino  alcaldes  y  i'ei^;id'>re.-..     Lii  otni  file  a  cordiida  y  linuud.t 

ilci  cabildo  y  do  todoa  loa  niaa  priucipales.'  Uuinara,  Hut.  Mex.,  G3. 


170 


MULTIPLICATIOX  OF  PLOTS. 


governor  or  captain,  before  v/e  obey  him  wc  shall 
inform  your  royal  person."  This  sentence,  which 
Las  Ca.sas  characterizes  as  a  "great  though  swcct- 
cned  piece  of  impudence,"  and  several  others  not  in 
harmony  with  Cortes'  own  calculated  report,   were 

{)robably  the  cause  for  the  disappearance  of  the  letter 
>eforc  it  reached  the  emperor." 

The  messengers  or  proeuradores  left  the  port  July 
IC),^  and  although  ordered  not  to  touch  Cuba,  lest 
Velazquez  should  learn  of  the  mission,  Montejo  could 
not  resist  the  temptation  of  taking  a  peej)  at  hi.^ 
estates  at  Mariel  de  Cuba,  a  port  close  to  Hubiina. 
Here  they  entered  August  23,  and  took  supi)lies  and 
water.  This  could  not  of  course  be  done  in  .secret, 
and  swelling  with  rumor  the  report  reached  Velaz(iuez 
that  his  flag-ship  had  come  ballasted  with  gold,  to 
the  value  of  two  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  i)esos. 
No  less  alarmed  than  furious  at  this  proof  of  the 
perfidy  ho  had  so  long  feared,  ho  despatched  a  fast 
sailing  vessel  with  a  strong  force  under  Gonzalo  do 

'"'Bemal  Diuz,  /flsf.  Vrnlail.,  .37,  gives  a  long  detail  of  its  contents,  jiar* 
ticularly  of  the  conclusion,  wlicrcin  the  biahop  of  Burgos  is  pointed  out  us 
fiivoiing  his  friciula  and  relations  iu  the  distribution  of  Indian  govcrnniciits. 
Velazquez  enjoyed  his  special  favor  iu  return  for  the  largo  presents  iu  ^.'nlil 
and  towns  he  hatl  made,  to  the  prejudice  of  tho  crown.  Cortes,  on  readiii.' 
tlie  letter,  was  higldy  pleased  with  tlio  eulogy  bi-stowed  upon  himself,  ami 
promised  to  remember  it  when  rewards  camo  to  Ikj  distriltuted,  but  lie  ob- 
jeitod  to  the  prominence  given  to  tho  discoveries  of  Cordoba  audOrijiIva, 
'fiiuo  d  id  Holo  so  atribuia  el  descubrimiento,  y  la  honra,  6  honor  <lo  t  idu,' 
aiul  wishecl  to  suppress  tho  statement  that  one  fiftli  of  the  profits  were  t'l  bo 
given  to  him.  Tho  men  declined  to  hide  anything  from  the  king,  ami  s<i 
Cort/'S  no  doubt  niado  the  messengers  hide  tho  letter.  Tapia  gives  a  Iciif 
synopsis  of  it,  mentioning  the  objections  raised  against  tho  bishop  of  Ibir^Ms, 
and  tho  resolution  not  to  ob'-y  any  orders  contrary  to  their  rejjort  till  tlio  kin,' 
had  replied  to  it — '<3  para  (juc  otra  cosa  en  contrario  dc  lo  rpio  le  escrebia:u'-t 
no  se  hiciese,  que  S.  M.  sin  saber  do  que  hacia  mercedes,  no  las  hicicse,  esi.i- 
banios  prcsto.s  de  moi'ir  C'  tninv  la  tierr.a  en  su  real  nonibro  f;istaver  rc./pui-^ta 
deesta carta.'  IMwlon,  iiifrux'xilrrt)!,  C"l.  Hoc,  ii.  .lOO.  '  Flsta  cartan:>  vidoi  i 
lOmperador,  ponjue,  .si  la  viera,  no  les  sucederia  ni  A  Cortt^'?  ni  a  sus  cousorU'  <  1 1 
negocio  tan  favorjiblc  como  abajo  bc  parcceni.'  I.ns  <  'a>in.t,  ll\-t.  'ml.,  iv.  4  i,s. 

'"' '  Va\  una  nao  que. . .  .despachd  a  10  do  julio  del  aiio  <',o  l."tK),  envij  li  \ . 
A.  nuiy  larg.i  y  particul.ir  rehicion.'  Cortex,  L'artnn,  51 ;  Cmlo,  iii.  "Jtjl.  '  l.ii 
vciiitey  si  is  dia.'idel  mes  de.Iulio. . .  .jmrticrou  do  >San  J..au  lo  olua.'  11  r.n./ 
I>'i(t'.,  Il'nit.  I'tnlad.,  .'(7.  On  tho  next  page  he  says  July  (itli.  The  iiiuiiMK 
of  Uluaas  the  port  of  departure  shows  also  a  carelessness  of  facts;  yet  (luuiaiii 
siiys;  '  I'artierou. . .  .do  Aqui;diuiztla. . .  .a  veiutivy  8(  IS.'  lli^f.  ,1/..j:.,  (J.  .'-«ull 
(^irtv's'  letter,  written  so  soon  after,  ought  to  be  correct.  Prescott  aocejils 
tile  'JGUi. 


MESSENGERS  OF  CORTfiS  IN  UTAIS. 


m 


Guzman,  tlio  royal  treasurer,  to  capture  her;  but  ^^hc 
liad  stayed  only  three  days  at  Mariel,  and  then  passed 
sal'ely  through  the  Bahamas  Channc!,  the  first  to 
make  that  passage.*' 

The  arrival  of  the  messengers  at  Seville,  in  October, 
created  no  small  stir,  and  aided  by  their  treasures  and 
re  ports  they  became  the  heroes  of  the  hour.  But  tlieir 
triumph  was  of  short  duration;  for  Benito  Martin, 
the  chaplain  of  Velazquez,  happened  to  be  at  the  i)ort. 
This  man  at  once  laid  claim  to  tlic  vessel  for  his 
master,  denounced  the  persona  on  board  as  traitors, 
and  i)revailed  upon  the  Casa  do  Contratacion  to  seize 
tlie  sliip,  together  with  the  private  funds  of  the  com- 
mission, as  well  as  certain  money  sent  by  Cortes  for 
his  father.  A  still  stronger  opponent  appeared  in  the 
perHfon  of  Fonseca,  bishop  of  Burgos,  whoso  inttsrest 
in  Ax'lazqucz,  fostered  by  a  long  interchange  of  favors, 
was  strengthened  by  a  projected  marriage  of  the  gov- 

"' '  lilsta  f uga  f uo  ocasion  do  descubrir  cl  dcrrotcro  do  Iti  Canal  do  Bahama, 
parii  la  buclta  do  Espafiu,  liaata  cutonccs  no  uaucgada,  y  desdo  aquclla  ocusiuu 
pioinpro  si'i-uida.'  Coijolludo,  Jlist.  Yiicathan,  41.  '  Alaininos. . .  fuo  el  priiiiero 
ciiio  naiiogo  \M)r  oqiielja  canal.'  Denial  Diaz,  Hist.  Vfi-dad.,  30-30.  Prcjii- 
(lioeil  against  Montejo,  as  shown  by  previous  exprestsions,  tliia  autlioi'  aeuuiica 
him  of  tending  letters  to  Velazquez  l>y  a  sailor,  who  spread  tho  news  of  tl.o 
mission  along  his  route.  Sonio  of  tho  letters  were  from  adherents  in  Cortes' 
uiiny.  '  Tareoio,  do  otras  pcrsonas  principales  quo  estauan  en  nuestro  Ileal, 
fuel-on  aconseja<lo8  <iuc  f uessen  il  aquclla  cstancia . . . .  y  aun  esoriuierrm  para  (juo 
el  ])iego  Velazquez  tuuiesso  ticnqK)  do  auellos  il  las  ninnos. '  Velazquez  ac- 
eordin^^'ly  sends  two  snmll  vessels  under  tial)riel  de  Rojas  and  Guzman  to 
pursue  the  shi]),  hut  their  cruise  between  Ilabana  ancl  tlio  liahamas  Ciiannel 
is  iu  viiin.  Montejo's  conduct  before  and  after  this  indicates  nothing  that  can 
jiistily  the  accusations,  autl  Velazquez,  in  his  letter  to  Fij,'ueroa,  juez  de  resi 
(k-nciii  in  KsiHiuola,  inveighs  against  ono  'Montejo'  and  his  compiuiion  for 
taking  not  only  provisions  and  forty  butts  of  water,  but  a  number  of  Indians 
finni  Mariel,  and  then  leaving  'without  informing  any  nuigistrato  or  other  ]ier- 
son,' taking  a  dangerous  and  hitherto  unknown  route.  In  Iiuz'kiIci In,  Col. 
])iir.,  i.  401.  During  the  investigation  held  on  tlie  subject  by  the  govei'iior, 
it  appeareil  that.Tuan  do  Rojas  of  Habana  rejwrted  the  secret  visit  of  Mun- 
teju,  who,  knowing  that  Rojas  had  become  aware  of  his  presence,  wrote  iiini 
at  thi'  moment  of  leaving  that  he  was  g'ling  to  visit  N'^hizcjuez.  I'loiii  IVnz, 
a  servant  of  Rojas  and  in  charge  at  Maiiel,  it  seems,  ho  exacted  an  oath  i:'.it 
to  reveal  svlnit  ho  had  learned  of  the  rich  cargo  and  destination  of  tliu  ve.ssd. 
Itijas  nevertheless  obtained  the  facts  from  him.  7'''^Hiiion!(i,  in  rn'h'i-n  uud 
I'liflfiKU,  ('ill.  /)or.,  xii.  l."il-'204.  In  a  letter  to  the  bishop  of  l'>iirgos,  Oelohii* 
I'J,  151!),  Velazquez  states  that  a  man  at  Mariel,  Peicz  probaldy,  was  i.t  llio 
last  mniuent  shown  the  treasures.  Guzman  was  sent  witii  a  vessel  in  piirsu't. 
lu  /'n'-fit'i-')  and  '  'unli mii*.  Col.  />oc,,  xii.  'J4S-,")0.  (jomara  also  says,  '  einbiaudo 
tras  ella  vna  caruuela  do  armada.'  llht.  Mtx.,  (j4;   TurqtumuJu,  i.  407. 


172 


Ml-LTIPLICATION  OF  PLOTS. 


ernor  with  his  niocc,^'  Dctaininjj  the  nicssciifjcrs  anrl 
their  papers  by  deferred  promises  and  other  meas- 
ures,''" he  filled  the  royal  car  with  the  most  damaf^iiif,' 
chai'g(\s  against  tlicm  and  their  party  in  behalf  of  his 
proti'g(5. 

Velazquez  had  meanwhile  been  taking  testimony 
against  (vOrtes,  and  had  sent  treasurer  Guzman  to 
Spain  with  documents  and  instructions  to  join  Martin 
in  pressing  his  suit  before  the  bishop.*' 

Charles  V.  had  been  elected  emperor,  and  was  busy 
in  Spain  raising  supplies  and  makmg  preparations  on 
a  vast  scale  for  presenting  an  appearance  in  Germany 
befitting  so  high  a  dignity.  Previous  to  embarking 
for  Flanders  he  was  to  meet  the  cortes  at  Compos- 
tela.  The  messengers  from  New  Spain  could  aftbrd 
to  lose  no  more  time,  and  so  with  the  aid  of  Puerto- 
carrero's  friends  and  the  men  opposed  to  Fonscca, 
among  tliem  the  Licenciado  Nuiiez,  relator  of  the 
royal  council  and  related  to  Cortc^,  they  slipped 
away,  and  in  company  with  Alaminos  and  Martin 
Cortes,  managed  to  be  presented  to  the  monarch  at 

"'Dolla  Mayor  de  Fonseca.  El  obispocle  Brtrcos...  por  la  muerte  del 
Gran  Cliancilkr . . .  torii(i  u  alcar  y  li  ecr  principal.*  La»  Cana-n,  Hint,  /nil.,  v. 
2;  Ifcnrrn,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  xi. ;  Zuniiin,  Analrs  Kclrs.  Scrillii,  414. 

■'"•'  The  liiahop  of  IJi'irgo'?,  then  at  Valladolid,  epoko  bo  harshly  to  Pucrtocar- 
rcro  that  the  latter  ventured  to  remonstrate,  and  demand  tliat  their  messtigta 
1)0  forwarded  to  the  king.  A  chai'go  was  now  raked  up  against  Puertocar- 
rero  of  having  three  years  before  carried  oflF  a  woman  from  Medellin  to  tho 
Indies,  and  for  this  he  was  cast  into  prison.  Jitrnat  Diaz.,  Hist.  Vtrdad.,  38; 
Vctniicrrt,  TVra/ro  3/ea;. ,  pt.  iii.  119. 

'"Gu/.man  appeal's  to  liavo  started  in  Octolicr  from  Cuba,  when  Nnrvaez' 
expedition  against  Corti^s  had  already  begun  to  bo  fitted  out.  Carta  df  Vein:- 
(jiifz,  Oct.  1"2,  1519,  in  Col.  l)r,c.  InM.,  i.  472-5;  Parheco  and  Cardenas,  Cul. 
Dor.,  xii.  240-51;  Curia  al  /V'/wroa,  in  fcazlinlcpfa.  Col.  Dor.,  1.  402;  I. as 
Ciinai,  lliM.  Tml.,  V.  2.  His  appeal  to  tho  Jeronimite  Fathers,  says  Boriiai 
Diaz,  met  only  with  rcbnff.  .They  considercil  that  Cortt^'s  had  done  well  to 
send  so  rich  a  present  to  the  king.  'Le  cmbiaron  al  Diego  VcL'/qucz  a 
Cuba  ,1  vn  Licenciado  que  so  dczia  Znazo  para  que  le  tomasso  n^sidcnciii 
....  Uc'lazquoz,  se  conpoxii  muclio  mas,  y  como  do  antes  era  nuiy  gordo,  so 
juri')  tlaci*  on  a(iuellos  dias.'  Ili.tt.  Verdad.,  .S8.  Martin  petitioned  tho  bisliop 
l..r  t!io  repair  and  return  of  tho  messengers'  vessel  to  Velazquez,  togethtr 
v.ii'i  another  vessel,  both  to  carry  reinforcements  to  the  Indies.  This  w«s 
li.'v.kil,  I'Mi'tly  to  prevent  the  possible  conflict  between  Cortes'  party  and 
t'l"  t.vpidition  fitting  out  under  VeLizquez  to  support  the  men  he  lia<l 
i'.I.T  ('v  !:i'nt  under  Cortes  as  his  lieutenant.  Memorial,  in  Col.  Doc.  laid., 
i.  -J^;  '.). 


DELAYED  .Tl'STICE. 


m 


iirvacz 

.  rchtz- 

0-2 ;  J.ds 
Beriial 
well  to 
quo/.  ;\ 
siilciii'ia 
orilo,  so 
}  bishop 
:ogeth<  r 
liis  wns 
rty  ami 
he  liacl 
.  Incd., 


Tordosillas,  in  the  bcginninj^  of  March.''  The  klnj^ 
was  not  a  Httlo  pleased  with  the  reports,  gilded  as 
they  were  with  the  richest  presents  that  hatl  as  yet 
It  ached  him  from  his  American  possessions,*"  but  he 
was  unfortunately  too  absorbed  with  the  imperial 
irown  and  the  preparations  for  departure  to  give 
more  than  a  passmg  attention  to  the  subject,  and  still 
less  would  he  enter  into  the  merits  of  the  claims  pre- 
sented. Finding,  however,  that  Fonscca  had  not  been 
impartial  in  the  matter,  he  was  prevailed  on  to  refer 
it  to  Cardinal  Adrian,  and  the  junta  of  prelates  and 
ministers  governing  the  kingdom  during  the  royal  ab- 
sence, before  whom  the  Council  of  the  Indies  had  also 
to  lay  its  reports.  The  messengers  were  meanwhile 
allowed  under  bond  to  receive  from  the  seized  funds 
wliat  was  needed  for  their  support.''  The  powerful 
Fonseca  managed,  however,  by  misrepresentation  and 
other  means,  to  delay  the  case,  and  for  about  two 
years  it  dragged  its  weary  length.  And  yet,  where  a 
man  is  strong  enough  to  carve  out  his  own  fortune, 
j)articularly  where  the  administration  of  strict  justice 
iiiiii'ht  send  his  neck  to  the  halter,  the  law's  delay  and 
its  susceptibility  to  perversion  may  be  most  fortunate. 

. "  Snnrhval,  Ifisf.  Carlos  V.,  i.  203.  '  Vinii^ronse  con  la  corto  hosta  Ikgar 
li  la  C'ornfia,  y  en  csto  camino  los  cognosci  yo.'  Lcm  Caxas,  Hint,  hid.,  iv.  409; 
111 nr III,  (Ilc.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  vii. 

'-  In  till!  Manual  tlo  la  Casa  tie  Contratacion  tie  la  Indias  is  notetl  that  the 
f  V'tnponla  natives  were  presenteil  to  the  king,  at  Tordusillas,  in  Febrnary,  or 
MiMoh,  l.VJH,  anil  the  presents  at  VallatloliJ  in  April.  Tlio  Indians  were  si;nt 
ti)  (,'uba  nt  tlio  close  of  March,  1521,  except  one  who  had  died.  Cortta,  Cartas, 
34;  Ahunav,  Disert.,  i.  91-104. 

^ '  According  to  Bemal  Diaz  the  bishop  of  Biirgos  rotainctl  not  only  the 
original  letters  of  the  king,  but  a  portion  of  the  presents,  which  prodncod  a 
sliaip  letter  from  Charles.  The  duplicate  h^ttei-s  reacheil  him,  however.  UiM. 
\'i  r./ii'l.,  .'58-9.  This  author  is  not  well  informcil  abont  tho  movements  of  the 
inociiradorea.  Ho  lets  tho  king  reach  Flanders  .before  they  arrive,  and  there 
.oceive  only  the  reports. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


THE  SINKING  OP  THE  FLEET. 

JULY-ACOUST,    1519. 

DiKoo  Velazqcez  once  More— His  Sppporters  iv  the  Camp  of  ConT^:s— 
They  Attempt  Escape— Ark  Discovered— The  Leaders  are  Seized 
AND  Executed — CoutAs'  Ride  to  Cehpoala,  and  what  Came  or  it- 
He  Determines  on  the  Destrcction  or  the  Fleet— Preliminaky 
Strategems— Several  or  the  Ships  Pronounced  Unsea worthy  — 
The  Matter  before  tub  Soldiers— The  Fleet  Sunk- Indionatiov 
or  THE  Velazquez  Faction— One  Vessel  Remaining— It  is  Offeukd 
to  any  Wishing  to  Desert— It  is  riNALLv  Sunk— Francisco  de 
(Iaray's  Pretensions — Seizure  or  Some  or  uis  Men. 


li 


To  the  top  of  a  fir-tree,  which  he  curbed  and  then 
let  spring,  Theseus  fastened  the  robber  Sinis,  who 
had  been  accustomed  himself  to  kill  travellers  in  that 
way.  In  a  hollow  brazen  bull,  which  he  had  made 
for  the  Sicilian  tyrant  to  roast  his  victims  in,  Perillus 
the  inventor  was  roasted.  A  famous  det  ^tive  was 
hanged  at  last  for  house-breaking.  Mattnew  Hop- 
kins, the  witch-finder,  who  about  the  middle  of  tlio 
seventeenth  century  travelled  the  country  over  to 
discover  and  bring  witches  to  punishment,  was  finally, 
with  pronounced  effect,  subjected  to  one  of  his  own 
tests.  Witches,  he  had  said,  would  not  sink  in  water. 
This  was  a  safe  proposition  for  the  prosecution;  for 
if  the}'  sank  they  were  drowned,  and  if  they  did  not 
sink  they  were  burned.  Being  at  length  himself 
(jliarged  with  witchcraft,  the  people  seized  and  threw 
him  into  a  river;  and  as  he  floated,  by  his  own  law  ho 
was  declared  a  witch,  and  put  to  death  accordingly. 
In  more  ways  than  one,  he  who  invents  a  guillotine 

(174) 


OUILLOTIXK  BUILDIXO. 


19V 


U  often  the  first  to  suffer  hy  it.    It  is  not  wise  to  sow 
drai^ons'  teeth,  and  expect  tlierefrom  a  happy  harvest. 

Now  Diego  Velazquez  had  all  his  life  been  sowin 
drajTons'  teeth,  and  huntinj^  witches,  and  buiMinj^  guil 
lotines, and  brazen  bulls.  Starting  'Vcni  Spain  in  the 
jjfuise  of  a  noble  old  soldier,  as  he  advi./**,.-j'.d  himself, 
tlioucfh  some  said  of  him  that  his  sword  v  as  bloodless 
and  liis  bravery  bravado,  he  served  the  usmal  appren- 
ticcKliip  in  the  New  World,  chasinjTf,  and  mutilatinj^, 
aiul  murdering,  and  enslaving  natives,  working  to 
(loath  on  his  plantations  those  saved  for  this  most 
cruel  fate.  For  this  and  similar  .service  Diego  Colon, 
then  ruling  the  Indies  at  Espanola,  sent  him  to  Cuba 
to  play  governor  there  over  those  inoffensive  and 
thrice  unlucky  savages.  Fraud  being  native  to  his 
cluiracter,  no  sooner  wns  he  fairly  seated  than  ho 
repudiated  his  late  muslciand  benefactor,  and  reported 
dirvctly  to  the  ^'ing,  even  as  his  own  captain  r'f  the 
Mt'xican  expedition  was  now  doing.  Another  of  his 
guillotines  was  the  vile  treatment  of  Grijalva  for  not 
<!i>i>bcvin<;  orders,  on  which  score  he  couUl  not  com- 
])laiii  against  Grijalva's  successor.  Yet,  as  head  and 
li  ';irt  frosted  with  time  the  Cuban  governor  was  not 
li;i])py:  misdeeds  never  bring  true  or  lasting  hapi)i- 
nes-:.  His  bitterness,  however,  was  but  in  the  bloom ; 
thf  full  fruit  of  his  folly  would  come  only  after  the 
(•(Misunmiation  of  events  upon  the  continent,  grand  as 
yet  beyond  conception.  Ordinarily  it  is  much  easier 
It  l;ill  a  man  than  to  create  one;  in  this  instance  it 
v.;is  extremely  difficult  to  kill  the  man  that  he  had 
iiuide. 

If  amoncf  the  New  World  cavaliers  such  a  thini;  as 
poltroon  or  coward  could  be,  Diego  Velazquez  was 
that  thing,  notwithstanding  he  had  participated  in  so 
iMUch  fighting.  Yet  I  do  not  call  him  coward,  for 
my  pen  refuses  to  couple  such  a  term  with  that  of 
sixteenth-century  Spaniard.  Certain  it  is,  hov,  ver, 
that  few  men  in  those  days  preferred  conquering 
new  lands  by  deputy  to  winning  glory  in  person,  and 


I 


!■ 


r> 


','  tj.  "=  *■ 


ill 


176 


THE  SINKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


if  this  soldier  and  governor  was  not  a  coward,  there 
was  little  of  the  manly  or  chivalrous  in  his  bravery. 
He  was  cautious,  yet  frequently  his  cupidity  overcame 
his  caution;  and  when  he  adventured  his  gold — for  lie 
seldom  risked  his  life,  either  for  fame  which  he  dearly 
loved,  or  for  gold  which  he  loved  still  dearer — it 
was  under  restrictions  ruinous  to  almost  any  entcr- 
l)rise.  In  his  ordinary  mood  he  played  fairly  enough 
the  statesman  and  hero,  but  in  truth  his  statesmanship 
was  superficial,  and  his  heroism  theatrical.  Las  Casas 
calls  him  a  terrible  fellow  for  those  who  served  him, 
and  Gt'iuara  says  he  had  little  stomach  for  expendi- 
tures. This  much  allowance,  however,  should  be 
made  in  any  statements  of  historians  respecting  the 
governor  of  Cuba:  in  their  drama  of  the  conquest 
JDiego  Velazquez  plays  the  part  of  chief  villain  to  the 
hero  Ilernan  Cortes,  when  as  a  matter  of  fact  Cortes 
was  the  greater  villain  of  the  two,  principally  because 
he  was  the  stronger. 

Even  the  priests  praise  Cortds,  though  many  of 
his  acts  were  treacherous;  and  timidity  in  a  leader 
M'as  accounted  the  most  heinous  of  crimes.  On  the 
whole,  I  agree  with  Torquemada  that  the  governor 
should  have  gone  against  Montezuma  in  person,  if  it 
was  necessary  he  should  go  on  such  dastardly  work 
at  all;  but  we  may  be  sure  that  Velazquez  would  not 
himself  venture  upon  this  sea  of  high  exploit,  though 
-^olus  with  a  silver  cord  had  tied  up  the  winds  in  an 
ox-hide,  as  he  did  for  Ulysses.  And  now  from  tliis 
time  forth,  and  indeed  from  the  moment  the  unre- 
strainablc  Estremaduran  embarked  defying  him,  the 
sulphurous  fire  of  hatred  and  revenge  burned  constant 
in  the  old  man's  breast. 

Never  was  villainy  so  great  that  if  united  with 
high  station  or  ability  it  could  not  find  supporters; 
for  most  men  are  rascals  at  heart  in  one  direction  or 
another.  The  pretty  pair,  Velazquez  the  governor, 
and  Cortds  the  adventurer — so  well  pitted  that  the 


CONSPIRACY  IN  CAMP. 


177 


difference  between  tliem  consists  chiefly  In  setting 
off  the  position  of  one  against  the  native  strength  of 
the  other,  the  manners  and  pusillanimity  of  the  one 
against  the  fate -defying  chivalry  of  the  other — had 
each  his  active  workers  not  only  in  Spain,  but  in 
America,  those  of  Velazquez  being  some  of  them  in 
the  very  camp  of  Cortes.  Since  the  royal  grant  of 
superior  powers  to  Velazquez,  this  faction  has  lifted 
its  head.    And  now  its  brain  works. 

The  messengers  for  Spain  had  scarcely  left  the 
port  before  these  malcontents  form  a  plot,  this  time 
not  with  the  sole  desire  to  return  to  a  more  com- 
fortable and  secure  life,  but  with  a  view  to  advise 
Velazquez  of  the  treasure  ship  so  close  at  hand. 
Amongst  them  are  to  bo  found  the  priest  Juan  Diaz; 
Juan  Escudcro,  the  alguacil  of  Baracoa,  who  be- 
guiled and  surrendered  Cortds  into  the  hands  of  the 
'.luthorities;  Diego  Cermeno  and  Gonzalo  do  Umbri'a, 
[)il()ts;  Bernardino  de  Coria,  and  Alonso  Pefiate,  be- 
Hido  several  leading  men  who  merely  countenanced 
the  ]jlot,^  They  have  already  secured  a  small  vessel 
with  the  necessary  supplies,  and  the  night  of  embark- 
iiient  is  at  hand,  when  Coria  repents  and  betrays  his 
companions. 

Cortes  is  profoundly  moved.  It  is  not  so  much 
the  hot  indignation  that  stirs  his  breasl  against  the 
traitors  as  the  light  from  afar  that  seems  to  lloat  in 
uj)on  his  mind  like  an  inspiration,  showing  him  more 
vividly  than  he  had  ever  seen  it  before,  his  situation. 
So  lately  a  lax  and  frivolous  youth,  apparently  of 
inept  nature,  wrought  to  stlffer  consistency  by  some 
years  of  New  World  kneading,  by  a  stroke  of  the 

'  Tlic  namcg  vary  somewliatin  (lifforeiit  nuthoritics,  Bcnial  Diaz  iiu'luding 
instcail  of  I'cnatc,  .a  mimbcr  of  the  (Jilirallar  sailors  known  as  I'^flalts,  who 
wcro  hashetl  at  Cozumcl  for  theft.  The  plot  was  liatched  '  l)es(lc  (i  qnatro 
dias  (jue  partieron  nuestros  Procuradores. '  l/i^t.  Venhvl. ,  .'W.  Corti's  mentions 
only  four  'determinailo  tic  tomar  un  hcrgantin .  . .  .  y  niatar  al  maestni  (V'l,  y 
irso  ii  la  isla  Fernandina.'  Cartnn,  53— t.  IJomara  asaunica  tlicni  to  be  the 
.sjiine  who  last  revolted  on  setting  out  for  Tizapantzinco.  lll^t.  Mfi:,  (J4. 
'  I'u.sicron. .  .  .nor  obra  do  hurtar  uii  navio  pcqucflo,  6  salir  A,  robar  lo  <juo 
Uivaban  para  el  rey.'  Ta/iia,  Htlacioii,  in  Lazlalceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  503.  Peter 
Martyr  Jumbles  the  names,  dec.  v.  cap.  i. 
UisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    la 


178 


THE  SINKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


rarest  fortune  he  suddenly  finds  himself  a  oommandoi 
of  men,  in  a  virgin  field  of  enterprise  fascinatini» 
beyond  expression,  and  offering  to  the  soldier  possi- 
bilities excelled  by  r'^thing  within  the  century.  As 
the  mind  enlarges  to  take  in  these  possibilities,  tlie 
whole  being  seems  to  enlarge  with  it,  the  unstable 
adventurer  is  a  thing  of  the  past,  and  behold  a  miglity 
rock  fills  the  place.  Against  it  heads  shall  boat 
unprofitably.  The  momentous  question  of  to  be  or 
not  to  be  is  forever  determined;  it  is  an  affair  simply 
of  life  now.  Life  and  the  power  of  which  he  finds 
himself  possessed  shall  rise  or  fall  together;  and  if 
his  life,  then  the  lives  of  others.  No  life  shall  bo 
more  precious  to  him  than  his  own;  no  life  shall  he 
accounted  precious  at  all  that  stands  in  the  way  oi' 
his  ])lans.  To  a  lady  who  complained  of  the  l)urniiiu;- 
of  the  Palatinate  by  Turenne,  Napoleon  answered: 
"  And  why  not,  madame,  if  it  was  niK^essary  to 
his  designs?"  The  Palatinate  1  ay,  and  a  hundred 
million  souls  flunij  into  the  same  fire,  ere  the  one 
omnipotent  soul  shall  suffer  the  least  abrid(Ttn<.'nt. 
It  was  a  small  matter,  and  he  would  do  it;  all  tli(! 
islands  of  the  Western  Inde  he  would  uproot  and  iVnyj; 
into  the  face  of  the  Cuban  governor  before  he  would 
yield  one  jot  of  his  stolen  advantage.  Each  for  him- 
self were  Velazquez,  Colundjus,  and  Charles,  and  the 
rest  of  this  world's  great  and  little  ones,  and  Cortes 
would  bo  for  himself  Henceforth,  like  Themistocles, 
though  he  would  die  for  his  country  ho  would  not 
trust  her.  Return  to  Cuba  he  well  knew  for  him  was 
death,  or  ignominy  worse  than  death.  His  v>nly  way 
was  toward  Mexico.  As  well  first  as  last.  All  the 
past  life  of  Cortes,  all  his  purposes  for  the  future, 
concentred  in  these  resolves  to  make  them  the  pivot 
of  his  destiny.  Cortes,  master  of  kings,  arbiter  of 
men's  lives!  As  for  these  traitors,  they  shall  die; 
and  if  other  impediments  appear,  as  presen+ly  wo 
shall  sec  them  appear,  be  they  in  the  form  of  eye  or 
right  hand,  they  shall  be  removed.    Tyrant,  ho  might 


Ky  wo 
I  eve  or 
I  miglit 


EXECUTIONS. 


170 


he  branded;  ay,  as  well  that  as  another  name,  for  so 
iiio  great  ends  often  brought  to  pass  by  small  means, 
l^iiplcasant  as  it  may  be,  the  survivors  may  as  well 
hear  in  mind  that  it  will  be  less  difficult  another  time. 

So  the  conspirators  are  promptly  seized  and  sen- 
tenced, Escudero  and  Cermeilo  to  be  hanged,  Umbn'a 
to  lose  his  feet,  and  others  to  receive  each  two  hun- 
dred lashes.'  Under  cover  of  his  cloth  Padre  Diaz, 
the  ringleader  and  most  guilty  of  them  all,  escapes 
with  a  reprimand.  As  for  the  rest,  though  among 
them  were  some  equally  guilty,  they  were  treated  with 
such  dissembling  courtesy  and  prudence  as  either  to 
render  them  harmless  or  to  convert  them  into  friends. 
"Happy  the  man  who  cannot  write,  if  it  save  him 
from  such  business  as  this  I"  exclaimed  the  com- 
mander, as  he  affixed  his  name  to  the  death-warrants. 
For  notwithstanding  his  inexorable  resolve  he  was 
troubled,  and  would  not  see  his  comrades  die  thouijh 
tlicv  would  have  sacrificed  him.  On  the  mornino;  of 
the  day  of  execution  he  set  off  at  breakneck  speed 
for  Cempoala,  after  ordering  two  hundred  soldiers  to 
follow  with  the  horses  and  join  a  similar  force  which 
had  left  three  days  before  under  Alvarado.^ 

Cortes'  brain  was  in  a  whirl  durinif  that  ride.  It 
was  a  horrible  thing,  this  hanging  of  Spaniards,  cutting 
off  feet,  and  flogging.  Viewed  in  one  light  it  was  but 
a  common  piece  of  military  discipline;  from  another 
stand-point  it  was  the  act  of  an  outlaw.  The  greater 
])art  of  the  little  army  was  with  the  commander;  to 
this  full  extent  the  men  believed  in  him,  that  on  his 

'  Tims  Cort(5s  had  his  revenge  on  the  nlguacil.  '  Y  no  le  vali6  el  ser  su 
Cdinpadre,'  says  Vetane\Tt,  witli  a  liasty  iissumption  which  is  not  uncommon 
with  liim.  Teittro  Mvx.,  pt.  iii.  119.  Gonuira  mentions  no  mutilation.  '  I'arceo 
diiro  ser  aquestas  obras,  .  . .  .propias  ile  averiguado  tirano,'  says  Las  Casas, 
/H-<l.  hid.,  iv.  496,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  singularly  mild  expr'.-ssion  for 
the  bishop.  Ilerrera  dwells  upon  CernieAo's  extraordinary  skill  with  the 
liaping-polc;  ho  eouhl  also  smell  land  tifteen  leagues  oil'  the  coast,  dec.  ii.  lib. 
>.  cap.  xiv.  'Coria,  veziuo  quo  fue  despues  do  Chiapa.'  Uvriial  JJiaz,  JIUtl. 
Wrilail.,  39. 

' '  Kmbiado por  los  pueblos  de  la  sierra,  porque  tuuiesscn  que  comer; 

porque  en  nucstra  Villa  ptissauamos  mucha  necessidad  de  iMistinuintos. ' /(/. 
riiis  seems  unlikely,  since  the  Totonacs  were  not  only  willing,  but  bound,  to 
provide  supplies. 


5 

^  1 
'^1 


■^'■J, 

ISO 


THE  SINKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


I    I 


valor  and  discretion  they  would  adventure  their  lives. 
With  most  men  beliefs  are  but  prejudices,  and  opinions 
tastes.  These  Spaniards  not  only  believed  in  their 
general,  but  they  held  to  a  most  impetuous  belief  in 
themselves.  They  could  do  not  only  anything  that 
any  one  else  ever  had  done  or  could  do,  but  they  could 
< command  the  supernatural,  and  fight  with  or  against 
phantoms  and  devils.  They  were  a  host  in  themselves; 
besides  which  the  hosts  of  Jehovah  were  on  their  side. 
And  Cortds  measured  his  men  and  their  capabilities, 
not  as  Xerxes  measured  his  army,  by  filling  suc- 
cessively a  pen  capable  of  holding  just  ten  thousand; 
he  measured  them  rather  by  his  ambition,  which  was 
as  bright  and  as  limitless  as  the  firmament.  Already 
they  were  heroes,  whose  story  presently  should  vie  iu 
thrilling  interest  with  the  most  romantic  tales  of  chiv- 
alry and  knight-errantry,  and  in  whom  the  strongest 
human  passions  were  so  blended  as  to  lift  them  for  a 
time  out  of  the  hand  of  fate  and  make  their  fortunes 
their  own.  The  thirst  for  wealth,  the  enthusiasm  of 
religion,  the  love  oi  glory,  united  with  reckless  daring 
and  excessive  loyalty,  formed  the  most  powerful  in 
centives  to  action.  Life  to  them  without  the  attain- 
ment of  their  object  was  valueless;  they  would  do  or 
die;  for  to  die  in  doing  was  life,  whereas  to  live  failing- 
was  worse  than  death.  Cortes  felt  all  this,  thougli  it 
scarcely  lay  on  his  mind  in  threads  of  tangible  thought. 
There  was  enough  however  that  was  tancrible  in  his 
thinkings,  and  exceedingly  troubling.  Unfortunately 
the  mind  and  heart  of  all  his  people  were  not  of  the 
complexion  he  would  have  them.  And  those  ships. 
And  the  disaffected  men  lying  so  near  them,  looking 
wistfully  at  them  every  morning,  and  plotting,  and 
plotting  all  the  day  long.  Like  the  Palatinate  to 
Turonnc,  like  anything  that  seduced  from  the  stern 
purposes  of  Cortes,  it  were  better  they  were  not. 

This  thought  once  flashed  into  his  mind  fastened 
itself  there.  And  it  grew.  And  Cortes  grew  witii  it, 
until  the  man  and  the  idea  fdled  all  that  country,  and 


A  DiVRIXG  RESOLVE. 


m 


IVCS. 


■ouglit. 


liocamc  the  wonder  and  admiration  of  the  world. 
]  )estroy  the  ships  I  Cut  off  all  escape,  should  such  bo 
needed  in  case  of  failure!  Burn  the  bridge  that  spans 
time,  and  bring  to  his  desperate  desire  the  aid  of  the 
eternities  1  Thethouijht  of  it  alone  was  darin^f;  more 
fearfully  fascinating  it  became  as  Cortes  dashed  alonjx 
toward  Cempoala,  and  by  the  time  he  had  reached  his 
destination  the  thing  was  determined,  and  he  might 
with  Caisar  at  the  Rubicon  exclaim,  Jacta  est  alca! 
])iit  what  would  his  soldiers  say?  They  must  be  made 
to  feel  as  he  feels,  to  see  with  his  eyes,  and  to  swell 
with  his  ambition. 

The  confession  of  the  conspirators  opened  the  eyes 

of  Cortes  to  a  f\ict  which  surely  he  liad  seen  often 

enough   before,  though   by  reason   of  his   generous 

nature  which  forgot  an  injury  immediately  it  was  for- 

f,flven,  it  had  not  been  much  in  his  mind  of  late,  namely, 

that  too  many  of  his  companions  were  lukewarm,  if 

not  openly  disaffected.     They  could   not  forget  that 

Cortes  was   a   common   man   like   themselves,  thea- 

superior  in   name  only,  and   placed  over  them   for 

the    accomplishment  of  this  single  purpose.     They 

felt  they  had  a  right   to  say  whether  they  would 

remain  and  take  the  desperate  chance  their  leader 

seemed  determined  on,  and  to  act  on  that  right  with 

or  without  his  consent.    And  their  position  assuredly 

was  sound;  whether  it  was  sensible  depended  greatly 

on  tlieir  ability  to  sustain  themselves  in  it.    Cortes 

was  exercising  the  arbitrary  power  of  a  majority  to 

drive  the  minority  jks  it  appeared  to  tiieir  death.    They 

had  a  jierfect  righ.  ..<>  rebel;  they  had  not  entered  the 

service  under  any  such  compact.    Cortes  himself  was 

a  rebel;   hence  the  lebeliion  of  the  Velazquez  men, 

lxMn«:'  a  rebellincj  aj^jainst  a  rebel,  was  in  truth  an  ad- 

lierence  to  loyalty.     Here  as  everywhere  it  was  niiglit 

that  made  right;  and,  indeed,  with  the  right  of  these 

matters  the  narrator  has  little  to  do. 

Success,  shame,  fear,  bright  prospects,  had  all  lont 
their  aid  to  hold  the  discontented  in  check,  but  in 


^  m 


isa 


THE  SIXKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


tlit3.Sc  .several  rej^urds  feeling  and  opinion  wore  .subjecjt 
to  daily  fluctuations.  Let  seriou.s  danger  or  rcversc.s 
come,  and  they  would  flee  in  a  moment  if  they  could. 
And  the  fleet  lying  so  near  was  a  constant  temptation. 
Cut  that  off,  and  the  nerves  of  every  man  there  would 
be  freshly  strung.  The  meanest  would  suddenly  be- 
come charged  with  a  kind  of  nobility;  they  would  at 
onco  become  inspired  with  the  courage  that  comes 
from  desperation.  Often  those  least  inclined  to  tiglit 
when  forced  to  it  arc  the  most  indifferent  to  death. 
Other  dormant  elements  would  be  brought  out  by  the 
disappearance  of  those  shijis;  union,  fraternity,  com- 
plete community, not  only  of  interest  but  of  life.  Their 
leader  with  muiti{)lied  jiower  would  become  their  g(j(l. 
On  him  they  would  be  dependent  for  all  things; 
for  food  and  raiment,  for  riches,  glory,  and  every  suc- 
cess; for  life  itself  Cortes  saw  all  this,  pondered  it 
well,  and  thought  it  would  be  very  pretty  to  play  tlio 
god  awliile.  Ho  would  much  prefer  it  to  confinement 
in  old  Velazquez'  plaza-pen,  or  even  in  a  Seville  prison. 
Cortes  was  now  certain  in  his  own  mind  that  if  liis 
barid  remained  unbroken  either  by  internal  dissension 
or  by  white  men  yet  to  arrive,  he  would  tread  tlio 
streets  of  the  INIexican  capital  before  he  entered  the 
gates  of  the  celestial  city.  If  IMontezuma  would  not 
admit  him  peaceably,  he  would  gather  such  a  forct; 
of  the  emperor's  enemies  as  would  pull  the  kingdom 
down  about  his  ears.  It  would  be  necessary  on  going 
inland  to  leave  a  garrison  at  Villa  Rica;  but  it  woul.l 
be  madness  to  leave  also  vessels  in  which  they  could 
sail  away  to  Cuba  or  elsewhere.  And  finally,  it' 
the  ships  were  destroyed,  the  sailors,  who  otherwi- o 
would  be  required  to  care  for  them,  might  be  addotl 
to  the  army.  Such  were  the  arguments  which  the 
conunander  would  use  to  win  the  consent  of  his  people 
to  oite  of  the  most  desperate  and  daring  acts  ever 
ectnceived  bv  a  strategist  of  any  age  or  nation. 

Not  that  such  consent  was  necessary.     He  might 
destroy  tlie  ships  and  settle  with  the  soldiers  alter- 


SAD  CONDITION  OF  THE  SHIPS. 


1S3 


gdom 
goiiio 

couM 
lly,_it' 

|a(l(U'il 
Ih  tlu- 
|)e(i|)lo 
ever 

^niglit 
afU'i- 


Miird.  TIr'  deed  accomjili.slied,  with  or  without  tlieir 
coiisciit,  there  would  be  Ijut  one  course  open  to 
them.  Nevei'tliele.ss  he  preferred  they  should  thhik 
themselves  the  authors  of*  it  rather  than  feel  that  they 
liad  heeu  tricked,  or  in  any  way  unfairly  dealt  with. 
And  with  the  n  oral  he  would  shift  tlie  pecuniary 
responsibility  to  their  shoulders.  So  he  went  to  work 
as  usual,  with  instruments  apparently  inde])endent, 
hut  whose  every  step  and  word  were  of  his  directing. 
( )iie  day  quickly  thereafter  it  came  to  pass  that  the 
masters  of  several  of  the  largest  ships  ai)j)eared  be- 
i'nvc  the  ca[)tain-gencral  with  lengthened  faces  well 
put  on,  with  the  sad  intelligence  that  their  respective 
ciaft  were  unscaworthy;  indeed  one  of  theiu  had 
sunk  already.  They  did  not  say  they  had  secretly 
httred  holes  in  them  accoi'ding  to  instructions.  Cortes 
was  sui'prised,  nay  he  was  painfully  aft'ectcd;  Tloscius 
himself  could  not  have  performed  the  part  better; 
'■for  well  he  could  dis.senible  when  it  served  his  pur- 
])()se,"  chimes  in  Las  Casa.s.  With  Christian  i'ortitude 
he  said:  "Well,  the  will  of  God  be  done;  but  look 
you  sharply  to  the  other  ships."  Barnacles  were  then 
iVeely  discussed,  and  teredtjs.  And  so  well  obeyed 
tlie  mariners  tlieir  instructions  that  soon  they  were 
uhlc  to  swear  that  all  the  vessels  save  three  were  un- 
safe;, and  even  tiiese  required  costly  rej)airs  before 
tluy  would  be  seaworthy.*  Thus  as  by  the  hand 
of  }n'ovi(lence,  to  the  minds  of  the  men  as  they 
Were  able  to  bear  it,  the  deed  unfolded.  Soon  quite 
;q)parcnt  became  the  expediency  of  abandoning  such 
vessels  as  were  leaking  badly;  there  was  trouble  and 
no  jirolit  in  attempting  to  maintain  them,  for  they 
would  surely  have  to  be  abandoned  in  the  end.  "And 
indeed,  fellow-soldier.s,"  continued  Cortes,  "I  am  not 

*  Ttstbnnn'io dc Mnntrjo // Puertornrrrrn,  in  f'oL Doc. Ined. , i. 489, 404.  ' Viiiic- 
Ron  il  Ol,  I'uaiulo  tstiivii-'so  iinn.li.1  gi.'iito  con  cl  jiintii,  y  lu  (kuuiiciiisi  n  coino  iiu 
|i«lian  vcnc'Tcl  agua  do  Ion  niivios.'  /,a.<  f'.i>Yi.,  Hist.  Iii'/.,  iv.  4!I7.  'Thuk 
i  ■ -iiiM  j)ai';i  ijiK!  lo.s  sulclados  iiias  alicif'nailo.s  (juo  tenia  so  Id  |iiili(t*si:n  .  .  . .  J.oa 
N  'M:iil(i-!  s'-  lo  pidiorun,  y  tliUo  so  ru'lhio  aiito  ]><>r  ante  I'sttiuano.'  Ilcrnra, 
ill',  ii.  nil.  V.  cip.  xiv.  '  l.i-' acon.sijani'H  Ins  ipic  vranios  suh  aiiiiyos,  ^juu  nu 
iK'Aiissc  Nauio  vn  I'l  I'mrto.'  IJi  nml  Dta:,  lli-^t.  Wrdwl.,  l\'J. 


-  Iy3 


m 


I 


I 


I 


ii 


184 


THE  SINKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


sure  but  it  were  best  to  doom  to  tlcstruction  also  tlio 
f)thers,  and  so  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  saihjrs  in 
the  cominij  campaign,  instead  of  leaving  them  in  idle- 
ness to  hatch  fresh  treachery."  This  intimation  was 
successful,  as  had  been  foreordained  by  the  ruler  of 
those  events  it  should  be.  It  was  forthwith  resolved 
to  scuttle  all  the  ships  but  one,  the  one  brought  by 
Salcedo.  Accordingly  Escalante,  the  alguacil  mayoi-, 
a  brave  and  able  officer  wholly  devoted  to  Cortes, 
was  sent  down  to  Villa  Rica  to  carry  out  the  order, 
with  the  aid  of  the  picked  soldiers  there  stationed. 
Sails,  anchors,  cables,  and  everything  that  could  bo 
utilized  were  removed,  and  a  few  hours  later  some 
small  boats  were  all  that  remained  of  the  Cuban 
fleet." 

It  was  then  the  community  first  realized  its  sit- 
uation. The  followers  of  Cortes,  with  unbounded 
faith  in  their  leader,  did  not  so  much  care,  but  the 
partisans  of  Velazquez,  few  of  whom  knew  that  tlto 
affair  had  been  coolly  predetermined,  were  somewhat 
agitated.  And  when  on  closer  inquiry  they  were 
enlightened  by  certain  of  the  mariners,  the  cry  arose 
that  they  were  betrayed;  they  were  lambs  led  to  tiio 
slaughter.  Cortes  promptly  faced  the  now  furious 
crowd.  What  did  the}''  want?  Were  their  lives  more 
precious  than  those  of  the  rest?  "For  shame!  Bo 
men!"  he  cried,  in  conclusion.  "You  should  know 
ere  this  how  vain  are  the  attempts  to  thwart  my 
purpose.  Look  on  this  magnificent  land  with  its 
vast  treasures,  and  narrow  not  your  vision  to  your 
insignificant  seb^es.  Think  of  your  glorious  reward, 
present  and  to  come,  and  trust  in  G  xl,  who,  if  it  so 
]ilease  him,  can  conquer  this  empire  with  a  single  arm. 
Yet  if  there  be  one  here  still  so  craven  as  to  wish 
to  turn  his  back  on  the  glories  and  advantages  thus 

' '  Los  Pilotos,  C  Maeatres  viojos,  y  marineros,  que  no  era  buenos  para  ir  ^ 
la  gncrru,  quo  sc  (nieilassen  en  la  \'illa,  y  co  tlos  chincliorros  que  tiuiicssen  curgo 
(U'  pi-^scar. . .  .y  lup^o  sc  vino  (Escalante)  i1  Compo.al  con  viia  Capitaiiia  do 
Iioiiihiva  (li-  la  mar,  que  fuesscu  los  que  sacaron  de  lea  Xauios,  y  salicron 
al^imos  dcllos  niuy  buonos  soldados.'  Denial  Diaz,  Hist.  Vtrdad,,  40. 


THE  DEED  IS  DONE. 


185 


iioro 
Bo 
now 
mv 
its 
rour 
ard, 
t  so 
inn. 
,vish 
luis 

ha  ir  A 

lo:irgo 
liii  <lo 
licrou 


ofTorcfl;  if  there  be  one  here  so  base,  so  recreant  to 
heaven,  to  liis  king,  to  liis  comrades,  as  to  slink  troni 
such  lionorable  duty,  in  God's  name  let  him  go.  There 
is  one  ship  left,  which  T  will  equip  at  my  own  charge 
to  give  that  man  the  immortal  infamy  he  deserves." 
Tliis  lie  said  and  much  more,  and  to  the  desired  effect. 
The  speaker  knew  well  how  to  play  upon  his  men, 
as  on  an  instrument,  so  that  they  would  respond  in 
any  tune  he  pleased.  Cheers  rent  the  air  as  he  con- 
cluded, in  which  the  opposition  Avere  forced  to  join 
through  very  shame.  Seeing  which  Cortes  gently 
intimated,  "Would  it  not  be  well  to  destroy  the 
leniaining  vessel,  and  so  make  a  safe,  clean  thing  of 
it.'"  In  the  enthusiasm  of  the  moment  the  act  was 
consummated  with  hearty  approval." 

*  It  is  generally  admitted  that  Cortds  suggested  the  idea  of  destroying  the 
fliot,  for  uvon  Ijurnal  Diaz,  who  at  first  gives  the  credit  to  the  men  hj  raying, 
'  Ic  ncoiiscjainos  los  one  cramos  sus  amigos,' confesses  on  tlie  following  i>a'j;o 
tliat  'cl  niisino  Cortes  lo  tenia  ya  concertado. '  Hist.  Venlml.,  .31>-40.  Tho 
prrpoiKkniting  testimony  also  shows  that  the  masters  made  tlieir  rcjiort  iu 
public,  with  the  evident  object,  as  tho  best  atithoritics  clearly  indicate,  of 
obtaining  the  consent  of  tlie  responsible  majority  for  the  scuttling.  During 
tin-  partition  of  treasures  at  Mexico,  largo  sliares  were  set  aside  for  Corti-.s 
nml  Velazquez  to  cover  the  cost  of  tho  fleet  and  tho  outfit,  'que  dinioa  nl 
traiies  cor.  cllos,  pucs  toilos  fuimos  en  cUos,'  Ikrnal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  84, 
vliicli  is  proof,  in  addition  to  the  reliable  assertion  that  tho  deed  was  agreed 
upon  by  tho  majority.  Cortes'  expression,  'los  echiS  ,1  la  eosta,'  (^artai,  .'4, 
u  merely  that  of  a  leader  of  that  party  or  majority,  who  besides  really 
gives  credit  to  others.  Ilcnce  the  eonehision  of  I'rescott  and  others,  tliat  tho 
scuttling  was  done  on  his  own  resjTOnsibility,  is  not  well  founded.  Cortes 
was  clever  cnougli  always  to  have  those  present  who  were  ready  to  take  any 
ro.sponsibility  for  him  that  lie  miglit  wish.  Tho  phra.se,  '  his  was  the  greatest 
s.acriiicc,  for  they  (the  vessels)  were  his  property,'  Pn;icott'.iMcx.,  i.  .374,  isalso 
VT(iiig,  fur  ho  was  compensated  by  the  anuy.  And  it  is  an  exaggeration  to  say 
that  the  execution  of  the  measure  'in  the  face  of  an  incensed  and  tlesperato 
soldiery,  was  an  act  of  resolution  that  lias  few  parallels  in  history,'  /(/. ,  H'Ct, 
siiR'i;  hio  party  supported  him.  According  to  Oomara  tho  pilots  l>ore  lioles  in  tho 
vessels,  and  bring  their  report,  whereupon  five  vessels  are  first  sunk  ;  shortly 
iiftcrward  the  remainder  except  one  arc  scuttled.  The  ofler  of  thi.s  vessel  to 
those  who  wished  to  return  was  made  with  a  view  to  learn  who  were  tho 
cowards  and  malcontents.  Many  indeed  did  ask  for  leave,  Imt  half  of  them  wero 
sailors.  Others  kept  quiet  out  of  shame.  Jfi/tt.  3fi'x.,(Kt.  It  was  never  (Jort.'s' 
piilicy  to  mark  tho  disafTectcd,  however.  Tliis  author  is  followed  hy  Tonpic- 
maila,  '  porque  asi  so  ha  platicado  siemprc  cntre  las  Ocntos,  que  mas  supierou 
Ul' esta  .Jornada,'  i.  400,  and  on  the  strengtli  of  this  the  latter  argues  tliat 
Ilerrnr.a's  version,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  xiv.,  wliich  adheres  chiefly  to  r.ernal 
Diaz',  must  be  wTong.  Tapia,  Hclarioii,  in  [ra:halccta.  Vol.  Dor.,  ii.  ■'5G.1,  con- 
firms ehiofly  to  Oomara.  Ilobertson,  after  following  Rernal  Diaz,  takes  tlio 
troiilile  of  having  the  ships  'drawn  ashore  and  . . .  .broke  in  pieces.'  f/'mf  Am., 
ii.  '.V.V-l;  Vlaei'icro.  Storii  JM'.i.,  iii.  3.')-rt;  Oricdo,  ///•-.'.  Ooi.,  iii.  2(>2;  Snm/o- 
!((',  Ili^t.  Carlos  v.,  i.  171;  IMcr  Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  i.     Peralta  has  them 


refill 


IM 


TIIK  SINKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


"To  ^Icxifo!"  was  now  the  cry,  and  preparations 
for  tlie  niurcli  were  at  once  made.  Escalante,  whoso 
character  and  services  had  endeared  him  to  Cortes, 


l)unic(l  by  secret  agents  of  Cort(58.  Xot.  Hint.,  70.  Solis,  ever  ze.-iloiis 
for  liin  hero,  objects  to  IJcruiil  Dinz'  attempt  to  pluck  any  of  the  {,'loi-y,  jind 
fcconts  the  idea  tliat  fears  of  peciniiary  liability  could  have  influenced  Cui't«  s 
to  gal":  tlio  a[>proval  of  others  for  Iii.s  act.  '  Tuvo  A  destreza  du  liiHtoriiiilnr  i] 
lu.'iietrar  lo  interior  de  las  ncciones,'  is  the  conii>lacent  ti'ibute  to  hi.s  own  .skill 
in  pouctrating  the  (juestion.  IJint.  Mcx.,  i.  "Jl-l-l.").  The  view  of  the  f;)Uncl(  r- 
iii;^  licet,  apj)endcd  to  sonio  editions  of  his  work,  has  been  fxten.sivcly  ci.i'i(  d. 
One  is  given  in  the  Antwerp  edition  of  1704,  141.  A  still  liner  view,  with 
tlie  men  busy  on  shore,  and  the  sinking  vessels  in  the  distance,  is  to  be 
foun<l  in  the  Madrid  issue  <jf  17S3,  i.  "Jl.'l.  The  <lfstruetion  of  the  licet  1ms 
been  lauded  in  extravagant  terms  by  almost  every  authority,  from  (Joniara 
and  Solis  to  Robertson  and  I'reseott,  as  an  unparalleled  deed.  (Jf  previous 
examples  tliere  are  enoagh,  however,  even  thong!  clic  motives  and  fli(! 
means  difler.  Wc  may  go  back  to  /Eneas,  to  whoso  fleet  the  wives  of  Iho 
party  applied  the  torch,  tired  of  roaming;  or  wc  may  point  to  Agathoclc.-*, 
who  iirst  fired  his  soldiers  with  a  resolution  to  conqncr  or  to  die,  and 
then  et)mpelled  them  to  keep  their  word  by  firing  the  vessels.  Julian  otlen d 
u  tamer  instance  during  his  campaign  on  t!ic  Tigris;  but  the  deed  of  the  ter- 
rible liarbarossa  in  the  MediteiTanean,  only  a  few  years  before  the  Mex'Vim 
campaign,  was  marked  by  reckless  determination.  Still  examples  little  alicet 
thc^jrreatnessof  an  act;  motives,  means,  and  results  aii'ord  the  criteria.  'INm  ns 
exeniplos  destos  ay,  y  aquellos  son  do  grandes  homlires. '  O'uniant,  Hint.  Mcr., 
().").  '  L'lia  du  las  acciones  en  (jue  mas  so  reconoee  la  grandeza  de  su  animo. . . . 
Y  no  sabcr,ios  .^i  dc  sti  gcncro  se  hallani  mayor  algima  en  todo  el  eaiiipo  do 
las  Historias.'  Solix,  H'mt.  Mcx.,  i.  'JIU.  'An  eUbrt  of  magnanimity,  to  which 
there  is  nothing  parallel  in  history.'  IioU-rtfon,  J/ixt.Ain.,  ii.  .34.  '  Un'  iin- 
presa,  ehe  da  ]ier  se  sola  bastcribbe  a  far  conoscere  la  sua  magnnnindta,  e  iid 
iinmortalarc  il  suo  nome. '  V/aviijiro,  Sloria  Mens.,  iii.  3o;  Prescott,  Mix.,  i. 
ST.VO,  is  e(iually  carried  away,  and  ho  linds  more  words  for  his  jidniiratiou. 
]  1  e  is  wrong  in  supposing  that  one  of  the  vessels  in  the  harbor  was  left  int;ict ; 
the  cxenipt  ship  referred  to  by  a  chronicler  was  the  cue  cui-ryiiig  the  messen- 
gers to  Spain. 

Antonio  dc  Solis  y  Ribadcncyra  is  remarkable  as  the  first  Spanish  historian 
of  the  conquest.  It  appears  to  us  strange  that  an  eiiisode  so  glorious  tii  t!i'; 
fame  of  Castilians  shouhl  have  been  allowed  to  lie  so  long  negleeted  in  t!ie 
musty  pages  of  their  chroniclers.  True,  these  were  worthy,  zealous  i,i'  n,  \\\u> 
conscientiously  nan'atcd  every  occurrence  of  any  note,  but  their  stai/  "<'.  fnr 
historic  truth  and  dignity  caused  them  to  clothe  facts,  however  strikiu'X  in  a 
pub  of  dreary  gi'avity,  dryness  of  detail,  and  ambiguous  confusion,  which  dis- 
couraged even  the  student.  It  reciuired  the  dramatic  eye  of  the  composer  iiiid 
the  imagination  of  the  poet  to  appreciate  the  picturesque  sketches  of  a  stnui-'c 
l)eoi)lo  now  fading  into  oblivion,  the  grandeur  of  a  senu-savage  pageantry,  tlic 
romantic  exploits  that  recalled  the  achievements  of  the  Cid.  This  faculty 
was  innate  in  Solis,  developed  besides  by  a  long  and  successful  career  in  let- 
ters, lie  had  prolited  also  by  the  advantages  opened  to  him  as  the  secretary 
of  (-'onde  de  Oropesa,  Viceroy  of  Navarre  and  of  Valencia,  who  JI;?ceiias- 
like  fostered  the  talents  and  aided  in  the  promotion  of  the  promising  savant, 
fur  as  such  he  already  ranked.  Cradled  in  the  famous  college  town  of  Alcali 
de  Ilenares,  he  bad  given  early  evidence  of  talent,  and  at  Salamanca  uni- 
versity he  had  signalized  himself  in  his  seventeenth  year  by  producing  a 
c-.>:ucd3'  of  eonsidirabje  merit.  While  pursuing  v.ith  energy  the  study  nf  law 
and  moral  philosophy,  he  cultivated  witii  hariUy  le;<s  ardor  the  muses.  ti> 
which  end  he  was  no  doubt  impelled  also  by  his  intimacy  with  the  illustriuus 


ANTONIO  DE  SOLIS. 


167 


Avas  placed  in  coinniand  of  Villa  Rica.     The  native 
chiefs  were  directed  to  regard  hiui  as  the  representa- 

C'alderon.  Several  of  his  dramas  were  rcccivcil  with  acclamation,  and  one  was 
tiuuslated  into  Frcucli,  whilu  his  niisccllani:uiis  |)(H>ms,  ri'printud  in  uiir  ii;iy.s, 
jiic  marked  by  a  vivid  iniii^'inutiuii  and  iia  tlcj^aiicc  whicii  iiLso  jidorns  hi<  Ut- 
ti  :s,  'I'alentsso  conspicuous  did  not  uuit  l(>ii,i<  for  rcoor'nition,  an<l  with  tlio 
aid  of  his  patron  he  advanced  to  tho  dignities  of  royal  seen  taiy  and  cliirf 
(hionii'hir  of  th'!  Indies.  AVlicn  ">()  years  old  his  mind  undcrwoiit  a  cliaii'^e, 
and  entering  tlie  churcli  hcahanduned  forever  tlie  drama  and  lij^dit  litcraturi'. 
'J  he  pen  changed  only  its  sphere,  iiowever,  for  it  corvcd  tlio  h!.<tori()gra[iiu  i- 
Z'  ilmisly,  achieving  for  him  the  greatest  fame;  and  fame  nlone,  fur  at  his 
<leatli,  in  April,  lUSO,  at  tho  age  of  7<>,  deep  i)overty  was  his  comjiaiLii)n. 
When  ho  entered  on  this  oliicc  tho  Indies  had  laps-^d  into  t'lu  dormant 
quietiido  imposed  hy  a  strict  and  secluding  coh)nial  rrgimo.  'i'hero  wero  no 
stirring  incidents  to  reward  tho  cflbrts  of  tlie  historian,  savj  those  connected 
with  free-booter  raids,  which  ofTered  little  that  could  llattcr  Spanish  ]>ride. 
To  achieve  fame  ho  must  take  up  some  old  theme,  anil  present  it  in  a  form 
likely  to  rouse  attention  by  its  contrast.  Thus  it  was  tiiat  ho  selected  tho 
thrilling  episode  of  the  coni|uest  of  Mexico,  with  the  determination  to  rescu; 
it  fnnn  tho  unskilful  arrangement  and  repetitions,  the  want  of  harmony  atid 
consistency,  the  dryness  and  faulty  coloring,  to  which  it  had  hitherto  been 
subjected,  and  to  cxjiend  upon  it  the  eU'ects  of  elegant  style  ami  vast  eru- 
dition. When  the  work  appeared  at  ]Madrid,  in  ItJSl,  its  superior  merits  wero 
instiintly  recogniz'id,  and  although  the  sale  at  lirst  was  not  large,  editions 
have  multiplied  till  our  day,  tho  lincst  and  costliest  being  the  illustrated  issue 
of  1783-4,  in  two  volumes,  whicli  I  quote,  while  consulting  also  tho  notes  of 
several  others.  So  grand  and  Unely  elaborated  a  subject,  and  that  from  a 
Spanish  historian  who  was  supposed  to  have  exhausteil  all  the  availalilo  re- 
sources of  tho  Iberian  archives,  could  not  '  il  to  rouse  general  attention 
throughout  Europe,  and  translations  wero  made  into  ditlerent  languag 's. 
liiibertson,  among  others,  while  not  failing  to  point  out  certain  Idemishe.s, 
lias  paid  the  high  compliment  of  accepting  Solis  for  almost  sole  guiile  on 
tlie  conquest,  and  this  with  a  blindness  which  ut  times  leads  him  into  niout 
nnnisiiig  errors.  Even  Prcscott  warms  to  his  tliemo  in  a  review  of  six  closely 
j)rinted  pages,  wherein  eulogy,  thouglk  not  unmingled  with  censure,  is  stron''er 
than  a  clearer  comprehension  of  the  theme  would  seem  to  warrant.  But  in  this 
he  is  impelled  to  a  great  extent  by  his  oft  displayed  tendency  to  hero  worship. 
Solis  deserves  acknowledgment  for  bringing  order  out  of  chaos,  for  pre- 
Beiitiii;,'  in  a  connected  form  the  narnitivo  of  the  conquest,  and  for  adorning  it 
with  an  elegant  style,  liut  ho  has  fullilled  only  a  part  of  the  promises  made 
iu  his  [)refaee,  and  above  all  has  he  negh'cted  to  obtain  information  on  his 
t.ipii"  beyond  that  presented  in  a  few  of  the  generally  accessible  works,  even 
tiieir  evidence  being  not  very  closely  examined,  lie  has  also  taken  great 
lilii'rties  with  tho  text,  subordinating  facts  to  scylo  and  fancy,  seizing  every 
iiossilile  opportunity  to  manufacture  speeches  for  both  native  and  Spani.di 
heroes,  and  this  with  an  amusing  disregard  for  the  consistency  of  lan- 
guage with  the  person  and  the  time,  llis  religious  tendencies  serioudy 
interfere  with  cium  judgment,  and  impel  liim  to  rave  with  bigoted  ;;>-al 
against  the  natives.  Tho  hero  worship  of  the  dramatist  iniroiluces  itself  to 
such  an  extent  as  frc(iuently  to  overjliailow  everything  else,  and  to  mis- 
represent. 'Sembra  piii  un  panegirico,  ehe  una  istoria,'  says  C'lavigero,  very 
aptly.  Sfnria  Jlcis.,  i.  IG.  His  arguments  and  deductions  are  at  tiiiie.i  mo:jt 
cliildisli,  while  his  estimation  of  himself  as  a  lii.storian  and  thinker  i.i  aired  i  i 
iiion:  than  one  place  with  a  ridiculous  gravity.  With  regard  to  style.  Soli.i  h;;d 
Livy  for  a  model,  and  bcilonged  t )  the  elder  school  of  historians  ;  lie  was  it  5  hi  t 
good  representative,  in  fact.  His  languag,^  is  expressive  and  elegant,  ;Teatly 
ii:ihaed  with  a  poetic  spirit  not  unsuited  to  the  subject,  and  sustaiiic  d  in 
eloqiieuce,  while  its  pure  idiom  aids  to  maintain  the  work  as  classic  among 


188 


TIIR  SINKING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


tive  of  tlio  frcncral,  and  to  supply  liiin  with  every 
requirement' 

Some  nine  days  after  the  siidcing  of  the  fleet  a 
niessenixer  arrived  from  Esealai'te,  announcinsr  that 
four  vessels'  had  passed  hy  the  harbor,  refusinj:^  to 
enter,  and  had  anchored  three  leagues  off,  at  the 
nioutli  of  a  river.  Fearin^^  the  descent  upon  him  of 
Velazquez,  Cortes  hurrie(l  off  with  four  horsemen, 
alter  selecting  fifty  soldiers  to  follow.  Alvarado  and 
Sandoval  were  left  jointly  in  charge  of  the  army, 
to  the  exclusitm  of  Avila,  who  manifested  no  little 
jealousy  of  the  latter.  Cortes  halted  at  the  town 
merely  to  learn  particulars,  declining  Escalante's 
hospitality  with  the  proverb,  "A  lame  goat  has  no 
rest."  On  the  way  to  the  vessels  they  met  a  notary 
with  two  witnesses,"  commissioned  to  arrange  a  boun- 
dary on  behalf  of  Francisco  de  Garay,  who  claimed 
the  coast  to  the  north  as  first  discoverer,  and  desired 
to  form  a  settlement  a  little  beyond  Nautla.  It  ap- 
peared that  Garay,  who  had  come  out  with  Diego 
Colon,  and  had  risen  from   procurador  of  Espafiola 

Castilians.  'Ingcnio  Concepttioso,  Floriilisimo,  i  Eloquente,'  ia  the  obsrrv.a- 
tioii  in  the  work  of  liia  liistoriographic  predecessor,  Pinclo,  Ej'itome,  ii.  (i07. 
Kilt  it  lacUa  in  lK)l(lnrss  and  dignity ;  the  rlinnaodies  are  often  misplaced,  and 
the  viM'bosencsb  is  tiresome.  Some  of  tho  faults  aroof  fours')  duo  to  the  time, 
but  not  the  many,  .ind  it  also  becomes  only  too  apparent  that  Solis  i.s  «o  con- 
ceitedly infatuated  with  his  afTccted  grandiloquence  as  to  sacrifice  facts 
wheicvcr  they  interfere  with  its  free  scope.  It  is  said  that  ho  intended  t  > 
continue  tho  history  of  Mexico  after  the  conquest,  and  that  death  alone 
prevented  tho  consummation  of  the  project.  But  this  is  mere  conjecture, 
and  it  appears  just  as  liUely  that  the  dramatist  recognized  the  cffoet  of 
closing  a  gi-eat  work  ai  so  appropriate  a  point  as  tho  fall  of  Mexico  Tho 
work  was  taken  up,  however,  by  Sala-'^r  y  0  arte,  who  published  in  1/  !.3  tho 
second  part  of  the  Connues',  till  tho  death  '  Cort(5s,  abounding  in  all  tho 
fai'.its  or  tho  superficial  and  florid  compositic 

'  '  Luego  le  zalmmaron  [tho  chiefs]  al  Jui ; 
Brrnul  Dinz,  If  Lit.  Vcrdud.,  40.   'Dcj(S  en  la 
ciienta  hombrcs  con  doze  de  calwllo.'  Cortes, 
fifty  Spaniards,  with  two  horses  and  two  firc-n 
do   Inio,  (.•omara,  Illftf.  Mfx.tGo-GyhixfCcni 
do  Ireio  no  In  auian  datlo  cargo  nin^uno,  ni 
I  tllirochUl,  Hist.  Chicli.,  291.    Tho  lorco  sec 
Ij^th.-.I  Diaz,  Hist,  Vcrdad.,  51,  says  CO  old  ari  .  suffering  soldiers  were  left  m 
j^;:i:i';soii. 

"  r.er:i;il  Diaz  says  one  vessel ;  but  Corti^s  and  other  authorities  mention  four. 

'■•  r.i'rn;;l  Diaz,  who  appears  to  have  been  with  tho  party,  names  tlicin  as 
( !/.;'.!i':i  do  la  Loa,  notary;  Andres  Nuilcz,  shipwright;  Pedro  de  la  Arpa,  a 
WUencian,  and  a  fourth  man.  Jlist.  Vcrdad. ,40. 


of  Solis. 

lo  Escalante  con  sus  incicnsos. ' 

la  de  la  Veracruz  cicnto  y  ciii- 

rtas,  52-3.    One  hundred  and 

;s,  were  left  hereunder  Pedro 

Diaz  corrects  him.  'Al  Pedro 

in  de  cuadrillcro. '  ubi  sup.; 

3  to  be  altogether  too  large. 


PIXEDA  UPON'  THE  COAST. 


lao 


to  Ijccomc  governor  of  Jamaica,  liad  rosolvod  to 
dovoto  his  great  wealth  to  extending  his  fame  as 
explorer  and  colonizer.  On  learning  i'rom  Alaminos 
and  his  fellow  voyajjers  of  the  coasts  discovered  in 
this  direction,  ho  resolved  to  revive  the  famed  projects 
vi'  Ponce  do  Leon,  and  with  this  view  desi)at<lied  a 
small  licet  in  1518,  under  Diego  de  Camargo.*"  Driven 
hack  Ijy  the  Floridans  with  great  slanghter,  .<^ays 
(jromara,  the  expedition  sailed  d«)wn  to  IVmuco  liiver, 
again  to  bo  repulsed,  with  the  loss  o^  some  men, 
who  were  flayed  and  eaten.  Torralha,  steward  of 
Garay,  was  then  sent  to  Spain,  and  there,  with  the 
aid  of  Garay's  friends,  obtained  for  him  a  commission 
as  adclantado  and  governor  of  the  territories  that  ho 
iiii<j;ht  discover  north  of  Ivio  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo." 
^feanwhilc  a  now  expedition  was  despatched  to 
P;umeo,  under  Alonso  Alvarez  Pineda,  to  form  a 
settlement  and  to  barter  for  gold.  After  obtaininj; 
some  three  thousand  pesos,  Pineda  sailed  soutliward 
to  take  possession  and  to  select  a  site  for  the  colony.'^ 
And  now  while  the  notary  is  endeavorinjj:  to 
arrange  matters  with  Cortes,  Pineda  waits  for  him 
a  little  distance  from  the  shore.     At  that  moment 

""Armo  Francisco  dc  Garay  trcs  carauelas  en  Jamaica,  cl  aflo  de  mil 
qniiiiuLoa  y  clczioelio,  y  fue  a  tentar  la  Florida.'  (t'omara,  lligf.  I  ml.,  5.5. 
'Dctcrniintj  do  enviar  A  iin  liidalgo,  Uamado  Dicjjo  do  Caiiiargo,  \\  dcscubrir  & 
cuiitimiar  cl  dcscubriniicnto  que  Grijalva  liubia  licclio,  con  uno  o  coa  du.s 
navios;  cl  cual  descubrio  la  provincia  do  I'umico,  o,  por  niujor  dccir,  oomcnzii 
lie  alii  dondo  Grijalva  so  habia  tornado,  que  fiio  dcsilc  I'anuco,  y  r.ndiivo 
iiavL'gando  por  lacosta  cicn  leguas  hacia  la  Florida.'  Lus  (  'hkhs.  Hist.  lud.,  iv. 
400;  /Icrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  ca)).  xi. ;  Cidnuio'H  Dinror.,  i;';j-4. 

"  Sue  IJiM.  MfX.,  i.  29,  this  scries.  'Kl  Hey  so  las  concedio  cl  afio  de  819, 
ostando  en  Barcelona.'  Las  (ctsai,  loc.  cit.  'Torraliia.  .  .  truxo  i>rouisioiio3 
jiiuaciue  fucsso  Adclantado,  y  Goucniador  dcsdc  tl  lio  do  S.Tn  I'cilro,  y  San 
I'ablo,  y  todo  lo  quo  descubricssc :  y  por  aijucllna  pruisiones  ciiddo  hicgo  trcs 
Nauio:j  con  hastuuoEicntos  y  setentasoldados. '  livrnnl  J)iaz,  Ili-l.  I'l  n/<i<l.,  il. 

'-  llcrnal  Uiaz  intinnites  that  Pineda  bad  reniaiiied  nt  llio  Piinuco  to  colo- 
nize, while  one  vessel  was  sent  down  to  take  jKiSfSi'ssion  where  (.'urtcs  met 
the  men.  After  giving  an  account  of  two  cxpcditiun.s  in  1.")  18  anil  1.")!!),  (io- 
iiiara  says:  'Otros  dizen,  quo  no  fue  mas  de  vna  voz.  Siiio  (|ue  coiiio  cstuuo 
nmcho  alia  cuetan  pordos. '  I/i-it.  lud.,  oj.  15utI.asCasa.4  mentions  distinctly 
that  it  was  on  the  strength  of  Caniargo's  discoveries,  in  l.")l.S,  tliat  the  frrant 
was  made  to  Garay  in  the  following  year.  \\\n  sup.  'Garainuiaconidomucha 
oostii  en  domada  do  la  Florida,  y  tocado  en  vn  rio  y  tierra,  cuyo  rey  so  llaniaua 
riiiiuco,  dondc  vieron  oro,  aun  que  poco.  Y  que  sin  salir  de  las  nauc.s  nui;V  rcs- 
catado  hasta  trca  mil  pesos  de  oro.'  doniarn,  Hif^t.  Mex.,  tiT;  CurtCs,  t'uiitim, 
M-l;  Oviedo,  iii.  '2U--3;  Ihnxra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  i. 


:"5 


i 


100 


THE  SINKING  OP  THE  FLEET. 


! 


Cort(5s  cared  little  for  Garays  or  boundaries;  but  he 
would  by  no  means  object  to  a  few  more  Spaniards  to 
take  the  place  of  those  he  had  hanged,  and  of  others 
whom  he  might  yet  be  obliged  to  hang.  To  this  end 
he  converted  jierforce  to  his  cause  the  notary  and  his 
attendants.  Then  learning  from  them  that  Pineda 
could  on  no  account  be  prevailed  on  to  land  for  a 
(•((iifcrence,  Cortes  signalled  to  the  vessels  with  the 
hope  that  more  men  would  come  on  shore.  This 
failinsjf,  he  bethoujjht  himself  of  lettinjj  three  of  his 
men  exchange  clothes  with  the  new-comers  and  ap- 
])roach  tlie  landing,  while  he  marched  back  with  the 
rest  in  full  view  of  the  vessels.  As  soon  as  it  grew 
(hirk,  the  whole  force  returned  to  hide  near  the  spot. 
It  was  not  till  late  the  followinfj  morning  that  the 
suspicious  Pineda  responded  to  the  signals  from 
sliorc,  and  sent  off  a  boat  with  armed  men.  The  trio 
now  withdrew  behind  some  bushes,  as  if  for  .sluide. 
l^'our  Spaniards  and  one  Indian  landed,  armed  with 
two  fnvlocks  and  two  cross-bows,  and  on  reaching 
thi'  shrubbery  they  were  pounced  upon  by  the  hidden 
I'oice,  while  the  boat  pushed  off  to  join  the  vessels  all 
ready  to  sail." 

'•' '  El  lino  (of  the  captured  ones)  era  maestre  do  la  una  nao,  6  puso  fucj^o  a 
III  escopcta,  i^  niatara  al  capital!  do  la  Veracruz,  sino  que  ■•!  la  media  Ic  falti) 
ol  fiiej^o.'  Ovieilo.  iii.  '2G',l.  Bcrnal  Diaz,  in  a  lesa  intelligent  account  of  tlio 
c'.ipture,  states  tii;it  only  two  men   landed.     'Por  nianera  que  se  huuienni 

<U'  aifuel  Niuiio  seis  soliladoa Y  rsto  es  lo  quo  so  liizo,  y  no  lo  quo  osci'iuc 

«'l  ('orouista  (tomara.'  Hixf.  \'erd(ul.,  41.  But  Cortt''b'  version  must  surely  lio 
tlie  best,  Rinco  it  was  related  shortly  after  the  occurrence,  and  by  an  iiii- 
ntediute  participator  in  the  events. 


-'*^i 


'ft- 


m 


A  !. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

MARCH    TOWARD    MEXICO. 
August-September,  1519. 

ES'TIirSIASM  OF  THE  AUMY— TlIE  FoUCE — THE  ToTONACS  AdVISE  THE  Tl^\S- 

OALAN  Route — Arkival  at  Jalafa — A  Look  Backward — TiieAnahuao 
Plateau  — Meetinc!  witu  Olintetl — Arrival  in  the  Country  of 

THE  TlASCALTECS — TlIE  SENATE  CONVENES  AND  RECEIVES  THE  EnVOV;4 

oi"  CoRTfo — An  I*;NcorNTER — A  More  Serious  Battle — Xicotencatl 
Resolves  to  Try  the  Prowess  of  the  Invaders,  and  is  Defeated. 

The  G;iray  affair  havint^  thus  been  disposed  of,  it 
was  announced  to  the  S})aniards  that  they  M'ould 
now  ^o  ill  quest  of  the  great  IMonte/Aima.  For  as 
the  concihating  sea  smooths  the  .sand  wliich  hut 
latilv  it  ground  in  its  determinate  purj)ose  from  tlie 
rocks,  so  liad  Cortes  quieted  the  rufiled  temper  of 
the  malcontents,  till  they  were  committed  as  one 
man  to  the  will  of  the  leader.  And  he  smiled  some- 
what cfrimlv  as  ho  concluded  his  haranijuo:  " 'J'o 
siR'cess  or  total  destruction  now  we  march;  for  there 
is  open  to  us  no  retreat.  In  Christ  we  trust,  and  on 
our  arms  rely.  And  thouu^h  few  in  number,  our 
hearts  are  strong."  The  soldiers  shouted  tl>eir  ap- 
pioval,  and  again  signhied  their  desire  to  press  onward 
to  Mexico.^ 

The  force  for  the  exj^edition  consisted  of  about 
i"  nr  liundred  and  fifty  Spaniards,  with  fifteen  horses, 
and  six  or  seven  light  guns,  attended  by  a  considcr- 
ahl(>  number  of  Indian  warriors  and  carriers,  in- 
( hiding  Cubans.  The  Totonac  force  comprised  also 
forty  chiefs,  taken  really  as  hostages,  among  wliom 

'  '  Y  todos  ft  vna  le  respondimos,  que  liariar  os  lo  (luo  ordenassc,  que  I'cliada 
•  nUuu  la  siierte  de  la  buena  6  niala  ventura.'  Uenial  Diaz,  Hist,  i'mlad.,  40. 

(101) 


^  , 

^i 

■  *' 

:i  1 

I  j 

n 

111 


"(!■: 


192 


MARCH  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


are  named  Mamcxi,  Tamalli,  and  Tcucli,  the  latter 
proving  a  most  able  and  trusty  guide  and  counsellor.^ 
The  advice  of  the  Totonacs  is  to  take  the  route 
through  Tlascala,  as  a  state  friendly  to  them  and  bit- 
terly opposed  to  the  Mexicans,  and  on  the  IGth  of 
August  the  army  leaves  Cempoala  for  the  interior. 
Soon  begins  the  gentle  ascent  which  lifts  them  from 
oppressive  heat  and  overpowering  vegetation  to  cooler 


oCItlall«ii« 

'  "IIupyotTlpi 


O,. 


Jo;'V^lrt«,«lap«.     2ult.pc.c 


•"•t> 


Nauhcarrpatepetl -^     XjlltapanUlneo 

orCofie  dePtrotO'ljo,.  oJ''l:'l"  ^^-0--~,(A  iili  III.' i 

^ncoU.in  or  -  i     ^ 


CuVvV^^*' 


CllulOO   nCEXuTZLNCO  + 

Tlidiuanalro 


JV>u»^»'-'     °     c  #P°P°"-^«P«»'-    Orizaba*-^ 

rfUiiaciuuuiitan  ciioi.lLA  \,.„t,i,..m''^' 


QuauliiiutiL-ltullaii  o 
luucuu? 


°Ti-cdlw) 


Uueclioluc 


CutlbcliUau? 


'Bcrnal  Diaz  states,  65,  that  on  reaching  Mexico  City  'no  llogauamos  ;i 
450  soldadoa,'  intimating  that  thry  must  have  aiaountetl  to  fully  thin  liLrmu 
on  leaving  Villa  Rica.  This  wouhl  allow  fully  V20  men  to  Kscalante,  which 
appears  a  large  garrison,  even  after  making  allowances  for  the  old  anl  fiiliiiii. 
(tomara  plnccs  tlu  force  at  4{X)  Spaniards,  with  1.")  horses,  fi  guns,  and  I.'IOO 
Indians,  including  Cubans  anil  carriers.  Coh'/.  i1/'.c.,C7;  VA'/vv/'o,  dec.  ii.  lili. 
vi.  cap.  i. ;  Ton/iicuKula,  1.  411,  517.  Ixtlilxochitl  incr"i.w3  this  to  7  g'iiis, 
1300  warriors,  and  1000  carriers.  'Con quince  docahalloy  t"cscicntos  penms.' 
Cortrn,  C'artas,  5'2.  Corti^s  refers  later  <  to  400  Compoalai.s.  Ho  mentions 
merely  200  carriers.  C'lavigero  has  41  :  ^laniards,  a  figure  resulting  finui  ;i 
misreading  of  his  original.  >S(orta  ^f('fls.,  iii.  30.  iSolis,  Jfeff.  Mcr.,  i.  '21(1  17, 
followed  of  course  by  Robertson,  changes  the  tigures  to  500  men,  '200  carriui  s, 
and  400  Indian  troops.  A  page,  tM'elve  years  old,  was  left  with  tlio  lnid  nf 
Cempoala  to  learn  tho  language.  '  Tomaron  un  indio  principal  (pie  llaniali.m 
Thu-ochalcatl  para  (luo  los  mostraso  el  camino,'  taken  from  tlie  country  by 
fJrijulva,  and  orought  back  by  Cortt''a.  ticihn'jiiii,  Conq.  Afcr.,  10.  Shortly 
before  beginning  tho  march,  gays  Duran,  a  messenger  arrived  from  Mexico 
in  the  person  of  Motdchiuh,  scut  by  Montezuma  to  Kcrvu  as  guide,  and  t>> 
provide  for  the  properservicc  and  hospitality  on  the  way.  licing  told  thiit  ni 
guide  was  needed,  lie  returned,  leaving  orders  with  tho  eaci(|Ues  en  route  to 
tender  good  reception  to  the  strangers.  Duma,  Hid.  hid.,  MS.,  ii.  405-10. 


NATURE'S  GLORIES. 


103 


ifniotis,  and  at  the  close  of  the  seooiul  day  is  reached 
the  beautiful  Jalapa,^  a  halt inc?- place  between  the 
border  of  the  sea  and  the  upper  plateau. 

There  they  turn  with  one  accord  and  look  back. 
How  charminjjf !  how  inexpressibly  refreshing  arc 
llior^e  approaching  highlamls  to  the  Spaniards,  so 
lately  from  tlic  malarious  Isthmus  and  the  jungle- 
(•overc<l  isles,  and  whose  ancestors  not  long  since  had 
lield  all  tropics  to  be  uninhabitable;  on  the  border, 
too,  of  Montezuma's  kingdom,  wrapped  in  the  soft 
Iblds  of  per})ctual  spring.  Before  the  invader.s  are 
the  ardent  waters  of  the  gulf,  instant  in  their  humane 
pilgrimage  to  otherwise  frozen  and  uninhabitable 
lauds;  before  them  the  low,  infectious  tierra  calieute 
that  skirts  the  lofty  interior  threateningly,  like  the 
jioisoned  garment  of  Hercules,  with  vegetation  bloated 
liy  the  noxious  air  and  by  nourislunent  sucked  from 
tlie  putrid  remains  of  nature's  opulence,  while  over  all, 
tilled  with  the  remembrance  of  streams  stained  san- 
guine from  sacrificial  altars,  passes  with  sullen  sighs 
the  low- voiced  winds.  But  a  change  comes  gradually 
as  the  steep  ascent  is  made  that  walls  the  healthful 
table -land  of  Andhuac.  On  the  tcmphtda  terrace 
new  foliaofe  is  observed,  though  still  ujlistening  with 
sun -painted  birds  and  eidivened  by  parliaments  of 
monkeys.  Insects  and  flowers  bathe  in  waves  of 
burning  light  until  they  display  a  variety  of  colors 
as  wo.iderful  as  they  are  brilliant,  while  from  cool 
canons  rise  metallic  mists  overspreading  the  warm 
liills.  Blue  and  jnu'ple  are  the  sunnnits  in  the  dis- 
tance, and  dim  glowing  hazy  the  imperial  heights 
beyond  that  daily  batHe  the  tleparting  sun.  Ami  on 
the  broad  plateau,  whose  rich  earth  with  copious  yield 


•'  McMiiing  '  Spring  in  tlio  Sand.'  J\'ivir(t.lH<t.Jiihipn,  i.app.7.  'Ylaprinn'ra 
j'liiiaili)  t'liinios  a  vn  piiohlo,  ([110  sc  di/o  Xalapa. '  Jkniid  JJinz,  //^s^  Virdiul., 
•11.  I>ut  the  roail  was  too  long  for  one  day's  luanli.  1  may  iirro  olts'TVc  tliat 
il'iiial  I)iaz  is  r('nuirkal)ly  faulty  in  liis  account  of  tliis  niarcii  and  of  tlic  cani- 
jiuinn  into  Tlascala,  and  tiiis  is  aduiitteil  l)y  several  writers,  wlio  nevertlicless 
t"llou-  liini  pretty  closely.  The  place  is  known  the  world  over  for  its  fairs  and 
imidiutions,  particularly  for  the  drug  bearing  its  name,  and  is  famous  in  tho 
ii>.'ii,'iiboring  ilistricts  for  its  eternal  spring  and  beautiful  sun'ouadiiiys. 
UWT.  JlES...  Vol.  1.    13 


»!■:: 


m 


^ 


194 


MARCH  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


:h 


of  gold  and  grain  allures  to  cultivation,  all  the  realm 
are  out  of  doors  keeping  company  with  the  sun. 
From  afar  comes  the  music-laden  breeze  whisperiii" 
its  secrets  to  graceful  palms,  aloft  against  the  sky, 
and  wliich  bend  to  meet  the  confidence,  while  tlie 
little  shrub.>  stand  motionless  with  awe.  Each  duster 
of  trees  repeats  the  story,  and  sings  in  turn  its  own 
matin  to  which  the  rest  are  listeners.  At  night,  how 
glittering  bright  with  stars  the  heavens,  which  other- 
wise were  a  shroud  of  impenetrable  blackness.  In 
this  land  of  wild  Arcadian  beauty  the  beasts  arc 
free,  and  man  keeps  constant  holiday.  And  how  the 
hearts  of  these  marauders  burned  within  them  as  they 
thought,  nothing  doubting,  how  soon  these  gloriJ.^ 
should  be  Spain's  and  theirs. 

The  boundary  of  the  Totonac  territory  was  crossed, 
and  on  the  fourth  day  the  army  entered  a  province 
called  by  Cortes  Sienchimalen,  wherein  the  sway  of 
Montezuma  was  still  maintained.  This  made  no 
difference  to  the  Spaniards,  however,  for  the  lute 
imperial  envoys  had  left  orders  witji  the  coast  gov- 
ernors to  treat  the  strangers  with  every  consider- 
ation. Of  l!ii3  they  had  a  pleasing  experience  at 
Xicochimalco,*  a  strong  fortress  situated  on  the  .slopo 
of  a  steep  mountain,  to  which  access  could  be  had 
only  by  a  stairway  easily  defended.  It  overlo(j];c(l 
a  sloping  plain  strewn  with  villages  and  farms, 
mustering  in  all  nearly  six  thousand  warriors.^  With 
replenished  stores  the  expedition  began  to  ascend  the 
C(jrdillera  in  reality,  and  to  approach  the  pine  forests 
n-hich  mark  the  border  of  the  ticrra  fria.  March- 
ing through  a  hard  pass  named  Nombre  de  Dies,* 
they  entered  another  province  defended  by  a  fortress, 


'Idontifieit  'with  Naulinco.   Lorenr.ann,  Mnqc,  p.  ii. 

'  Corti's  refers  to  .a  friendly  chat  with  the  gDvernor,  who  mentioned  tho 
orders  ho  had  received  to  offer  the  Sjianiards  all  necessities.  Cartas,  'u. 

"  '  Por  ser  cl  prinicro  (juc  on  estas  tierras  hobianios  pasado.  El  ciiul  es  tan 
agro  y  alto,  quo  no  lo  hay  en  Espafia  otro.'  t'ortct,  (Jartnn,  57.  '  Hoy  se  llama 
tl  Paso  lid  Obkjio.'  fjoreiizana,  ubi  sup.  'Ay  en  ella  niuchas  parras  con  viuis, 
y  (irbolcs  to  micl,'  Oijinara,  Hist.  Mtx.,  Cb. 


OLINTETL  OF  XOCOTLAX. 


19j 


!i;imc(l  Teoxiliuacan/  in  no  wise  inferior  to  the  first 
lor  .strength  or  hospitality.  They  now  finished  tlie 
accent  of  the  cordillera,  passed  through  Tejotla,  and  for 
three  days  continued  their  way  througli  the  alkahne 
wastes  skirting  the  ancient  volcano  of  Xauhcampate- 
petl,**  exposed  to  chilling  winds  and  hailstorms,  M'hich 
the  Spaniards  with  their  quilted  armor  managed  to 
endure,  but  which  caused  to  succumb  many  of  tlie 
loss  protected  and  loss  hardy  Cubans.  The  brackish 
water  also  brought  sickness.  On  the  fourth  day  tlie 
pass  of  Puerto  de  Lena,^  so  called  from  the  wood 
]  tiled  near  some  temples,  admitted  them  to  the  An;l- 
Juiac  plateau,  over  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  sea. 
AVith  a  less  balmy  climate  and  a  flora  less  redundant 
than  that  of  the  Antillean  stamping-ground,  it  ofi'ered 
(lu  the  other  hand  the  attraction  of  being  not  unlike 
their  native  Spain.  A  smiling  valLy  opened  before 
them,  doubly  alluring  to  the  pinched  wanderers,  with 
its  broad  fields  of  corn,  dotted  with  houses,  and  dis- 
1  (laying:  not  ftir  off  the  gleaming  walls  and  tliirteen 
towering  temples  of  Xocotlan,  the  capital  of  the  dis- 
trict. Some  Portuguese  soldiers  declaring  it  the 
ycry  picture  of  their  cherished  Castilblanco,  this 
name  was  applied  to  it.^" 

Cacique  Olintetl,  nicknamed  the  tcmblador  from 
tlio  shaking  of  his  fat  body,  came  forth  with  a  suite 
mid  escorted  them  through  the  plaza  to  the  quarters 
assigned  them,  past  pryamids  of  grinning  human 
slcnlls,  estimated  by  Bernal  Diaz  at  over  one  hundred 

' '  Hoy  so  noinl)ra  fxhwifdn  dc  los  Reyes,'  Loronznna,  Vi'i'/f. 

"'bo  Xnu/irampn,  (|iiatro  piirtios,  et  fcpcll,  moiit.ii,'ne.'  Ilainhohlfy  Vttc-^, 
ii.  I!)l .     K(|iiivalont  to  the  Spanish  name  of  Col're  do  IVioto. 

'■'  I^oi'cnzaiia  believes  it  to  be  the  later  Sierra  de  la  Ai;iia.  A  map  with 
pviitili'  (if  the  route  is  given  in  Carhajal  E<jiiiios(i,  ll'i-if.  Mi.c.,  ii.  "JOI;  and  a 
btill  better  map  by  Orozco  y  IJerra,  Itinurario,  iii  Xnf.iricn  Mc'.,  '2'.l'.i. 

'"The  name  must  not  be  confounded  with  Zaoatlan,  as  Ixtlilxdchitl  calls  it, 
fur  this  lies  north  of  Tlascala.  '  Este  vallo  y  iioblacion  so  llama  (.'alt^mmi.' 
'  Tenia  las  mayores  y  nuis  bien  labradas  casas  ( pio  husta  entoiicos ....  habiamoa 
vi.sto. '  Cnrtrs,  Cartas  58.  Lorcnzana  says,  '  tlio  pnsont  T'latlanqnitepco,' la 
tlu'  lower  lying  portion  of  which  stood  the  palace  of  (,'altanni,  '  house  below  ;' 
nml  there  stands  the  big  tree  to  which  the  natives  .say  that  Cortes  tied  liis 
horse.  Viai/i',  pp.  iii.-iv.  'Llamaso. . .  .Zaelotan  a'luel  Ingar,  y  el  valle  Zaca- 
t.uiii.'  donKtra,  JllnL  Mex,,(iS;  Oviido,iii.2iiO.  Cocotlan,  JJrrnalJJkiz,  JJiol, 
Vudad.,  41. 


It 

*  is 


1^ 


11 


^il 


100 


MARCH  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


thousand.  There  were  also  piles  of  bones,  and  slaill^^ 
suspended  from  beams,  all  of  which  produced  far  from 
pleasant  impressions.  This  horror  was  agi^ravated 
by  the  evident  coldness  of  their  reception,  and  by  the 
scanty  fare  offered."  Olintetl  occupied  what  Cortes 
describes  as  the  "largest  and  most  finely  constructed 
houses  ho  had  yet  seen  in  this  country,"  wherein  two 
thousand  servants  attended  to  the  wants  of  himself 
and  his  thirty  wives. 

Impressed  by  the  magnificence  of  his  surroundings, 
Cortes  inquired  whether  he  was  a  subject  or  ally  of 
Montezuma.  "Who  is  not  his  slave?"  was  the  reply. 
JIo  himself  ruled  twenty  thousand  subjects,"  yet  was 
but  a  lowly  vassal  of  the  emperor,  at  whose  command 
thirty  chiefs  at  least  could  place  each  one  hundred 
thousand  warriors  in  the  field.  Ho  proceeded  to  extol 
the  imperial  wealth  and  power,  and  the  grandeur  of 
the  capital,  wheivin  twenty  thousand  human  victims 
were  annually  given  to  the  idols.  This  was  probably 
intended  to  awe  the  little  band;  "But  wo,"  says 
Bernal  Diaz,"  "with  the  qualities  of  Spanish  soldiers, 
wished  we  were  there  striving  for  fortunes,  despite 
the  dangers  described."  Cortes  calmly  assured  the 
cacique  that  great  as  IMontezuma  was,  there  were 
vassals  of  his  own  kin2:  still  misrhtier,  with  more  to  tlio 
same  effect;  and  he  concluded  by  demanding  the  sul»- 
mission  of  the  cacique,  together  with  a  present  of  gold, 
and  the  abandonment  of  sacrifices  and  cannibalism. 
Olintetrs  only  reply  was  that  he  could  do  notliiii;,^ 
without  authority  from  the  capital.     "Your  Monlc- 

' '  Ooiu.ira  intimates  that  the  Spaniards  were  well  received,  and  had  ."0  nun 
sacrifii'cd  in  thoir  honor.  Hist.  Mc.i:,C>S.  Tiie  native  reconls  state  tliiitlmad 
B|ii'iulvlrd  witli  tiu!  blood  of  fresh  victims  wan  ofl'ered  to  tlicin,  as  to  iilols,  Init 
tliis  l)ciiit,'  rejected  with  abliorrence,  pure  food  was  liron!.'Iit.  IV'fore  t'.iis 
Borccrei's  liad  Iiein  sent  to  use  their  arts  against  them,  by  Kpreadinn  disciises, 
casting  spells  to  prevent  their  advance,  and  otherwise  opposing  them,  lint 
everything  fiiiled  before  the  magic  inlluenco  shed  perh:i[)s  l)y  tiie  lianncrnf 
tlie  cros^i.  huraii,  /list.  huL,  MS.,  ii.  401-8;  Sahcvjun,  Hist.  Coiiq.,  11 ;  Aco.^t'i, 
U'"<f.  /int.,  f)lS;  Tiirqitcmada,  i.  417-8. 

'■-  'Tenia  Montezuma  en  este  pueblo,  y  su  comarca,  cinco  mil  soldados  do 
i'ua<'nioi')n.'  Ilcrrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  ii. 

'"  ( '(//('/.  Mcv. ,  42.  'A  muchos  valicntes  por  vcutura  dcsmayara,'  saya  totlio 
contrary  Gonmra,  Ilidt.  Hex,,  09. 


IZTACMIXTITLAN. 


107 


[idings, 
ally  ot' 
)  rc[)ly. 
ret  was 
nimand 
undred 
bo  extol 
Lleiir  of 
victims 
robably 

Idicrs, 
cspito 

cd  the 
wore 
to  tlio 

10  suli- 

1  o-old, 

alisni. 

lotliiu'.;' 

Moiilo- 

ail  50 imii 
liat  hi'fail 
iil(.>!s,  Imt 
•I'liro  t'.iis 

(lisciifics, 
0111.  ]'>iit 
lianurr  nt' 

;  ActU'i, 

dados  do 
lys  to  tho 


zuma,"  rc]iliod  the  audacious  Spaniard,  with  sujiprcssed 
ani,^er,  "shall  speedily  send  you  orders  to  surrender  to 
nic  n'old  or  any  other  desired  effects  in  your  })Ossession." 

^lorc  generous  were  the  caciques  of  two  towns 
at  the  other  end  of  the  valley,  who  broui^ht  a  few 
ooklun  trilles  and  eight  female  slaves."  The  revela- 
tions of  the  Conipoalans  and  of  Marina  concerning  the 
wonderful  power  of  the  Spaniards,  and  the  iujuors 
])aid  them  by  ^[ontezuma's  envoys,  had  the  cftect  of 
making  Olintetl  also  more  liberal  with  provisions  at 
least.  Being  asked  about  the  road  to  ^Mexico  he 
]-ecommended  that  through  Cholula,  but  the  Cem- 
})oalans  representing  the  Cholultecs  as  highly  treach- 
erous, and  devoted  to  the  Aztecs,  the  Tlascalan  route 
was  chosen,  and  four  Totonac  chiefs  were  despatched 
to  ask  permission  of  the  republican  rulers  to  pass 
through  their  lands.  A  letter  served  as  mystic  creden- 
tials, and  a  red  bushy  Flemish  hat  for  a  present. '^ 

After  a  stay  of  four  days  the  army  proceeded  up 
the  valley,  without  leaving  the  customary  cross,  it 
seems,  with  wliich  they  had  marked  their  route  hith- 
erto; the  reason  for  this  was  the  objection  of  Parire 
Olmedo  to  expose  the  emblem  to  desecration  in  a 
l)lace  not  wholly  friendly  to  theni.^''  The  roatl  lay 
ibr  two  leagues  through  a  densely  settled  district  to 
Iztacmixtitlan,  the  seat  of  TenamaxcuicuitI,  a  town 
which  Cortes  describes  as  situated  upon  a  lofty  height, 
with  very  g(3od  houses,  a  population  of  from  live  to  six 
thousand  lamilies,  and  jjossessing  comforts  superior 
to  those  of  Xocotlan.     "It  has  a  better  fortress,"  he 

'To/V/s,  f'(tr'a.^,  .";».  IVmal  Diaz  ftssumea  that  Olintftl  was  iicrHiiadcd  ]iy 
the  C'l'iiipiialans  to  ouiiciliate  Cortcs  with  four  bhux-s,  a  fow  paltry  iiicccs  oi 
jrwtli  y,  and  a  luail  uf  clotli. 

' '  ( 'aiiiaru'i)  huiids  the  lotter  from  Cempoala,  to,r:ot!ipr  with  a  .sword,  a  oi'os-i- 
liiiw,  and  a  iid  .silk  cap.  J/i.st.  Tl'u.,  It."),  lint  it  i.s  not  ]irolial)lc  that 
CiiitOs  wituld  dc]irivc  hiins(df  of  .such  iiccdl'ul  arlich's,  not  ovcralmiidant  witli 
liiiii,  i:von  if  lio  had  no  oljjcctioii  to  let  Imliaiis  cxaniiiio  tliciii.  licnial  Diaz, 
ll'i^t.  \'i  nlfi/.,  ■l2-',\,  dispatclics  two  Cciii]M)alan.4  from  a  later  station,  and 
tlii*  on  licariiii;  that  the  Tlu.scaltcc.s  had  risen  to  ojiposi^  them. 

'■'."^till  (loiiiaia,  in  ids  sweeping  way,  declares  tiiat  ('orti'.s  'jmso  nnii'lia.'J 
cni/e;!  en  los  tciii))!os,  dcrrocado  lo^  idolos  eonio  lo  lia;aa  en  cai','  I:i;,'ar. '  I/is'. 
M'.r.,  70;  Titjiiii,  liihiriiiii,  in  Jia:ha'r< tu,  'nl.  Jioc,  ii.  507.  Twenty  leading 
Warriors  were  tuUen  fruiii  here,  says  Beriial  Diaz. 


193 


MARCH  TOW^UID  MEXICO. 


writes,  "than  there  is  in  half  Spain,  defended  by  a 
wall,  barbican,  and  moats."  The  cacique  who  had 
invited  the  visit  made  amends  for  the  cold  reception 
of  the  previous  chief,  and  the  Spaniards  remained 
for  three  days  waitinj^  in  vain  for  the  return  of  tlie 
messengers  sent  to  TIascala.  They  then  passed  on- 
ward, reinforced  by  about  three  hundred  warriors  from 
the  town."  Two  leagues'  march  brought  them  to  the 
boundary  of  TIascala,  conspicuous  by  a  wall  of  stone 
and  mortar  nine  feet  in  height  and  twenty  in  breadth, 
which  stretched  for  six  miles  across  a  valley,  from 
mountain  to  mountain,  and  was  provided  with  breast- 
works and  ditches.^^ 

Between  latitude  19°  and  20°  ranges  of  hills  cut 
the  plain  of  Aniihuac  into  four  unequal  parts.  In  the 
centre  of  the  one  eastward  stood  the  capital  of  TIascala. 
The  state  so  carefully  protected  was  about  the  same 
small  territory  which  we  now  sec  on  the  map,"  with 
twenty-eight  towns,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand i'amilios,  according  to  the  rough  census  taken  by 
Cortes.^"  A  branch  of  the  Tco-Chichimec  nation,  the 
Tlascaltecs  had,  according  to  tradition,  entered  upon 
the  i^lateau  shortly  before  the  cognate  Aztecs,  and, 
after  occup3'ing  for  a  lime  a  tract  on  the  western  shore 
of  Tczcuco  Lake,  they  had  tired  of  the  constant  dis- 
putes with  neighboring  tribes  and  proceeded  eastward, 
in  three  divisions,  the  largest  of  which  had,  late  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  taken  possession  of  TIascala, 
'Place  of  Bread.'  The  soil  was  rich,  as  implied  by  the 
name,  but  owing  to  the  continued  wars  with  former 
enemies,  reinforced  by  the  Aztecs,  they  found  little 
opportunity  to  make  available  their  wealth  by  means 

'"Clavigero  calls  tlw?m  'xin  oompetontc  numcro  di  truppe  Mcssicarc  del 
presidio  di  Xocotla,'  Storia  Mi:s-i.,  iii.  41,  wliieli  is  unlikely. 

'^Soo  yciHrc  L'nris,  ij.  TiGS,  ct  scq. 

'"Fifteen  leagues  fioui  west  to  cast,  ten  from  north  to  south,  says  Tor- 
quemada,  i.  'J70.    Ilerrera  extends  it  to  .30  leagues  in  \vidtii. 

■"  'Hay  en  cst.a  ]iroviuc:a,  por  visitacion  que  yo  en  clla  niand6  liacer.  cicnto 
cincucuta  mil  vecinos.'  Crtcs,  Cartas,  09.  In  the  older  edition  of  tlico 
letters  by  Lorenzaiia,  it  reads,  500,000  families,  a  figure  Mliicli  in  itself 
indicates  an  exaggeration,  but  baa  nevertheless  been  widely  copiuil.  Gomam, 
hist.  Mcjc,,  S7. 


SOilEXniNG  OF  TL\.?CALA. 


109 


of  industries  and  trade,  and  of  late  years  a  blockade 
had  been  maintained  wliich  deprived  them  of  many 
necessaries,  among  others  salt.  But  the  greater  atten- 
tion given  in  consequence  to  agriculture,  had  fostered 
ti'mnerate  habits  and  a  sinewy  constitution,  combined 
with  a  deep  love  for  the  soil  as  the  source  of  all  their 
prosperity.  Compelled  also  to  devote  more  time  and 
practice  to  warfare  for  the  preservation  of  tlieir  lib- 
erty than  to  the  higher  branches  of  culture,  they 
])rcsented  the  characteristics  of  an  isolated  com- 
munity, in  being  somewhat  behind  their  neighbors  in 
re'lnemcnt,  as  well  as  in  the  variety  of  their  resources. 

In  government  the  state  formed  an  aristocracy, 
ruled  by  a  senate  of  the  nobility,  presided  over  by 
lour  supreme  hereditary  lords,  each  independent  in 
liis  own  section  of  the  territory.  This  division  ex- 
tended also  to  the  capital,  which  consisted  of  four 
towns,  or  districts,  Tizatlan,  Ocotelulco,  Quiahuiztlan, 
and  Tepeticpac,  ruled  respectively  by  Xicotencatl, 
!Maxixcatzin,  Teoliua3%acatzin,  and  Tlehuexolotl.'-' 

It  was  before  this  senate  that  the  messengers  of 
Cortes  appeared,  informing  them  in  the  name  of  the 
Cempoalan  lord  of  the  arrival  of  powerful  gods  from 
tlie  east,  who  having  liberated  the  Totonacs  from 
^[ontezuma's  sway,  now  desired  to  visit  Tlascala 
in  passing  through  to  Mexico,  and  to  olfer  their 
jViendship  and  alliance.  The  messengers  recommended 
an  acceptance  of  the  offer,  for  although  few  in  num- 
ber the  strangers  were  more  than  equal  to  a  host. 
Tiiey  thereupon  depicted  their  appearance,  their  swift 
steeds,  their  savage  dogs,  their  caged  liglitning,  as 
^v^Jll  as  tlieir  trentle  faith  and  manners.  The  messen- 
gcrs  having  retired,  the  senate  proceeded  to  discussion. 
Prudent  Maxixcatzin,  lord  of  the  larger  and  richer 
industrial  district,  called  attention  to  tlie  omens  and 
signs  which  pointed  to  these  visitors,  who  i'voni  all 

■-'  For  further  information  about  Tlascala,  see  Xatiri'  //'cv-t,  ii.  iiml  v. 
'rirqiicniadii,  gives  a  det.iiled  history  of  the  state  in  i.  "J.V.J-TS.  See  ;il.so 
J'i-isco"'n  .\[('.i-.,  i.  411-10;  Sifia,  Idoria  y  Fundacion  de  la  Ciudad  dc  Tla.c- 
C'da,  MS.  ill  jVztec,  siu.  4' of  48  leaves. 


}ll 


U-1 


-H 


300 


MARCH  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


accounts  must  bo  more  than  mortal,  and,  if  so,  it 
would  1)0  best  to  admit  tliom,  since  resistance  nnist  Im; 
vain.  Xicotoncatl,  the  eldest  lord,  replied  to  tlii-; 
that  the  interpretation  of  the  si^-ns  coulil  not  be  relird 
on.  To  him  these  beings  seemed  monsters  rejected 
by  the  sea-foam,  greedy  of  gold  and  luxuries,  whose 
steeds  devoured  the  very  ground.  To  admit  them 
would  be  ruinous.  Besides,  should  the  invincible  This 
caltecs  submit  to  a  more  handful?  The  gods  forbid! 
It  was  further  argued  that  the  amicable  relations  of 
the  strangers  with  Montezuma  and  his  vassals  did 
not  accord  with  their  protestations  of  friendship.  This 
might  bo  one  of  the  many  Aztec  plots  to  obtain  a 
footing  in  the  countr}'-.  Nor  did  the  destruction  of 
idols  at  Cempoala  increase  the  confidence  of  a  people 
so  jealous  of  its  institutions.  The  discussion  waxiiin" 
warmer,  senator  Tomilotecatl  suggested  the  middle 
i;ourse  of  letting  the  Otomi  frontier  settlers,  who 
were  thoroughly  devoted  to  their  Tlascaltec  patrons, 
make  an  attack  on  the  invaders,  aided  by  theii- 
own  general  Axayacatzin  Xicotoncatl,  son  of  the  ol  I 
lord,  and  known  by  the  same  name.  If  successiul. 
they  could  claim  the  glory;  if  not,  they  might  grant 
the  victors  the  permission  they  had  desired,  wliilo 
casting  the  blame  for  the  attack  on  the  Otoniis.  This 
was  agreed  to.-^ 

^-'  /fcnrra,  iloc.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  iii.,  confoumls  the  two  Xiootencatls,  anl 
Torqucinaila,  iii  seuking  to  correct  liiiii,  applies  tlio  title  of  general  toMaxix- 
catzin,  i.  -iUi,  siipi)osiiitf  besides,  with  Clavigero,  that  Teiuilotceatl  may  Ipo 
another  name  for  Tleluiexolotl.  Storia  J/V.<>.,  iii.  4'.);  ISrasiciir  df  ljoiirlioiir;i. 
lllit.  X<tt.  Cti\,  iv.  133.  .Jealous  of  the  honor  of  his  countrymen,  ami  ea^'ir 
to  vintlicato  them  against  the  charge  of  duplicity  or  enmity  toward  the 
Spaniards,  Camargo  lets  the  messengers  go  back  with  a  friendly  invitaticm. 
After  tliey  had  started  on  this  niissicm  the  idols  were  consulted,  but 
remained  mute;  the  temples  were  overthrown  by  cartli(piakes,  and  coniiti 
appeared,  creating  a  general  panic.  Jllnt.  Tia.c,  14-4-(i.  The  account  nf 
the  coucjucst  by  this  autlior  is  particularly  interesting  since  Diego  Mtiuu/ 
Camargo  wa.s  a  native  of  the  valiant  little  republic  of  'I'lascala,  a  mestizo, 
says  N'eytia,  llisf.  Aid.  Mrj.,  ii.  91,  wiio  calls  him  Domingo,  while  Clavi- 
gcro  gives  him  nobility.  Storia  Afirni.,  1.  10.  liorn  shortly  after  these  events, 
and  in  contiict  wich  the  very  men  who  figured  tliercin,  hi.s  stories  are  repr^i- 
duccd  from  their  lips,  thougii  colored  with  the  spirit  of  a  convert  au'l 
p.itriot  who,  like  nearly  all  of  his  countrj-men,  was  only  too  eager  to  cun  y 
favor  with  the  dominant  race.  This  is  apparent  in  nearly  every  lino  of  iii.i 
text,  wherein  the  terms  of  praise  bestowed  on  the  conipierors  become  not  lui. 


THROUGH  THE  WALLS. 


201 


■i,  who 

itroii:-, 

tlK'ir 

he  oil 

esslul, 

grant 

whiK; 

This 


litis,  u\A 
I  Maxix- 
|lil;iy  lio 
lirliiiKr'i, 
111  eu^'i.T 
Lnl  till! 
litatiou. 

a,  but 

limit  I'f 
Mufi'j/. 

|llL'sti/l), 

Cliivi- 

IcVL'UtS 

I:  rciii-i 
Irt  iia.l 

|)  cuiry 
llf  lii.s 
hot  nil. 


As  tho  Spaniards  halted  before  the  f^rcat  wall, 
s]K'fiilatiMg  on  the  strength  of  the  ))e()j)le  M'ho  had 
(lifted  it,  and  npon  the  j)ossihle  traps  it  might  hide, 
their  late  hosts  again  besought  them  to  take  tho 
( 'holula  route,  but  Cempoalan  counsel  prevailed. 
Waving  aloft  his  banner,  Cortes  exclaimed:  **Beli(»ld 
the  cross!  Senores,  follow  it  I"  And  with  this  he  led 
the  way  through  the  semicircular  laps  of  the  en- 
trance. The  wall  was  not  })r(jvided  with  sentinels,  and 
the  army  met  with  no  ob'-tacles.-^  Attended  by  ten 
hor.semen,  the  general  advanced  to  reconnoitre.  After 
|ifoceeding  about  four  leagues  he  caught  sight  of  tifteen 
aimed  Luhans,  who  were  pursued  and  overtaken.  A 
light  ensued,  in  which  the  natives,  nerved  by  despaii-, 
Inught  so  fiercely  that  two  horses  were  killed,  and 
three  horses  and  two  riders  wounded.-*    Meanwhile  a 

fi('(|iiently  absurd  from  tlio  contradictions  imjilicd  liy  otlicr  passnaes.  Nor 
lines  he  ni-lcct  to  hold  t'orth  on  hits  own  jiuoiile  for  tlicir  bravery  and  i  xploits  in 
t:L.'litiii^L;  tlio  dctfstfd  Aztecs,  and  their  unswerving  devotion  to  the  S|iiiniai'ds, 
III  the  jiiirsuit  of  this  |ileasinj,'  theme  lie  scriiiiks  not  to  saerilieu  ti'uth  \\  lieu 
it  )in)Ves  a  .stumblin,L;d)loclv.  Ho  leaves  tlic  impression,  for  instiince,  that  tho 
'I'liiscaltecs  never  raised  sword  against  C'ortis.  Many  of  tho  misstatements 
are  due  to  a  non-critical  acceptance  of  tales,  for  C'amargo  waa  as  simple  and 
su|ierstitioiis  as  any  of  his  contemporaries.  Although  acting  as  interpreter 
ill  the  )irovince,  7'iiri/>iiiJi(i(/a,  i.  .'(■J3,  he  exhibits  a  not  very  tliorough  iiciiiiaiiit- 
aiice  with  Sjianisli,  which  is  the  cause  of  errors  and  repetitions.  Tiie  eon- 
i(Uest  forms  but  ta  jiortiou  of  his  narrative,  wliieli  treats  chielly  of  aboriginal 
history  and  customs,  and  touches  lightly  the  events  that  jiass'd  befon'  his 
I  yes.  It  was  written  in  l.')Sr),  and  lay  for  sonic  time  in  the  Felipe  Xeri  convent 
archives,  where  it  was  consulted  by  Toniuemada.  Taken  afterward  by  I'anea 
to  Spain,  it  was  dejiositcd  by  Munoz  with  the  Koyal  Academy  of  History  at 
Madi  id,  from  which  source  copies  were  obtaine<l,  among  others  one  by  Ternaux- 
('uui|iaiis,  and  a  faulty  translation  was  published  in  the  Xouvdks  Ainiuks  ilea 
I'oy  •ijt'-',  xcviii.-ix. 

-■'  A  short  distance  further  they  pnsscd  through  a  pine  grove,  wlicrein  threads 
.nnd  ])a|iers  were  iixed  and  scattered  across  the  ]iath,  the  work  of  Tlascalteo 
si'ivi  reis,  who  tluis  sought  to  cast  a  spell  upon  the  invaders.  Ihrrera,  dec.  ii. 
lib.  vi.  ca)i.  iv. 

^'  'Segiin  algunos  qtic  lo  vieron,  cortaron  cercen  dc  \~n  golpc  cada  pcscueco 
CMU  riciid.isy  todo.'  (ionirtnt,  //int.  J/<.r.,  71.  '  lo  \  iddi  ciie  eubatteilosi  vn  dl, 
liiiile  vii  Indiano  vna  cortellata  a  vn  cauallo.  .  .  .net  petto,  eiie  glielo  apeiso 
liu  idle  iteriora,  et  cadde  icotanete  niorto,  <fc....clie  vn'altro  Indiano  iliide 
^n  ultra  cortellata  a  vn'altro  cauallo  sii  il  collo  die  se  lo  getto  morto. '  It'i/d- 
ti'iiie  i>er  vn  iiciiiir/iiioino.  in  /I'aniunio,  i'ia'i'ji,  in.  30.").  According  to  Diinai 
two  warriors  stepjied  forth  from  a  vast  Tiasc alan  army  before  the  regular 
battle,  and  issued  a  challenge,  which  v,as  acce])ted  by  two  horsemen.  After  a 
shiiit  combat  the  Lidians,  liy  deft  movements,  killed  both  horses,  cutting  oil' 
t'le  neck  of  one,  and  wounding  the  other  in  the  pasterns.  J/isl.  /ml.,  MS.,  ii. 
4i  !-■_'();  'J'i:o~oiiiiii\  Hist.  Mf.'-.,  ii.  '2.M-li.  This  attack  is  the  only  resistance 
iiihuitted  by  (Jamargo.  The  as.sailants  were  ull  Otoinis,  who  killed  one 
^-liauiard  and  two  horses,  l/lst.  Tla.c.,  l-i(j. 


'I  I 


d 


M 


MARCH  TOWARD  MKXICO. 


M 


force  of  Iiuliiins  came  up,  ostiinated  nt  from  tliroo  to 
five  tliousaiid,  and  a  horseman  was  at  once  sent  l>ack 
to  hurry  forward  the  infantry,  while  the  rest  holdly 
cliarirt'd  the  enemy,  ri(Un<T^  throut^di  their  raidvs,  and 
kilhni;'  ri^ht  and  k-ft  without  heinj,^  injured  them- 
selves. On  the  approach  of  the  foot-soldiers,  and  the 
dis(.'harufe  of  a  volley,  the  natives  retired  with  ahout 
sixty  of  their  number  slain.**  Shortly  afterward  two 
of  the  Cempoalan  messenij^ers  returned  with  some 
Tlascaltecs,  who  expressed  their  sorrow  at  the  attack 
made  hy  a  tribe  not  belonging  to  their  nation.  Tliey 
offered  to  pay  for  the  horses  kilh^d,  and  invited  the 
Spaniards  in  the  name  of  the  lords  to  proceed.  The 
army  advanced  for  a  league  into  moi-e  open  country, 
and  camped  among  some  abandoned  farms,  where  dogs 
proved  to  be  the  only  food  left.  Thus  ended  the  first 
day  in  Tlascalan  territory,  the  first  of  September, 


accor(Un<Tf  to  Bernal  Diaz. 


In  the  morning  the  Spaniards  met  the  two  other 
messengers  returning  from  their  mission  to  Tlascala, 
who  told  a  harrowing  story  of  their  seizure  for  the 
sacrificial  stone,  and  of  their  escape  by  night.  It 
is  prol)able  that  their  detention  by  the  Tlascaltecs 
for  messenger  purposes  had  frightened  them  into 
believing  that  they  were  destined  to  be  sacrificed, 
for  envoys  enjoyed  the  greatest  respect  among  the 
Nahuas.-"  Shortly  after  a  body  of  over  one  tliou- 
sand  warriors-^  appeared,  to  wdiom  Cortes,  in  pres- 
ence of  the  notary  Godoy,  sent  three  prisoners,  with 
a  formal  assurance  of  his  friendly  iutjntions.     Tlu; 

■r.  'Hiiieron  A  quatro  tic  loa  nncstros,  y  parccemc  <\\\('  dcsdo  alii  A  pocoa  diiis 
nuiriJ»  el  viio  ile  las  lioridas. . .  .(jueilaroii  imieiti>-=  ii'  -ita  dioz  y  sit'tc  duUos.' 
lii-rnnl  l>iii~.,  Ilkl.  Verdad.,  43;  Cor/rs,  Cnrtiis,  01;  Loreiizana  calls  the  sci'iu! 
of  this  Itattlo  the  plain  of  Quimichoccan.   l'i(t!l<',  p.  viii. 

'■"'Sco  Xiilirc  llacei>,  ii.  413;  Solin,  Hist.  Mc£.,  i.  230.  According  to  Kcriinl 
Diaz  the  iiicsseiigers  are  met  before  the  Tlasciilan  border  is  readied,  and  they 
deliver  the  announcement  that  the  Tlascaltecs  will  kill  the  Spaniards  and 
eat  tlieir  llesh,  in  order  to  test  their  reputed  strength.  The  Cenipo.dans  shall 
suffer  the  .same  fate,  since  they  arc  assumed  to  be  plotting  in  belialf  of  tlie 
Aztecs,  loc.  cit.  Saliagun  supposes  that  the  Cempoalan  guide  had  treacliei- 
ously  led  the  Spanianla  against  the  Otomiij.  Coiiq.  Alex.  (ed.  1S4U),  10; 
CLifii/i'ni,  Slor'ia  McKK.,  iii.  42-3. 

^' liernal  Diaz  says  (jOOO. 


los  (lias 
■llos.' 

SCl'IlO 


IMPORTANT  BATTLES. 


SOS 


only  reply  boinjjf  showors  f)f  arrows,  darts,  and  stones, 
Cortes  gave  tlie  *' Santiaj^o,  and  at  them!"  and 
(liarged.  The  enemy  retreated  with  the  face  to 
their  pursuers,  enticing  thi.ni  toward  some  Jbroken 
ground  intersected  by  a  creek,  where  they  found 
tlieniselves  surrounded  hy  a  hirge  force,  some  hearing 
tiie  red  and  white  devices  of  Xicotencatl.  MissiU-s 
were  showered,  wliile  double-pointed  spears,  swords, 
jind  clubs  pressed  closely  upon  them,  wielded  by 
holder  warriors  than  those  whom  the  Spaniards  had 
hitherto  subdued.  Many  were  the  hearts  that 
(|uaked,  and  many  expected  that  their  last  moment 
hud  come;  "for  wo  certainly  were  in  greater  peril 
than  ever  before,"  says  Bernal  Diaz.  "None  of  us 
will  escape!"  exclaimed  Teuch,  the  Cempoalan  chief, 
but  ^larina  who  stood  by  replied  with  fearless  confi- 
dence: "The  mighty  God  of  the  Christians,  who 
loves  them  well,  will  let  no  harm  befall  them."**  The 
connnander  rode  back  and  forth  cheering  the  men, 
and  giving  orders  to  press  onward,  and  to  keep  well 
together.  Tortunatcly  the  pass  was  not  long,  and 
soon  the  Spaniards  emerged  into  an  open  field,  where 
the  greater  ])art  of  the  enemy  awaited  them,  estimated 
iu  all,  by  different  authorities,  at  from  thirty  thousand 
to  one  hundred  thousand.* 

How  long  was  this  to  continue,  each  now  armed 
host  being  tenfold  greater  than  the  last?  Yet  once 
again  the  Spaniards  whet  their  swords,  and  prepare 
for  instant  attack,  as  determined  to  fight  it  out  to 
the  death,  as  Leonidas  and  his  brave  Spartans  at 
the  pass  of  Thennopyla3.  The  cavalry  charged  with 
loose  reins,  and  lances  fixed  on  a  range  with  the 
heads  of  the  enemy,  opening  a  way  through  the  dense 
columns  and  spreading  a  confusion  which  served  the 

'-"  Ifcrrern,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  v.  A  pious  conquistador  wlio  ■was  present, 
s.nys  Duran,  told  n>e  that  many  wept,  wishing  tliey  had  never  l)eeu  i)orn,  and 
ouisjiiir  the  marquia  for  having  led  thcni  into  such  danger.  Jlist.  /»</.,  MS., 
ii.  417. 

'^'^  T.ipia  gives  the  higher  ai.d  Herrcra  the  lower  figure,  while  Ixtlilxochitl 
nialics  it  80,000. 


:; 


■■,j| 


i 


I 


SM 


MARCH  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


infantry  well.  Bcrnal  Diaz  relates  how  a  body  of 
nati /OS,  determined  to  obtain  possession  of  a  horse, 
surrounded  an  excellent  rider  named  Pedro  do  Moron, 
who  was  mounted  upon  Sedefio's  fine  racing  mare, 
dragged  him  from  the  saddle,  and  thrust  their  swords 
and  spears  through  the  animal  in  all  directions. 
Moron  would  have  been  carried  off  but  for  the  in- 
fantry coming  to  his  rescue.  In  the  struggle  which 
ensued  ten  Spaniards  were  wounded,  while  four  chiefs 
bit  the  dust.  ISIoron  was  saved  only  to  die  on  the 
second  day,  but  the  mare  was  secured  by  the  natives 
and  cut  into  pieces,  which  were  sent  all  over  the 
state  to  afford  opportunity  for  triumphal  celebrations. 
The  loss  was  greatly  regretted,  since  it  would  divest 
the  horses  of  their  terrifying  character.  Those  pre- 
viously killed  had  been  secretly  buried.  The  battle 
continued  until  late  in  the  afternoon,  without  enabling 
the  Indians  to  make  any  further  impression  on  the 
Spanish  ranks  than  inflicting  a  few  wounds,  v.hilo 
their  own  were  rapidly  thinning  under  the  charges  of 
the  cavalry  and  the  volleys  of  artillery  and  firelocks. 
The  slaugliter  had  been  particularly  heavy  among 
the  chiefs,  and  this  was  the  main  reason  for  the  re- 
treat which  the  enemy  now  began,  in  good  order.*" 
Their  actual  loss  could  not  be  ascertained,  for  with 
humane  devotion  the  wounded  and  dead  were  carried 
off  the  moment  they  ''^'^re  stricken;  and  in  this  con- 
stant self-sacrificing  effort  the  Tlascaltecs  lost  many 
lives  and  advauta<;es.  Ilobertson  rejjards  with  sus- 
pieion  the  accounts  of  the  great  battles  fought  during 
the  conquest,  wherein  Indians  fell  by  tlie  score  whlK.' 

'"  nurinfr  tlio  battle  one  of  the  late  Compoalau  envoys  rccoLrnizctl  the  cnp- 
taiii  who  luul  liouiul  him  forsacrilice,  and  with  <  'orti'a'  \  erniissioii  lie  sent  liiiii 
a  ohiilkiij;!,'.  The  tliiel  was  held  in  front  of  the  armies,  and  after  a  tini;.'li 
8trnf,'j,'Ie  tiio  Cennioalan,  with  a  feint,  tlirew  his  ojiitoiR'nt  otV  ijuai'd.  ami 
Kecnred  his  liead,  which  served  as  a  centre-piece  durinjj;  tiie  Cenipoalan  vic- 
tory celel)ration.  Ui  ircnt,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  vi.  Thi.s  author  also  relates 
that  one  of  the  final  acts  of  the  battle  was  the  capture  by  Orda/,  with  tiOnuii, 
of  a  pass.  'Les  niatamos  nuielios  Indios,  y  eiitre  ellos  oclio  Capitaiie.s  niiiy 
]irin('i|iales,  hi Joh  de  los  vieios(^aci(|ues. '  Five  )\oi«es  were  wounded  and  littti  ii 
soldiers,  of  whom  one  died,  Thu  uthur  ohi'uniules  udmit  uf  uo  dead.  Uericil 
Diaz,  J I  int.  I'l /■(/(«(/..  44, 


SUPERIORITY  OF  EUROPEAN  ARMS. 


205 


lie  ro- 
clor.*' 

with 
jarricd 

con- 
lUiiny 

siis- 
luriiiL;' 
wliilo 

the  cr.p- 

■■iit  liiiii 

II  toii^'h 

ii'J,  aiiil 

lllilll  vir- 

ivlati's 

(il)nu'ii, 

iiL's  iiiuy 

(I  lit'tii  11 

Uei'iiiil 


the  Spaniards  stood  almost  unscathed,  and  Wilson 
lidicules  the  whole  campaign,  reducing  the  Tlascalan 
jiiipulation,  for  instance,  to  about  ten  thousand,  with 
;i  ri'diting  force  of  less  than  one  thousand  men.  Such 
remarks  certainly  show  a  want  of  familiarity  with 
the  subject.''^  We  have  often  seen,  in  the  New  World 
wars,  a  thousand  naked  Americans  put  to  thght  by 
ten  steel-clad  Europeans,  and  I  have  clearly  given 
the  reasons.  When  we  look  at  the  Indians,  with  their 
comparatively  poor  weapons,  their  unprotected  bodies, 
their  inefficient  discipline  and  tactics,  whereby  only  a 
small  portion  of  their  force  could  be  made  available, 
the  other  portion  serving  rather  as  an  obstruction, 
their  custom  of  carrying  oft'  the  dead,  and  other  weak 
points,  and  when  we  contrast   them  with  the  well 

"/?oi(Tfco«,  //;*•<.  Am.,  ii.  38-9;  Wilson's  Conq.  M<-x.,  .300-70;  R'-r.zom, 
Hist.  Moiido  Nvovo,  r>l.  It  is  seldoir*  that  I  encounter  a  Ijook  whicli  I  am 
torced  to  regard  as  beneath  censure.  He  who  prints  and  pay.s  the  printer 
gi'uerally  has  something  to  say,  and  generally  believt's  soniothing  of  what  lio 
i-ays  to  lie  tnie.  An  idiot  may  have  honest  convictions,  and  a  knave  may 
liave  talents,  but  where  a  book  carries  to  the  mind  of  the  reader  that  its 
uatlior  is  hotli  fool  and  knave,  that  is,  that  he  writes  only  foolishness  and  does 
not  hiuisulf  l)elievc  what  he  says,  I  have  not  the  time  to  waste  in  condemning 
sacli  a  woik.  And  yet  here  is  a  volume  purporting  to  lie  A  Ni'w  Illgtonj 
o>'  llic  CoiiijHCiit  of  Mexico,  written  by  Robert  Anderson  Wilson,  and  bearing 
date  Philadelphia,  lSo9,  which  one  would  think  a  writer  on  the  same  suliject 
should  at  least  mention.  Tlie  miiny  and  magnillcct  monuments  which  to  tlio 
present  day  attest  the  great  iinmber  and  high  ciiture  of  the  \ahua  race,  and 
the  testimony  to  this  ctl'eot  oft'erod  by  witnesses  on  all  sides,  are  ignored  by 
him  with  a  contempt  that  becomes  amusing  as  the  pages  reveal  his  lack  of 
iuvestigiition  and  culture.  Indeed,  tlie  reader  need  j,'o  no  furtlier  than  the 
introduction  to  be  convinced  on  the  latter  point.  Another  amusing  feature  is 
that  tlie  work  pretends  to  vindicate  the  assertions  <it'  l.as  Casas,  wjio,  in  truth, 
I  xtols  moic  thun  other  Spanish  author  the  vast  r.,.  uIh  r  and  Mlvanced  cultin'e 
of  the  natives.  In  addition  to  this  mistaken  asvm-fption,  v.hi(;h  takes  away 
liis  main  support,  he  states  that  Prescott  worked  lu  i^^norancc  of  ids  subject 
and  his  authorities,  and  to  prove  the  asscrtioii  1  c  )i!'u(luccs  wrongly  applied  or 
distorted  quotations  from  ilitferent  authors,  or  as.->uiiu's  meanings  that  were 
never  intended,  and  draws  erroneous  conclusions.  Thus  it  is  he  jiroves  to  iiis 
own  satisfaction  that  Mexico  City  was  but  a  village  oicupied  by  savages  of  t!ie 
Iniijuois  stamp,  and  that  Corti'^s  was  the  boastful  vi-tor  over  little  banils  of 
naked  red  men.  Af  for  the  niins,  tiiey  were  fouiMJcd  liy  rho'uii'ian  colonists 
in  remote  ages.  Another  tissue  of  supcrlicial  obsci'vatinns,  sliapccl  l)y  'ligotry 
and  credulous  ignorance,  was  issued  by  the  same  aiitlidi- under  tlie  title  of 
Mij-ifo  mill  tin  Rtlhjion,  New  York,  IS,")."),  most  ent(  rprisingly  reprint<'d  in 
the  disguise  of  M)\r'  tt  Pfa-nnnU  and  (V.-i   l'ri(s,'s,    New   Ndrk,  IS.'di.     lu 

common  with  Mr  Moi-j.n,  and  others  of  that  stauiji,  Mr  \\  ilsnn  secus  to 
have  deemed  it  incumbent  on  him  to  tniduco  Mr  I'rescott  and  his  'work, 
apparently  with  the  view  of  thereby  attracting  attention  to  himself.  Su  h. 
nii'ii  are  not  worthy  to  touch  the  lioin  of  Mr  Prt'sc  It's  garment;  they  aM 
Hot  Morthy  of  mention  in  the  same  category  with  him. 


i 


'1 


206 


Mi^r.CH  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


armored  Spaniards,  with  their  superior  swords  and 
lances,  their  well  calculated  movements,  and  their  con- 
certed action  carried  out  under  strict  an<i  practised 
officers,  and  above  all  their  terror-inspiring  and  rav- 
aging fire-arms  and  horses — how  can  we  doubt  that 
the  latter  must  have  readily  been  able  to  overcome 
vast  numbers  of  native  warriors?  It  was  soon  so 
understood  in  Europe.  For  once  when  Cortes  was 
in  Spain  he  scoffed  at  certain  of  his  countrymen 
for  having  fled  before  a  superior  force  of  Moors, 
whereupon  one  remarked:  "This  fellow  regards  our 
opponents  like  his,  of  whom  ten  horsemen  can  put 
to  flight  twenty -five  thousand."  In  the  retreat  of 
the  Ten  Thousand,  who  under  Cyrus  had  invaded 
Persia,  we  have  an  example  of  the  inadequacy  of 
numbers  against  discipline.  Though  for  every  Greek 
the  Persians  could  bring  a  hundred  men,  yet  the 
effeminate  Asiatic  absolutely  refased  to  meet  the 
hardy  European  in  open  conflict.  -<!Eschylus  was 
inspired  by  personal  experience  in  his  play  of  the 
Persians  when  he  makes  the  gods  intimate  to  the 
Avondering  Atossa,  the  queen-mother,  that  free  Athe- 
nians, unwhipped  to  battle,  could  cope  successfully 
with  the  myriads  of  despotic  Xerxes.  The  poor 
Americans  had  yet  to  learn  their  own  weakness,  and 
to  pay  dearly  for  the  knowledge. 

"It  well  seems  that  God  was  he  who  fouofht  for  us 
to  enable  us  to  get  free  from  such  a  nmltitude/'  says 
Cortes.  He  attempted  no  pursuit,  but  hastened  to 
take  possession  of  Tecohuatzinco,  a  small  town  on  the 
hil'  of  Tzompachtepetl,*^  where  they  fortified  tliem- 
sel  es  upon  the  temple  pyramid,  and  proceeded  ti> 
celebrate  the  victory  with  songs  and  dances,  a  per- 
formance wherein  the  allies  took  the  leading  part. 

*'  L'>retizana,  Viagc,  ix.,  'wherein  the  appoarancc  of  the  hill  is  lU'scribed 
as  the  bishop  saw  it.  r.rtHlxochitl,  lli^t.  ChiJi.,  'JU'2;  dinianjo,  Jfi/:t.  TIa.v., 
14(i.  Other  authors  differ.  'Tcnat'Jiico,  cio6  il  luogo  (loiraC(iua  divuia.' 
Vlarhjcro,  Stona  Mesx.,  iii.  44.  Duran  assuinea  that  the  battle  was  for  tlio 
possession  of  this  plaee,  which  lie  calls  Tecoac.  Hid.  I  ml.,  MS.,  ii.  4IS,  4"J-; 
Tvzrooimic,  Hist.  Mfx. ,  ii.  '2o0.  'Aklea  de  pocas  casas,  quo  tcuiu  ^^la  torruzilla 
y  tei)lo.'  Uomara,  Hid.  JJtx.,  74. 


FURTHER  HOSTILITIES. 


207 


The  following  day^^  Cortes  sallied  forth  with  the 
jiorses,  one  hundred  infantry,  and  seven  hundred 
allies,  partly  to  forage  before  the  enemy  apj^eared, 
hut  also  to  inflict  some  damage,  and  to  show  that 
they  were  as  fresh  as  ever.  "X  burned  live  or  six 
small  villages,"  he  says,  "each  of  about  one  hundred 
families,  and  returned  with  four  hundred  prisoners."^ 
After  being  consoled  with  food  and  beads,  the  cap- 
tives, including  fifteen  taken  during  the  late  battle, 
were  despatched  to  the  camp  of  Xicotencatl,  two 
leagues  off,  with  a  letter  to  serve  as  credentials,  and 
a  message  assuring  him  of  the  friendly  intentions  of 
tl\c  S})aniards,  although  they  had  been  obliged  to 
)•■>'  )' '  to  severe  measures.  By  no  means  impressed 
.:it!ii',  »vith.  his  defeat  or  with  the  assurances,  Xico- 
t  ii.atl  rei)lied  that  peace  would  be  celebrated  at  his 
I'atlier's  town  with  a  feast  on  the  Sj)aniards'  Hesh, 
while  their  hearts  and  blood  were  delighting  the 
gods.  They  would  receive  a  more  decisive  answer 
on  the  morrow.  With  this  defiant  uKJSsage  came  the 
report  that  the  Tlascalan  army,  largely  reinforced, 
was  preparing  to  march  on  and  overwhelm  them. 
"When  we  learned  this,"  says  Bcrnal  Diaz,  "being 
men,  we  feared  death,  many  of  us;  and  all  made  con- 
fession to  ta(^-  Merced  father,  and  the  clergyman  Juan 
])iaz,  who  al!  night  remained  present  to  listen  to 
the  penitem' ;  and  we  commended  ourselves  to  God, 
l>i'ayii>g  t[iat  ^^  J  might  not  be  conquered."  Cortes 
ap]>lie'A  i  hi:  I  !i  (Energetically  to  supervise  })reparations 
juid  give  tile  ^Jiemy  a  v,  jlcome.  A  fresh  su[)ply  of 
arrows,  and  oi  iuvlian  shields  of  plaited  cane  and 
cotton,  were  made,  and  the  arms  and  accoutrements 
inspected.  He  impressed  upon  the  soldiei-s  the  neces- 
sitv  of  koepiuLj  close  toijether,  round  the  banner  to 
ho  carried  wi'll  aloft  bv  Alferez  Corral,  in  oi-ch-r  that 
they  might  not  bo  cut  oft'.     As  for  the  cavaliy  they 

"SoCc  t  ■•  distinctly  sayp.  Bernal  Diaz  writos,  liowivcr,  tliat  this  day 
was  dr'vo'i  !     >  .'-.jst.    Still,  a  latur  ohscrvation  iinlioatt's  tUat  (  (irti's  is  right. 

^'/(/.  IJl.  >.  ')iaz, ///',1^  I'l/v/r/i/.,  44,  atlniits  ij:;!y  twoiity  laptivcs,  anil 
bhinies  the  nil       -uv  lii  'iig  thu  villages;  butCoitOs  id  t'nink  ciiuugli  ubotit  it. 


•■f 


M!! 


:  s 


208 


M.UICII  TOWARD  MEXICO. 


were  to  make  repeated  charges,  without  losing  time 
ill  (lehvcriiig  thrusts. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  September  Sth  the  Indian 
army  could  bo  seen  extending  far  over  the  liekl; 
terrible  in  war-paint,  })luraed  helmets,  and  gaudy 
shields,  with  their  double-edged  flint  swords  and 
many-pointed  lances  gleaming  in  the  sun,  while  the 
air  resounded  with  shrill  yells,  mingling  with  the 
melancholy  tones  of  their  drums  and  the  doleful 
l)lasts  of  conclis  and  trumpets.'*®  It  was  the  largest 
and  finest  army  yet  seen  by  the  Spaniards,  numbering, 
according  to  Gomara  'ono  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
mon,but  according  to  i  ^  Diaz  only  fifty  thousand,'* 

in  four  divisions,  ropro;  tng  Tizatlan,  Ocotehilco, 
Quiahuiztlan,  and  Tepeticpac,  each  distinguished  by  its 
own  banner  and  colors,  the  latter  noticeable  also  in  the 
war-paint  of  the  common  soldier  and  in  the  quilted 
armor  of  the  officers.  Far  in  the  rear,  indicative 
of  hostile  sentiment,  rose  the  standard  of  the  state, 
bearintif  a  bird  with  wino^s  extended."^  Gomara  relates 
that,  confident  of  success,  the  Tlascaltecs  sent  mes- 
sengers to  the  camp  witli  three  hundred  turkey-cocks 
and  two  hundred  baskets  of  tamales,  each  of  one 
hundred  arrobas,  so  tliat  they  might  not  be  taunted 
with  havincT  fou<]:ht  starved  men,  or  having  ofiercd 
such  to  the  idols. 

But  this  story,  adopted  by  Ilerrcra,  Clavigcro, 
llobertson,  and  nearly  every  other  writer,  implies  a 
generosity  altogether  too  impolitic  for  an  enemy  wlut 
had  already  suft'ered  two  severe  defeats.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  Xicotencatl  may  have  sent  small  pres- 


'^  Preacott,  Mcx.,  438-42,  gives  a  protty  description  of  the  anny,  l)ut  ia  so 
carried  away  that  ho  dona  it  with  helmets  glitteriiir;  with  gold  and  ]irociims 
stones,  etc. ;  and  this  in  spite  of  tlic  ett'orts  of  the  chroniclers  to  exhibit  the 
Tlusoaltoca  aa  very  poor  in  anything  but  rude  coniforts. 

^^  Under  five  captains,  to  whom  ho  nppliea  the  naniea  of  the  four  lords,  ns 
lie  understanda  them,  and  of  the  ruler  of  Hnoxotzinco.  I/ist.  I'lnhid.,  4'>; 
(limvirn,  JIht.  Mcx.,  7").  14{),0(X)  men,  says  Cortc^s,  in  hia  second  letter,  li-', 
l)ut  thia  oxactnesaia  probably  due  to  u  printer's  mistake. 

"  For  colora  and  banners,  and  how  cai-ried,  see  ^'alive  Itaccs,  ii.  411-1-, 
aud  Torquanada,  i.  43U. 


XICOTEXCATL'S  QU^UIREL. 


200 


cuts  of  food  in  order  to  obtain  an  opportunity  for  his 
spies  to  exau.iiie  the  oanip.^ 

The  Indians  advancetl  in  several  columns  up  the 
sides  of  the  liill,  and,  despite  the  resistance  offered, 
pressed  onward  into  the  very  camp,  l)ut  were  soon 
oMiijjed  to  yield  before  murderous  bullets  and  cuttiniL^ 
Mades.  Cortes  allowed  the  Indians  to  become  tired 
and  discouraged  with  repeated  charges,  and  then  with 
a  ringing  "Santiago!"  the  Spaniards,  followed  by  the 
allies,  sallied  ibrth,"*^  driving  them  in  confusion  to  the 
j)lain,  wliere  the  cavalry  followed  up  the  advantage, 
Ijaving  bloody  jiatlis  in  all  directions.  Checked  and 
I'cinforced  by  tlio  reserve,  +he  enemy  turned  with 
iVi'sh  courage  on  their  pursuers.  The  shock  was  over- 
wlielming.  The  tired  Castilians  yielded;  their  ranks 
A\ere  broken,  and  all  seemed  lost.  Even  Cortes  was 
seized  with  a  terril^le  misgiving,  but  it  was  only  for 
a  moment.  Leading  the  cavalry  to  the  rescue,  he 
raised  his  voice  above  the  din  of  battle,  and  called 
on  all  to  rally.  Xerved  by  his  words  and  deeds,  the 
men  plied  lustily  their  swords,  and,  driving  back  the 
enemy,  formed  anew.  "So  ably  and  valiantly  fought 
the  liorsemen,"  writes  Bernal  Diaz,  "that  next  to 
(iod  who  protected  us,  they  proved  our  strength." 
I'ollowing  u[)  their  advantage,  the  Spaniards  liewed 
down  the  enemy  in  great  nundjers. 

Victory  might  yet  have  turned  against  them  but 
i'nr  a  quarrel  betW'Ocn  Xicotencatl  and  another  cap- 

^Mle  was  detected  in  this  trick  afterward.  'Lo  qnal  fuc  yran  refi'iserio 
y  sornrro  ]iara  l;i  iieccsidnd  (]iic  teuiaii.'  O'nnHira,  '/l.if.  Mcc,  7l).  Oviedo 
iiRreasL'H  tlio  ;,'ift  to  7<l(>  liaskets.  iii.  4!».").  ( Joniara  i)nK'eeds  to  relate  that  in 
(•ijn  (if  coiiteiiipt  for  the  small  nniiiber  of  the  enemy,  whom  it  could  he  no 
li'iiior  for  Ilia  lai-ge  army  to  overcome,  Xicotencatl  detached  "JIIOO  warriors— 
-iiO  .says  Oviedo  —  to  .seize  and  lirin^;  him  tlie  .str;ui,L;ers  homid.  'J'hey  at- 
t;,ike(|.  and  were  ronteil  M'ith  an  almost  total  destrnction  of  their  mimher. 
'No  escajK)  homhri!  dellos,  sino  lo.«  i]  acertaron  el  pa.sso  de  la  hairanca.  '  hjc. 
tit.  7(1. 

^'■'  licrnal  Diaz  states  th;;t  tliey  did  not  wait  for  the  (>neniv  to  attack,  Imt 
liiiirchid  forth  and  met  them  one  eiirhtii  of  a  leau'ue  from  (■■■imp.  //'W.  I'l  p/rn/., 
4i.  I'.nt  Cortrs  .says  distinctly,  'Oti'o  dia  eri  amaneciend',  dan  .suhre  nnesti'o 
1'  :d  nias  de  ciento  y  cn.'iicnta  y  nueve  mil  homhres.'  (  rotas',  (J'J.  ( iomaira  and 
Ihrrer.i  also  allow  Indians  to  attaik  the  cami)  lirst.  (.'orti's  is  too  fond  of 
ii  .iioinicin:,'  when  he  takes  the  initiative  to  have  failed  to  stiy  so  had  he  duno 
i;  ill  this  case. 

Uisr.  Hex.,  Vol.  1.    11 


3 


1 


!(i  ifr. 


V  lit 


210 


MARCH  TOWARD  InIEXICO. 


tain,*"  one  accusing  the  other  of  mismanaging  the  late 
battle.  The  latter  not  only  challenged  the  other,  it 
seems,  but  withdrew  his  troops,  and  induced  another 
division  to  follow  him."  Thus  left  with  only  half  his 
army,  and  that  shattered  and  discouraged,  Xicotencatl 
retired  before  the  handful  on  whom  his  eveiy  effort 
seemed  to  have  made  no  impression.  He  retreated 
in  good  order,  carrying  off  most  of  the  dead,  for  the 
o[>ponents  were  too  exhausted  to  pursue.  Indeed,  all 
the  horses  were  wounded,  and  fully  sixty  men,  of 
whom  it  appears  several  must  have  died  soon  after, 
though  Cortes  admits  of  no  dead,  and  Bernal  Diaz, 
of  only  one." 


'"' '  Son  of  riiicliiincclatc.!r>,'  says  Benial  Diaz,  a  name  which  should  rcail 
Chiehinieoa-tocnlitli. 

*' That  of  (inaxolcingo — moaning;  Hiicxotzinco.  Brnml  Diaz,  I!!<f.  Vcr- 
dnd.,  4'>.  1  hat  of  Tlehnoxolot/in.  Cloriiirro,  Siorhi  Mi, is.,  in.  4V>.  Soils  cx- 
njigoratca  this  into  au  actual  liattk  l)ot\vccu  the  headers  and  tlioir  followers. 
Jli.it.  il/cc,  i.  •.?."),">  S.  llorrcia  intimates  that  a  secret  atiangcniont  hail  heeii 
fonue  *\voen  Cortes  and  the  Beceding  captain,  the  latter  appeanng  witli 
hia  oHiccLS  at  tiio  camp,  the  evening  after  the  previous  liattle,  and,  declarii.g 
himself  convinced  that  the  Spaniards  were  invincible,  oU'eicd  not  only  to 
remain  neutral,  hut  to  aid  them  in  entering  Tlascala.  Cortes  agreed.  Wlicii 
the  captain  returned  to  Xicotencatl's  camp  ho  was  so  liadly  heateii  that  lio 
came  hiick  to  Cortc'S  for  medical  treatment.  ( 'ertain  signs  were  to  he  worn,  s^o 
that  the  Siianiards  might  respect  the  neutral  troops,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  vi. 
lie  also  relates  that  one  Tlascalteo  niainttiined  himself  so  long  and  bravely 
against  two  Spanish  soldiers  that  L  ■■es,  the  smith,  rushed  up,  cried  shanio 
upon  the  twain,  and  lanced  the  warrior.  IiL,  cap.  vii. 

■••'  This  soldier  iiimself  received  two  wounds,  which  did  not  prevent  him  from 
fighting,  however.  '  Xos  matarou  vn  soldado,'  he  says,  and  a  few  lines  further 
down,  'y  cnterramos  los  muurtos. . .  .jwripie  no  viessen  lo.s  Indies  (juc  eramo) 
inortalcs.'  J/isl.  !'(/•(/(((/., 4,").  Thus  even  the  'Tr\ie  Historian'  reveals  the  com- 
mon weakness,  llir.art,  Kirchen-t Usdiklik,  ii.  ul'J-14;  U'tnt-Iudische  Kiph'ij/al, 
2-4-35;  FraiicL;  H'tltbucli,  ccxxix. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

EXTRY   INTO   TLASCALA. 

Septemeek,  1519. 

Native  Chiefs  Sent  as  Envoys  to  the  Tlvscalan  Capital — Tiieiu  Favor- 
able Keception — Xicotexcatl  Plin's  Resistance  to  Cortes — Sends 
OCT  Spies  —  Corth  Sends  tuem  back  Mctilated  —  The  Spaniards 
Attack  and  Defe.vt  Xicotencatl  —  Niout  Encounters  —  (Jlnekal 
Dissatisfaction  and  a  Desire  to  Return  to  Villa  Rica — Envoys 
Arrive  from  Montezuma  —  Cortes  Receu^es  Xicotencatl  and  the 
Tlascal.\n  Lords  —  Peace  Concluded — Tl.\scal.\  —  Festivities  a\d 
Rejoicings — ^Iass  Celebrated — Cortes  Inclined  to  Extreme  I!::- 
LiGious  Zeal — Brides  Presented  to  the  Spaniards — Appropriate 
Ceremonies — Preparin<;  to  Le.vve  Tl^vscala  for  Cuolula — Com- 
munications with  the  Cuolultecs. 

In  the  late  battle  three  chiefs  had  been  captured, 
and  they  ton-ether  with  two  others  were  sent,  tliis 
time  to  the  Tlascalan  capital  direct,  to  carry  an  oH'cr 
(if  peace,  and  to  explain  that  the  Spaniards  would 
not  have  harmed  their  warriors  had  they  not  been 
(iblio'od  to  do  so.  If  peace  was  still  declined  they 
would  come  and  destroy  thein  all.  Meanwhile  Cortt's 
set  out  on  another  foraging  and  raiding  expedition, 
and  "burned  more  than  ten  towns,  one  exceeding 
three  tlunisund  houses,"  retiring  by  the  early  after- 
noon, when  the  Indians  began  to  gather  in  aid  of  the 
raided  neighbors.* 

Tired  of  the  fruitless  fiLrhtinof,  attended  Avitli  loss 
of  life  and  })ropcrty  only  to  themselves  as  it  ap- 
jieared,  the  peace  party  in  Tlascala  had  been  gaining 
the  ascendancy,  with  the  efforts  of  ^laxixcatzin,  sup- 

^  Cnrtr^,  Cartn.i,  Ct'2-3.  According  to  Gomara  llio  Indians  imrsned  to  t!io 
Tory  camp,  wlicio  they  were  defeated  with  great  slaughter,  after  live  houru' 
lighting.    JJi<it.  J/-'.c.,  7(>-7. 

C-'U) 


I  i| 


«*'i- 


)\2 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


[loftctl  am  lie  now  was  l)y  tlio  powerful  factions  wlilcli 
had  ([uarrclled  with  the  general.  When  the  peace 
niessi'iio-i'r.s  of  Cortes  arrived  they  were  therefore 
received  with  favor.  His  previous  friendly  offers 
Were  considered,  also  his  kind  treatment  of  captives, 
so  unusual  witli  the  natives,  and  the  oracles  and  siijns 
ot'  a  coniinix  race  of  rulers.  Whether  gods  or  men, 
tluv  M'ere  evidently  invincible,  and  the  friendship 
and  alliance  held  out  by  them  must  be  desirable,  and 
ou'dit  to  be  secured  before  the  stran<]jers,  embittered 
by  further  resistance,  should  pass  on  to  join  their 
enemies.  An  embassy,  headed  by  Costomatl  and 
Tolinpanecatl,-  was  accordingly  despatched  with  pro- 
visions and  some  other  trilling  gifts  to  open  negotia- 
tions for  peace.  Humbly  these  men  ajipeared  before 
Cortes,  expressing  the  sorrow  of  the  lords  for  the 
hostility  shown,  and  their  desire  for  peace.  With  a 
grave  reproval  for  their  obstinacy,  Cortes  said  that 
he  would  admit  their  apology,  and  the  envoys  de- 
parted, after  leaving  beside  the  other  gifts  a  number 
of  male  and  female  slaves.^ 

Smarting  under  the  disgrace  of  his  defeats,  Xico- 
tencatl  liad  meanwhile  been  lavino-  iilans  to  retrieve 
himself.  Anionic  other  counsellors  he  had  summoned 
diviners  to  his  aid,  and  they,  caUing  to  mind  the 
assumption  that  the  Spaniards  were  children  of  the 
sun,  declared  that  as  such  the  new-comers  were  in- 
vincible only  when  animated  by  its  beamr,,  and  at 
niglit,  wJien  deprived  of  this  invigorating  power,  tliey 
Ix'came  mortals,  who  must  bow  to  superior  force. 
Knowing  tlie  strength  of  the  party  opposed  to  him 
in  tlie  Tlascalan  capital,  he  does  not  appear  to  have 
submitted  his  ])rojects  there,  but  to  have  ventured 
upon  detaining  the  envoys  as  they  were  returning 

'^  ('(iiiKinio,  Ui.it.  Tht.r.,  14(5.  Pnran  gives  a  short  speech,  delivcreJ  in  tlio 
conncil-iliiiinl'or.  Hist.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  A•l■l~•^. 

■'(.'oiti's  jiImocs  llu'  iU'iiviil  of  tliis  I'luhassy  on  the  (Lay  following  tho 
raiiliiiy;  (if  tlie  ton  towns,  <'artn^,  Oil;  but  IJcnial  Diaz  at  a  later  date.  He 
niakeM  the  envoys  four  in  ninulier,  and  allows  tliem,  in  returning,  to  instrriet 
t!ie  neig!il)oriiig  settlements  to  fui'nish  supplies  to  the  Spaniards,  all  of  which 
Xieoteneatl  prevents.    Ilift.  Vcnltul.,  il-S,  oO,  oo. 


mOPOSED  NIGHT  ATTACK.  213 

from  the  Spanish  camp  until  the  result  of  his  |)lans 
shoukl  have  been  ascertained;  and  this  in  i'ai'e  ot'  the 
connnand  to  desist  from  hostility.*  In  order  to  make 
everything  as  sure  as  possible  for  the  intended  l>lo\v, 
Xicotencatl  sent  fifty  Indians  to  the  camp,  with  in- 
structions to  gather  information  concerning  the  ap- 
proaches, the  condition  of  the  soldiers,  and  other 
points.  They  appeared  before  Cortes  with  the  usual 
demonstrations  of  respect,  and,  placing  l)el'()re  liim 
Hve  female  slaves,  a  quantity  of  food,  and  other  ]tres- 
cntSjthcy  said :  ''Lord,  behold  these  slaves  I  If  you  are 
fierce  gods,  cat  their  ilcsh  and  blood,  and  more  shall 
be  brought;  If  gentle  gods,  take  these  feathers  and 
incense;  if  men,  here  arc  fowl,  bread,  and  fruit." 
Cortes  answered  that  they  required  no  sacrilices  of 
men.  Had  they  desired  such  they  coukl  have  taken 
by  force  all  the  victims  needed,  lie  rebuked  their  ob- 
stinacy and  advised  submission.®  They  were  then  taken 
aside  to  receive  the  hospitalities  of  tlie  camp,  after 
which  they  dispersed  to  satisfy  their  curiosity,  and  to 
question  the  allies.  This  aroused  the  su-picions  nf 
Touch,  the  Cempoalan  chief,  who  warned  the  general. 
Seizimi;  the  men  he  examined  them  sin<jlv,  and  soon 
ascertained  that  their  object  was  not  (^nly  to  s[>v, 
but  to  lire  the  huts,  and  otherwise  to  aid  the  attack 
which  would  be  made  upon  the  camp  that  very  night. 
Finding  that  his  friendly  advances  had  been  scorned, 
Cortes    resolved   to   intllct  a  lesson    that  would    be 

*]5orn;il  Diaz  assumes  that  the  lords  consult  the  divinera,  aiidnno'vvn  iiiLilit 
att.Tck  ti>  lie  mado:  Init  thuu  ho  d'^sciibes  two  night  attacks,  wiiiK;  ('mti  s  and 
othtTs  distinctly  allow  only  one,  and  ho  forgets  his  former  admission  that, 
ill  addition  to  tlio  j)tja('e  party,  half  tho  army  had  actually  akindoULd  Xico- 
tencatl. It  is  after  this  lirst  night  attack,  ignored  iiy  otiier  \\  I'itcrs,  tliat  the 
senate  send  in  their  submission,  and  order  Xicotencatl  to  desist  from  hostilities, 
lie  refuses  to  obey,  and  dctiiins  tho  envoys  on  their  w.-^y  to  the  S|ianiards, 
whereiiiHjn  his  ollicors  are  ordered  tcj  desert  him.  I'inally  he  i'e|)ciits  and  is 
lorgivcn.  ll'iKt.  Wnlu'l .,  A:)-~i.  The  detention  of  tic ■  envoys  nuist  be  placed 
0:1  tlieir  rotui'ii  from  the  Spanish  camp,  for  fortes  distinctly  states  that  the 
]ieace  proposals  from  the  lords  arrived  before  the  night  attack. 

■'Accordin:^  to  (ioinara,  Cortes  announces  that  his  men  an-  mortal  lil.e 
themselves,  which  is  not  very  likely.  Hi"!.  ^[>.^•.,  77.  liernal  |)ia:c  calls  tiio 
t-Iaves  four  old  hags,  and  allows  tho  Indians  to  act  in  rather  an  insnltinj^ 
manner,  and  without  tenilering  the  nstnil  courtesies,  which  is  also  unlikeiy, 
when  wo  consider  that  they  had  un  object  to  gain.  Uld.  I'crdcul.,  49. 


214 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


understood  by  a  people  so  deeply  intent  upon  war  and 
sacrifices.  This  was  to  cut  oft"  the  hands  of  the  leading- 
spies,  and  the  thumbs  of  others,  and  to  send  them 
back  with  the  message  that  this  would  be  the  punish- 
ment of  spies,  and  that  the  Spaniards  were  pre^jared, 
niglit  or  day,  to  face  their  enemies." 

Fearing  the  confusion  and  danger  of  a  niglit  at- 
tack, when  the  artillery  and  other  means  would  bo 
less  effective,  Cortes  resolved  to  anticipate  the  enemy 
by  a  counter  charge,  wherein  the  cavalry  might 
I'ender  particular  service.  Learning  that  Xicotoncatl 
was  hidden  with  ten  thousand  or  twenty  thousand 
men  behind  a  hill  not  far  off*,  Cortt^s  did  not  despatch 
the  mutilated  spies  till  after  dusk,  in  order  to  let  him 
approach  nearer  to  camp.''  When  his  messengers  re- 
turned to  Xicotencatl  and  displayed  their  bleeding 
stumps,  the  general  was  troubled,  and  throughout  his 
army  there  was  consternation,  and  numbers  of  war- 
i-iors  declared  openly  that  it  \v'as  useless  to  fight  men 
who  not  only  appeared  to  be  invincible,  but  who  could 
read  their  very  intentions.     While  in  this  state  of 

*  '  Los  mamlo  tomar  d  todos  cinciienta  y  cortarlcs  las  manos,'  says  Corti's, 
Cartrig.  (>;> ;  but  the  phrase  may  be  loose,  for  IJernal  Diaz  siiecitk's  only  sevon- 
tten  as  sent  back  with  hands  or  thumbs  cut  off.  J/lst.  I't-nlm/.,  4i).  '  Kl 
mar([ues  les  hi/o  iUilyuuos  deelloscontar(.v(c/'ro  eortar)  lasinano.s.'  'J'(i/i!(t,  I!<l., 
in  /idzlialirtd.  Col.  Doc,  ii.  .570.  '  Manil6  eortar  las  manos  a  sieto  diUos,  y  a 
.alj^unos  los  di^los  pulgaros  muy  contra  su  voluntad.'  Ilvrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi. 
cup.  viii.  (ioniani  places  this  occurrence  on  the  Otli  of  Septcml)er,  but  it  is 
most  likely  Liter,  and  makes  the  spies  a  dilferent  party  from  those  biiujiiui,' 
tlio  slaves  and  feathers,  who  arrive  ou  the  preceding  day.  11  tH.  Mex.,  "s, 
BiTiial  Diaz  accounts  for  tliis  difference  by  stating  that  tlic  party  had  been  in 
camp  since  the  previous  day.  Kobertson  reverses  the  order  by  assuming  that 
mutilation  of  the  spies  so  perplexes  tlic  Indians  that  they  send  tlie  men  witli 
the  slaves  and  feathers  to  ask  whether  tliey  are  fierce  or  gentle  gods,  or  nun. 
Ho  does  not  understand  why  so  many  as  .50  spies  should  have  been  sent,  Imt 
liad  he  rcail  Cortds'  letter  more  closely,  he  would  have  divined  the  reason, 
that  they  intended  to  lire  the  camp,  and  otherwise  aid  in  the  attack,  lie 
Btigiiiati/.es  as  l)arbarous  the  mutilation,  I/ixt.  Am.,  ii.  4"2,  ^o],  but  forgets,  in 
doing  so,  t'.iat  the  Sjianidi  conquerors  belong 'd  to  an  age  when  such  deeds 
were  little  thought  of.  Spies  even  now  suffer  deatli,  ancl  the  above  ])uiiish- 
ment  may  tlierefore  be  regarded  as  comparatively  lenient,  particularly  by  a 
peojde  wlio  daily  tore  out  the  heart  fi-om  living  victims.  The  mutinous  ])il(it 
of  Vill;i  Ivica  had  his  life  spared,  but  lost  his  feet.  Cortes,  as  the  eajitain  i>f 
a  small  band,  was  obliged  to  conform  to  his  age  and  surroundings  in  the 
measui'es  taken  for  its  safety. 

" '  En  yendo  se  las  espias,  vieron  de  mipstro  real  como  atraucsaaua  ]ior  vn 
cerro  grandissima  mnchedumbre  de  geute,  y  era  la  que  traya  Xicotencatl.' 
Goinara,  Hint.  21cx.,  79. 


FURTHER  VICTORIES. 


215 


(It'inoralizatlon  tlioy  wore  startled  by  tli(>  jiiiulinn" 
dt"  lu'lls  aiul  the  train])  of  the  dreaded  horses,  iiK>L,nii- 
ik'd  by  their  I'eais  ami  I>y  the  weird  inooidi^ht  into  a 
liost.  The  next  iiionient  the  Spaniards  aimounced 
their  jiresenec  by  a  riiiginu^  "  Sautia<j;o!"  and,  unde- 
terred by  tlic  few  stray  and  feeble  volleys  of  stones  and 
iii'rows  sent  ai^ainst  them,  they  rode  into  the  crowds 
of  natives  already  in  full  tlight,  slashing  and  riding 
down  in  all  direetions.^ 

After  this  less(ni  Xieotencatl  apju-ars  to  have 
made  no  furtlier  atteni])ts  to  molest  the  S]>aniards, 
ahhough  small  skirmishing  parties,  chielly  Otonn's, 
continued  to  hover  round  the  camp  and  give  the 
soldiers  opportunities  for  sallies.  Gomara  magnifies 
these  skirmishes  into  daily  attacks  on  the  camp  by 
the  army,  whose  divisions  take  turns  so  as  not  to 
euibai'rass  one  another.  This  caused  them  to  tight 
better,  jiartly  from  a  s})irit  of  rivalry  to  surpass  the 
]»receding  record.  The  ambition  of  the  natives  was 
to  kill  one  Spaniard  at  least,  but  the  object  was 
never  attained,  so  tar  as  they  knew.  This  continued 
for  a  fortnight,  and  daily  came  also  messengers  with 
i'ood  to  sustain  the  strauirers." 


HWIrs,  fnWrtx,  G^-4;  Gomnra,  Hist.  JAr.,  78-9;  Tap!n,  7?<7.,  in  Trn:- 
h'l/ci'ta.  Col.  Doc,  ii.  iVi'J;  //ernrn,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  viii.  Beriial  Diaz  df- 
tciibcs  a  night  attack  with  10,()00  wurrior.s,  made  a  few  day.s  liefore,  in  which 
tiio  Sj)anianls  dfivu  back  the  Indians  and  iniisue  them,  ca]>tuiing  four,  Mhile 
tile  nioiiiing  revealed  twenty  coij)ses  still  upon  the  plain.  Two  of  the  divineis 
ii|ipear  to  have  been  sacriliced  for  their  bad  advice.  Ho  lujw  rcapj)ears  with 
■Jil,(MH>  men,  but  on  meeting  the  nnitilated  spies  he  becomes  disheartened,  an<l 
luriLS  back  without  attempting  a  bhjw.  J{i.it.  Vinbitl.,  4i\,  4'J-,")0.  He  is  the 
(I'lly  authority  for  two  nigiit  expeditions.  Having  already  been  defeated  in 
oiii'  night  attack,  Xieotencatl  would  lie  less  likely  to  attempt  a  second,  particu- 
lii'ly  since  nocturnal  movements  were  contrary  to  Indian  modes  of  warfare. 
(  iiites  distinctly  intimate.s  that  the  present  occasion  was  the  tirst  attempt  ut  a 
night  raid.  Ixtll/xoi/iitl,  lli.^t.  C/i!,/,.,-2'.n. 

'•*  He  begins  to  susi)ect  that  their  object  may  also  have  been  to  spy.  Cortes 
A\:is  .sutlVring  from  fever  at  this  time,  and  one  night  he  took  pills,  a  coui'so 
V  hich  among  the  Spaniards  involved  the  strictest  care  and  seclusion  from 
iili.iirs.  Karly  in  tlie  t  lorning  three  large  bodies  of  Indians  apjiearcd,  and 
ri  ganlless  of  his  jiills  Cortes  headed  the  troops,  lighting  all  day.  The  follow- 
ing morning,  strange  to  say,  the  medicine  ojierated  as  if  no  .second  day  had 
iiitirvened.  '  Xo  lo  cueto  por  milagn),  sino  \wv  dezir  lo  (pie  passo,  y  (pie 
(  ii'.tes  era  muy  sufridor  de  trabajos  y  males.'  d'o/iiiirti,  //Ist.  .l/i.c,  SO.  j'.ut 
Sandoval  assumes  '  (pic  sin  duda  fue  milagro.'  //iil.  Carlo.-)  I'.,  i.  \~'X  So!ia 
uiip'ies  this  story  to  the  night  attack,  which  seems  plausible,  and  smiles  phil- 


'k  91 


'it 


210 


ENTRY  IXTO  TLASCALA. 


In  order  to  furtlior  impress  upon  tlie  Indians  that 
fi!L,ditiii,!L,^  hy  ni,i,dit  was  cjiiite  eoiiLjenial  to  the  Span- 
iards, ("oi'tes  set  out  one  miihiiirht  to  I'aid  and  i'ora;4o 
in  tlie  di!'ection  of  a  hiri^e  town  ealled  Tzonipant- 
zineo,  wliicli  could  l)e  distint^uislied  heyond  a  I'an^i^ 
of  hills,  toward  the  ca])ital.'°  The  sohhers  had  imt 
gone  far  before  one  horse  after  another  he^an  ti» 
tremble  and  fall,  including  the  general's.  This  was 
regarded  a  bad  omen,  and  the  men  urged  a  i-c- 
turn,  but  Cortes  laughed  it  off,  sent  l)aclc  live  horsrs, 
and  proceeded  with  the  i"est,  declaring  that  (iod,  in 
whose  cause  they  were  engaged,  was  su|)erior  to 
nature."  Two  small  villages  were  surj>rised,  with 
some  slaughter,  and  shortly  before  dawn  the  Span- 
iards fell  upon  the  large  town,  containing  twenty 
thousand  houses,  it  is  said.  Frightened  out  of  their 
senses  by  the  noise,  the  people  rushed  from  the 
dwellin<ifs  to  ioin  in  the  crowd  wliich  souijht  to 
elude  the  pursuers.  Finding  that  no  resistance  v.as 
cittem])ted,  Cortes  speedily  sto[)ped  the  attach,  and 
collecting  his  men  in  the  plaza  he  i'orbade  any  at- 
tempt on  life  or  property.  The  cjiioi's  and  ])riests 
])rescntly  appeared  with  gifts  f)f  food  and  two  female 
slaves,  })leading  that  the  jiroximity  of  Xicotencatls 
army  had  ])revente(l  them  from  sending  in  their  sub- 
mission. They  would  henceforth  })rove  their  gratitn( le 
for  his  leniency  by  sending  supplies  to  tlic  camp. 
Cortes  accepted  their  excuses,  and  told  them  to  pro- 

osophicully  at  Sandoval's  conclusion.  Jflxi.  ^frJ•., '\.  211  ;  I.rllil.forlii/1.  J/!'f. 
( 'luvli.,  'JDI;  ( 'htrhji  rii,  Stor'in  M' s<..  iii.  47  S.  '  Tinia  ciilcnturiis,  h  tt  iviiii;.!  <.' 
lii  rnal  l)i(iz.  Hint.  ]'i  nidi/.,  -17.  Sonic  jilaco  the  story  with  the  later  capture 
of  T/oni])iintzinci>,  wlicre  it  is  entirely  out  of  place,  if  indeed  woith  lecoid- 
iuj^  at  all,  for  this  expedition  ^^•as  a  voluntai-y  project,  calling  for  no  .■<ic.li 
men  to  venture  out.  J)urau  relates  that,  tired  of  heing  besieged.  Cortes  one 
night  made  a  sally  in  ditl'erent  dirclions.  One  party  surprised  all  the  iiati\'; 
leailcrs  together  and  asleep,  and  lirouglit  tlieni  to  camp.  In  the  morning  they 
vcre  sent  hack  to  the  army,  which  had  awakened  to  lind  tliem  missing,  hi 
recognition  of  their  kind  treatment  the  cliiefs  raised  the  siege.  This  is  tul  I 
on  the  authority  of  an  eye-witness,  wiio  evidently  reserved  liis  choicest  stori(  •< 
for  Padre  Duran.   J/hl.  Iiiil.,  MS.,  ii.  4i!)--2(). 

*''  IJernal  Diaz  places  it  one  U'a;.;ue  fi'oni  tlie  camp,  and  Tapia  four  league---. 
Ixtlilxochitl  calls  it  TzimpantzincK;  otliers  vary. 

"  (ro«(((rff,  l/is/.  Mi.v.,  SO.  Tajiia  allows  the  horses  to  overcome  their 
attack  and  proceed.     It  appcuis  to  hu  e  bccu  due  to  tlie  cold  night  wiiuls. 


HARDSHIPS  AND  SICKXKSS. 


217 


jod  to  Tliisoala  to  up^-o  u])()n  the  lords  flic  iiccossity 
lor  !U'<-('])t!iin'  pciiro.  Ju'loro  i-i'tuniiii'Lr,  Coilt-'-s  us- 
(■(.'lukd  ii  hill,  and  thence  siuv  the  capital,  with  it^■ 
suiToundinu;'  villa«jfes.  "  Behold,"  he  said  to  those  who 
liad  ohjected  to  his  leniency  with  the  towns,  "what 
hoots  it  to  have  killed  these  people,  when  so  many 
lueniii's  exist  over  there ?"'^ 

Althonn'h  lel't  in  comparative  peace  for  some  days, 
tl\e  end  of  the  cam])aign  seemed  to  the  S|taniar(ls  as 
remote  as  ever.  The  harass  and  hardship  of  their 
lite,  the  vigils,  the  cold  nights,  the  scanty  snpphes, 
the  ahsence  oi'  salt,  nuidicine,  and  many  other  neces- 
saries, all  this  was  severely  i'elt,  ]»articnlaily  since 
M>  large  a  mnnher  were  either  sick  or  wounded,  in- 
cluding Cortes  and  Padre  Olmcdo."  The  ailments 
iind  wounds  were  as  a  rule  slight,  yet  they  hel[>ed 
to  magnily  dangers,  and  to  dim  every  cheerful  aspect. 
The  very  cessation  of  regular  hostile  demonstratiniis 


I 


m 


;sts 
lale 
itVs 
-.uli- 
tude 
nip. 
)ro- 

u:;n.' 

sick 

iiitivi; 
:  thi'V 
111 
sioM 
itiiric^ 

igui-. 

thrir 


'-  ftctnvivn,  ffl.it.  ^fl^x.,  80-1.  According  to  Hcrrcra,  Alcalde  M;iyor  Grndo 
('(Hiiiaillcd  ( 'ort('s,  on  seeing  this  populoiw  ooinitiy,  to  return  to  \'illa  lUca  and 
•lid  to  \'ilaz(|U('Z  for  aid.  l)ee[ily  grieved  at  .such  advice,  tla;  general  re- 
iiiiiiked  that  the  very  stones  would  rise  against  th<in  it  thiy  retreated,  dec. 
ii.  lih.  vi.  cap.  viii.;  Coflcii,  Car/nH,  tit-.'),  licrnal  l>ia/.  plares  tiiisraid  betore 
the  tinal  niglit  attack.  Jli.-il.  Vcrdad.,  47;  Tallin,  llel.,  in  fraJtiticeUi,  Co/. 
I)(ii\,  ii.  .")(;.S-!». 

'■'  •  Xos  vinios  todos  lieridos  A  dos,  y  a  trcs  hcridiH,  y  nmy  cansados,  y  otros 
dnlicntes.  . .  .y  falt;iuan  ya.sohre  cincuenta  y  cinco  soldailostjuesi-aiiiau  niuerio 
en  las  liatiilhis,  y  dolencias,  y  frios,  y  estauan  dolientcs  otros  doze.'  Jl(  null  JJiir., 
•11).  I'rescott,  i.  4.'iS,  is  careless  enough  to  acceiit  this  verlially,  hut  tlie  run  cit' 
tiic  text  here  and  elsewhere  indicates  that  the  sentence  is  rather  ligurativc. 
'J'iic  last  four  words,  'twelve  others  were  on  the  sick-hed,"  indicate  tiiat  only 
three  jier  cent,  were  laiil  low,  and  that  the  general  In'altli  and  mndition  must 
tiicrefore  have  heen  tolerahly  good.  This  also  indicates  that  the  o.")  niissiu'.; 
soMiei's  I'lUild  not  liave  died  since  they  left  Vera  (ru/,  as  ccit.'iiii  writers  as- 
sume. The  only  obstacles  under  which  the  .soldiers  could  have  succ'unilu'd 
in  any  nuniher  were  the  several  battles  with  the  Tlascaltccs,  w  lu^rein  the  total 
numher  of  the  wounded  nowhere  foots  u|)  to  more  than  IOC  Of  these  .")() 
]ici-  cent,  could  not  hiive  died,  to  jn<lg','  from  the  AViirfare  enuaiied  in,  and 
iroin  the  very  few,  a  c<ini>le  at  the  most,  it  is  said,  who  fell  c)n  tlic  licld.  .Nor 
ciiuld  diseases  have  killed  many  during  a  month's  niarcii  tlirou^h  a  line  and 
fertile  country,  for  the  passage  of  the  (,'ol  rede  I'erotedidnut  aU'ect  the  Spaniards 
seriously,  llence  it  must  be  assumed  that  the  .■").')  dead  iiu  lud(!  the  o.'i  w  ho 
felloiitof  the  ranksere  the  army  reached  \'illa  l!ie;i.  'J"lii.s  leaves,  say,  lifteeii 
casualtier,  for  the  j)resent  expcilition  since  it  lcft\'illa  Uica,  and  that  ajipeais 
til  he  a  fair  ]irop{a'tion.  The  only  one  who  rightly  inteiprets  llerii.-.l  ])ia/  on 
this  jMiint  a]ipears  to  be  Toniueniiuhi,  who  says,  •  desde  ipie  .sdieroii  de  C'lllia, 
sc  avian  niuerto  ciinpicnta  y  cinco  CasteUanos.'  i.  -I'JS.  'J'lie  old  soldier  coii- 
tiriiis  tin'  inter[iretation  by  stating  in  more  than  one  jdace  that  the  Spaniards 
numbered  -IJO,  or  nearly  so,  on  entering  Mexico  City,   ubi  sup.,  li.j,  WJ. 


^1 

'  '1.1 

m 


-  •  s 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 

Bcemecl  to  cover  a  ploTj  for  a  new  Tlascalan  «;om1)i- 
nation.  If  this  peopla  could  exhibit  such  armies 
and  such  valor,  what  must  be  expected  from  the  fur 
more  numerous  and  equally  warlike  Aztecs  ?  These 
views  owed  not  a  little  of  their  acceptance  to  the 
fears  and  exaggeration  of  the  Indian  allies,  and 
tlirough  their  medium  the  prospect  of  reaching  the 
impregnable  Mexico  began  to  appear  preposterous. 
Cortes  was  aware  that  this  feelinjj  existed  amonjx  a 
large  number,  for  in  making  his  customary  tour  of  tlie 
camp  one  evening  he  had  overheard  a  party  of  soldieis 
express  themselves  pretty  strongly  about  the  madness 
of  his  enterprise.  It  would  happen  to  him  as  to  Pedri) 
Carbonero,  who  ventured  with  his  force  among  the 
IVIoors  and  was  never  heard  of  again.  The  pfeneral 
should  be  left  to  go  alone. 

The  murmurs  in  camp  grew  particularly  stronijj 
during  the  raid  on  Tzompantzinco,  promoted  of  course 
by  Velazquez'  men;  and  when  Cortes  returned,  a 
deputation  of  seven,  whom  Bernal  Diaz  forbears  to 
name,  appeared  before  him  to  recommend  that,  in 
view  of  the  suffering,  the  danger,  and  the  dark  pros- 
pects, they  should  return  to  Villa  Rica,  build  a  vescel, 
and  send  to  Cubx  for  reinforcements.  They  were 
only  tempting  providence  by  their  foolhardy  course. 
Finding  that  arguments  would  be  lost  on  these 
men,  Cortes  had  caused  his  adherents  to  rally,  and 
turning  to  them  he  recalled  Lhu  determination  forme(  I 
at  Villa  Rica  to  advance  on  Mexico,  and  extolled  their 
valorous  deeds,  \\hich  dimmed  even  the  Greek  and 
Roman  records.  He  was  suffering  equally  with  thein, 
yet  he  wavered  not.  Should  they,  the  bravo  Spaniards, 
belie  their  character  and  country,  and  desert  their 
duty  to  their  king,  to  their  God,  who  iiad  protected 
them  hitherto?  To  retreat  now  would  be  to  abandon 
the  treasures  to  be  found  only  a  few  leagues  off,  the 
reward  for  which  they  had  striven  during  a  wliole 
year,  and  to  draw  upon  themselves  the  contempt  not 
only  of  their  countrymen,  who  at  present  looked  on 


MEXICO  CONSIDERS  FURTHER. 


219 


til  em  as  the  bravest  of  the  brave,  but  that  of  the 
natives,  who  regarded  them  as  gods.  The  Tlascaltecs 
liad  aheady  sued  for  peace,  but  let  the  Spaniards 
take  one  step  in  retreat,  and  the  enemy  would  turn 
with  renewed  ardor  on  them,  joined  by  the  Mexi- 
cans, so  far  held  in  check  by  their  fame  and  deeds. 
Even  the  allies  would  for  their  own  safety  join  to 
crush  them.  To  retire  was  impossible,  because  it 
would  be  fatal.  In  any  case,  death  was  preferable 
to  dishonor.  The  usual  marks  of  approval  which 
followed  the  speech  silenced  the  deputation,  and  noth- 
iiifj  more  was  heard  about  retreat." 

Great  was  the  sensation  in  Mexico  at  the  successive 
reports  of  easy  Spanish  victories  over  the  stanch 
armies  of  Tlascala  —  victories  by  an  insignificant 
hand  over  armies  which  had  successfully  resisted  the 
vast  forces  of  the  Andhuac  allies.  Since  it  was  only 
too  evident  that  force  could  not  keep  the  strangers 
fi'ora  reaching  the  capital,  Montezuma  again  called 
liis  council  to  consider  the  situation.  Cuitlahuatzin 
proposed  that  they  should  be  bought  off  with  pres- 
ents, while  Cacama  represented  that  their  mission 
was  probal)ly  harmless,  and  that  they  should  be 
frankly  invited  to  the  city,  there  to  be  awed  with  the 
i^iantleur  of  the  monarch.  Others  favored  this  course, 
but  with  the  idea  of  laying  traps  for  the  strangers. 
Tlie  fear  of  their  being  warned  and  aided  by  Ixtlil- 
xocliitl,  the  rebellious  brother  of  Cacama,  caused 
^loutezuma  to  incline  to  the  advice  of  Cuitlahuatzin ; 
and  six  prominent  lords,  headed  by  Atcmpanecatl," 

"  (idiuara  gives  a  long  speech,  and  intimates  tliat  it  was  dclivcreil  hefoie 
a  iviiular  mooting.  Hid.  Mex.,  81-3;  f.'or/t',s,  Cartas  (m;  Ueneni,  dec.  ii.  lib. 
vi.  (.up.  i.\-.;  Torquema'la,  i.  4'i8-9;  Ta/iia,  liiL,  in  Icur.hnkcta,  Cot.  Dor.,  ii. 
571.  Boriuil  l)ia;s  addresses  the  speech  to  the  coninr.cteo,  and  states  tliat 
CoitOs,  oil  tiiidiiig  tiiom  still  nnconvinced,  aliandoned  tiio  gei.tle  tone  he  liad 
Ust'd,  and  cxcluiined  with  some  asperity  tiiat  it  was  liotter  to  die  liko  brave 
Hull  tii.in  to  live  dishonored.  The  men  being  appealed  to  upliold  him,  ami 
(lirlarod  that  they  would  listen  to  no  contrary  talk.  J  J  int.  I'erduL,  4S-'J; 
.S'"//.s  //;,</.  Mex.,  i.  2r)!»-«.3. 

'Surnaiiied  TlachpaiKiuizqin,  it  seems.  Ixtlilxochitl,  Hint.  Chich.,  292; 
I'l'^^a,  Hid.  Ant.  Mcj.,  iii.  380.     Bemal  Diaz  calls  them  tivo  leading  ineu. 


» 


m 


m 


I 


220 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


were  accordingly  despatched  to  the  Spanish  camp 
to  congratulate  the  white  chieftain  on  his  victories, 
and  to  offer  annual  tribute  in  gold,  silver,  jewels, 
cloth — in  fact,  to  do  almost  anything  that  his  kin^- 
might  desire,  on  the  condition  that  he  should  not 
proceed  to  Mexico.  The  envoys  entered  the  pres- 
ence of  Cortds  followed  by  two  hundred  attendants, 
and  laying  before  him  a  present  of  twenty  bales  of 
embroidered  cloth  and  feathers,  and  about  one  thou- 
sand castellanos  in  gold-dust,  they  delivered  their 
message.^"  They  explained  that  their  monarch  woukl 
gladly  see  him  in  Mexico,  but  feared  to  expose  the 
Spaniards  to  the  hardships  of  the  rough  and  sterile 
country  wherein  Mexico  was  situated.  Cortes  ex- 
pressed his  thanks,  and  said  that  he  would  consider 
the  proposal." 

While  entertaining  the  Mexican  envoys  the  camp 
was  stirred  by  the  announcement  of  the  Tlascalaii 
plenipotentiaries,  consisting  of  fifty  leading  men, 
headed  by  Axayacatzin  Xicotencatl  himself.  "*  The 
soldiers  crowded  forward  to  gaze  at  the  dreaded  gen- 
eral, who  appeared  to  be  a  man  of  about  thirty-tive 
years,  tall  and  broad-shouldered,  Avell  formed  ami 
robust,  with  broad,  rough  face,  grave  in  manner  and 
commanding  in  presence,  though  he  came  a  suppliant. 
He  had  used  every  means  as  a  noble  patriot  to  save 

'"  Nearly  every  writer  states  that  Montezuma  acknowledged  himself  the 
vassal  of  the  Spanish  king,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  stooped  so  low  lictun.' 
a  distant  enemy.  Gomara,  Hist.  Mcx.,  70,  calls  the  present  1000  rojiiLi  jiiid 
1000  castellanos  do  oro,  and  Cortes  says  pesos  do  oro,  which  doubtk«.s  iiituiw 
dust;  but  Bcrnal  Diaz  terms  the  latter  gold  jewels  worth  that  iniKniiit. 
Prescott  confoiuida  these  presents  Avith  a  later  gift,  and  assumes  witlKJiit  pxin 
authority  that  they  cmuo  after  Xicotencatl  had  brought  in  his  suliniissimi. 
(ioninra  on  the  other  hand  places  their  arrival  on  September  0,  which  ]im-t 
be  altogether  too  early. 

''  'No  Ics  ((uiso  dar  luego  la  rospuesta,  porquc  ostaua  purgado  (hi  ilia 
antes,'  sr.ys  Bernal  Diaz,  in  explanation  of  the  debiy.  lliftt.  Wnlwl.,  ."il. 
Brasscur  de  Bourbourg,  how(!ver,  lets  Corti's  declare  that  the  orders  of  his 
king  oblige  him  to  disregard  the  wishes  of  the  emperor.  15ut  the  gcnciid  Mas 
too  prudent  to  give  an  open  rebutl"  ere  he  saw  how  affairs  woultl  dcvcli  >. 
According  to  (jiomara  he  wished  to  detain  them  to  witiiess  his  prowess  ag:iiii>t 
the  Tliuscaltecs.   Hist.  Me:c.,  7'J;  H<rnra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  x. 

'"  Ixtlilxochitl  akino  differs  by  stating  that  they  were  headed  by  Toliu- 
paneciitl  Tlacatecuhtli  tlie  younger  brother  of  Xicotencatl;  but  he  appiara 
coufused. 


TLASCALAN  PLEXIPOTENTIAIIIES. 


221 


his  country  from  the  enslavement  which  he  seemed 
with  prophetic  spirit  to  have  foreseen;  and  as  a  brave 
soldier  he  had  struggled  to  uphold  the  honor  of  the 
{uiny.  With  pride  subdued  he  had  sought  pardon  of 
tlie  lords  for  disobeying  their  orders,^^  and  offered  the 
host  amends  in  his  power  by  personally  humbling 
jiiiiiself  before  the  chief  who  had  torn  the  wreath 
from  his  brow.  He  approached  Cortes  with  the  cus- 
tomary profound  salute,  while  his  attendants  swung 
(he  copal  censer,  and  announced  that  he  had  come  in 

I  ho  name  of  his  father  and  the  other  lords  to  ask  his 
IViundship,  and  to  ofier  their  submission  to  the  might- 
iest of  men,  so  gentle  yet  so  valiant.  Accepting  a 
seat  by  CortiSs'  side,  he  entered  into  explanations, 

II  nd  Irankly  took  upon  himself  the  blame  for  the  resist- 
ance offered,  but  pleaded  the  Tlascalan  love  for  liberty, 
threatened,  as  they  imagined,  by  an  ally  of  Monte- 
zuma, for  were  not  Mexican  allies  in  the  Spanish 
train?  and  had  not  the  Aztec  monarch  exchanfjed 
friendly  intercourse  with  them?  While  delighted 
witli  tlie  manner  of  the  chief,  and  particularly  with 
tlic  object  of  his  visit,  Cortes  thought  it  necessary  to 
administer  a  slight  rebuke  for  the  obstinate  refusal 
of  his  friendly  offers;  yet  since  his  people  had  already 
suffered  Plough  for  this,  he  freely  pardoned  them  in 
the  name  of  his  king,  and  received  them  as  vassals.-'* 
He  hoped  the  peace  would  be  permanent;  if  not, 
lie  would  be  obliged  to  destroy  the  capital  and  mas- 
saci'c  the  inhabitants.  Xicotencatl  assured  him  that 
tho  Tlascaltees  wor.lu  hnnceforth  be  as  faithful  as 
they  liad  hitherto  been  unfriendly.  In  proof  of  their 
biiieerity  tlie  chiefs  would  remain  with  him  as  host- 
ages. }[e  begged  Cortes  to  come  to  the  city,  where 
the  hjrds  and  nobles  were  awaiting  him,  and  regretted 


m 


'■'Solis  causea  liitn  to  l)e  disi  ^ascd  from  the  ofncc  of  cnplaiii-gpiioral.  ffisf, 
^f■  .'•. ,  i.  '27--  3.  In  ( 'urhajnl  E-  ,'iiiosn,  Jiist.  Jhx. ,  ii.  1  .'>4,  in  a  iioitruit  of  him, 
curicspondiu^'  fairly  to  tiie  description. 

•' '  it  in  generally  accepted  that  the  Tlascaltees  siihmitted  as  vassiils.  Yet  it 
is  just  as  likely  tliat  they  merely  otlered  their  friendsliip  and  ulliancc,  a  rela- 
titjii  w  liich  uiiur  tho  cou(j,ucst  wus  changed  iuto  vassuhige. 


:!|;J 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


not  being  able  to  oflfer  a  present  worthy  of  his  ac- 
ceptance, but  they  were  poor  in  treasures,  even  in 
cloth  and  salt,  and  what  they  once  possessed  had  been 
surrendered  to  the  Mexicans.'^^ 

Mass  was  said  by  Padre  Diaz  to  celebrate  the  con- 
cluded peace,  and  in  honor  of  the  occasion  Tecohuat- 
zinco  received  the  name  of  Victoria.^''  Both  Spaniard^} 
and  allies  concluded  the  day  with  feasting  and  appro- 
priate demonstrations  of  their  delight.  At  Tlascala, 
where  it  was  soon  understood  that  the  Spaniards  were 
in  some  way  to  liberate  the  state  from  the  tyranny 
of  Montezuma,  floral  decorations  and  sacrifices  gave 
eclat  to  the  festivities,  and  twenty  thousand  leading 
men  are  said  to  have  taken  part  in  the  mitote  danee, 
singing  to  the  prospective  overthrow  of  the  Mexicans 
and  to  the  glory  of  the  Spaniards. 

The  Mexican  envoys  felt  not  a  little  chagrined  at 
a  peace  which  could  bode  no  good  to  their  nation. 
Before  Cortds,  however,  they  sought  to  ridicule  the 
whole  proceeding  as  a  farce  on  the  part  of  the  Tlas- 
caltecs.  The  latter  were  too  treacherous  to  be  trusted. 
When  the  Spaniards  were  once  in  their  city  they  would 
fall  on  them,  and  avenge  the  defeats  and  losses  which 
till  then  must  rankle  in  their  hearts.  Cortes  told 
them  that  the  Spaniards  could  not  be  overcome  in 
town  or  field,  by  day  or  night.  He  intended  going 
to  Tlascala,  and  if  the  inhabitants  proved  treacherous 
they  would  be  destroyed.  Xicotencatl  had  been  no 
less  abusive  of  the  Mexicans  during  his  late  interview, 
and  Cortes,  as  he  declares,  enjoyed  tlieir  dissension, 
sympathizing  alternately  with  either  party,  in  order  to 
promote  his  own  ends.^'*    Finding  the  general  so  de- 

'•  According  to  Bcrnal  Di.az  the  Tlascaltccs  gave  but  one  present,  and  tli.it 
at  the  capital,  Viiit  some  authors  prefer  to  Imng  it  in  here.  Le  picseiiti) 
cantidad  ile  alpargataspara  el  caniino. '  LrflilxorhiilyJIIif.  C '/»>/(., 202;  //•  rn  /••', 
dec.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  x.;  Goinura,  Hist.  Mex.,  84-5;  Cortc.i,  t'aruif<,  UG-7. 

•'  I/crirra,  loc.  cit. 

'■'^  'Ann  acordi'nie  de  una  autoridad  evang(5lica  que  dice:  Omvc  rctjvnm  in 
xi'i/initm  <livkiim  ilcnolnhilnr ;  y  con  los  unos  y  con  los  otros  maneaha.'  '  Vi/'/i  -, 
( 'arias,  70.  Acconling  to  Ixtlilxochitl  qu'te  a  quarrel  sprang  up  betwcii  tin' 
Mexican  and  Thiscalan  representatives  in  the  presence  of  Cort(5s,  attcmlod  by 
Oil  uxchauge  of  epithets.  Hist.  L'hich. ,  2i)2. 


MEXICO  AGAIXST  TLASCALA. 


223 


tcrinincd,  the  envoys  begged  that  he  would  remain 
at  the  camp  for  a  few  days  while  they  communicated 
with  the  emperor.  This  was  granted,  partly  because 
Coi'tds  wished  to  await  developments,  not  being  at  all 
sure  of  the  Tlascaltecs,  and  partly  because  lie  antl 
others  needed  a  respite  to  recover  from  their  wounds 
and  fevers.^* 


der  to 
It- 


80   ( 


and  tti.it 
jiri'si'iiti) 
llnrn-ii, 
UG-7. 

rcijnnm  in 

tWl'i'll   tilt! 

UiiJod  by 


The  only  result  of  the  message  to  Mexico  appears 
to  have  been  an  instruction  to  the  envoys  to  use 
every  effort  to  prevent  the  Spaniards  from  going 
either  to  Tlascala  or  to  Mexico;  and  to  make  their 
representations  more  weighty  a  present  was  sent,  con- 
sisting of  ten  pieces  of  wrought  gold,  worth  over  three 
thousand  castcllanos,  says  Bernal  Diaz,  and  of  several 
hundred  pieces  of  cotton  fabrics,  richly  embroidered." 
It  served  but  as  another  ma<]rnet  to  aid  in  attractiufj 
the  invaders.  Cortes  accepted  the  presents,  but  held 
out  no  hopes  of  changing  h^s  determination. 

The  Tlascaltecs  had  meanwhile  kept  the  camp 
liberally  supplied  M'itli  provisions,  for  which  they 
would  acce[)t  no  recompense,  and  were  daily  urging 
Cortes  to  depart  for  Tlascala.  Alarmed  at  his  delay, 
the  lords  thought  it  best  to  go  in  person,  accompanied 
bv  the  leadinii:  nobles,  to  entreat  liim.^"     The  last 


'"  Corti's  gives  only  his  suspicions  of  the  TIascaltoca  as  a  reason  for  the 
(k'liiy,  witliout  riferring  to  any  coimnunication  l)c'ing  sent  to  Mexico.  ('«(<«.>■, 
07.  Mi;iii\vliile  he  wrote  to  Kscalanto  at  Villa  Kica,  informing  him  of  occur- 
rences, and  asking  for  a  supply  of  holy  wafers  and  two  bottles  of  wine,  which 
spi't'dily  came.    J!( niul  JJiaz,  Hist.  I'lrddd.,  Til. 

-'Aftrran  absence  <■'  six  days,  six  leading  men  came  from  Mexico,  who 
I'muglit,  hcside  the  ccn  pieces  of  j^nvelry,  'J{H)  pieces  of  cloth.  Jlcniat  />i(r., 
Jli.^'.  ]'<r(l(iil.,  .V2.  Th(^  envoys  who  had  heen  sent  to  Mexico  eauie  hack  on 
tlie  sixth  day  with  ten  beatitifully  wrouirht  jewels  of  gold  and  1500  pieces  of 
cl<itl\,  far  richer  than  tlie  former.  Vmniim,  i/!st.  J/cr. ,  (>")-(). 

'-''  'Todos  loH  sefmres  mo  vinieron  a  rogar. '  Cnilr.t,  Corlffi,  07.  '  Vinieron 
nssi  misuio  todas  las  caheceras  y  scnores  do  Tlaxcallan  a  rogarle.'  Ooinnni, 
llisi.  Mc.r.,  8(i.  liernal  Diaz,  J/'/"/.  Vinhi'l.,  ."i'J,  names  five  lords,  but  the 
iianicsare  very  eonfust'd,  except  Xicoti  ncatl  and  Maxixcatzin,  w  liich  approach 
nearer  to  tlie  usual  form.  Ixtlilxochitl  statist  that  Cortes  made  it  a  condition 
that  the  lords  should  come  and  a.sk  him,  wln'reupon  they  each  select  two  higli 
ro|ire.seiitatives  to  proceed  to  the  eami)  and  escort  him  to  Tlascala.  They  wro 
gilide<l  by  the  envoys  Tolinpantcatl  and  Costomatl,  and  brought  .a  few  jewels 
Hs  ]iresents.  Ilixf.  C/iir/t.,  'J!I"_'-.S.  Xor  does  Camar;;o  allow  the  birds  to  go  to 
tile  L;aiip,  but  Costomatl  and  Tolinpauccutl  arc  sent.   Ilist.  Tlux.,  140. 


m\ 


iid 


■J 


™!i 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


envoy  from  Montezuma  had  just  delivered  his  pres- 
ents wlien  they  were  announced.  Descending  from 
their  htters  they  advanced  toward  Cortes  with  the 
customary  sahite,^  the  lead  being  taken  by  Xico- 
lencatl,  ruler  of  Tizatlan,  so  blind  and  old  that  ho 
had  to  be  supported  by  attendants,  and  by  Maxix- 
catzin,  of  Ocotelulco,  the  youngest  and  wisest  of  the 
lords.2« 

Xicotencatl  expressed  his  sorrow  for  their  resist- 
ance, but  reminded  the  Spanish  chief  that,  this  being 
forgiven,  they  had  now  come  to  invite  him  to  their 
city,  and  to  offer  their  possessions  and  services.  He 
nmst  not  believe  the  slanderous  insinuations  which 
they  feared  the  Mexicans  had  uttered.  Cortes  could 
not  resist  the  evident  sincerity  of  this  appeal  from  so 
prominent  a  bod}^  and  he  hastened  to  assure  them 
that  preparations  for  the  departure  and  other  affairs 
had  alone  detained  him.** 

The  lords  accordingly  returned  to  prepare  for  the 
reception,  and  to  send  five  hundred  carriers  to  assist 
in  the  march,  which  began  the  following  morning. 
The  Mexican  envoys  were  invited  to  accompany  the 
Spaniards,  in  order  that  they  might  witness  the 
honors  paid  to  them.  The  road  to  Tlascala,  some  six 
leagues  in  length,  passed  through  a  hilly  3'et  well 
cultivated  country,  skirted  on  the  east  by  the  snow- 
crowned  peak  which  was  soon  to  bear  the  revered 
name  of  Malinche.  In  every  direction  were  verdure- 
clad  slopes  spotted  with  huge  oaks,  while  above  and 
beyond  the  vista  was  closed  by  a  dark  green  fringe  of 


■•''  'Tocarfi  Ins  manos  en  cl  suolo,  y  besaron  la  tierra. '  Bcrval  Diaz,  II'n'l, 
Vc-ihul.,  .")•_'. 

'•'*  CniiKinjo,  I/'wl.  Tliix.,  loo.  Maxixcatzin  is  put  forward  by  the  Spanish 
writci-s  as  the  princiiiiil  lord,  chiclly  porlmps  becaiiso  he  was  the  most  devutdl 
to  the  coiii|uerors,  but  also  because  his  quarter  of  Ocotelulco  was  the  largest 
and  richeist.  Caiuargo  and  Ixtlilxoehitl  place  Xicotencatl  lirst,  and  In! 
certiiinly  takes  the  lead  in  speaking  and  in  receiving  tlie  Spaniards  at  his 
pahice.  His  age,  wliicli  Caniargo  raises  into  the  hundred,  may  have  had 
something  to  do  with  tliis,  liowever. 

■•''•'  liernal  Diaz,  J  list.  I'trdad.,  o'2,  states  that  he  pleaded  the  want  of  car- 
riers, which  was  not  veiy  plausible,  unless  iuteuduu  as  u  hint  at  Tlascahco 
hospitality. 


of 


r,az,  Jlixt. 

:o  Spuiiisli 
st  ik'votiil 
ho  largest 
aiitl  li« 
ids  lit  hia 
havu  hill  I 

\ut  of  ciir- 
Tlascaltoc 


TLASCALA.  225 

(he  liardior  fir,  whicli  seemed  to  rise  like  sliielding 
liulwarks  round  tlie  settlements  in  the  valK'Vs.  The 
KacHng  towns  on  the  route  were  Tzompantzineo  and 
Atlihuetzin,  where  the  population  turned  out  en  ma.sse 
to  receive  the  Spaniards. 

A  quarter  of  a  league  from  the  capital  they  were 
mot  by  the  lords  and  nobles,  accompanied  b}-  a  great 
ictinue,  attired  in  tlie  colors  of  the  different  districts. 
AN'omen  of  rank  came  forward  with  flowers  in  gar- 
lands and  bouquets;  and  a  long  line  of  priests  in 
iluwing  white  robes,  with  cowls,  and  flowing  hair 
clottotl  with  blood  from  freshly  slashed  ears,  marched 
11  long  swinging  their  copal  censers,  while  in  the  rear 
and  around  surged  a  crowd  estimated  at  one  hun- 
ched thousand  persons. 

Before  them  rose  the  capital,  prominently  located 
upon  four  hills,  **  so  great  and  so  admirable,"  quoth 
Cortes,  "that  although  I  say  but  little  of  it,  that 
little  will  appear  incredible,  for  it  is  much  larger  than 
(jranada  and  nuich  stronger,  with  as  good  edifices 
and  with  nuich  more  people  than  Granada  had  at  the 
time  it  was  captured;  also  much  better  supplied  with 
the  things  of  the  earth."™  There  were  four  distinct 
(juarters,  separated  by  high  stone  walls  and  traversed 
Ity  narrow  streets.  In  each  stood  a  lordly  palace 
lor  the  ruler,  and  here  and  there  rose  temples  and 
masonry  buildings  ft>r  the  nobles,  but  the  greater 
jiart  of  the  dwellings  were  one-story  adobe  and  mutl 
huts.  The  highest  quarter  in  situation  was  Tepet- 
i'pac,  the  first  settled,  separated  from  Ocotelulco 
hy  the  river  Zahuatl.^^  The  latter  was  not  only 
the  largest  and  most  populous,  but  the  richest,  and 
lu'ld  a  daily  maiket  attended  by  thirty  thousand 
iKople,  it   is    claimed.''^     Quiahuiztlan   lay  below  on 

»»  Cnrfra,  Cnrfa/f,  67. 

''  Now  Atoyac. 

^-(^ll't(■s  pi-OLH'pda  to  pivo  nn  account  of  articles  sold  here,  which  is  on  a 
p.u- with  his  (iraniula  comparisf)u,  ami  accords  little  wit'    the  declared  sini- 
|)!itity  (ir  poverty  of  the  people.     In  the  temple  over  ov»w  persons  had  been 
biaiiliocd  diuinj,'  .some  years.   Petfr  Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  ii. 
UihT.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    15 


*      1 


ii\\ 


226 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


the  rivor,  and  above  it  Tizatlan,  the  residence  of  the 
Uind  chlci?' 

It  was  liere  that  the  Spaniards  entered  on  Sep- 
tember 23d,^  henceforth  a  feast-day  to  its  peo]»lo. 
ThrouL>"li  streets  adorned  with  festoons  and  arelics, 
and  past  houses  covered  with  cheering  multitudes, 
they  })i'oeee(h'd  to  the  pahice  of  Xicoteneatl,  who  eanic 
forward  to  tender  the  customary  banquet.  Cortes 
sahited  liim  with  the  respect  due  to  his  ix^rc,^  and  was 
conducted  to  tlie  banquet-hall,  after  vrhich  quarteis 
were  pointed  out  in  the  courts  and  buildings  sur- 
rounding the  temple.^  Neat  beds  of  matting  and 
nequen  cloth  were  spread  for  the  troops.  Close  by 
were  the  quarters  of  the  allies  and  the  Mexican 
envoys. 

A  round  of  invitations  and  festivities  was  tendered 
the  guests  in  the  several  quarters;  yet  Cortes  allowed 
no  relaxation  in  the  usual  discipline  and  watches, 
greatly  to  the  grief  of  the  lords,  who  iinally  remon- 
strated against  this  apparent  want  of  contidence.  The 
]Mexicans  must  have  poisoned  the  mind  of  Malinche 
asfainst  them,  thev  said,  Malinche  was  becomiiiL>-  a 
recou^nized  name  for  Cortes  among  the  Indians.  It 
seems  strange  that  they  should  have  fixed  upon  no 
higher  sounding  title  for  so  gi-eat  a  leader  than  'master 
of  Marina,'  as  it  implied,  while  the  inferior  Alvarado 
was  dubbed  Tonatiuh,  'thi?  sun.'  The  Tlascaltecs 
liad,  however,  another  name  for  the  general  in  Cli;il- 
ehiuitl,  the  term  for  their  favorite  precious  stones,  and 
also  a  title  of  Quetzalcoatl,  'the  white  god.'^'    Cortes 


^^  Oomftra,  Hist.  J/cr.,  S7-8;  ITcrrora,  dec.  ii.  lil).  vi.  cnps.  v.  xii.  xiii.; 
Carhajal  K.<]vnnsti,  Hist.  Mcx.,  ii.  K»2;   L(l,^  (.'(Krtw,  Hift.  Apolofj.,  MS.,  1.')-I4. 

^'  Bermd  JJiaz,  J  lift.  I'cnlwL,  52.  Goiiiara,  followeil  by  Herrcra,,  .sivs  tiio 
18th. 

'■"'  'Sc  fiiiito  la  gorra  y  Ics  hizo  una  Duiy  fjrando  y  lininildo  rcvi.'i-i'ini;i,  y 
Inego  al)raz(')  ;l  Xicotcnciitl,'  says  Ixtlikochitl,  with  an  exactness  whuU  ia 
doubtless  intended  to  impress  the  nuh'r  Spanish  population  of  liis  day.  //'■'• 
( 'h'lch. ,  '2!l.'l.  Caniargo  also  describes  eeremonius  with  some  detiiil,  Ili^t.  Tliu. , 
147,  and  Duran.  Hi.-il.  /ml.,  MS.,  ii.  425-T. 

'"  (romarii,  l/lst.  .Mcr  ,  SO.  Camargo  and  Ixtlilxochitl  quarter  the  ."^paii- 
iards  in  the  palace.    'A  las  ca.sas  reales.'  Sdhaqtiu,  His/..  Coiiii.,  17, 

•''  Camanjo,  Jlid,  Tlax.,  loO;  lienial  Diaz,  Hint.  VcnlaU.,  o'2. 


EXCHANGE  OF  GIFTS. 


wnsi  quite  touohed  by  the  fervor  of  the  lords  in  their 
newly  formed  friendship.  Untutored  in  some  i-espec  ts, 
they  appeared  to  rush  like  children  from  one  extreme 
to  another — from  obstinate  enmity  to  profound  (kvo- 
tion,  now  worshipping  the  doughty  little  liand  w1h» 
had  overcome  their  vast  number,  and  admii-ing  their 
every  trait  and  act,  willing  to  yield  life  itself  for  tlie 
luroie  leader.  He  hastened  to  assure  them  of  his 
conlidenee,  and  declined  the  hostan^es  thev  otVerod, 
asserting  that  strict  discipline  M'as  part  of  the  military 
svstem  which  ho  was  in  dutv  bound  to  maintain.  This 
seemed  to  convince  the  lords,  and  they  even  sought 
to  introduce  among  their  own  trooj)s  some  of  the 
regulations  which  they  learned  to  admire. 

The  second  day  of  their  sojourn  Padre  Diaz  said  mass 
in  the  presence  of  the  two  leading  lords,  M'ho  there- 
u])()n  presented  Cortes  with  half  a  dozen  fishes  made 
ot"  gokl,  several  curious  stones,  and  some  nequen  clotli, 
altogether  worth  about  twenty  pesos,  says  Bernal 
Diaz.'^^  Insignificant  as  was  the  gift,  they  exjiressed 
a  ho})e  that  in  view  of  their  poverty  he  would  accept 
it  as  a  token  of  friendship.  Cortes  assured  them  that 
"he  received  it  from  their  hand  with  greater  j>leasure 
than  he  would  a  house  filled  with  gold  dust  from 
ethers."^  In  return  he  gave  them  some  of  the  Yohvs 
and  other  useful  articles  obtained  from  ]\Iontezuma, 
heside  beads  and  trinkets.  They  now  proposed,  as  a 
i'urther  })roof  of  their  good-will,  to  bestow  on  the  cap- 
tains tlieir  daughters,  in  order  to  have  foi'  relatives  men 
so  good  and  brave.  Cortes  expres;;e(l  himself  pleased, 
hut  ex]>lained  that  this  could  not  be  admitted  till  the 
Thisealtecs  renounced  idolatry  and  its  attendant  evils. 


40 


"~  Camargo  calls  it  a  rich  present. 

^'^  I'xninI  Dhiz.  Ill^t.   I'vrda,!.,  53. 

•" Afi.'()r<liiitt  to  tho  someMliat  mixed  account  of  Bornal  Diaz,  Xicotencatl 
ofVcis  liis  clawj^'liter  at  ouec  to  Cortes,  who  aeeeiits,  and  tliercn|H)n  ur<,'es  I'adre 
Oliiuilo  to  liegiii  a  raid  agninst  idolatry.  Tlie  latter  tills  liiiii  to  wait  till  the 
(l.niirht'rs  are  hrought.  They  aro  introduced  on  the  following  day,  live  iv 
imiiilier,  and  Xicotencatl  joins  the  hands  of  tho  general  witii  theoni'  iiiteiiil.il 
I'll-  liiin.  Ho  accepts  her,  but  declares  that  slic  and  her  companions  must 
reiiniu  with  tlicir  parents  till  conversion  is  cousummuted.  Finally  the  daughter 
is  triuisferred  to  Alvarado. 


HI 


228 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


ill 


He  thereupon  proceeded  to  expound  to  them  the  doc- 
trines of  his  faith  and  contrast  them  with  the  impure, 
cruel,  and  bloody  rites  practised  by  them.  This  was 
ably  interpreted  by  Marina  and  Aguilar,  who  were 
by  this  time  expert  in  preaching,  and  the  cross  and 
virgin  image  were  produced  to  illustrate  the  discourse. 
The  lords  answered  that  they  believed  the  Christian's 
God  must  be  good  and  powerful,  since  he  was  wor- 
shipped by  such  men,  and  they  were  willing  to  accord 
him  a  place  by  the  side  of  their  idols ;"  but  they  could 
not  renounce  their  own  time-honored  and  benevolent 
deities.  To  do  so  would  be  to  create  an  uprising 
among  the  people,  and  bring  war  and  pestilence  from 
the  outraged  gods.  Cortds  produced  further  argu- 
ments, only  to  be  told  that  in  time  they  would  better 
understand  the  new  doctrines,  and  might  then  yield, 
but  at  present  their  people  would  choose  death  rather 
than  submit  to  such  sacrilege. 

Finding  that  the  religious  zeal  of  Cortds  threatened 
to  overcome  his  prudence,  Padre  Olmedo  hastened  to 
interpose  his  counsel,  representing  the  danger  of  losing 
all  that  their  valor  and  perseverance  had  gaineil  if 
they  pressed  so  delicate  a  subject  with  a  superstiti'Uis 
and  warlike  people  as  yet  only  half  gained  over.  He 
had  never  approved  of  forcible  conversion,  and  could 
see  no  advantage  in  removing  idols  from  one  tcniplo 
when  they  would  be  sure  to  rise  in  another.  Indeed, 
persecution  could  only  tend  to  root  idolatr}''  more 
deeply  in  the  heart.  It  \vere  better  to  let  the  true 
faith  work  its  way  into  the  appreciation  of  the  people, 
as  it  would  be  sure  to  do  if  the  natives  were  given  an 
opportunity  to  contrast  their  bloody  rites  with  the 
religion  of  Christ,  provided  the  Spaniards  would  tluni- 
bclves  follow  the  precepts  of  love  and  gentleness  they 
were  commending  to  the  Indians.  The  success  of  tlio 
conquest,  owes  much  to  Olmedo,  whoso  heart,  like 
Las  Casas',  warmed  for  the  benighted  Indians,  to 
him  wayward  children  who  must  be  won  by  modm- 

*i  \  not  uncommon  practice  in  Mexico,  carried  out  in  the  same  mauucr  as 
among  tlio  liomans.    See  Native  Races,  iii.,  pasaim. 


FATHER  OLMEDO. 


229 


jition.  Like  a  guardian  angel  he  rose  in  dcfonco  of 
liis  Hock,  saving  at  the  same  time  the  Spaniards  from 
thiir  own  passions."  Alvarado,  Vehizquez  do  Ijcon, 
and  otliers,  who  Jiad  no  desire  to  witness  a  repetition 
of  the  Cempoalan  iconoclasm,  supported  the  liithta-  in 
liis  counsel,  and  Cortes  agreed  to  content  hiniselt'  ior 
the  present  with  having  an  appropriate  ]>lace  set  aside 
in  the  temple  tor  an  altar  and  a  cross."  And  u])on 
this  cross,  say  the  credulous  chroniclers,  a  wliito  radiant 
cloud,  in  form  of  a  whirling  pillar,  descended  at  night 
from  the  sky,  impressing  the  natives  with  the  sacred- 
iiess  of  the  symbol,  and  guarding  it  till  the  conquest 
had  established  the  faith  in  the  land."  The  S])aniard3 
succeeded  further  in  abolishing  human  sacrifices,  and 
the  fattening-cages  being  torn  down,  a  large  number 
of  intended  victims  sought  refuge  in  their  cam}),  laud- 
ing their  doctrines  and  aiding  not  a  little  to  pave  the 
way  for  conversion.*' 

The  inaugural  mass  for  the  new  altar  was  followed 
l)y  tlie  ba])tism  of  the  brides,  the  daughters  and  nieces 
of  the  lords  bein<2:  the  first  to  undery-o  the  ceremony. 

■*'•' Portrait  in  Carhijal  Esp'uiosa,  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  165,  and  Zamaroin,  JIImI. 
Mtj.,  ii.  r)l4. 

'-' '  \'.\\  ii([uel  tcmplo  iidondc  cstaua  apoaentado,  se  hiziesso  vii  capillii.'  /Ar- 
rcni,  iV:\:.  ii.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xv.  A  new  tcmplo  near  hy  %v;i.s  set  ji.sidc  for  this. 
J!irii"ll>i(r.,  Hist.  Vifilad.,  54.  '  Hizo  la  sala  principal  do  Xicoti'ncatl  Ora- 
tnvii). '  f.rtlih'or/ii/l.  Hint.  Chicli.,  2!)4.  'Hizo  nna  iglcsia  (mi  una  ca.sa  di-  iin 
iiliili)  principal.'  Tap'm,  IteL,  in  laiz'ialci'lii.  Col.  Due,  ii.  Wi'lW.  Tlii.s  autlior 
iliHs  ni)t  iutiinatu  that  Cortes  sought  to  forco  conversion,  Hcrnal  Diiiz  iilono 
liciiig  rcsponsilde  for  the  statement,  though  Herrera  adopts  it.  Kager  to 
rciuDxc  tlio  reproacli  of  infnlelity  from  his  people,  Camargo  relates  that  ( 'ortcs 
iiisisi'd  on  till!  renunciation  of  idolatry,  and  that  the  chiefs  tinally  yielded, 
Miiile  pliicing  upon  iiini  the  rosponsihility  of  removing  the  imnges.  AVlu'u 
the  icoudclasm  hegaii,  the  people  Imstened  to  hide  their  cherished  iilols,  «  liieh 
they  long  worshippcil  in  secret,  although  accc])ting  baptism.  Ilia'.  Tl<i-i\.  l.">i)  S. 
1m  a  iiieroglyphic  jiainting  still  jiossesseil  hy  the  caijihlo,  s.iys  Ixtlilxochitl.  it  is 
.-linwn  tliat  the  lords  were  at  this  time  baptized.     He  gives  their  new  names. 

Ui.^1.    Chir/,.,  '.I'M. 

^''Duio  trea,  (')  cpiatro  aflos. '  Hemcsnf,  Hi.tt.  diiiapn.  .S04 :  Diiri/ii,  Tudro 
i'Viv.,  i.  7S;  i'ltmnrijii,  lli^t.  T/nx.,  140;  7/( /vvra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  \i.  cap.  xv.  Soils 
il Well-;  upon  til'!  sjiiritual  etfoct  of  the  miracle,  wliich  occurred  immediately 
ntter  the  ile|)arturo  from  Tlaseala.  ///.-<.  ,l/i'.i'.,  i.  .S"24  -5.  'i'<iii|iu  niada  <le\otes/i 
wliolc  cUajiter  to  it,  and  iitatesthat  the  first  cross  was  raiseil  by  unseen  hand.s 
tlk'  night  after  the  ai'rival  of  the  .Spaniards  in  the  city.  Tlie  hiu'li  priest  ]ilared 
over  it  a  guard,  who  was  surprised  by  a  celestial  light  which  apjieared  at  uiid- 
iiiglit  and  drove  out  the  demon  from  the  temple,  iii.  '2()0-;{. 

''■J.,0  priniero  (pic  mandaua  nucstro  Capitan  era  quclirallcs  las  tales  car- 
cclcs,  y  cellar  fucra  loa  prisioncros.'  JJernal  Diaz,  llisl.  VcnbuL,  55. 


230 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


Cortrs  ploafling  that  he  was  already  married,  TtK-uil- 
liuat/in,  the  (laughter  of  Xicotcncatl,  destined  f'oi*  him. 
was  at  liis  re(|uest  ^iveii  to  Alvarado,  liis  brotlier  and 
captain  as  lie  proclaimed  him,  and  hlessed  with  the 
name  of  Luisa,  while  her  sister  Tol(|ue(]uetzaltziii, 
l)aj)tize(l  as  Lucia,  was  conferred  on  the  brother, 
Jor<re  de  Alvarado.  Maxixcatzin's  niece  Zicu(.'tzin,  a 
])retty  girl,  was  named  Elvira  and  given  to  Velaz(|uez 
de  Leon,  it  a])i)ears.  Olid,  Sandoval,  Avila,  and  others 
also  received  distinguished  brides  with  dowries.  Cortes 
found  it  necessary,  however,  to  decline  accepting  wives 
for  the  whole  company,  as  the  lords  proposed.*"  In- 
deed, they  urged  him  to  settle  among  them,  offering 
to  give  lands  and  to  build  houses  for  the  whole  party/' 
Finding  him  determined  to  proceed  to  Mexico,  tluy 
offered  their  cooperation,  and  gave  an  account  of  the 
wealth,  power,  and  condition  of  the  lake  states,  dwell- 
ing in  particular  on  the  magnificence  of  Montezuiua. 
They  did  not  omit  a  tirade  against  his  tyrpiiny,  and 
stated  that  whenever  ho  jiroposed  to  attack  Tlascala 
no  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  men  wer  j)lac(.'d  in 
the  field.  It  was  because  they  were  forewarned  that 
their  resistance  was  so  successful,  and  because  the 
Aztec  troo})S,  gathered  as  they  were  to  a  great  extent 
from  subject  provinces,  fought  with  loss  spirit.'"^ 

■"'Ill  onler  to  obtain  by  thorn  a  race  of  heroes.  Most  v/ritcrs,  following 
Bernnl  Diaz  and  tlio  less  explicit  chroniclers,  allow  Xicotencatl  to  give  only 
one  (langhter,  ))ut  Ixtlilxochitl  names  two,  Hint.  ('/iich.,'2U4,  and  Juarro.s,  in  his 
biography  of  tlie  Alvarados,  enumerates  their  dillerent  wives,  ami  among  tluiii 
tlie  two  sisters,  with  tlieir  fnll  names  and  their  descendants.  l'c(!''o  de  Alva- 
rado'.s  only  surviving  issue,  he  says,  was  a  daugjiter  Lconor,  by  Luis;i,  whu 
married  first  IVdro  I'uertoearrero  and  afterward  Francisco  de  la  Ciieva, 
nei)liew  of  the  Duke  of  Alburquenpie.  The  other  sister  also  left  a  daugiit^  i-. 
J/inf.  ('iKif,  ,  ;U7-8.  Bernul  Diaz  mentions  also  a  .son,  I'edro,  by  Liiisa.  ///•'. 
Vei'lm/.,  r)4;  VUirnioro,  Stmia  Mes.-i.,  iii.  ,54.  According  to  Caniargn.  .Sdi) 
young  and  jiretty  slave  girls,  destined  for  the  sacrifices,  were  the  first  wniu'  ii 
offered.  1'liey  were  at  first  declined,  but  finally  accepted  for  the  suile  ci 
Mtirina.  Finding  that  they  were  well  treated,  the  lords  ofl'ei'ed  their  oua 
daughters  in  marriage.  J/i-^t.  Tlax.,  RS-.W.  A  number  of  women  were  adilnl 
to  tlio  suite  of  Marina  and  of  the  new  wives,  from  the  first  families  in  the  statu, 
anotlicr  authority  intimates.  Oomara,  Jlist.  Mex.,SG;  Jlcrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lili.  vi. 
cap.  xi. 

^'  Cawin/o,  Hist.  TInx.,  ir>0-l.  They  opened  a  road  to  Ceniponla,  r'lid 
brought  eftects  from  Villa  Rica,  including  presents  for  th<!  lords.  Ixllilxochill, 
Ills' .  C/iirh.,  'J04. 

^'^  Tapia  writes,  '  Yo  que  csto  escribo  pregunt^  d  Mutcczunia  y  li  otros  sua 


11  otros  SU3 


INVITATION  FROM  MONTEZUMA. 


Cortes  had  now  a  further  motivo  for  croinfj  to 
IMuxico,  wliii-l:  was  the  alliance  proposed  to  him  l)y 
Jxthlxoehitl,  the  rehellioiis  hrotlier  of  Caeania,  and 
luler  of  northern  Aeolliuaean,  wlio  IiojxmI  witli 
Spanish  aid  to  overthrow  the  hated  ^lonteznnia,  and 
raise  liinisclf  to  the  tlirt)ne  of  Tezeiieo,  at  least,  and 
to  the  liead  of  the  ahied  states.  To  this  ])leasin<j^  ])ro- 
jiosal  Cortes  rephed  in  a  manner  wliieh  could  not  fail 
to  jtromote  his  own  interests  by  kee[)in<j;'  alive  the 
spirit  of  dissension  among  his  })rey."  lluexotzinco, 
the  ally  of  Tlascala,  sent  in  her  formal  adhesion  about 
the  same  time. 

F  !,  liui^  that  the  Spaniards  could  not  be  kept  away 
from  Mexico,  Montezuma  thought  it  best  at  any  rate 
to  liasten  their  departure  from  Tlascala.  An  urgent 
invitation  to  visit  him  in  his  capital  was  accordingly 
S'lit  through  four  prominent  cacifpios,  attended  by 
followers  l)earing  as  usual  a  costly  j)resent,  consisting 
of  ten  bales  of  embroidered  robes  and  a  number  of 
gold  articles,  worth  fully  ten  thousand  pesos.**"  A 
council  \  as  held  to  consider  the  dei)artui'e  and  the 
loute  iu  be  taken.  The  lords  of  Tlascala  did  not 
ivlish  the  idea  of  a  friendly  visit  to  jMcxico  by  their 
new  allies,  to  be  won  over  perhaps  by  the  arts  of 
the  enemy.    They  sought  to  impress  upon  Cortes  that 

MpitaiK's,'  and  vas  told  that  the  Mexicans  coidd  readily  have  snlxlned  little 
Tiu-scahi,  but  tliey  prefomid  to  use  lier  as  ..  means,  close  at  haud,  tor  cxer- 
i;i>ini,'  tlieir  youth  and  annies  in  warfare,  and  for  supjilying  w.ir  cajitives  for 
tli'saoritires  !  Tapin,  Hd.^ni  loizhnlccfa.  Col.  Dor.,i\.  .'u'2.  'Juntauado/iontoa 
y  ticzieutos  mil  hoinl)rfs  piu'a  vna  liatuUa.'  O'ljuinni,  Jfiit.  .l/cc,  S!t.  'J'iieTlas- 
I'.iltttH  spoke  of  their  descent  from  giants,  ami  j)roduced  gigantic  hones  in 
eviilenco  thereof.  Some  I'f  these  were  sent  to  Spain  by  Cortes,  together  with 
tlie  report.  Jit  ninl  />iaz,  ifisf.  I'crdad.,  Tio. 

*'■'  Toi'([ueniada  places  the  arrival  of  this  cmha-ssy  immediately  after  CortiJs' 
entry  into  Tlascala,  Afonari/.  /iid.,  i.4IW,  wiiile  ('las  igrn)  dates  it  at  Tocohuat- 
zinco.  StorUi  Mcm.,  iii.  .'51-2.  JJi'asseur  do  IJourhourg  calls  it  the  Hecond 
eiiihassy.  Hist.  Xnf.  Civ.,  iv.  Ifi.'),  for  he  accepts  the  statement  of  Ixtlilxoehitl, 
III"!.  C/iir/i.,  '2S.S,  that  the  lirst  envoys  saw  Cortes  at  his  camp  by  San  Juan 
de  riua.     For  Ixtlilxochitl's  cari'er,  &ee  XfUirc  J'arf.o,  v.  47J  -7. 

'"  Bernal  Diaz  relates  that  Cortes  detained  these  men  as  hostages,  while  ho 
si'iit  Alvarado  an<l  iiernardino  Vazipiez  de  Tapia  t(j  Mexico  to  connnunicato 
M  ith  .Montezuma,  and  to  examine  the  route  and  approaches  to  the  city,  'i'liey 
lincl  hardly  left  before  the  company  began  to  censure  tlie  rashness  of  sendinj^ 
two  vahial)le  men  on  so  risky  a  mission,  and  Cortes  accordingly  sent  to  recall 
tlieiii.  Tajiia  having  fallen  sick  on  the  road,  they  gladly  returned,  but  left 
the  guides  to  proceed  to  Mexico. 


? 


-3) 

i 

i 

'1  • 

.  >  ■■ 

4  - 

■ .  ■?■■ 

1  ■, 

:  '.|l 

!•  ■ 

■  il 

a 


m 

um 


232 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASCALA. 


Montezuma  was  the  incarnation  of  treachery}  await- 
ing only  an  opportunity  to  get  them  into  his  power 
and  to  crush  them.  They  were  ready  to  join  in  an 
armed  descent  upon  the  tyrant,  proposing  to  spare 
neither  young  nor  old ;  the  former,  because  they  niiglit 
grow  up  to  be  avengers,  the  latter  because  of  their 
danjrerous  counsel.  Cortes  sufj^ested  that  he  miijlit 
yet  establish  friendly  relations  between  them  and  tlu) 
Mexicans,  and  reopen  the  trade  in  salt,  cotton,  and 
other  articles;  but  this  aroused  only  an  incredulous 
smile.  With  regard  to  the  route,  they  favored  either 
the  Col})ulalpan  road,  proposed  by  Ixtlilxochitl,  or 
that  leading  through  Huexotzinco,  friendly  to  them, 
declaring  tliat  it  would  be  preposterous  to  pass  by  the 
way  of  Cholula,  as  urged  by  the  Mexican  envoys, 
since  this  was  the  very  hatching -place  for  Monte- 
zuma's plots.  The  road  to  it,  and  every  house  there, 
were  full  of  snares  and  pitfalls;  the  great  (^uetzalcoatl 
teinplc-pyramid,  for  instance,  being  known  to  contain 
a  mighty  stream  which  could  at  any  moment  be  let 
loose  u]i()n  invaders,  and  Montezuma  having  a  large 
army  hidden  near  the  saintly  city.°^ 

The  extraordinary  accounts  of  Cholula  served  to 
arouse  Cortes'  curiosity,  and  the  representation  of 
dantjers  made  him  the  more  resolved  to  encountor 
them,  chiefly  because  he  did  not  wish  to  appear  in- 
timidated. This  route  was  beside  easier,  and  passcMJ 
through  a  rich  country.    He  accordingly  decided  iu 


^'  '  Mo  (li  joroii ....  que  para  ello  habia  cnviado  ^lutccziima  do  sii  tiorra .... 
cincucntji  mil  liDnibiT's,  y  (juc  los  tenia  en  guaniiciou  a  dos  K'gufi.s  de  hi  diolia 
t'iudad  ....('■  (juc  touiaii  ccrrado  el  camino  ri-al  por  dondc  soliaii  ir,  y  heclu)  otni 
nucvo  do  nnu'hos  hoyos,  y  jialos  agutlos  liinca<lo8  y  eiicubiyitoa  para  i|iie  ln^i 
caballos  eayeseii  y  se  nuincascn,  y  quo  tonian  nnichas  do  la.s  calles  tapiada.s,  y 
por  las  azotoas  do  las  casiis  inuchas  piedi'as. '  ('orf/s,  (.'artns,  70.  Tlie  stream 
within  tho  teniplo  was  ,i  myth,  whioli  tho  (Jhohdtecs  '.ought  to  maintain  in 
order  to  friglitcu  their  enemies.  Oviodo  and  (romara  relate  that  XieotciH'atl 
junior  wa?<  eoneerned  in  these  plots,  and  tiiat,  warned  by  his  sister,  the  wifo 
of  Alvnrado,  Cortes  had  him  quietly  seized  and  choked  to  death,  iii.  4!t7;  //'•'<'. 
Jih:i\ ,  1)0.  AVhoever  may  hii  ve  been  throttled,  it  oertainly  was  not  thi!  general, 
for  he  met  his  fate  at  a  later  date.  According  to  Hernal  Diaz  tho  whole  army 
was  consulted  ns  to  whether  all  were  prepared  to  stiirt  for  Mexico.  Many  <if 
those  owning  estates  in  Cuba  raised  ob  etious,  but  Cortes  lirmly  declared  tliat 
ther?  was  no  other  M'ay  open  tlmn  tho  ouo  to  Mexico,  and  so  they  yieklid. 
Jlial,  Verdad.,  50. 


INTERCOURSE  WiTH  CHOLULA. 


233 


favor  of  it,  and  when  reminded  of  the  suspicious 
absence  of  any  deputation  from  that  city,  ho  sent  a 
message  to  the  rulers  that  they  might  remedy  the 
omission.^'' 

The  Cholultec  council  was  divided  on  the  answer 
to  be  sent,  three  of  the  members  being  in  favor  of 
compliance,  and  the  other  three,  supported  by  tlie 
generalissimo,  opposing  any  concession."^  Finally  a 
compromise  was  effected  by^  sending  tliree  or  four 
])orsons  of  no  stan<ling,  and  without  presents,  to  say 
that  the  governors  of  the  ciwy  were  sick  and  could  not 
come.  The  Tlascaltecs  pointed  out  the  disrespect  in 
sending  such  men  and  such  i  message,  and  Cortes  at 
once  despatched  four  messengers  to  signify  his  dis- 
pleasure, and  to  announce  that  unless  the  Cholultecs 
within  three  days  sent  peisons  of  authority  to  offer 
allegiance  to  the  Spanish  king,  he  would  march 
forth  and  destroy  them,  proceeding  against  them  as 
ati'ainst  rebels."* 

Finding  that  it  would  not  do  to  triile  with  the 
])owerful  strangers,  some  of  the  highest  nobles  in 
the  city  were  despatched  to  the  Spanisli  camj),  with 
a  suitable  retinue,  to  tender  excuses,  pleading  that 
they  had  dreaded  to  enter  Tlascala,  a  state  hostile 
to  them. 

They  invited  Cortes  to  their  city,  where  amends 

''^ '  Y  liar  la  obciliencia  (i  nuestro  Rc;y ,  y  Sefior.  siiio  quo  los  tcriiia  por  do 
iii;il;is  iiitoii'Moni's.'  Jtenuil  I)iaz,  Jlinl.  V'  rd<ul.,  uti.     Accortliiii,'  to  CaiiiiirgTi, 
riitliiliuiitzin  of  Tlascala  was  sent  witli  tlio  message.     Tlu:  Clioliiltees  seized 
jiiul  llayed  his  face  and  arms,  cutting  oil'  the  hands,  so  that  they  were  left 
dangling  1)V  the  skin  from  the  neck.     In  this  guise  tliey  sent  liim  liaek  witli 
the  reply  that  tlms  would  they  receive  the  white  gods  whose  ])ro\\ess  he  had 
extolled.    The  Tlasealttx's  demanded  that  Cortes  should  avenge  the  cruelty  and 
tlu'  insult,  ai.d  he  did  so  in  the  massacre  of  Clxdula.     1  Ids.  continues  the  nar- 
rator, is  eommemorated  in  Tlascalan  song,  hut  the  account  is  evidently  mixed, 
ar.d  pnjhahly  refers  chielly  to  some  eailier  oceuiiemu-.    //^</.  Tln.r.,  Kil   '1 
I5ra.>s(>ur  de  JJonrhourg  assumes  that  I'atlahuatzin  is  mei'rly  insulted  and  ill 
treati'(l,     'J'lie  two  ]>eoples  had  once  heeii  friends  and  allies,  Imt  during  the 
last  liattle  which  they  fought  against  their  common  enemy,  the  Aztecs,  the 
Choinltei's  had  suddenly  changed  sides  and  fallen  ou  the  rear  of  theii'  unsus 
JK'cting  allies,  inllicting  great  slaughter.   Jlmrrii,  dec.  ii.  lil>.  vi.  ca)).  xviii. 

•  Three  of  tne  members  ;.re  imprisoned  for  favoring  an  alliame  with  the 
Spannrds,  hut  they  e.scajie  and  come  to  (^)rtes,  says  llcrrera,  ii/. 

''  Cortes,  Curtail,  71,  says  that  he  aeiit  this  message  hy  the  Cholultec  luea- 
Bingora. 


i 


I   m 


234 


ENTRY  INTO  TLASC  4XA. 


would  bo  made  by  renderinj^  the  obedience  and  tribute 
which  was  considered  due  from  them  as  vassals  of  his 
king.*^" 

'* '  E  asi  lo  asenlc'i  un  escribano. '  Id. ,  72.  '  Otro  dia  vinieron  ninchos  sefiorcs 
y  capitanofl  <le  Ghololla.'  (Jornara,  Hist.  Mex.,  91.  According  to  Bvfisseur  do 
iiourLourg,  Cortes  i.s  already  en  route  for  Cholula  wlK-n  the  friendly  council 
meinl)f8  appear  to  bring  excuses  and  invitation.?.  Hist.  A' at.  Civ.,  iv.  169-70. 
IJemal  Diaz,  indeed,  appears  to  »ay  that  the  Cholultecs  sent  to  excuse  them- 
selves from  appearing  before  Cortes  so  long  aa  he  remained  in  hostile  territory. 
JJint.  Verikid.,  57. 


I 


li 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

SXJBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 

OCTOBEE,    1519. 
DErAUTTRE  FROM  TlASCALA— DESCRIPTION    OF   CHOLULA— TlIE   WELCOME — 

AusiY  Quarters  is  the  City — Intimations  of  a  Conspiracy  between 
niE  Mexicans  and  Cholultecs — Cortes  Asks  for  Provisions  and 
Warriors — He  Holds  a  Cocncil — Preparations  for  an  Attack  — 
The  Lords  Enter  the  Court  with  the  Required  Supplies — Cortes 

IiEPRIMANDS  them  IN  AN  AdDUESS — TnE  SLAUGHTER  BEGINS — DESTRUC- 
TION OF  THE  City— Butchery  and  Pillage — Amnesty  finally  Pro- 
claimed— Xicotencatl  Returns  to  Tlascala — Reconciliation  of 
the  Cholultecs  and  Tlascaltecs — Dedication  of  a  Temple  to  the 
Virgin — Reflections  on  the  ^Lvssacre  of  Cholula. 


The  Spaniards  had  boon  tliree  weeks  beneath  the 
liospitable  roofs  of  the  Tlascaltecs,  and  now  they  de- 
})arted  amid  expressions  of  good-will  mingled  with 
griof.^  A  crowd  as  large  as  that  which  had  welcomed 
tlieir  arrival  followed  them  for  a  considerable  distance, 
and  this  included  all  the  available  w^arriors  of  the 
districts,'^  who  would  gladly  have  joined  the  handful  of 
heroes  in  their  quest  for  wealth  and  glory  amongst 
the  hated  Aztecs.  Cortes  did  not  think  it  well,  how- 
( \cr,  to  trammel  his  movements,  or  to  intrude  on  his 
various  hosts  with  too  large  a  force  of  undisciplined 
and  unmanageable  men,  whom  he  had  not  learned  to 
trust,  and  only  about  five  thousand  were  allowed  to 
attach  themselves  to  his  army.^ 

' '  lliyo  sacrificar  treynta  nmchaclios  el  dio.  que  se  partieron.'  Ovlcdo, 
iii.  4'.t7. 

'  l';t)timatc<l  by  Cortu3  at  a  round  100,000.  Others  say  lie  was  olFercd 
10,0011  to  'iO.OOO  men. 

^  'Tliis  u\  tlio  (igure  deduced  from  later  rcferehcc.^.  '  Quedaron  en  mi  com- 
liafii;!  hiista  ciiici)  I'l  seis  mil.'  <'ort(x,  (\irfas,  7-.  Dismis.-sin;^  tin'  10.),000  with 
lucsLUts,  lie  retained  only  3000.    '  Por  no  pouersc  en  niauoa  do  genie  liarbara.' 


...  :fl| 


2S6 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 


Late  in  the  aftornohn  tke  army  reached  the  southern 
border  of  Tlascala,  and  camped  by  a  river  two  leagues 
from  Oiolula.  The  city  stood  in  a  vast  fertile  ])lain, 
so  thick'y  covered  with  plantations  and  gardens  "that 
not  a  span  of  land  remained  uncultivated,"  A  net- 
work of  ditches  irrigated  the  fields  wherein  maize 
and  agave,  cochineal  and  chile,  swelled  the  resources 
of  the  owners.  "  No  city  in  Spain,"  exclaims  Cortes, 
"presents  a  more  beautiful  exterior,  with  its  even 
surface  and  mass  of  towers,"  interspersed  with  charm- 
ing gardens  and  fringed  with  alluring  groves.  Its 
six  sections  were  marked  by  fine,  straight  streets, 
lined  with  buildings,  the  neatness  and  substantial  ap- 
pearance of  which  fully  corresponded  to  the  reputed 
wealtli  of  the  occupants,  Cortus  estimates  the  num- 
ber of  houses  at  twenty  thousand,  with  as  many  more 
in  the  suburbs,  which  implies  a  population  of  two 
hundred  thousand.* 

Cholula  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  settlements  in 
the  country,  with  traditions  reaching  fir  back  into  the 
misty  past.  It  was  here  that  Quetzalcoatl  had  left 
the  final  impress  of  his  golden  age  as  ruler  and  prophet, 
and  here  that  a  grateful  people  had  raised  to  him  t!io 
grandest  of  his  many  temples,  erected  upon  the  ruins 
of  a  tower  of  Babel  which  had  been  stayed  in  its 
growth  by  divine  interference.  Notwithstanding  the 
vicissitudes  of  war,  during  wliich  the  frenzy  of  the 
moment  had  overcome  religious  scruples  to  wreak 
destruction,  or  during  which  reckless  invaders  less 
imbued  with  veneration  camo  to  desecrate  this  western 
Home,  she  had  maintained  herself,  ever  risin'jf  from 
the  aslies  with  renewed  vigor  and  fresh  s})lendor, 
and  she  was  at  this  time  the  connnercial  centre  for 


i 


:  I 


Jfi-nrrn,  doc.  ii.  lil).  vii.  cap.  i.  'Six  thonsaivl  warrioi's,' say.s  Ixtlilxoi'liitl, 
J/int.  C/iic/i.,  'I'M.  ][o  rrivos  tiio  names  of  their  chiefs,  whioli  ilitFcr  wiiDlly 
from  IhoM'  montioneil  in  <  'aiiutrjo,  Hist,  Tlnx.,  KiO.  '  J''iuii'oi>  taliien  cou  rl 
luiichos  mcicadeivs  a  rc'sciitar  Hal  y  maiitiis.'  Oamrirn,  Hist.  Mcv.,  01. 

Wartis.  7l-">.  'Kii  I'l  tiompn  tic  la  gucrra  saliuii  en  cumpo  oi.'lieiita  ci 
n-ivciitJi  mill  lioinhi-es  de  giiei'ni.'  Oricdo,  iii.  4!)8.  '  UUra  trigiiit.i  milli  i 
f'tiiiliurum  cajiieliat.'  /ais  '  V(*(.y,  It-ijin.  lud.  JJcva-itat..,  2(i.  'I'arocio.  . .  .cii 
ci  us.'iicnto,  y  pioispctiua  ii  Valladolid. '  JJerreni,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  1. 


THE  HOLY  CITY. 


237 


the  great  Huitzilapan  plateau,  famous  beside  for  her 
])()ttery  and  delicate  fabrics.  The  warlike  Tlascaltecs 
loferred  to  her  contemptuously  as  a  city  of  cunning 
and  effeminate  traders,  and  there  was  doubtless  a 
f^ood  deal  of  truth  in  this;  but  then  her  merchants 
rivalled  those  of  Mexico  in  wealth,  while  her  citizens 
v:erc  not  behind  the  dweller*  on  the  lake  in  refine- 
ment. 

But  the  chief  renown  of  Cholula  consisted  in  being 
the  holy  city  of  Andhuac,  unequalled  for  the  frequency 
and  pomp  of  her  festivals  and  sacred  pageantry;  in 
lieing  the  religious  centre  for  countless  pilgrims  who 
jounicved  from  afar  to  worship  at  the  shrines  here 
maintained,  not  only  by  the  citizens,  but  by  princes  of 
different  countries.  Her  temples  were  estimated  to 
e(}ual  the  number  of  days  in  the  year,  and  as  some 
possessed  more  than  one  chapel,  fully  four  hundred 
towers  rose  to  bewilder  the  eve  with  their  jjfleaming 
ornamentation.  Chief  among  them  was  the  semi- 
splierical  temple,  with  its  vestal  fire,  devoted  to 
Quetzalcoatl,  which  stood  upon  a  quadrilateral  mound 
of  nearly  two  hundred  feet  in  height,  ascended  by  one 
hundred  and  twenty  steps,  and  with  a  iaiger  base 
than  any  old-world  [)yramid.^ 

The  government  was  aristocratic  republican, directed 
by  a  council  of  six  nobles,  elected  in  the  six  wards.  At 
their  head  sat  two  supreme  magistrates,  the  tlachlach 
and  aquiach,  chosen  respectively  fi'om  the  priesthood 
and  nol)ility,  and  corresponding  to  pontiff  and  captain- 
gmun-al,''  the  latter  office  hold  at  this  time  by  Tecuan- 
huehuetzin.'' 

''  See  Xfithv.  liacfis,  iii.  iv. 

'^  iVuficc  I'rirrs,  v.  '204;  Camnrijn,  l/i<f.  Tkix.,  IGO.  '  Gouprnauasc  por  ■••n 
oaiiituii  gciienil,  eligiJo  por  la  ropul^lica,  con  cl  consojo  de  seys  nolilcs,  om  ,ibt- 
i.ui  "11  (1  Haocrdotus. '  Ilcrrcra,  tU'c.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  ii.  Gomara  mentions  only 
a  eaptain-tfeiieral  or  governor,  //i"/.  ^f(.l•.,  !>."».  Tori]nenia<la  gives  the  city 
tour  lords,  will)  divided  between  them  the  territory,  ii.  I$5()  I.  The  goverii- 
iiicnt  a]ipear.s  to  have  nndergono  several  eliaii;,'es  i<inee  the  ag(^  of  (^»netzal- 
eiiiitl,  ami  at  one  period  four  iioi)les  a)ipear  to  have  represeiiteil  the  wards, 
but  tliese  iiieren>^ed  in  course  of  time  to  six,  and  the  council  appears  also  to 
have  been  increased  by  the  attendance  of  other  priests  '•   iidc  the  pontiff. 

''  ('hinidliiabi,  Jt^s/.  Com/..  UK),  107-8.  For  hiatory  aud  descriptioa  of  city 
and  temples,  .see  Xulive  liuccs,  ii.-v. 


\,',t 


238 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 


At  tlio  ooimnaiid  of  these  chiefs  a  number  of  Cho- 
hiltcc  nobles  appeared  at  the  camp  to  oflcr  welcome 
and  to  bring  provisions.*  In  the  morning  the  armv 
advanced  toward  the  city  and  was  met  by  a  crowd 
of  fully  ten  thousand  people,  preceded  by  a  stately 
procession,  at  the  head  of  which  appeared  the  lords. 
They  showed  themselves  most  obsequious,  but  re- 
quested that  the  Tlascaltecs,  as  their  enemies,  should 
not  be  allowed  to  enter  the  city,  and  Cortes  ac- 
cordingly persuaded  these  warriors  to  camp  outside. 
Some  of  their  carriers  alone  entered  with  the 
Cempoalans  and  Spaniards  to  receive  a  share  in  the 
proffered  hospitality.  If  the  troops  found  no  arclies 
and  floral  festoons,  as  at  Tlascala,  to  honor  them,  nor 
the  same  jubilant  shouts  of  welcome,  they  were  at 
least  heralded  by  clashing  musi-^,  and  dense  croAvds  of 
spectators  lined  the  streets  and  roofs,  while  priests 
in  white  robes  went  chanting  by  their  side,  swinging 
the  censers  \vhence  the  copal  rose  to  shed  a  halo  on 
the  heroes.  Cortes  was  struck  with  the  superior 
quality  and  quantity  of  dresses  worn,  the  higher 
classes  being  noticeable  in  their  embroidered  mantles, 
not  unlike  the  Moorish  cloak.  He  also  observed  that 
beggars  c^bounded,  as  they  did  in  "Spain  and  other 
parts  inhabited  by  civilized  people." 

The  courts  of  one  of  the  temples^  were  offered  as 
quarters  for  the  army,  and  presently  servants  ap- 
peared with  provisions,  which,  if  not  abundant,  wer(3 
at  least  good.^"  Cortes  did  not  omit  to  vaunt  the 
grandeur  of  his  king  and  to  impress  the  advantages 
of  the  true  faith,  but  althoufjh  the  lords  boAved  ad- 
mission  to  the  tirst  they  held  firmly  to  their  idols. 

"From  a  vasruc  reference  in  Camargo,  Brasseur  ilc  Bourbourg  assumes  tli.it 
this  party  is  licadeil  l)y  the  three  counsellors  least  friendly  to  the  SpaniiinN. 
A  little  later  the  other  three  come  to  Cort(5s  for  protection,  after  escaping  imm 
the  imprisonment  imposed  upon  them  l)y  their  colleagues.  Ilist.  Nat.  C/i:,  iv. 
174.  ilerrera  jjlaees  the  arrival  of  the  refugees  at  Tlascala.  dec.  ii.  lib.  vi. 
cap.  xviii.     But  there  iippears  to  be  no  ground  for  these  stiitenients. 

'•'' Del  gran  Cii  de  (,'»('/:a/('o«//.'  Hdhaijiui,  J/ixt.  Comi.,  IS. 

'"  'Lea  dierou  a([uella  noche  a  cada  vno  vn  gallipauo.'  Gomara,  JliM, 
J/c.-.,  \)2. 


i 


O^nNOUS  INDICATIONS. 


The  following  day  they  failed  to  appear,  and  the 
supply  of  food  dwindled  perceptibly,  while  none  was 
I'urnished  on  the  third  day,  the  populace  even  ap- 
pearing to  avoid  the  Spanish  quarters.  Cortes  sent 
to  remind  the  chiefs  of  their  neglect,  but  received 
only  the  scantiest  provisions,  with  the  excuse  that 
the  stock  was  nearly  exhausted." 

The  sa'nc  day  came  envoys  from  Montezuma,  un- 
provided with  the  usual  presents,  Avho,  after  some 
M'ords  with  the  confreres  acting  as  guides  to  the 
Spaniards,  represented  that  to  proceed  to  Mexico 
would  be  useless,  since  the  roads  were  impassable  and 
the  food  supply  insufficient."  Finding  that  these  and 
other  statements  had  no  effect  on  Cortes,  they  left, 
taking  with  them  the  leading  envoy  stationed  with 
the  Spaniards.'^  All  this  was  far  from  reassuring, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  w^arninij  of  the  Tlas- 
cultecs  still  ringing  in  their  ears,  and  with  the  report 
brought  by  Cempoalans  of  barricades,  of  stone  piles 
upon  the  roofs,  and  of  excavations  in  the  main 
street  set   with  pointed  sticks  and  loosely  covered 


over 


14 


Now  came  messengers  from  the  allied  camp  to 
announce  that  women  and  children  had  been  leaving 
the  city  with  their  effijcts,  and  that  unusual  prepa- 
rations seemed  to  be  going  on.  Scarcely  had  this  set 
Cortes  pondering  when  Marina  appeared  with  the  still 
more  startling  information  that  a  native  woman  of 
rank,  won  by  her  beauty  and  evident  wealth  no  doubt, 
had  just  been  urging  her  in  a  most  mysterious  man- 
ner to  transfer  herself  and  her  effects  to  the  house 
of  the  woman,  where  she  should  be  married  to  her 

"  'Lo  qnn  traian  ora  agua.  y  leiia,'  says  Bemal  Diaz,  //(V.   Vinlail.,  .58. 

'-'1)0  Muteczuinti  estiilia  liabiu  iiuicho  m'liiiero  de  Icmuios  ('•  ti^'res  i^  oti'as 
ficras,  (5  que  cada  (juc  Muteczuma  (juirie  las  liaeie  soltar,  (:  bastaban  jiara 
c'oinoriios  v  <lospe<la/.anios.'  Tiijila,  lid.,  in  Irazhalata,  Vol.  Dor.,  ii.  574;  (lo- 
tmirit,  J  fist,  ^/(•.v.,  !("2. 

'••  Ciirtt's  told  tht'iii  to  wait,  for  ho  would  start  for  Moxii'o  on  the  follow  iii;.f 
day,  and  they  jiroiuised  to  do  so,  says  Bernal  Diaz,  //ixt.   Venhnl.,  r)8. 

"On  his  entry  ii;to  the  city  Cortes  also  observed  suspicious  features. 
'Algunas  callcs  du  \ix  cindad  tapiudus,  y  niuchas  piudras  en  tidas  las  azoteas. ' 
Vartas,  72. 


•i     s'li 


240 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 


^1: 


15 


son/"  By  expressing  gratitude  and  pretending  ac- 
quiescence, Alarina  elicited  that  envoys  liad  been 
coming  and  going  between  Mexico  and  Chohila  for 
some  time,  and  that  Montezuma  liad  prevailed  on 
the  chiefs,  by  means  of  bribes  and  promises,^"  to 
attack  the  Spaniards  that  very  night  or  in  the 
morning.  Aztec  troops  were  stationed  close  to  the 
city,  to  the  number  of  twenty  or  even  fifty  thousand, 
to  aid  in  the  work  and  to  carry  the  Mexican  share  of 
the  captives  to  their  capital."  Cortdfc  at  once  secured 
the  connnunicative  woman,  who  was  awaiting  the  re- 
turn of  Marina  with  her  valuables,  and  ascertained 
further  that  the  covered  excavations,  the  stone  piles, 
and  the  bairicades  were  no  fiction. 

He  also  secured  two  apparently  friendly  priests,^" 
and  by  bribing  them  with  chalchiuite  stones,  and 
showing  that  he  was  aware  of  the  i)lot,  obtained 
a  revelation  which  agreed  substantially  with  the  ac- 
count already  given.  It  appeared  that  jMontczunia 
had  })r()})()sed  to  quarter  his  troops  in  the  city,  Ijut 
this  the  lords  had  objected  to,  fearing  that  onci 
within  the  walls  the  Aztecs  would  retain  possession 
The  Cholultecs  intended  to  do  the  deed  tliemselves, 
and  it  was  only  in  case  the  Spaniards  left  the  city, 
or  escaped,  that  the  confederate  Aztecs  were  to  take 
an  active  part. 

Only  three  f)f  the  wards  had  consented  to  share  in 
the  treachery,-"  and  the  priests  of  the  others  had  that 

•''  'Hcrraano  de  otro  ino(;!o  que  traia  la  vieja  que  la  acoinpanaua.'  Bcnwl 
Dia'.,  Uixt.  VirdtuL,  oO.  This  is  probably  the  young  man  wiio,  according;  to 
Peter  Martyr,  reveals  the  plot  to  Aguilar.  A  'Cempoal  maiden'  was  also 
warned  by  a  Cholulteo  woman,  dec.  v.  cap.  ii. 

'"  'Dieron  al  eapitan-general  vii  atambor  do  oro.'  Gomara,  ffint.  Mcx.,  O'J. 
This  olHcial  was  tiie  husband  of  the  old  woman,  lienial  Diaz,  fflsf.  I  'cnlail. ,  5!!. 

"  'Auian  de  (|uedar  veinto  do  nosotros  para  sacriticar  a  los  idolos  do  Clio- 
lula.'  Jliriiiil.  lUnz,  J I  int.   Verdad.,  50.    Others  say  half  the  captives. 

'*  Mariiui  won  them  over.  Id.  'Dos  que  andauan  mny  solicitos.'  Ilerrern, 
dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  i.  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  supposes  that  the  friendly 
chiefs  were  those  who  gave  tJvP  *lrst  intimation  of  the  plot,  Hist.  2s  al.  Civ.,  iv. 
174,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  thift  they  did  warn  the  Spaniards. 

'"  Oviedo  regards  tiie  Cholultecs  as  having  rebelled  against  Montezuma, 
iii.  498.  But  they  stood  rather  in  the  position  of  allies.  See  Native  Races,  v. 
Beraal  Diaz  assumes  that  half  tlie  Aztec  troops  were  admitted. 

*"  'Los  Mexicauos trataron  con  los  Sefiores  de  los  Ties  Barrios.'  Tor- 


19 


\\ 


I; 


PLAN  OF  ATTACK. 


241 


very  clay  sacrificed  ten  children"  to  the  god  of  war, 
jiiitl  received  assurances  of  victory.  So  contident  wore 
they  of  securing  the  encaged  guests  that  ropes  and 
stakes  had  been  prepared  to  bind  the  captives. 

Cortes  called  his  counsellors,  and  placing  before 
them  the  state  of  affairs  asked  their  views.  A  few  of 
the  more  cautious  advised  retreat  to  Tlascala,  whose 
iViondly  hospitality  seemed  alluring.  Others  suggested 
an  immediate  departure  by  way  of  the  friendly  Huex- 
c>tzinco,  while  the  majorit}^  inclined  to  a  prompt  and 
effective  chastisement  of  the  treachery  as  a  warning 
to  others.  This  was  what  Cort<5s  had  determined  upon. 
He  showed  them  how  well  the  arrangement  of  the 
courts  would  answer  for  the  plan  he  had  evolved,  and 
how  strong  they  were  in  case  of  a  siege. 

Summoning  the  lords,  he  expressed  his  displeasure 
at  the  inconsiderate  treatment  received,  and  said  that 
ho  M'ould  rid  them  of  his  presence  on  the  morrow.  He 
reminded  them  of  the  allegiance  they  had  tendered, 
and  declared  that  if  loyal  they  would  be  rewarded; 
if  not,  punishment  would  follow.  Finally  he  demanded 
])ro visions  for  the  journey,  and  two  thousand  warriors, 
l)csidc  carriers,  to  accompany  the  army.'^'*  This  ap- 
])earod  to  suit  their  plans,  for  they  exchanged  a  look 
(if  intelligence,  and  at  once  promised  compliance,  pro- 
testing at  the  same  time  their  devotion.  "What  need 
have  these  of  food,"  they  muttered  with  a  laugh, 
"when  they  themselves  are  soon  to  be  eaten  cooked 
with  chile  ?"^^     That  very  night   preparations  were 


qni'vvida,  i.  438.  Ilerrera  h.os  been  even  more  explicit,  anil  Bernal  Diaz  con- 
linns  this  in  several  places,  without  specifying  the  number.  'Otros  barrios, 
que  no  se  hallaron  en  las  traiciones.'  Hist.  Vvnlad.,  CO. 

-'  Three  years  ohl,  half  males,  half  females.  Jlerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  ii. 
Ovicdo  .supposes  tlie  females  to  be  young  virgins,  iii.  4U8.  Bcmal  Diaz  says 
live  childrou  and  two  other  persons. 

'■'-  Mo.st  authors,  following  Gomara  and  Horrora.  assume  that  only  carriers 
vore  asiied  for,  but  Diaz  writes  warriors,  and  correctly,  no  doubt,  since  it 
could  not  be  Cortt^s'  plan  or  desire  to  wreak  vengeance  on  lielplcss  carriers, 
Init  rather  on  the  very  men  who  proposed  to  attack  him.  According  to 
Tiipia,  followed  by  (romara,  Cortes  upbraids  the  lords  for  lying  and  plotting, 
hut  they  assui'e  him  of  tiieir  loyalty.  Rel.,  in  Icazhalceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  575. 
It  is  not  likely  that  he  wouhl  have  roused  suspicion  by  such  language. 

'^  'Aguilar  que  los  oya  hablar.'  Ockdo,  iii.  498. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    10 


^'■i'^^ 


■     ■■''  5 

■4 


242 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 


made,  the  Spaniards  planting  guns  at  the  approaches 
to  the  streets  and  courts,  looking  to  1,he  horses  and 
accoutrements,  and  sending  a  message  to  the  Tlascal- 
tecs  to  enter  the  city  and  join  them  on  hearing  the 
first  shot. 

In  the  morning,  so  early  ij  deed  as  to  indicate  a 
decided  eagerness,  came  the  lords  and  leading  priests, 
with  an  immense  hrong.  A  force  even  larger  than 
had  been  demanded  followed  them  into  the  Spanish 
quarter,  and  was  allowed  to  file  into  the  court,  which 
was  commanded  at  all  points  by  the  soldiers  and  the 
cannon,  the  latter  as  yet  innocent-looking  instruments 
to  the  Cholultecs.'^*  The  lords  and  leading  men,  to  the 
number  of  thirty  or  forty,  were  invited  to  Cortes' 
rooms  to  receive  his  farewell.  He  addressed  them  in 
a  severe  tone,  in  the  presence  of  the  Aztec  envoys, 
representing  that  he  had  sought  to  win  their  friend- 
ship for  himself  and  their  adhesion  for  his  king,  and 
to  further  this  he  had  treated  them  with  every  con- 
sideration. They  had  withheld  the  necessary  supplies, 
yet  he  had  respected  their  property  and  persons,  and 
for  their  sake  he  had  left  his  stanch  allies  outside 
the  city.  In  return  for  this  they  had,  under  the  mask 
of  friendship,  plotted  against  the  lives  of  his  party, 
the  invited  guests  of  themselves  and  of  Montezuma, 
with  the  intention  of  assassinating  them.  But  tluy 
had  been  caught  in  their  own  trap.  The  amazement 
of  the  chiefs  deepened  into  terror  as  he  concluded. 
"  Surely  it  is  a  god  that  speaks,"  they  murmured, "  since 
he  reads  our  very  thoughts."  On  the  impulse  of  the 
moment  they  admitted  their  guilt,  but  cast  the  blame 
on  Montezuma.  This,  rejoined  Cortes,  did  not  justify 
treachery,  and  the  excuse  should  avail  them  naught. 
The  lords  who  had  been  opposed  to  the  plot,  and  a 
few  others  less  guilty  or  less  responsible  chiefs  and 
priests,  were  now  taken  aside,  and  from  them  further 

'*  Picked  warriors  were  brought,  pretending  to  be  slaves  and  carriers. 
Tapia,  Hel.,  in  Icazhalceta,  Vol.  Doc,  ii.  575.  'Co  hamacas  para  lleuar  lus 
Espauoles.'  Gomara,  Hist.  Ilex.,  93. 


THE  MASSACRE. 


243 


particulars  were  obtained,  which  implicated  the  Mexi- 
cans only  the  more. 

Returning  to  the  envoys,  who  protested  that  their 
emperor  was  wholly  blameless,  he  reassured  them  by 
saying  that  he  believed  not  a  word  of  the  accusation. 
Montezuma  was  too  great  a  prince,  he  continued,  to 
stoop  to  such  baseness,  and  had  beside,  by  means  of 
presents  and  messages,  shown  himself  to  be  his  friend. 
The  Cholultecs  should  suffer  the  penalty  not  only  of 
their  treason  but  of  their  falsehood.  Tlie  fact  was 
that  it  did  not  suit  Cortds  to  quarrel  with  Montezuma 
for  the  present,  but  rather  to  lull  him  into  fancied 
security.^''  A  terrible  punishment  was  now  in  store 
for  the  Chohdtecs. 

The  signal  being  given,  volleys  poured  from  cannon, 
arquebuses,  and  cross-bows  upon  the  warriors  con- 
lined  in  the  court,  and  then  the  Spaniards  rushed  in 
with  sword  and  lance  thrusting  and  slashing  at  the 
packed  masses.  The  high  wajls  permitted  no  escape, 
and  at  the  gates  gleamed  a  hue  of  lances  above  the 
smoking  mouths  of  the  guns.  Pressing  one  upon 
another,  the  victims  offered  only  a  better  mark  for  the 
ruthless  slayers,  and  fell  in  heaps,  dead  and  dying 
intermingled,  while  many  were  trampled  underfoot. 
Xot  one  of  those  who  had  entered  the  court  remained 
standing.  Among  the  slain  were  the  captain-general 
and  the  most  inimical  of  the  lords  and  leading  men.^* 

Meanwhile  other  guns  had  belched  destruction 
along  the  approaches  from  the  streets,  as  the  crowd 
rushed  forward  in  response  to  the  cries  and  groans 


"  According  to  Bnmal  Diaz  the  envoys  arc  told  of  this  on  the  preceding 
evening,  and  are  thereupon  placed  under  guard.  HM.  Verdwl.,  ■'50. 

•'^  Tapia  states  that  most  of  the  lords  and  chiefs  whom  Cortes  addressed 
were  killed.  I'el.,  in  Icazhalceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  "Co.  'Some  of  them,' say  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  and  Gomara,  while  Clavigero,  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  and  others 
suppose  that  all  these  leaders  were  pardonetl,  which  is  not  likely,  since  so 
many  less  guilty  men  fell.  'El  que  solia  miliar,  fue  vno  de  los  que  murieron 
en  el  patio.'  Bernal  D'u<z,  Hist.  Verdad.,  GO.  He  intimates  that  the  real 
carriers  were  allowed  to  leave  the  court,  the  w.arriors  alone  being  detained  for 
slaughter.  The  two  friendly  priests  were  sent  liome  to  be  out  of  liann's  way. 
Tliis  leads  to  the  supposition  that  a,ll  the  rest  of  the  leaduig  men  fell.  '  Los 
otros  seflores  uaturales  todoa  murieron.'   Ockdo,  iii.  499. 


.:  '-1 


I'il 


M 


'f    ' 


244 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CIIOLULA. 


of  their  butoliorcd  friends.  Terrified  l)y  the  fiery 
thunder  and  its  mysterious  missiles,  they  fell  hack; 
and  now  the  cavalry  charged,  trampling  them  under- 
foot, and  opening  a  way  for  the  infantry  and  allies, 
who  pressed  onward  to  take  advantage  of  the  con- 
fusion and  to  repeat  the  scene  enacted  within.  Panic- 
stricken  as  the  natives  were  by  the  strange  arms 
and  tactics  of  the  Spaniards,  they  offered  little  or 
no  resistance,  though  armed  with  intent  to  attack. 
Being  also  without  leaders,  they  had  none  to  restrain 
their  flight,  but  pressed  one  on  the  other,  down  the 
streets  and  into  buildings,  anywhere  out  of  the  reach  of 
the  cutting  blades  and  fierce-tramping  horses.  The 
Tlascaltecs^^  were  at  the  same  time  fallinjj  on  their 
flanks,  glorying  in  the  opportunity  to  repa}"^  their 
enemies  the  treachery  of  years  ago.  A  blot)dy  track 
they  left.  LTnprepared  for  such  an  onslaught  the 
people  of  Cholula  found  little  opportunity  to  make 
use  of  the  barricades  and  the  stone  piles,  and  where 
they  attempted  it  the  fire-arm  and  cross-bow  aided 
the  fire-brand.  The  strongest  resistance  was  met  at 
the  temples,  wlicrein  the  fugitives  mo.^tly  gathered, 
but  even  tliese  did  not  hold  out  long,  for  stones  and 
arrows  availed  little  against  armor. 

All  who  could  sought  to  gain  the  great  temple  of 
Quetzalcoatl,  which  offered  not  only  the  best  defence 
from  its  height,  but  was  held  to  be  impregnable 
through  the  special  protection  extended  over  it  by 
the  deity.  Within  its  walls  lay  confined  a  mighty 
stream,  so  it  was  said,  which  by  the  removal  of  a 
few  stones  could  be  let  loose  to  overwhelm  invaders. 
Now,  if  ever,  in  the  name  of  all  the  gods,  let  it  be 
done!  Reverently  were  removed,  one  by  one,  the 
stones  of  the  sacred  wall,  but  no  flood  appeared,  not 
even  a  drop  of  water.  In  their  despair  the  besieged 
hastened  to  hurl  the  stones,  and  arrows,  and  darts'* 

i"  Wearing  crowns  of  rushes  to  be  distinguished  from  their  enemies.  Ca- 
marffo.  Hist.  Tlax.,  164. 

^^  Zaiuacois  enters  into  on  elaborate  argument  to  disprove  the  uuimportaut 


SIX  THOUSAND  BUTCHERED. 


upon  tho  enemy  as  they  climbed  the  sides  of  the  pyra- 
mid. But  there  was  Htthj  use  in  this.  Quickly  they 
were  driven  by  the  sword  from  the  platform  into  tlio 
chapel  tower.  Not  carinj;^  to  lo.sc  time  in  a  sie<,'e,  the 
Spaniards  offered  them  their  lives.  One  alone  is  said 
to  have  surrendered.  The  rest,  inspired  by  the  ])res- 
encc  of  the  idols,  spat  defiance.  It  was  their  last 
cfibrt,  for  the  next  moment  the  torch  was  applietl, 
and  enfolding  the  building,  the  Hamcs  drove  the 
besieged,  frenzied  with  terror  and  excitement,  upon 
the  lino  of  pikes  inclosing  them,  or  head  -  foremost 
down  the  dizzy  heiglits.  To  the  last  could  be  seen  a 
priest  upon  the  highest  pinnacle,  enveloped  in  smoke 
and  glare,  declaiming  against  the  idols  for  having 
abandoned  them,  and  shouting:  " Now,  Tlascala,  thy 
heart  lias  its  revenge!  Speedily  shall  Montezuma 
have  hisl"^ 

During  the  first  two  hours  of  the  slaughter  over 
tlirec  thousand  men  perished,  if  we  may  believe 
Cortes,  and  for  three  hours  more  ho  continued  the 
carnage,  raising  the  number  of  deaths  according  to 
difl'erent  estimates  to  six  thousand  or  more.*'  The 
loss  of  life  would  have  been  still  greater  but  for  the 
strict  orders  issued  to  spare  tho  women  and  children, 
and  also  the  less  hostile  wards,^^  and  for  the  eagerness 
of  the  Tlascaltecs  to  secure  captives  as  well  as  spoils, 
and  of  the  Spaniards  to  hunt  for  treasures.  The 
hostile  wards  had  besides  been  pretty  well  cleared  of 
inhabitants  by  the  time  Cortes  returned  to  his  quarters 


st.itement  that  burning  airows  wore  showered  on  the  besiegers.  Ilht.  AfrJ. , 
ii.  7<>7.  This  author  lias  a  decicU'd  faculty  for  singling  out  trifles,  ajijiarcntly 
under  the  impression  that  iuiportiuit  (juestioiis  eaii  take?  care  of  themselves. 

''■' Caiiinrjin,  JJint.  'flax.,  Hi'.i—l;  'J'onjiiei/iada,  i.  440.  'Se  dejaron  alii 
queinar.'   'J'ajthi,  li<L,  in  Icnzhnlfita,  Cut.  l)oc.,  ii.  ruCt. 

^"('orlrn,  ('rtc^'n,  7.3-4;  Ooinnnt,  //iM.  J/^.i-. ,94;  G()()0  and  more  within  two 
hours.  Liililivchitl,  Hint.  Chirh.,  2!)4.  Liis  Casas  lets  him  lirst  kill  (jlKK) 
uuiirnied  carriers  and  then  proceed  to  devastate  the  citj'.  licjio.  Jiid.  iJe- 
i'<(.N/rt<.,  "27. 

"  'Echd  toda  la  gente  fuera  de  la  ciiulad  por  mucha"  partes  della. '  Coiifo, 
Cdrfn.i,  74.  The  fitatemeut  of  Bernal  Diaz  that  the  frienvlly  priests  were  sent 
home,  to  he  out  of  liann'a  way,  shows  also  that  parts  of  the  city  were  respected. 
See  noti!s  17  and  23.  'El  manjues  niandaba  (jue  se  guarda.-nn  do  no  niatar 
inujcres  ni  ninos.'    Tapia,  lid.,  in  Ica:^bcdcita,  Vol.  Doc,  ii.  o70. 


-I; 


^M 


;  V-  ?  '•■ 


n\ 


m 


24>1 


SUBJUGATIOX  OF  CHOLULA. 


foritiddiiii^  further  butcliory.  When  tlie  nmnesty  was 
])r(i(  laimed,  liowever,  iminber.s  a])])eare(l  I'roiu  lii(hnL>- 
jtlaces,  even  iVoni  beneath  the  heaps  of  slain,  wliilc 
many  who  had  pretended  death,  to  escape  tlio  sword, 
arose  and  tied. 

The  pillas^e  was  continued  for  some  time  lons]fcr,^^ 
and  as  the  Tlascaltecs  cared  chiefly  for  fabrics,  feathers, 
and  provisions,  particularly  salt,  the  S])aniartls  wej-e 
allowed  to  secure  all  the  gold  and  trinkets  thev  could, 
thouL;h  these  were  far  less  in  amount  than  had  been 
expected."^  When  the  real  work  was  over,  Xict)ten- 
catl  a}»peared  with  twenty  thousand  men  and  tendered 
his  services;  but  Cortes  could  ofi'er  him  only  a  share 
ill  the  booty  for  his  attention,  and  with  this  lie  re- 
turned to  Tlascala  to  celebrate  the  downfall  of  the 
hated  and  boastful  neiohbor.^* 

The  [nayers  of  the  chiefs  who  had  been  spared, 
su[)ported  by  the  neighborintjf  caciques,  and  even  by 
the  Tlascalan  lords,  prevailed  on  Cortes  to  stop  the 
pillage  after  the  second  day,  and  to  issue  a  ])ar(lon, 
alth()U!>-h  not  till  everythini]!:  of  value  had  been 
secured.  Some  of  thu  chiefs  were  thereupon  sent 
forth  to  recall  the  fugitive  inhabitants,  and  with  sucli 
g(.od  effect  that  within  a  few  days  the  city  was  again 
peopled.  The  debris  and  gore  being  removed,  the 
street*  speedily  resumed  their  accustomed  ai)pearance, 
and  the  sho]is  and  markets  were  busy  as  beibre, 
though  blackened  ruins  and  desolared  liomes  long 
remained   a   testimony  of   the    fearful    blow.^'^     Ini- 


'-  For  two  flays,  snys  Tajiin,  id.,  nm\  Bcmnl  Diaz  intimntes  that  it  ondcd 
with  tlie  sooond  day.   J/isf.   Wrihul..  »<«>. 

•*  '  Toiuaroii  Uis  ('astollanosi  el  (iro,  \  |dnmn,  aiicpic  sc  liallo  poco. '  llir  ■•!•(!, 
dec.  ii.  lili.  vii.  Cip.  ii.  'Ovo  miulit)  dcspojo  dv  uro  (  plata,"  navH  Ov  rdn, 
iii.  4'.l',l,  jindialdy  ))Ov'ausc?  he  i^iicw  Cliolula  tn  )>o  i-icli;  l)ut  a  ^'icat  dial(  ini- 
vato  trcasnii'  at  least  must  have  lii'oii  taUcii  out  of  the  eity  when  the  w  ■liiiu 
W(To  sent  away.     Tlie  Tlasealtei's  earned  (ill  'JO, (KM)  eaptives,  he  add.-*. 

^'  /li'ircici,  ulii  sup.  Oviedo  allows  a  reintorcemeiit  of  4(I.(M)0  Tlase  tecs 
to  join  in  the  niassaere  and  ]iillai,'e,  iii.  4!IS,  and  J5ernal  J)iaz,  //>-/.  Vcrilml.,  (iO, 
says  the  late  comers  joined  in  the  pill.igt^  on  the  second  day.  The  'J'l.'i.-<ialtiis 
lironnht  the  Spaniards  food,  of  which  they  liad  fallen  short.  /.dliUockitl, 
Hist.  t'hir/i.,'2'X\ 

''  A  very  similar  massacre  and  raid  was  perpetrated  by  the  Chichiinec- 
Toltecs  at  the  close  of  tlic  thirteenth  century.  JS'atirc  Jlucm,  v.  484-7. 


l^'mi 


RF.CONCILI  ATIOXS . 


247 


prossod  no  less  by  tlio  supposed  divine  penetration  of 
ilic  white  eoncjuerors  tliau  by  their  irresistible  j)rowess 
and  terrible  revenge,  the  natives  were  only  too  reatly 
to  ki,  s  with  veneration  the  hand  red  with  the  blood 
ol"  their  kindred.  To  tl;;s  they  were  also  iinpelU'd  by 
finding  that  the  Spanii-rds  not  oidy  allowed  no  sacri- 
fice (>t'  ca'ptivcs,  but  ordered  the  Tlascaltecs  to  leiease 
the  j)risoners  they  had  hoped  to  carry  into  slavery. 
This  was  a  most  trying  requirement  to  the  allies,  but 
at  the  instance  of"  AEaxixcatzin  and  other  loil.  they 
obeyed  in  so  far  as  to  restore  the  grcsater  proportion 
of  the  thousands  who  had  been  secured. 

The  intervention  of  the  Tlascaltec  lords  and  chiefs 
it!  behalf  of  the  Cholultecs  tended  to  promote  a  more 
friendly  feeling  betwecui  the  two  peoples,  particulai'ly 
since  the  one  had  been  satiated  with  rev.  nge  and  the 
other  humbled,  and  Cortes  took  advantage  of  this  to 
formally  reconcile  them.  Whatever  may  have  been 
their  sincerity  in  the  matter,  they  certainly  found  no 
()pj)ortunity  to  renew'  their  feud. 

The  captain-general  having  fallen,  the  people,  with 
Cortes'  approval,  chose  a  successor  from  tJie  ranks  of 
the  friendl}'^  chiefs.^"  Cortea  assured  them  of  Jiis  good- 
will and  protection  so  long  as  they  remained  the  loyal 
subjecLs  they  now  promised  to  be,  and  he  hoj)ed  that 
nothing  would  occur  hereafter  to  mar  their  friendly 
intercourse.  lie  explained  to  them  the  mysteries  of 
his  faith,  and  its  superiority  over  the  su])erstitious 
worship  of  the  idols  m  hich  had  played  them  false 
duiing  the  late  contlict,  counselling  them  to  cast  a  ide 
such  images,  and  let  their  place  l)e  occupied  by  the 
redeeming  endjlenr,  of  Christianity,  The  terrified 
natives  could  only  promise  obetli^Mme,  and  hasten  to 
aid  in  erecting  crosses,  but  the  idols  nevertheless  re- 
tained  their  places.  Cortes  was  quite  prepared  to 
take  advantage  of  his  power  as  con(j[ueror  to  comj)el 

•"■  (lonutrn,  llixl.  JA.r.,  n."».  I'lnding  tliat  the  brother  of  tlio  doceiisod  was, 
nriMiiiliii.L,'  to  custom,  t'lititlod  to  t.ie  otlioo,  Cortes  ,i|ipoiiiti'd  liiiii.  li<  rini!  Jjiaz, 
W'st.  \'i  rilitil..  (iO.  Oviedo  iiitiniiitos  tuac  ono  governor  was  chosen  to  take 
the  phiee  of  all  the  other  ruliui;  n.cu.  iii.  41)9. 


r  .  1 


mm 


d!'^ 


i  1: 


A 

II 


248 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 


the  acceptance  of  Ms  doctrines  by  the  now  liumblod 
people,  hut  Padre  Ohncdo  represent uii^  tlie  futihty  of 
enforced  conversion,  he  contented  hiniseh'  witli  hreak- 
}n<x  the  sacrificial  causes  and  forhiddiniif  tlie  offerinof  of 
human  victims.  As  it  was,  idolatiy  had  suii'ered  a 
heavy  blow  in  this  terrible  chastisement  of  tlie  holy 
city,  rich  as  she  was  in  her  sanctuaries  and  pri^found 
in  her  devotion.  The  gods  had  proved  powerless! 
Although  a  number  of  temples  were  speedily  restored 
to  their  worship,  the  great  pyransid  was  never  again 
to  be  graced  by  pagan  rites.  Twice  had  this  teni|)le 
shared  in  tlie  destruction  of  the  city,  only  to  rise 
more  beautilul  than  ever  in  its  delusive  attractions; 
now  a  simple  stone  cross  stood  upon  the  sunanit, 
erected  by  Cortes  to  guard  the  site  on  behalf  of  the 
church  wliicdi  was  there  to  rise  a  few  years  later. 
This  was  dedicated  to  the  Virgen  de  los  llemedios, 
whose  image  is  said  to  have  been  left  in  the  city  by 


her 


conquerors 


37 


\m 


U  ■  i 


;l''   ' 


The  massacre  of  Cholula  forms  one  of  the  darkest 
pages  in  tlie  annals  of  the  conquest,  and  has  afforded 
nmch  ground  for  reproach  against  Cortes,  but  it  is 
to  be  regarded  from  different  stand-])oints.  The  dia- 
bolical doctrines  of  the  day  may  be  said  to  have 
forced  o[i  adventurers  in  America  the  conquest  of 
lier  nations,  and  cruel  deeds  were  but  tlie  natural  re- 
sult, particularly  when  the  task  was  undertaken  with 
insufHcient  forces.  According  to  their  own  admission, 
made  also  before  the  later  investigating  committee, 
the  Cholultecs  had  plottetl  to  destroy  their  invited 
guests,  whom  they  sought  first  to  lull  into  faiifird 
security,  and  in  tliis  they  acted  as  treacherously  and 
plotted  as  cruelly  as  did  their  intended  victims  in  le- 

'"  Tt  is  also  snid  'quo  la  trajo  un  roligioso  fraiiclscnno  il  i|nii'n  so  Ic  apan'iii) 
on  Itoiiia.'  I'li/fi'i.  //;.•./.  All/.  Af<J.,\.  l.'id  '  I)isi,'usti'(l  witli  tlw  iilol  wliifli 
hail  ])layi'(l  tlu'iii  t'also,  tlioy  installoil  aiuitlun-  in  its  jilacc,'  .sayn  IJci'iial  IM.i/, 
y//.-/.  W'rd'ii/.,  (il.  'I'lic  clisr<'L;:ii<l  slmwii  liy  Spaiiianls  ovuii  tof  the  tinipli'^ 
and  rt'lics  (if  (j)ut't/alo()atl  niiulit  have  stnak  tlii'  nativis  as  |)C('iiliar  in  nnu 
^^lluul  runiur  pouitud  out  us  his  di^scuudaiits,  yut  no  clirouiolu  rulers  to  it. 


i  1 


EXCUSES  FOR  TREACHERY  AND  MURDER. 


249 


tuliatiiig.  True,  tliey  had  been  forced  by  threats,  and 
by  the  cxliibition  of  an  apparently  superior  force,  into 
ii  submission  whieli  they  could  ill  brook,  and  were 
justitit'd  in  striking  a  blow  for  liberty,  especially  when 
encouraged,  or  bidden,  by  the  great  nionarcli;  but 
llicy  had  no  right  to  complain  if  they  suffei'ed  the 
])eualty  every \',  here  affiled  to  treachery;  and  the 
Cholultecs  did  bear  an  unenviable  reputation  in  this 
respect.  The  native  records  naturally  assert  their 
innocence;  but  even  if  wo  ignore  the  confession  of 
the  Indians,  as  prom])ted  by  fear  of  their  judges  and 
masters,  or  as  colored  by  Franciscans  whose  ])atr()u 
Cortes  was,  and  if  we  disregard  all  official  t'lstiniony, 
wc  must  still  admit  that  there  was  evidence  enough 
to  justify  the  general  in  a  measure  which  he  regarded 
as  necessary  for  the  safety  of  his  men.^ 

s^Sf'inish  chroniclers  as  a  rule  approve  the  decil  as  necessary  and  ji!-.t, 
citlici  !ii  ;.■  't  or  o].cn  coininctit,  and  a  few  devout  missionaries,  who  have  as- 
siuneii  ';  :  iik  of  Indian  apostles,  are  the  only  ones  to  take  exception,  ('hief 
aiiionjj;  tnese  stands  Las  Casas,  as  nii;,'ht  bo  expected  from  his  sympathy  with 
\"ila/(iuez,  and  from  his  character  as  Indian  protector.  He  condemns  it  in  the 
iniist  umneasiired  terms  as  a  Ijase  niurder  of  innocent  ami  defenceless  pecjph', 
connnitt''d  merely  with  a  view  to  spread  terror.  Si.'i  tliousand  curriers,  lie 
writes,  were  shnt  np  in  a  court  and  put  to  the  sword,  whihi  the  many  dis- 
covered alive  on  the  foUowini;  days  were  thrust  thrDUgii  and  thronudi.  'J'lio 
chiefs  of  tiie  city  .iml  neighi)orhi)()d,  to  the  numher  of  over  lOl),  weiv  chaineil 
tnuether  to  a  circle  of  poles  and  l.urned  alive,  and  the  kint,',  who  tied  witii  'M 
or  40f.)llowers  to  a  t<Mnple.met  the  .same  fate  there.  AViiile  the  soldiers  were 
liutclierim;  and  roastin^'  the  captives,  '  eorum  C 'pitaiieum  summa  lietitia  per- 
fusiuu  in  liunc  eantum  iirorupisse: 

Monte  ex  Tarprin  Roniana  im-einlla  sppifans 
IpBB  Nero  pluuotm  vidlt,  uee  corde  niovitur.* 

I.na  Cnfins,  I?rii.  Iml.  Drrn.'if'if.,  2()-S.     A  number  of  finely  executed  copper 
plates  ari'  appen<led  to  illustrate  the'^e  deeds. 

jieinal  Ola/ exjiresses  himself  hwtly  a;,'ainst  this  version,  and  states  that 
Bevei'.il  of  the  first  {'"raneiseans  wlio  eanie  to  Mexicn  lield  an  investisiatioii  at 
Ciiohda  of  the  massacre.  After  exaniinini;  thi^  leaders,  and  other  ]>(  r.sona 
w!io  had  witnessed  it,  they  came  tn  the  eonelnsion  that  tlie  story  of  ilio 
ecini|Uerorp  was  true,  ami  that  tlie  slau^'hter  was  a  well  merited  punishment 
for  a  (ilot  whieli  involved  the  lives  of  Cortes'  soldiers,  and  would,  if  .siieee.-.s- 
ful.  iiave  stayed  the  con(|Uest  forOotl  anil  tlie  kini;,  Diaz  liad  heaiil  the  pious 
Miitolinia  say  that  altiiou^^di  he  grieved  ovit  tlie  deed,  yet,  being  done,  it  was 
best  so,  since  it  exposed  tile  lies  and  wieki'ilness  of  tile  idols.  J/i.tf.  I'lrilm/., 
(il.  Tiie  Kraneiseans  did  not  ])robal)ly  care  to  wi'igh  carefully  thi?  value  of 
testimony  from  new  converts  given  before  a  tribunal  composeil  of  their  re- 
ligious and  jioiitieal  masters,  nor  weri^  they  likely  to  favor  a  Dominican  tiiar 
like  Las  Casas  wjien  the  interest  of  tlu'ir  patron  Cortes  was  at  slake.  Liawe 
lit  the  fiiars,  mtuI  in  teri'or  of  the  eonipierors  whose  eneomienda  slaves  they 
Mei'e,  the  Indians  hardly  dared  to  .say  aught  to  implicate  the  latter.     'I'his  is 


ii 


i 


^ 


III 


2S0 


SUBJUGATION  OF  CHOLULA. 


It  might  be  claimed  that  by  holding  captive  the 
chiefs  their  safety  would  have  been  assured;  but 
treason  was  rife  everywhere,  and  a  lesson  was  needed. 

(loiil)tles3  the  view  Las  Casas  would  have  taken.     Intent  on  pleading  the 
cause  of  his  dusky  protti^^t^s,  he  cared  not  to  sift  statement.!  tliat  niiylit  create 
sympathy  for  them.    Yet,  had  he  foreseen  how  widely  hi.i  accusations  would 
be  used  to  sully  Spanish  fame,  he  might  have  been  more  circumspect.     '  !•"  vent, 
che  fu  troppo  rigorosa  la  vendetta,  ed  orribile  la  strage,'  says  Clavigero;  yet 
he  severely  eondemna  Las  Casas  for  his  distorted  account.  Sloria  Mess. ,  ii  i.  G3-4. 
According  to  Sahagun's  native  record,  the  Tlascaltees  jtersuaded  Cortes  to 
avenge  them  ou  the  Cholultees,  and  an  the  latter  received  him  coldly,  he 
l)egan  to  believe  the  accusations  of  his  allies.     Assembling  tlie  chiefs  and 
Boklier.-!,  together  with  citizens,  in  the  temple  court,  he  skiuglitered  them,  de- 
fenceless as  they  were.  JJi.st.  <'o)i'i.,  18.     Bustamante  comments  on  this  ver- 
sion, and  denounces  the  couipierors  as  .atrociously  cruel.  /'/.  (ed.  1840),  5G-<i.'!. 
Dur.an's  version  is  a  little  milder.     His  main  object  being  to  give  the  life 
of  Montezuma,  he  has  jtassed  by  many  events  connected  with  the  Spaniards, 
nud  has  suj>pre.ssed  many  accounts  of  their  cruelties,     lie  accordingly  refers 
iKit  brii'tly  to  the  Cholula  m.a.ssacre,  saying  that '  the  Indians,  in  their  eagerness 
to  serve  the  Spaniards,  came  in  such  large  numbers  to  their  (juarters  witli 
provisions,  grass,  etc. ,  that  Coi-tes  suspected  treasonable  designs,  and  ])ut  them 
to  the  sword.'    Ilist.  Ind.,  !MS.,  ii.  438-!).     Ixtlil.'coehitl  evidently  struggles 
between  his  fear  of  the  Spanish  rulers  and  the  desire  to  tell  what  ho  regards 
ns  the  truth.     Ho  intimates  that  the  only  gromid  for  suspicion  against  tli'! 
Cholultees  w.as  the  etl'ort  to  dissuade  Cortes  from  going  to  Mexico.     The  chiefs 
and  the  citizens  were  assembled  on  the  pretence  of  .selecting  carriers,  and 
over  .'ilHK)  fell  Itene.ath  the  sword.  Hist.  Chich.,  '294.     An  antagonistic  view  (jf 
the  atl'air  is  offered  by  Juan  Cano,  of  Narv.aez'  expedition,  who  gave  Oviedo 
the  hearsay  statement  that  Corti's  had  asked  for  SlHK)  carriers,  and  wantfudy 
killed  them.  iii.  552.     Carbajal  Espinosa,  a  Mexican  historiiin,  like  Busta- 
mante, regards  the  victims  as  innocent  and  the  deed  .as  barbarous.  Jlkt.  J/c.c, 
ii.  1S"J.     Robertson  considers  that  Cortes  had  good  reasons  for  it,  yet  'the 
punishment  was  certaiidy  excessive  and  atrocious.'  Hist.  Am.,  ii.  4o'J.    Solis 
condemns  those  who  seek  to  accuse  the  Spaniards  of  ornelty  and  to  i>ity  the 
Indians — 'maligna  conipasion,  hija  del  odio  y  do  laenvidia.     The  comiuerors 
gtivo  religion  to  them,  and  that  he  regards  as  sutlicicnt  compensation.  IHM. 
Mcx.,  i.  .'145.     'Cortez  felt  but  doubtful  of  their  fidelity,  and  feared  to  leave 
his  rear  to  a  people  •\vlio  might  ruin  his  enterpiisc,'  says  Wilsoiv,  Coixj.,  ^[■.l•., 
oSt'?,  iu  explanation  of  the  motive ;  Init  ho  forgets  tliat  ii  few  hostages,  as  taken 
from  other  peoples  ou  tlie  route,  would  hiive  seeuri'd  Cortes  farniore  than  tlie 
murder  of  a  small  percentage  of  this  population.     Preseott  comjiares  the  dewl 
with  ]'"uropeau  cruelties,  and,  considering  the  d.anger  threatening  the  Span- 
iards, ho  excuses  it.     He  pri'faces  his  comments  by  a  consideration  of  tlie 
right  of  con(piest.  Mcx.,  ii.  '2!»-3'J.     Alas   for  honesty,  humanity,  deeeney, 
when  talented  American  authors  talk  of  tlie  right  of  one  penple  to  rob  and 
murder  another  people  !     See  also  Vri/tia,  J  list.  A  lit.   Mi'j.,  iii.  ."J^l-'i;   I'i- 
tnrrn  y  OreHaiw,  I'uroiic.i  Ilvntrc.^i,  8(»-!)';  rcnitta,  Xot.  Hint.,  ll•2-l.^,  .'ii;M4; 
Piinenlcl,  M<m.  tSit.,  !)0-'2.    Although  somo  of  the  eaily  Dutch  writers  eagerly 
copy  and  even  exaggerate  Las  Casas'  version,  the   contemporary  (iernian 
writers  are  quite  mi.nlerate.     Cortes' version  is  given  in  the  Wdthiirli  Sjiii 'jd 
mill liild/ii'S ih'.i  i/itiilz'  II EriUbo(l>'ii^  von Silia.'itiano  Fnvitii  W'iinfi'nsi.  Tuhin;.:cn, 
1.");14,  ecxxxvii  leaves,  beside  preface  and  register.    Tliisljook  was  much  sought 
after  in  its  day,  and  received  several  editions,  iu  German  and  Dutch,  as  late  .is 
the  seventeenth  century.     The  earliest  mentioned  by  Harrisse  is  dated  l."i.i.'f. 
The  new  continent  was  gradually  receiving  a  larger  space  in  the  cosmographies 
at  this  |)i.'riod,and  Fianek  actually  assigns  it  a  whole  section,  as  one  of  thefoin- 
parts  of  the  world.     The  historic  and  geographic  description  of  Africa  occupies 


ay 


uc 
lis 
lio 


SEBASTIANO  FRANCO  WbRDENSI. 


251 


Ili.'rc  among  the  greatest  plotters,  and  in  the  holy 
tity,  the  lesson  would  be  most  effective.  It  might 
iilso  1)e  claimed  that  the  chiefs  were  the  guilty  ones, 
and  should  alone  have  suffered,  not  the  citizens  and 
.st)kliers;  but  they  were  also  in  arms,  even  if  sub- 
(•rdinate,  and  such  discrimination  is  not  observed  in 
uur  own  age. 

Outrages  equally  as  cruel  arc  to-day  exculpated 
throughout  Christendom  as  exigencies  of  war.  If 
v.o,  then,  overlook  such  deeds,  how  much  more  ex- 
cusable are  they  in  the  more  bloody  times  of  Cortes? 
]^ut  neither  now  nor  then  can  war,  with  any  of  its 
fittcndant  atrocities,  be  regarded  by  right-thinkirig, 
humane  men  as  aught  but  beastly,  horril)lc,  diabolical. 

t!ie  first  ami  smallest  section ;  Europe  follows  anil  absorbs  alxxit  lialf  the 
jiiu't'^,  while  Asia  receives  100  folios,  and  Anurica  the  rcniainih.'r,  b'.'ginniiig 
at  t'lilji)  "JIO.  Tlie  hoadiiiu;  reads:  Von  Ami  rica  (/iiii  vicrdlcii  fvi/l  tlcrvilf, 
Aiiiio  }f.CL'C('.XCVII.  crfunihn;  but  after  this  cha])tcr  foHow  several  pnges 
on  I'ortiigucse  discoveries  iu  Africa  and  eastward,  till  folio  '1'1'd,  \\heu  begins 
till!  voyage  of  Colunabua,  '  sunst  Dauber  genant,' the  German  translation  of 
tlie  ailmirars  name.  After  several  chapters  on  the  physical  features,  natural 
risouri'L's,  and  inhabitants  of  the  new  discoveries,  conies  one  rehiting  how 
Aiiiericns  Vespucius  found  the  fourth  part  of  the  world.  This  is  foUowed  by 
tiiieo  pages  of  matter  on  Asia,  as  if  the  author,  fearful  of  forgetting  it,  there 
and  tlun  gave  his  story.  Several  interpolations  occur,  but  the  chief  portion 
(if  tlie  reniaiiiing  folios  relates  to  Cortes'  coucjnest  of  Mexico.  The  carelesbly 
riiiiijiilcd  iui<l  badiy  arranged  material  of  the  vohimo  claims  to  be  based  on  over 
sixty  authorities,  among  whieli  figure  Apianus,  Munstei ,  Vespucci,  Colundius,, 
■•rid  ('nrtes.  The  allix  Wiirdcnsi  indicates  that  Franck  was  a  Hollander, 
although  ho  is  often  referred  to  as  a  German,  jirobably  because  his  life  was 
]iiissi(l  chielly  in  (iermnny.  Here  ho  issued,  among  other  works,  a.  not  very 
iiitliodox  chronicle,  which  was  excommunicated  at  Strasburg.  Franck  was 
chased  from  more  than  one  place,  but  enjoys  the  honor  of  standing  in  the  first 
class  among  authors  condemncil  by  the  Roman  Churcli,  and  (jf  having  been 
deemed  worthy  of  special  refutation  by  Luther  and  Melancthon.  Even  the 
liiicral-ininded  Bayle,  n  f tor  applying  the  term  Anabaptist,  refers  to  him  as  "  uu 
viai  fauaticiuc'  Diet.  Hid.,  ii.  1'210. 


J,.     IP 


it-:  If 


il'U: 


111 


CHAPTER  XV. 


f:  i 


■i;i 


!i': 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAPALAPAN. 

OcTOBna-NoVEMBER,   1519. 

Montezuma  Consctlts  the  Gods — He  again  Begs  the  Strangers  not  to 

COML  TO    IIlM — POPOCATEPUTL   AND    IZTACCIlirATI, — XeWS    FROM  VlLL-V 

Rica — Diiatii  of  Escal.\ntj; — Retckn  of  the  Cempoalan  Ali.iks — 
Again  en  route  for  Mexico — Reception  at  Hcexotzinco — Fiust 
Vi.i\v  of  the  Mexican  Valley — Exultations  and  Misgivings— Rkst- 
ino  at  qrauiiteciicatl — tlie  counterfeit  montezuma — munifkknt 
Presknts — The  Emperor  Attempts  to  Annihilate  the  Army  uy 
Means  of  Sorcerers — Tiirocgh  QcAriiTEciicATL,  Amaquemecan,  and 
Tlalmanalco — A  Brilliant  Procession  Heralds  the  Coming  of 
Cacama,  King  of  Tezcuco — At  Cuitlauuac — Met  by  Ixtlilxochitl— 
The  Hospitality  of  Iztapa'-apan. 

Elated  by  his  succci^s,  Cortes  again  spoke  to  the 
Aztec  embassadors,  telling  them  in  an  aggrieved 
tone  tliat  ])roots  existed  connecting  Mexican  troops 
with  the  recent  plot,  and  that  it  would  be  only  ju.-t 
for  him  to  enter  and  desolrto  the  country  for  such 
perfidy.  The  envoys  |)rote.sted  their  ignorance  of  any 
such  complicity,  and  ofi'ei'ed  to  send  one  of  their  num- 
ber to  ]\Iexico  to  ascertain  what  ground  there  was 
for  the  charge.  This  Cortes  agreed  to,  expiessing  ht 
the  same  time  the  opinion  that  Montezuma,  aft/T  fdl 
his  friendly  demeanor,  could  hardly  have  favored  tin- 
treachery.  He  regarded  him  as  a  friend,  botli  for  the 
sake  of  his  kinix  and  for  himself,  and  it  was  ouf  <«f 
deference  to  him  chat  he  had  spared  the  Choluilec* 
from  totid  extermination.^ 

When  the  envoy  reached  Mexico  he  found  that  his 
master  had  retired  to  grieve  over  tho  fate  of  the  lioly 

'  Cortes,  Cartas,  To-G;  Gomara,  I  lid.  Mex,,  90-7. 

(253) 


!   ■    V'-' 


AXOTHER  iHRACLE. 


253 


citv,  or  more  probal)ly  over  the  defeat  of  his  plans, 
and  to  appeal  to  the  incensed  gods  by  prayers  and 
f;i-^tin!^s,  while  the  priests  supported  the  invocations 
MJth  reeking  human  hearts.'^  But  the  holocaust  was 
in  vain,  for  a  miraculous  incident  frightened  the  idols 
into  Hilence.  Among  the  victims,  says  a  sacred 
chronicle,  was  a  Tlascaltec,  who,  while  stretched  on 
tiio  sacrificial  stone,  called  loudly  on  the  God  of  the 
a<lv'aucing  Spaniards  to  deliver  him.  The  words  were 
yet  on  his  lips  when  a  dazzling  light  enveloped  the 
])la('c,  revcalinsr  a  bright-clad  beinij  with  diadem  and 
lai'n(!  wings.  The  priests  fell  awe-stricken  to  the 
gioimd,  while  the  angel  advanced  to  cheer  their 
\i(tiin  with  hopeful  words  of  a  happy  future.  He 
was  told  to  announce  to  the  priests  that  soon  the 
■sliLtlding  of  human  blood  would  cease,  for  those 
destined  to  rule  the  land  were  at  hand.  This  the 
victim  did,  when  the  sacrifices  were  resumed,  and 
^^•itll  the  name  of  God  the  last  upon  his  lips  his  spirit 
rose  to  a  brighter  world.^ 

Tlie  downfall  of  Cholula  resounded  throucfhout  the 
laud,  and  the  Spaniards  were  now  almost  universally 
confirmed  as  divine  beings,  from  whom  nothing  could 
1)0  kept  secret,  and  whose  anger  was  fierce  and  de- 
vastating. One  cti'cct  was  the  arrival  of  envoys  from 
(|uitc  a  number  of  surrounding  chieftains,  bearing  pres- 
ents, partly  with  a  view  of  ixaininij  the  ^ood-will  of  the 
dfradinl  strangers,  partly  to  oft'er  congratulations.*  As 
t"«»r  Montezuma,  his  awe  deepened  into  terror  as  the 
nports  rame  in  and  the  half  threatening  message  of 

•' •  S.icrilic.issen  (.'iiico  mill   j)crsoiias   pura  f<-«trjar  6  apla-ar  siis  (^iosos. 
Oriiilii.  u\,  4!)!).      '  Kstmto  encciTa<li>  iii  sn:s  dciiocioncs,  y  .siRiiiicios  <liis  diiis 
jiiiit;iiiiiiitc  con  (lie/.   I'apas.'  JJ'-n,"'  Diii~.,  Jl'ixt.   Venlad.,  it\.     '  Kstiiuo  en 
M:i'ic.ii,  y  ayniio  oclio  ilias. '  Onmant.  Hint.  M'x.,  97.     'Si  ritiW)  al  ))ala/.ztj 
llill'iiiin/iiit'riitf,  (listinati)  pel  tempo  di  diiol". '  'Unfiiicro,  Storia  Misn.,  iii.  (jO. 

'  M'ii<lir/a,  Hist.  Krli'n.,  lYi;  h'f'wi.-^nl,  Nisf.  '  hi/a/trf,  'M)t.  Acconlinj,' to 
Ai'i.<s  lie  Nillaloljos,  the  idol  \«•a^•  i>lieady  .stricken  unit'-  "V  tint  siiad<jw  rif 
tii'ai)pmaoiiinLC  cross;  the  an;:'el  released  the  eaptive,  ont;  <if  .")()0  destined  for 
(•laiU'htcr,  and  lie  set  forth  to  join  the  Spaniards.  I'elaiicvr!,  Teal ro  M'.r.,  pt. 
iii.  |-J(>. 

'  l'r(Jin  the  lord  of  Tepeaia  came  .30  female  slave?  anii  some  fjold,  a  id 
fiiiiii  Huexdtzineo  a  wooden  box,  Iwnlerrd  witli  gold  and  .silver,  containing 
ji.\veU  wortii  400  pesos  de  oro.  llerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  iii. 


mm 

i 

■    -Hi 


254 


FROM  CIIOLULA  TO  IZTAPALAPAN. 


the  invader  was  delivered  him.  It  would  be  dancjerous 
indeed  to  admit  these  beings;  but  how  prevent  it:' 
Thus  revolving  the  matter,  Montezuma  had  recourse 
once  more  to  timid  entreaties.  His  envoy  retuiiRvl 
to  Cholula  within  a  week,  accompanied  by  the  former 
chief  of  the  connnission,  and  brought  ten  plates  cf 
gold,^  fift(;en  hundred  robes,  and  a  quantity  of  fowl 
and  delicacies,  together  with  the  assurance  that  he 
not  only  had  had  no  share  in  the  plot,  but  desired  to 
see  the  Cholultecs  further  chastised  for  their  treach- 
ery. The  Mexican  troops  near  Cholula  belonged  to 
the  garrisons  of  Acatzingo  and  Itzucan  province's, 
and  had  marched  to  the  aid  of  that  city  without  his 
knowledge,  ])rompted  wholly  by  neighborly  friend- 
ship. He  begged  the  Spanish  leader  not  to  proceed 
to  Mexico,  where  want  would  stare  him  in  the  face, 
but  to  present  his  demands  by  messengers,  so  that 
they  might  be  complied  with.  Cortes  replied  that 
he  must  obey  the  orders  of  his  king,  which  were  tn 
deliver  to  the  emperor  in  person*^  the  friendly  com- 
munications with  which  he  had  been  intrusted.  With 
this  object  he  had  crossed  vast  oceans  and  fought  his 
way  through  liosts  of  enemies.  The  privations  and 
dangers  depicted  could  not  deter  him,  for  nauglit 
availed  ayrainst  his  forces,  in  field  or  in  town,  bv  dav 
or  by  night. 

Finding  objections  futile,  Montezuma  again  con- 
sulted the  idols.  Their  ruffled  spirit  had  evidently  l)eeu 
soothed  by  this  time,  for  now  came  the  oracle  to  in- 
vite the  stranofers  to  Mexico.  Once  there,  it  was 
added,  retreat  should  be  cut  off,  and  their  lives  offered 
on  the  altar.''  This  utterance  was  favored  by  thci 
counsellors  on  the  ground  that  if  the  Spaniards  weii; 


*  'Ten  thousand  pesos  ile  oro,'  says  Torquemada,  i.  442. 

*  ro/Vr.f,  ('ar/i's,  7")-(>;  Toiujiii mada,  i.  442.  (Joinara  is  confu.'-ed  about 
these  messagi's  Ijotwccn  C'l)ohda  and  Mexico,  wliilo  liornal  Diaz  i{,"..^l•es  this 
attempt  to  kcrp  liac'-  tlie  Spaniards. 

'  'Quitarnos  hi  con.ida,  e  atjiia,  <:>  aXqav  qualqulcra  do  las  puentr"!,  no/  iiia- 
taria,  y  que  en  \n  dia,  si  nos  daua  piorra,  no  (|\iedai'ia  ninguuo  do  nosntri,^  :i 
vida. '  'i'his  oracle  caine  from  lluitzilopoclitli.  The  bodies  sliould  Ijc  eciitu. 
Bcrnal  Diaz,  Jlint.  I'eiUad.,  01;  Uvieiio,  iii.  4y9;  (Jomara,  Ii;>A.  Mi'x.,  1)7. 


f  i! 


POPOCATEPETL  AND  IZTACCIHUATL. 


255 


opposed  tlicy  and  their  allies  might  ravage  the  coun- 
try. The  emperor  accordingly  sent  an  invitation, 
promising  that,  although  the  situation  of  the  capital 
made  it  cHfticult  to  provide  food,  he  would  do  his  best 
to  entertain  them  and  give  proofs  of  his  friendship. 
The  towns  en  route  had  orders  to  supply  all  their 
wants.  ^ 

The  story  is  not  without  a  parallel  in  classic  litera- 
ture. As  Montezuma  awaited  the  approach  of  Cortes, 
so  old  King  ]^atinus  awaited  the  arrival  of  yEneas 
and  his  Trojan  warriors;  refusing  to  give  battle,  or  to 
fight  the  destinies,  and  curbing  his  impetuous  people 
by  (juoting  the  oracle. 

Along  the  western  horizon  of  Cholula,  at  a  distance 
of  eight  leagues,  runs  the  mountain  range  which 
separates  the  plain  of  Huitzilapan  from  the  valley  of 
Mexico.  And  like  sentinels  upon  it  stand,  in  close 
j)ro\imity,  the  two  volcanic  peaks  of  Popocatepetl 
and  Iztaccihuatl,  terms  signifying  respectively  'the 
smoking  mountain'  ami  'the  white  woman,' and  indeed 
most  apt,  the  foi-mer  being  suggested  by  the  frequent 
eru[)tions,  the  latter  by  the  snowy  covering  which  falls 
like  a  tilmatli  mantle  from  a  woman's  shoulders.  Tra- 
dition has  it  that  Iztaccihuatl  was  the  wife  of  her 
neighbor,  whose  noise  and  fumes  were  caused  by  the 
agonies  of  tyrants  who  there  underwent  puriHcation 
ere  they  could  enter  final  rest.''  While  the  S[)aniards 
were  at  Cholula,  Popocatepetl  was  in  eru[)tion,  an 
evil  omen  with  the  Indians,  foreshadowing  the  dis- 
turbances soon  to  overwhelm  the  country.  Interested 
by  a  sight  so  curious  and  novel,  and  desirous  of 
ascertaining  for  himself  and  the  king  the  "secret 
of  this  smoke,"  Cortes  consented  to  let  Ordaz  ascend 
the  volcano.     The  Indians  soui>ht  to  dissuade   him 


I 


'"11 

1  j.  ''■  4 


'^Cortvs,  Car/n.t,  77.  Benial  Diaz  relates  that  six  cliicfs  hrouglit  this  mcs- 
sacre,  to;:!cthcr  witli  a  mimbcr  of  gold  jewels,  worth  upward  of  "JOOO  pesos, 
ami  some  ioails  of  rohes.  If  iff.  VrnhvL,  G2.  2ilost  authors  are,  like  Goiiiara, 
soniewiiut  confused  aliout  these  messages. 

^(lomnra,  /list.  Mcx.,  {Hi.  'Algunos  queriaii  decii  (jue  era  boca  del  in- 
ficrno.'  Motoliiiia,  Jlid.  Iiul.,  180;  Torquemaila,  i.  430-7. 


2.">0 


FROM  CHOLCLA  TO  IZTAPALAPAX. 


from  an  iiiuli'rtakin<jj  wliicli  lind  never  Ixcii  attempted, 
and  wliieli  would  in  their  (>]>ini(m  suirly  involve  the 
lite  of  him  who  ventured  on  it.  This  made  ( ))-(la/onlv 
more  eager  to  exhihit  his  dai'ing,  and  joined  hy  nine 
men  he  .set  out  under  the  guidance  of  some  eiti/.ens 
and  carriers  who  had  boon  persuaded  to  go  pait  of 
the  wav.  They  had  not  climhed  I'ar  into  the  cooler 
region  hefore  the  (juaking  ground  and  ash-rain  caused 
the  paj'ty  to  halt.  Ordaz  and  two  of  his  men  con- 
tinued, however,  beyond  the  limits  of  vegetation,  and 
over  the  stones  and  bowlders  which  covered  the  sandy 
expanse  I'ringing  the  region  of  perpetual  snow.  At 
one  time  the  outburst  of  ashes  and  heated  stones 
obliged  them  to  seek  shelter  for  an  hour,  after  which 
they  sturdily  climbed  onward,  turning  Irom  their  path 
for  a  while  by  the  projecting  rock  now  known  as  Pico 
del  Fi'aile,  and  almost  losing  themselves  in  the  ash- 
co\ered  snow.  One  more  eti'ort  they  made,  despite  the 
difHculties  encountered  in  the  rareiied  atmosphere  (tf 
this  altitude,  and  tinally  they  reached  the  summit, 
more  than  seventeen  thousand  seven  hundreil  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  A  short  distance  to  the 
north  rose  the  consort  peak,  three  thousand  feet  less 
in  height,  and  at  their  feet  extended  the  Held  of  their 
future  campaign,  in  the  valley  to  the  east.  The  crater 
was  nearly  half  a  league  in  width,  though  not  deep, 
and  presented  the  appearance  of  a  caldron  of  boiling 
glass,  as  says  Gomara.  The  situation  was  too  op- 
pressive to  permit  of  further  observations,  and  after 
securing  some  snow  and  icicles  as  troj)hies,  the  men 
hastened  to  i-etrace  their  steps  by  the  already  trodden 
path.  On  their  return  they  were  received  with  great 
demonstration,  the  natives  in  particular  extolling  their 
deed  as  something  superhuman.^'^ 

'"  '  Vinierou  muchos  Iiulios  ii  bcsaries  la  ropa,  y  .a  verlos,  coino  por  niilayro, 
(')  conio  a  (lio.ses. '  O'liiinn-a,  J /int.  Mfx  ,  JKi.  According  to  (Jortos  tlioy  failiil 
to  reach  tlie  suminit,  although  coining  very  near  to  it.  15iit  this  statement  i3 
open  to  (loiil)t,  for  t'ortea  is  not  liberal  in  according  cuuit  to  others  where  it 
inight  tend  to  call  attention  from  himself,  partici'larly  to  a  man  like  Ordaz, 
viio  ha<l,  until  (juite  lately,  been  his  most  bit'.er  opponent,  (iomara  hail 
evidently  good  authority  for  his  statement,  since  ho  in  this  case  failed  to  fol- 


SKnA.ST[AX  MUNSTER.  2,-; 

Wliili'  ])i'('p;irinLf  to  Icavo  ("liolula,  Coi'trs  was 
slartlcd  l)y  news  iVoiii  A'illa  Mini  of  a  (v»iitlirt,  witli 
Mi\ leans,   resulting  in  the  death  of  Ksealantc   and 


\n\y  hin  piitron's  vcrsicm;  imil  Ik-nial  I~>ijiz,  wli 


ilwavH  I'cailv  to  coiitiiHlii't 


li  who  was  111)  tiiriuluf  Orda/,  ilms  also  admit  tlial   lie  ifaclud    tlit; 


unit. 


lit 


,'ivc.s  liiiii  only  two  coiMiianioiiH,  Imwivcr,  ami  starts  tlii'iii  iVom 


TIasrala.    ///V,   ('<  (•(/'(«/.,  ,">."(.      Lfuiliii''  iiioilci 


III  autliors  an 


tlull    siiriTSS. 


!• 


itt,  i; 


lassi'iif  (k'  Jlom  hom'^',  an 


<l  oth< 


iiK'liiii'cl   to  (liiiilit 
■IS,   from  a    iiiisiii- 


ti  i|ilctatioii  of  Coiti  s'  text,  allow  the  asciiit  to  ln'  iiwuU'  while  tl 


llUllp 


.1 


111  the  suiiiiiiit  of  thf  ran;,'!',  en  rontf  for  Mexico 


ariii\'  was 


Onla/.  no  doiiht  elaimed  to  have  reaelied  the  summit,  sin 


th 


•ante 
la/.i 


lat  of  anus,  wherein  tlie  aehievriiient  is 


eomiiieiiiora 


empe 
ted    ). 


iil:  mountain.     Had  he  not  nieriteil  it,  his  many  jealous  eoni|ianions  would 


surely  lia\  e  raise 


d  a  ela 


ll(. 


leaiiie  also  a  kni'Mit  ot  Santiai/o,  in  aeUiiow 


du'liicnt  of  his  serviees  duriiij,'  the  eoiKplest.  Havin;,'  lieside  aec|uiri'(l  ;;reat 
w  ealth.  lie  niii.dit  have  rested  oil  his  launds;  hut  ea;,'er  to  eniiilate  his  late  ehief, 
he  in  lo.'iO  petitioned  for  ami  uhtained  the  ;,'overiiorslii|>  of  the  tract  ln'tween 
llin  Maiahoii  and  Caho  de  la  \'ela,  in  South  Anieriea,  with  a  right  to  ex- 
tend the  eoiic|Uust.  After  suH'ering  great  hardslii[)  there  he  si^t  out  for 
-pain,  two  yours  later,  to  reeruit  his  health  and  seek  redress  against  rival  eon- 


c|iierors.     }|o  died  on  the  way.    (tri'iiln,  ii.  "Jll-'Jt;    //i rnrn,  dee.  iv 


ip.  IX. 


de 


lih, 


xi.     SiiiKiu  has  hi 


•Itv  to  liis  men,   etc.     Ordaz 


rrait'iied   at   K 

f(, 


lih 

)la   hi 


insists  on  going  to  Spam  for  jnsti 


d 


tearing  the  result,  siiu-e  he  stood  in  high  favor  there,  his  enemies  poi.soiucl  liiin 


during  the  voya,L 


/.  -jnl  [■: 
l\. 


:/„ 


n,  li;.^t.  M, 


'/.  Tlcrni  Firiiic,  l()4-.'{.').    J  lis  portrait  is  given  in  ' 
r  .  ii.  Il)-J,  and  I'lr.^roll's  Mrr.  ((hmdra  ed.  of  Mex. 


'.Sii  familia  estahleeida  en  I'uelila,  en  donde  erei 


(I. 


idii'iit 


es  suyos. 


Ala 


(pu 


tod; 


ivia  ipledali 


Jji.tirl.,  i.  101.     Miciitaho,  anion''  other  eon- 


iplercirs.  made  the  a 


seeiit  of  the  vole 


)t  1(1 


after 


ne  is  even 


il  to  have  deseencled  into  the  erattu'.     I'adre  Sa 


la^'iui  also  I'eaehed  tin;  sum 


4:!ii 


it.  //;.>v.  <; 

Prirr 


iii.  ;{I7;   llimra,  dee.  ii.  lih.  vi.  cap.  xvii 


.1/ 


(irli, 


V.  cap.  u. 


Th 


riir(iiii  niiit/ii,  1 


le  next  sueeessful  aseeiit  was  not  imide 


till  IS'JT,  l>y  Messrs  (;leniiie.  .Soniieseliniidt  had  explored  I'ojioeatepetl  ])ar- 
tially  only  in  1 77-,  hnt  had  reached  the  summit  of  the  consort  peak.  IJeikheck 
explored  in  the  same  year  as  the  (ileniiies,     tli-rolt  and  (!ros  attempteil  the 


it  ill  ls:VA  and  \s:'A, 


il  sue 


ded 


111  reaeluiig  the  siininut  on  the.  secoiii 


.1 


o  easion.  'J'lie  record  is  given  in  Ih'r'ifta  Mir  ,  i.  J(il-S"2.  ]ii  l.S.">7  the  .Mexican 
goveriimeiit  sent  up  a  succr'ssfnl  exploring  expedition  under  .Sonntag  ami  La- 
viiriere,  whoso  rejiort,  with  drawings,  is  given  in  Soc.  J/i.f.  <i'ii>-/.,  Jlnli/iii,  vi. 


'As  V 


.NU 


ile   till'  ol)sorvatioiis  of  (Ii'rolt  and    (iros    had   led   to   the 


exaiiiination  of  the  crater  for  sidi)hur,  an  industry  carried  on  ])retty  regularly 
since  Ks;i(>.  The  volcano  was  in  fro([ueiit  erujition  ahout  the  eoiiijuest  period, 
ii-i  if  in  syinpatliy  with  the  jiolitical  turmoils  around  it.     One  of  the  hea\ii'st 


ni-cliari,'os  roeon 


led  took 


L'o  ill   l.");{!t-4(),  which  covered  the  iioiglihoriiii' 


towns,  as  far  as  'J'lascala,  with  ashes.     Since  then  it  has  hoeii  eoinparatively 


silent,   the   hist   tv 


y;. 


'/  />ia:.  H'l^l.  \'in/n(/.,  .m;  // 


itlir<'aks  Ijeiiig  in  l<l(i;?  4  and  1()!I7.    uKi  su])..  '204- 


irrrrn,  (U'c.  ll 


i.  Iil 


).  VI.  can.  xviii 


Th 


ip 


tion  of  l(i();i-4  created    Teat  terror  in  I'uelila.  as  Vetaiuurt  relates.    'J'(((/i 
.'/'  '■.,  pt.  i.  •2t\.    Bustama  ite  extends  this  activity  to  Kid.").  SuhiKjun,  lliM.  (.'om/. 
('■d.  IS40),  7.'). 

Kudo  cuts  of  the  volcanic  eruption  of  l.")10  are  to  lie  seen  in  the  old  and 


cnrious  cosniogi'a]) 


if  Sehastian  .Munster,     This  learned 


man,  tamou 


r,  as  mathematician  and  cartographer,  was  the  author  of  so 


llchrew  scliola 

liTty  printed  works,  and  would  proliahly  have  issued  as  many  more  had  not 

tlic  iilau'uo  cut  him  oil'  at  Ba.sle,  in  lo.j'2,  at  the  age  of  (JH.     His  editions  of 

I'tuh  ;  _  -      -   '  '- 

t'J  LdliUllfir.t   (  'itlilh 


lily's  (Jeography  began  in   1540,  and  in  the  fcUowing  year,  accordii 


.'/«(>,  api)eared  the  lirst  edition  of  his  Cosmoijrai>lda  Be- 


Hist.  Mes.,  Vol.  I.    17 


'M 


■'•  \  ■ 


^. 


*>. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


// 


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1.0 


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mis. 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

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on 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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6^ 


25S 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAPALAPAX. 


several  soMiorn.  On  the  n<irtliern  bonier  of  tlio 
Totoiiac  territory,  bathed  by  the  (jriilf  of  Mexieo,  lay 
the  town  and  district  of  Nautla,  which  together  with 


ichreihunij;  hut  tliis  date,  accepted  liy  scvenil  l)ililiogmplicr8,  na  ■well  ns  tliiit 
of  l.">43  fur  11  Latin  edition,  are  evidently  wronjf.  since  Mnnster  in  his  <U'ili- 
cntion  of  I.V»0,  to  King  (i<it<t<ivu8  I.  of  Sweden,  reniarkH  that  'Inn  di«e  dritt 
cilition'  \w  liiid  lio[)cd  to  inclinVj  a  description  of  Stockholm  nml  other  to\vi;s 
nniler  the  kin>,',  but  hud  not  received  a  reply  to  his  deninndH  therefor.  A 
few  lines  uIkivc  this  he  wi'ites  eipinlly  to  the  ]Miint:  '  Als  ich  al>er  vor  si-rln 
juren  noch  nnt  discr  iirlieit  vnd>gieng,  ist  zii  niir  konimen  K.  K.  M.  diener, 
der  hochjj'elert  hen*,  hen-  Oeorgius  NonnunnuH,  dem  ich  vorhin  onss  etlicluii 
hiichern  vniler  meiiieni  nnnien  uiissgangen,  Ix'kat  wz,  vnd  als  er  l)e8iehti!.'i  t 
disc  fiirgenonien  arheit,  sclietzet  er  sie  wid  wirdig,  das  Hie  vnd  dem  kiinii;- 
liche  Hchirm  K.  M.  an  tig  kiime.'  Nothing  could  more  conclnsivelj'  show  that 
the  work  had  not  ajjpcared  in  print  Ixifore  l."»44.  The  second  edition  appcari'l 
in  l.'»4.">.  Tlie  title  of  tlie  lirst  reads:  <'mmnijra]ihin.  Jirnrhnlhiiij  alter  Lrvil' r 
l)urrh  Silxinliniiiiiii  Minisffnim.  OilrurLi  zii  Jt'ninl  (lurch  J/ciiriehum  J'liri. 
Anno  Mh.rliiij.  The  (iothic  text  is  accomjiajded  l>y  mar^'inals  in  Itidir^, 
and  ilhistnited  with  numerous  small  wood-cuts,  some  In'ing  of  the  chanu- 
ter  which  iKTUiita  their  reprcMluction  in  ditl'erent  chapters  and  for  (Jiirerent 
countries.  \n  the  African  division  Vfe  fiml  beings  of  the  Anubis  and  I'oly- 
phcnnis  tyiK*,  and  aninnd  monsters  of  ditl'erent  form.  In  the  dedication  ti> 
(lUstaviis,  ilun.stcr  speaks  of  having  Hp<'nt  eighteen  yeai-s  in  collecting  nml 
arranging  his  material,  on  the  plan  of  '  tie  hot-hgelcrten  men  Stnd>oi,'  which  i-i 
not  very  tluttering  to  tliat  geographer,  if  the  mcthixl  In-fore  us  Ik;  accepted  .n 
a  s|)ecinicn.  He  divides  the  volume  into  six  books — the  lirst  devoted  to  matin  • 
matical  geography,  the  next  three  to  a  general  rand)ling  <lescrii)tion  of  Kuro]  c, 
ciiielly  with  reference  to  the  natur.d  resources  and  settlemcnt.-s  of  the  ditl'erent 
countries.  In  the  third  lMM)k,  covering  two  thirds  of  the  text,  and  relating  ti 
(iermany,  each  little  jirovince  receives  a  hi.ftorie  notice,  and  every  town  iiinl 
castle  of  any  »;■  te  its  description,  with  rude  wo(Ml-euts  attached.  The  next 
division  given  at  some  length  is  Asia,  to  which  is  iii"  ■  nded  half  a  do/i  ii 
pages  on  America,  while  Africa  closes  with  the  si  ik  and  alxiut  thii  ■ 

times  that  amount  of  text.     The  one  chapter  n  g  to  our  continent  ;s 

headed,  Vun  ilin  jiiiiirrii  hiMrhi,  and  gives  u  vague  nit  ■  .nt  of  the  discovery,  tli" 
physical  features  and  natural  products  of  the  land,  tlie  inhabitants  and  tlic  ir 
customs,  illustrated  with  sevond  cuts,  among  them  a  volcano  in  eruption  iiii'l 
two  c'innibal  scenes.  The  regular  maps  are  group<'d  at  tin-  l>eginning  of  tin' 
volume,  each  on  the  verso  and  recto  of  two  leaves,  iH'aring  on  the  first  rei  to 
the  title,  inclosed  in  a  border  more  or  less  ornamented  with  portraits,  synibn!-, 
and  and)es(|ue.  The  ma)ipemonde  siiows  Tt'rrn  l-'lor'ulu  ami  Frdncisin  on  eii'  h 
side  of  a  bay.  Above  this  runs  a  wide  strait  marked  J'l  r  /lor  J'ri'ti)  ilrr  I'lr  t 
(vl  MoUira.^,  whicii  issues  l)etween  ('nthnij  ri<jii>  and  T< miMtitini.  ll'-low  thin 
hind  are  placed  }lis])aniola  and  ('u))a,  at  tlie  mouth  of  another  wide  striiit, 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  large  island  of  Aim  rim  sut  iiixiiln  lirni'dj. 
Further  down  is  Frrli'i  Mii'jnliniii,  with  a  large  island  to  the  south.  'J'he  nmp 
for  America  bears  the  inscription  :  '  /Hi;  iinri'  n  .'hit  ihr  iiraxxi  ii  nml  rilrii  /iixili  >.' 
The  second  edition  of  l.')4.'i  is  considerably  enlarged,  the  chapter  on  Aiiieria 
covering  nine  jMiges.  Inthethird  edition,  of  I.Vtit,  the  wofid-eiitsare  inireii;-r.l 
by  a  nundn'r  of  largo  i)lans,  views  of  towns,  and  other  scenes  by  IteutMJi. 
making  this  ilie  most  attractive  volume  for  collectors.  A  jxirtrait  of  the  iiutli'i' 
in  his  sixtieth  year  is  also  given.  The  various  editions  in  ditlereiit  languaL"  ^. 
issued  even  in  the  following  century,  vary  considerablv  in  arrangement  .'in'l 
extent,  and  that  of  1014,  although  improved  ami  eniargeil  tt>  l.'iT''  iwn:'-. 
devotes  only  ten  to  America,  while  previous  editions  c<Mitiin  more  mr.tei  i.il 
thereon.  The  binding  is  provided  with  Ismses,  clasps,  and  vuUum  uo\'i, 
impressed  Muth  ti-oocry,  iH>rtruits,  and  emblems. 


BATTLE  OF  XAUTLA. 


MexK^o,  lay 
rother  with 


of  the  (.'hanu- 


its  liver  had  received  from  Grijalva  the  name  of 
.Vlmoria."  This  was  occupied  by  an  Azteo  garrison 
under  Quauhpopoca,^- wliose  Aztec  pride  and  loyalty  to 
^lontezunia  could  ill  brook  the  independence  achieved 
l)y  thi>  Totonacs,  and  who  probably  grieved  over  the 
loss  of  slaves  and  other  contributions  which  once 
swelled  his  income.  Xo  sooner  had  Cortes  disap- 
pcjired  beyontl  the  plateau  border  than  my  lord  grew 
auclaci(>us,  encouraged  no  doubt  by  the  express  or  tacit 
coiiseiit  c»f  his  sovereign,  and  demanded  from  the  neigh- 
boring Totonacs  the  customary  tribute,  under  penalty 
of  having  their  lands  ravaged.  They  refused,  j)ointing 
out  that  they  were  now  the  subjects  of  the  great  white 
king.  Escalante  being  appealed  to  for  protection,  sent 
a  message  explaining  that  the  independence  of  the 
]»eople  had  tie  facto  been  recognized  by  Montezuma, 
with  wh(jm  he  was  on  friendly  terms.  He  would 
allow  no  interference  with  them.  Quauhpc^poca  re- 
plied that  his  answer  would  be  given  on  the  battle- 
lield.  Escalante,  nothing  loath,  set  out  at  once  with 
fifty  men,  two  horses,  and  two  cannon,  attended  by 
several  thousand  Totonacs,"  and  reached  the  vicinity 
of  Xautla,  where  Quauh[)opoca  was  already  connnit- 
ting  depredations.  The  armies  met,  and  a  fierce  battle 
ensued.  Awed  l>y  the  remembrance  of  former  defeats 
at  tlie  hands  of  the  Aztecs,  the  Totonacs  comported 
themselves  so  poorly"  that  the  brunt  of  the  tight  had 
to  1)0  borne  by  the  Spaniards,  of  whom  several  were 
killed  and  wounded,  while  one  was  captured,  and  a 
liorsc  destroyed.  The  enemy  was  put  to  flight,  but  it 
has  been  said  as  an  excuse  for  their  defeat  the  ^Icxican 
otlicers  declared  to  Montezuma  that  the  virj^in  bearing 
an  infant  led  the  Spaniards  in  their  attack  which  spread 

"Cnp.  iii.  note  1. 

'■'  '(j>ii,uilip«i>ocnt7.in,  senor  (IcCnyohuai'iui,  luifuli!  lospraiiilcs  tld  iinix'rio, 
(inc  asistiii  en  Niuilitliii),  y  f-it'ilia  li  su  curgij  i-l  gobierno  ilo  lax  costas  di'l  luur 
it.l  iK.rt.'.'  IxtlilxDchitl,  il'iHt.  <fi!-/,.,  •_'!)(!. 

' '  lii'inal  IHaz  writes,  4(»  wiMifis,  '2  c-nnnon,  2  firclcx-kR,  .H  cross-lwws  ami 
'JiHK»  nativi'H;  Curtt-s,  .'lO  SiwiaiaiilB  untl  8000  to  10,000  liulians,  'y  doc  tiros 
tie  iinlyora,'  (VoVfM,  8S. 

"  ' A  l.v  priiULTa  rcfricca huycron,  y  dcxaron  al  Juan  d«  Escaluntc  jH;le» 

aiulu,'  auya  Ik'iitul  Diuz,  llUt.  WiJad.,  74. 


260 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAP.VLAPAX. 


terror  and  fearful  slaughter  in  their  ranks.*^  Esca- 
lante  laid  waste  the  district,  and  captured  Nautlu  town, 
which  was  sacked  and  burned.  This  lesson  finished, 
he  hastened  back  to  Villa  Rica,  and  there  within  thret; 
days  succumbed  to  his  wounds  together  with  several 
soldiers,  so  that  the  campaign  cost  the  lives  of  so\eii 
or  nine  men."  From  prisoners  it  was  understood  that 
Quauhpopoca  had  acted  wholly  under  orders  from 
Montezuma.  The  captured  soldier  was  Argiiello,  of 
Leon,  a  young  man  of  powerful  frame,  with  a  lar<;o 
head  and  a  curly  black  beard.  He  appears  to  have 
died  from  his  wounds  on  the  way  to  Mexico,  and  tlic 
head  was  presented  to  the  emperor.  Its  wild  ap- 
pearance, however,  increased  by  the  black,  curly  board, 
made  so  bad  an  impression  upon  him  that  he  refused 
to  offer  it  to  his  idols,  ordering  it  to  be  sent  to  some 
other  town." 


"'And  Montcziima  believed  this  to  be  the  great  lady  whom  wc  clainutl 
for  patroness. '  'Todos  loa  soldadoa  que  pafisamos  con  Cortes,  tcncinun  inuy 
creido.'  lienial  Dim,  Jlint.  VcrthuL,  74. 

'"  '.SeissoMados  jnntamenteconol.'  Demal Diaz, Ill~t.  Vcrdml.,'^.  'Niipue 
Espaflok's,'  says  Goniara,  wlio  assumes  that  two  were  previously  assassinated 
by  Quauhpopoca.  Hist.  Mex.,  12'2,  129. 

"  According  to  Bernal  iJiaz,  whose  version  is  chiefly  adhered  to,  the  dtnth 
of  so  many  soldiers  caused  the  Spaniards  to  fall  somewhat  in  the  estiiiiatiuii 
of  the  Indians,  who  had  looked  upon  them  as  invubierahlo  Iwiu^'s.  'Y 
que  todos  los  pueblos  do  la  sierra,  y  Ccmpoal,  y  su  sujeto,  estdn  altcradosi.  y 
no  les  quieren  dar  eomida,  ni  servir.'  Bernal  Dinz,  Hist.  Verdail.,  'W  \. 
But  this  is  probably  an  exaggeration,  for  Cortds  would  not  have  ventured  to 
Bcn<l  down  a  new  comandante  almost  without  escort,  or  to  have  rt luaiivd 
quietly  at  Mexico  for  months,  had  his  rear  been  so  threatened.  Girtis,  w ho 
should  bo  regarded  as  the  best  authority,  gives  a  curious  motive  for  the  ram- 
paign.  Qualpopoca,  as  he  calls  him,  sent  a  message  to  Escalantc,  ofll'crins,'  to 
become  a  vassal  of  the  Spanish  king,  lie  had  not  submitted  before,  fcuriiii;  to 
pass  thi-ough  the  intervening  hostile  country;  but  if  four  soldiers  were  scut  to 
escort  him,  he  would  come  with  them.  Believing  this  protestation,  Esculaiiti! 
sent  the  four  men,  two  of  whom  wounded  returned  shortly  after  with  tliu 
etorj'  that  Quauhpopoca  had  sought  to  kill  them,  and  had  succeeded  in  do.spatcli- 
ing  their  comrades.  This  led  to  the  expedition  of  Escalante.  Carina,  87-.S. 
It  appears  most  unlikely  that  this  officer  should  have  so  far  forgotten  the  pni- 
dence  ever  enjoined  on  his  captains  by  Cortds,  and  trusted  oidy  four  iinn 
in  an  unknown  country,  in  response  to  so  suspicious  a  request.  There  wm 
laeside  no  need  for  Quauhpopoca  to  go  to  Villa  Rica,  since  his  suhniissiou 
through  envoys  would  be  just  o«  binding.  If  he  desired  to  seo  tlie  SjMuii.sli 
fort,  he  could  have  gone  safely  by  water,  for  large  canoes  were  used  on  tlio 
coast.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  story  waa  made  up  to  justify  tlie  ex- 
pedition sent  against  Nautla,  since  a  campaign  by  a  small  force,  merely  on 
behalf  of  a  wretched  tribe  of  natives,  might  iiave  been  reganleil  as  iiuwar- 
rantcd.     This  story  waa  also  useful  afterward,  when  Corttia  first  thought 


DEP.VRTURE  FROM  CHOLULA. 


261 


'=  Esca- 
tla  town, 
finished, 
liin  three 
h  several 
of  seven 
x)0(l  that 
ers  from 
jiicllo,  of 
ti  a  hirgc 

to  have 
,  and  the 

wild  ap- 
rly  l)eard, 
c  refused 
,  to  some 


m  wc  claimed 
tcncinus  iiiuv 

I  .      ' 

73.  'Xiifuc 
assassinated 


to,  the  di'atli 

Hi  estimation 
Mjiiign.  'Y 
alteradiis.  '■ 
lull.,  7;i  i. 
vcntnrt'cl  to 

ivo  remaiivd 
Cortt's,  wlio 
for  tlio  rani- 

,c,  ofVcrinj,'  to 
c,  f(;ariii.s,'  to 
were  siMit  to 

)n,  Kst'alaiitD 

tor  witli  tint 

in  despatch- 

'aiiun.  Hi  S. 

tton  tlio  pill- 
ly  four  nil  n 
Tlicrc  \\;ii 
s  suliniissinii 
tlie  S]iani>li 
used  on  t!io 
stify  tlio  ex- 
e,  muri'ly  on 
1  as  un\v:n- 
irst  tliouglit 


Fearinjx  tliat  these  tidings  niijjht  dishearten  the 
iiuu,  Cortes  said  nothinj^  al>out  the  affair;"*  but  it 
had  nevertheless  a  bad  effeet,  for  the  Cenipoalaii 
{lilies,  who  liad  learned  a  few  particulars  from  the 
messengers,  recjuostcd  at  the  last  moment  to  be  dis- 
missed to  their  homes,  pleading  not  only  the  long 
absenee  from  their  families,  but  the  fear  uf  being 
treated  at  Mexico  as  rebels.  Cortes  sought  to  reas- 
suie  them,  declaring  that  no  harm  could  reach  any 
one  under  his  protection.  Furthermore  he  would 
emicli  thenft  But  the  larger  portion  still  insisted,  and 
since  they  had  served  him  well  he  did  not  wish  to 
compel  them.  Several  packs  of  the  rich  robes  ob- 
tainetl  from  Mexico  were  accordingly  divided  among 
the  leaders,  two  packages  being  destined  for  Chic(j- 
iiiacatl  and  his  nephew  Cuexco,  and  with  this  j)arting 
gift  all  but  a  small  body  returned  to  Cempoala." 

Aftei"  a  stay  at  Cholula  of  nearly  Uiree  weeks**  the 
Si)aiiiards  set  out  for  Mexico,  attended  by  about  six 
thousand  natives,  chiefly  Tlascaltecs,  with  a  spriidv- 
ling  of  Cempoalans,  Cholultecs,  and  Hucxotzinras.'^^ 

proper  to  reveal  it,  for  rousing  his  men  to  action.  Gomara  follows  ( 'orti-s, 
vitii  the  (litl'erenei;  that  I'edro  do  Ircio,  ns  ho  wronj;ly  calls  tho  captain  at. 
Vi'la  Kira,  iiavin^,'  orders  from  Cortes  to  anticipate  (iarny  l>y  incor|>orating 
Aliiieria.  Kent  an  order  to  (^nauhpojioca  to  tender  ids  suhmission.  This  ho 
;i;.'ne(l  to  do,  provideil  tht;  four  Spaniards  wero  sent  to  escort  him.  <oiniara 
appears  to  favor  tlio  view  that  Quauhix>i)oca  acted  on  his  own  r(.'S]H)nsihility, 
for  he  .says  that  tills  diief  sent  to  wurn  Montezuma  of  Cortes'  intention  to 
usiir|)  tht'  empire,  anil  to  urge  upftn  him  to  sei/o  tho  white  captain.  I/lif. 
.l/'.i-.,  \'-2,  !•_'!».  llernal  I)iaz  stiuups  this  account  as  ful.se.  I'eter  Martyr, 
(lie.  V.  ea]i.  iii.,  a.ssumes  tliat  the  two  S|Viniurds  were  slain  hy  i-ohhers,  .so 
tli:it  <j)iiauhpop<Ka  was  innocent  of  any  misdeed.  Tapia's  version  is  incoin- 
jil.ti',  liiit  apji'^ars  to  favor  lJ«!nial  Diaz.  In  Duran's  native  n^ccird,  Coatlpo- 
pma  ai)[iears  as  the  guido  of  tho  Spaniards.  Ho  treacherou.sly  i.'ad.s  them 
iil'iin,'  a  jirecipiec,  over  which  two  liorsemen  fall  with  their  8t"ed.s,  and  aro 
killid.     I'or  this  he  is  trieil  and  executed.   /AV.  //»/.,  MS.,  ij.  411    i;{. 

■  He  reveals  it  only  after  his  arrival  at  Mexico,  .'ind  thus  lejids  lieriiid  l)iaz 
to  .■issuiiie  that  the  news  reached  him  there.  In  this  ho  is  followed  I>y 
llrvfera,  dec.  ii.  lil>.  viii.  cap.  i.,  and  con.scfiucntly  hy  Tonpiemada,  i.  4V). 

"  111  null  />/';,;,  ll'dtt.  Vinlad.,  G-;  (loiauru.  Hint.  Mfx\,  'J7;  'J'on/ui  nutilu, 
i.  I  I'J. 

•'  'riie  estimate  varies  from  fourteen  days,  Ilerrrrn,  to  over  twenty  days, 
<!iiiiinr(i.  By  assu'iiing  that  nineteen  ilays  were  spent  at  Cholula,  the  army 
\uA  a  week  in  which  to  reach  Mexico,  ami  this  is  ahout  the  time  consumed. 

•'  ii'iiiitiirii,  /list.  Mij\,  07.  'Salie(lo  acompjiilarlo  loa  scfiores  dc  Cliuhila, 
y  roll  j;;ran  marauilla  <lo  los  Kmljaxadon-s  Mexicanos. '  llirnm,  dec.  ii.  lih. 
vii.  eap.  iii.  '  Audauamos  hi  liarba  sohre-  el  omhro,'  says  Bernal  Diaz,  in  allu- 
biuii  to  the  iirccautions  obse^^•ed.  UUt.  Vtrdad.,  03, 


202 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAPALAPAN. 


Tliov  passed  through  Hucxotzinco  by  a  route  already 
followed  by  Ordaz,  and  recommended  as  the  btst 
and  safest.  The  first  camp  was  made  at  the  Huexut- 
zinca  village  of  Izcalpan,  over  four  leagues  from  Cho- 
lula,  where  they  met  with  a  most  friendly  reception, 
and  received  abundant  provisions,  together  with  sonic 
female  slaves  and  a  little  gold.  Leaving  behind  them 
the  smiling  plain  of  Huitzilapan,  where  they  had 
overcome  so  many  dangers  and  obtained  so  many 
proofs  of  good -will,  on  the  following  day  they  ap- 
proached the  mountains  and  came  upon  the  regular 
lii^jfhwav  which  leads  across  the  ranije  to  the  vallev 
of  Mexico.  The  junction  of  the  roads  was  at  the 
south-west  border  of  Hucxotzinco,  where  the  Mexi- 
cans liad  left  a  proof  of  their  hostility  toward  this 
rej)ul)li(',  allied  to  Tlascala,  by  blocking  up  the  way 
witli  trees  and  other  material.^^  These  were  removed, 
and  the  army  Ucgan  the  steep  ascent  of  the  pass, 


'■^  Tlomal  Piaz  relates  in  a  confused  manner  that  at  Izcalpan  the  Span- 
iui'ils  were  tiilil  uf  two  wide  ix)ads  beginning  iKjyoiul  tlic  lirst  piiss.  One,  ^asy 
and  optii,  lud  to  Clialco;  the  other,  to  Tlulniunaico,  had  l>cen  ohstructed  with 
trees  to  impede  the  horses,  and  so  induce  the  anny  to  t:»ke  the  Chah'o  rmitt', 
iiix)uwliich  tlie  Aztecs  lay  in  anibush,  ready  to  fall  uiwn  them.  7/ ('.<'.  I'l  ril<n/.Jt:>. 
Thi?4  liiids  some  8up)Hirt  in  Saliugun,  whose  mythic  account  rclatc^s  that  Mnii- 
tczuma,  in  liia  fear  of  t lie  advancing  forces,  had  blocked  the  direct  riKul  to 
Mixico  and  planted  maguey  ui>on  it.  so  as  to  direct  tlieni  to  Tcicuco.  Ui.^t. 
('iiHi..  '21.  CoitCs  indicates  clearly  enough  that  tlie  Mcxii'an  envoys  h.-ul  :it 
Cholula  reconimendetl  a  route  leading  from  that  city  soutli  of  lIucxot/iiKo 
to  the  usual  mounuiin  piss,  and  used  lij'  their  people  in  order  to  avi>id  tins 
inimical  territory.  Upon  it  every  accommodation  hail  Ik'cu  pirparid  for 
the  Spaniards.  Tiiis  road  was  not  only  circuitous,  but  had  Inien  declared  tiy 
Thista  tecs  anil  others  as  hard  and  ixjrilous,  with  deep  ravines.  sp;uiuid  by 
narrow  and  insecure  bridges,  and  with  Aztec  armies  lying  in  ambush,  t'or'i.i, 
C(iria.-i,  7l>-S;  Ta/iiii,  Jltl.,  ill Ira'.balcita,  Col.  Dvc,  ii.  o~4.  I'etcr  Martyr,  dec. 
V.  cap.  ii.,  calls  tliis  route  shorter  and  easier,  though  more  dangerous.  Cer- 
tain ivniarks  by  ISemal  Diaz  indicate  that  the  ambush  ha<l  bocn  ainuigcd  in 
Connection  with  tlie  plot  at  Cholula, and  abandoned  uiwn  its  faihiic.  loc.  cit. 
Thi  -.e  coulcl  liardly  have  Wen  more  than  one  route  across  the  range,  throniih 
till'  pa.ss  « Ip'rein  tlie  Aztecs  had  erected  their  station  for  ti-.ivellei-s,  and  this 
the  Spaniards  did  follow.  Here  also  accoinniodation  was  jirepaivil  for  tlniii. 
and  lure  the  tiiiliiis.-iy  from  Montezuma  appeared.  IKncc  tlie  obstructions 
8|ii'k»'n  of  must  have  Ik'cii  at  the  junction  of  the  Huexotzinca  road  witli  tlm 
main  road  from  Cholula  to  tiie  pass,  and  intended  as  an  intimation  t'>  the 
Hucxot/incas  or  to  the  Mexicans  not  to  trespass.  They  could  have  been  of 
no  avail  against  the  Spaniards,  wiio  were  beside  invited  to  enter  on  the 
main  loail  then  at  hand.  Tliesc  are  facts  overlotiked  by  I'rescott.  Clavijcro, 
aiiil  writers  generally  who  have  lost  themselves  in  the  vague  and  confused 
uttei'ances  of  the  ciironii'.oi-s,  and  in  seeking  to  elaborate  a  most  siinph'  atlair. 
Moilcin  travellers  follow  the  cujsieraud  less  picturesiiue  route  ncrth  of  Iztacci- 


THE  V.VLLEY  OF  MEXICO. 


2C3 


prossinof  onward  against  the  chilling  winds  which 
.-wept  down  from  its  frozen  heights,  and  before  long 
tht'V  were  tramping  through  the  snow  which  covered 
the  sunmiit. 

Here  they  were  cheered  by  a  sight  which  made 
them,  for  the  moment  at  least,  forget  their  hard- 
sliips.  A  turn  in  the  road  disclosed  the  valley  of 
Mexico — the  object  of  their  toil  and  suffering — • 
stretching  from  the  slope  of  the  forest-clad  ranges  at 
their  feet  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  and  i)resenting 
(iiio  picturesque  intermingling  of  green  prairies,  golden 
lickls,  and  blooming  gardens,  clustering  round  a  series 
(•f  lakes.  Towns  lay  thickly  sprinkled,  revealed  by 
towering  edifices  and  gleaming  walls,  and  conspicu- 
ous above  all,  the  queen  city  herself,  placidly  reposing 
upon  the  mirrored  surface  of  the  larger  water.  Above 
licr  rose  the  cypress-crowned  hill  of  Chapultepoc,  with 
its  stately  palace  consecrated  to  the  glories  of  Aztec 
domination." 

The  first  transport  over,  there  came  a  revulsion 
of  feeling.  The  evidently  dense  population  of  the 
valley  and  the  man.y  fortified  towns  confirmed  the 
mysterious  warnings  of  the  allies  against  a  pow- 
criiil  and  warlike  people,  and  again  the  longing  for 
the  snug  and  secure  plantations  of  Cuba  found  ex- 
jiression  among  the  faint-hearted,  as  they  shivered  in 
the  icy  blast  and  wrapped  themselves  the  closer  in 
the  absence  of  food  and  shelter.  In  this  frame  of 
mind  the  jjlistenins;  farm-houses  seemed  oalv  so  manv 
troops  of  savage  warriors,  lurking  amidst  the  copses 
mid  arbors  for  victims  to  grace  the  .stone  of  sacrifice 
iwid  the  festive  board;  and  the  stately  towns  appeared 
ini|iregnable  fortresses,  which  promised  only  to  become 
their  prisons  and  graves.     So  loud  grew  the  murmur 

Ir.i.itl,  which  skirts  Mount  Tolapon.  This  was  the  road  recommciuled  by 
1  .tlilx'>chitl,  loading  through  Culpulalpan,  where  he  pruniised  to  join  hin\ 
V  ith  his  army;  but  Cortes  preferred  to  trust  to  his  own  unns  and  to  liis  Thw- 
taltoe  followers.    Tonjuemwla.  i.  442. 

•■■'Dezian  nlgunos  Castellanos,  (juc  afjuella  era  la  ticrra  para  su  buena 
diciia  prometida,  y  quo  mientnui  uuxa  Morus,  nios  gauaucio.'  IJcrrera,  dec.  ii. 
liij.  vii.  cap.  iii. 


I 


2G4 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAPALAPAN. 


as  to  indicate  mutiny;  but  Cortc^s,  with  his  usual 
firm  word.s,  quieted  the  soldiers,  supported  as  he  was 
by  the  spirited  majority.'" 

After  descending  for  a  short  distance  they  camo 
to  the  travellers'  station  of  Quauhtechcatl,^'  whoso 
commodious  edifices  afforded  room  for  the  whole  army. 
The  Mexicans  had  prepared  for  the  arrival  by  fur- 
nishing an  abundance  of  provisions,  with  fires  in  all 
the  rooms,  and  the  tired  soldiers  eagerly  gave  them- 
selves up  to  repose.*'  No  less  exhausted  than  they, 
Cortes  nevertheless  could  not  think  of  rest  till  ho 
had  seen  to  the  security  of  the  camp.  His  prudence 
on  this  occasion  came  near  costing  him  dearly,  for 
in  the  darkness  a  sentinel  taking  him  for  a  spy 
drew  his  cross-bow.  Fortunately  lie  heard  the  click 
and  announced  himself"  This  promptness  on  the 
j)art  of  the  guard  was  by  no  means  unnecessary; 
during  the  night  a  dozen  or  more  prowling  natives 
met  the  fate  which  the  general  so  narrowly  escape<l. 
They  were  supposed  to  have  been  the  spies  of  an  army 
hidden  in  the  forest,  which,  on  observing  the  watch- 
fulness of  the  Spaniards,  abandoned  the  premeditated 
attack,^ 

Montezuma's  fears  appeared  to  grow  with  the  ap- 
proach of  Cortes,  and  so  did  his  anxiety  about  the 
import  of  the  message  which  must  be  delivered  to  him 
alone.  Could  there  be  a  design  upon  his  person?  Thi^ 
must  be   ascertained   before  the  invaders  came  to-) 

*'/7o»i«m,  lliitt.  Mex.,  07;  Orhilo,  iii.  500. 

^'^  Ixtlihorhitl,  /lint.  Chic/i..  2S)o.  Toniuemaila,  followed  by  Brasscur  ilo 
liourl)ourg  mill  others,  calls  it  Itiiualco,  wliich  upjiears  latlicr  to  have  l)eeii  a 
general  term  fur  th«!se  stations,  nince  ithualli,  acconliiig  to  Molina,  signilies  a 
court.    I'oter  Martyr  ami  (.ioniara  refer  to  it  as  a  suniiner  ])alaoe. 

'•"•r'oy^r^, '  'nrlas,  70.  '  Aua  (juo  i>anilos  Tameines  hi/ieroii  lnsile  Moteci/uina 
choijas  (le  paja. . .  .y  aim  les  tenian  niugeres.'  HoiiKirn.  Jfisl.  Mi x\,  \>'.  •  1. 'S 
Inilios  hizi'.'rou  tic  presto  niuelias  Ijurracas,'  says  Herrera,  wlio  places  this 
'casrt  (Ic  j)la/er'  in  the  plain  helow.  tlee.  ii.  lih.  vii.  cap.  iii.  Tapia  calls  tlie 
buildings  "casasJu  jvija.'  Hii'wioii,  in  fcuz'tnli tt-i    CuK  Ihir,,  ii.  ."S. 

'"  Martin  L"1K'z  was  the  watchful  sentinel    Toi-iuemndi,  i.  44.3. 

'"  Tapia  Jill.,  in  Iraz'ialrrtn,  Col.  Dim-.,  ii.  .')77;  ('"»•/'■<.  ('mi.iM,  80.  Tlorrcva 
intimates  tiiat  an  attack  on  the  summit,  where  tlte  Spaniards  were  iK-nunilM  d 
with  cold,  might  h.avo  succeeded  in  creating  confusion,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cup. 
iii.     Uulusii  the  uakud  ludiaus  had  Lniuu  (\iuully  bcuumbud  1 


MONTEZUMA'S  SUDTERFUOE. 


965 


iioar.  Amon;^  his  courtiers  was  a  noble  named  Tzihu- 
iitj)opoca,  who  ^'catly  resonilded  him  in  person  and 
voice.  Him  he  commanded  to  proceed  to  the  Spanish 
camp,  attended  by  a  large  retinue,  and  by  representing 
himself  as  the  emperor  to  ascertain  from  the  white 
(  hief  what  his  intentions  were,  and  to  induce  him  with 
liheral  oii'ers  to  turn  back.  The  idea  was  based  on 
all  incident  which  had  occurred  not  many  years  Ixjfore, 
vlierein  one  of  the  tripartite  monarchs  saved  his  life 
by  appearing  in  proxy  at  a  treacherous  court.  Monte- 
zuma hoped  to  derive  from  a  similar  trick  more  than 
one  advantage. 

Tziimac|)o[)oca  arrived  at  the  mountain  camp  the 
morning  aftei-  tlie  Spaniards  had  entered  it,  and  created 
no  little  excitement  by  the  announcement  that  the 
( in|)eror  was  present  in  person.  Preparations  wero 
made  to  give  him  a  brilliant  reception.  Unfortu- 
nately for  the  envoy,  his  secret  had  too  many  keepers 
in  the  larye  suite  attending  him;  there  were  also 
many  among  the  allies  who  had  been  at  Montezuma's 
court,  and  who  looked  on  this  sudd(3n  arrival  as 
suspicious.  They  made  inquiries  and  soon  ascer- 
tain«'d  the  truth.  Cortes  received  the  great  man 
with  courtesy,  heralded  as  he  was  with  a  present  of 
tlnve  thousand  pesos  de  oro,  but  he  resolved  to  take 
advantage  of  the  discovery  to  imj)ress  him  with  his 
penetration.  After  a  few  moments'  conversati(jn  he 
told  the  noble  with  a  severe  tone  that  he  was  not 
the  monarch  he  represented  himself  to  Ix).^  He  also 
referred  to  the  attempts  made  during  the  night  to 
surprise  the  camp,  as  indicatetl  by  the  dead  spies,  and 
assured  him  that  his  men  were  always  jirepared  against 
I'lots  and  deception,  and  any  attempts  against  tlu-m 
Would  lead  only  to  the  discomfiture  and  grief  of  the 
enemy.  Awed  by  the  superior  intelligence  and  power 
of  the  o-eneral,  the  cnvov  thouijht  no  longer  of  anv- 
thmg  else  than  to  keep  such  a  man  from  entering 

•''  He  appc.ik'il  to  the  Tlnscaltccs  l>y  liis  side,  and  they  declared  that  they 
knew  him  to  bo  TzihuacpojKJca.    Tornutinada,  i.  44t». 


If 


T 


FROM  CnOLULA  TO  IZTAP.VLAPAN. 


Mexico.  Ho  presented  amontj  other  reasons  that  tlio 
city  could  ho  reached  only  in  canoes,  and  tliat  j)ro- 
visions  were  difficult  to  ohtain  there.  He  repeated 
the  offer  already  made  of  an  annual  trihute  payable 
in  treasures  on  the  coast,  and  ])ronHsed  as  a  bribe  for 
Cortes  himself  four  loads  of  gold,  and  for  each  of  his 
officers  and  men  one  load.**  JJazzling  a.s  tlie  offer 
Mas,  Cortc^s  regarded  it  as  but  a  faint  reflection  of 
still  richer  treasures,  the  attainment  of  which  must 
])rocure  for  him  greater  glory  than  he  had  as  yet 
dreamed  of  In  his  reply  lie  accordingly  pointed  out 
how  strange  it  must  appear  to  turn  back  now  that  he 
was  within  view  of  the  goal.  Such  conduct  would 
di.sgrace  any  envoy.  Nol  he  dared  not  disobey  the 
orders  of  his  king,  who  had  sent  him  upon  a  mission 
of  great  benefit  to  MontczunKu  He  would  leave  as 
soon  as  this  was  accomplished,  if  desired.^^ 

Nothing  abashed  by  this  rebuff,  Montezuma  again 
had  recourse  to  the  black  art,  and  sent  a  number  of 
sorcerers,  tlie  native  records  say,  to  cast  spells  on 
the  Spaniards.  They  soon  returned  with  the  report 
that  on  nearing  Tlalmanalco,  Tezcatlipoca  had  ap- 
])eared  to  them  in  the  guise  of  a  drunken  peasant, 
frightening  them  greatly,  anil  saying:  "Fools,  return  I 
Your  mission  is  in  vain!  Montezuma  will  lose  his 
empire  in  punishment  for  tyranny,  and  I,  I  leave 
Mexico  to  lier  fate  and  cast  you  off  I"  The  sorcerers 
recognized  the  god,  and  prostrated  themselves  to 
adore  him,  but  he  spurned  their  devotion,  rebuking 
them,  and  finally  pointed  to  Mexico,  saying:  "Be- 
hold her  doom  1 "  Looking  round  they  saw  her 
enveloped  in  flames,  and  the  inhabitants  in  conflict 

'"  A  lo.i(l  brins;  at  least  50  pounds,  the  bribe  swells  to  over  S"),000,000. 

"  Corf'S  and  Martyr  call  tlio  envoy  a  brother  of  Montezuma.  '  'nrtrin,  70; 
dec.  V.  can.  ii.;  (loniaraand  Horrcra,  a  relative.  //',•'/.  Mi\i\,  J)S;  dee.  ii.  lib.  vii. 
cjip,  iii.  According  to  IJcmal  Diaz,  the  )>ribe  ia  ofl'ered  by  four  noltles  at  Tlal- 
manalco. //inf.  Vci-ihuL,  04.  Sahagun,  who  is  the  original  authority  for  tlm 
story  of  '  Tzioacpujiuca's'  attempt  to  pass  himself  oil"  for  Montezuma,  siiys  that 
Corti's  was  highly  indignant  at  the  deception,  'y  luego  eon  afrenta  euviarnii 
A  a(|uel  principid  y  A  todos  los  que  con  tl  habian  venido.'  llUt.  Coiu/.,  10; 
J'urqui  intula.  i.  445-0. 


CAC.LMA'S  ADMCE. 


267 


■\vit1i  wliltc  mon.     On  turning  again  to  beseech  the 


was  gone. 


^[oritozuma  was  in  consultation  with  his  advisers 
wIkii  this  report  was  brought.  As  if  pierced  by 
death's  dart,  the  monarch  bowed  low  his  head  and 
moaned:  "  We  are  lost !  "We  are  lost  l"**  Less  ini- 
jiressod  with  superstitious  fear  by  an  incident  which 
Ik.'  regarded  as  concocted  by  the  sorcerers,  Cuitla- 
liuatzin  vividly  presented  the  danger  of  admitting 
such  determined  and  powerful  intruders  within  the 
city,  and  he  boldly  urged  that  they  be  forbidden  to 
eiiti.r,  by  force  of  arms  if  need  be.  Cacama  remon- 
strated that  after  inviting  them  such  a  course  would 
savor  of  fear.  The  emperor  owed  it  to  his  exalted 
station  and  power  to  receive  envoys.  If  they  proved 
oljjectionable,  the  city  should  become  their  tomb. 
Surely  his  nobles  and  his  armies  were  able  to  over- 
come so  small  a  number,  assisted  by  the  strategic 
advantages  of  the  place  in  its  approaches  and  re- 
sources. To  the  affrighted  monarch  anything  wa? 
acceptable  that  would  stay  prompt  action,  and  conse- 
(jueutly  defer  the  ruin  which  he  feared,  lie  at  once 
inclined  to  Cacama's  advice,  stipulating,  however, 
that  he,  king  as  he  was,  should  condescend  to  meet 
the  Spaniards  and  sound  their  intentions.     "May  the 

^' SaJimjnn,  1114.  Cnnq.,  20-1;  Acoita,  Iliitt.  Ltd.,  519-20;  Tonpifrnwla, 
i.  447.  Solis,  the  'pcnetnitiiifj  historian,' repents  and  improvos  it))<)ii  this  as 
nil  ;u  count  taken  from  'autorea  fiiledignos. '  Hist.  Ma:,  i.  liXi.  Ami  with  a 
hiiniliir  belief  it  liaa  been  given  a  prominent  place  in  Wc^t-riiwl  ft.si.liulinchir 
I.i.ntliirf,  131.  Oa8i>nr  Kns  L.,  the  author,  wasonoof  the  eilit<)i"sof  tiie  famous 
Bitot'  Do  Hry,  from  whieli  he  like  so  many  otliera  borroweil  text,  if  not  I'n- 
gra villus.  The  narrator  of  .several  iinlividunl  Kuropean  travels,  ho  al.so  iss'.icil 
the  liidim  Orrldfiita'in  HiMnrin,  Colouia;,  UM'i.  The  (li'rmaii  vi-rsion,  pub- 
lished at  CoUen  in  l(il8  in  a  small  rjuarto  form,  under  tiio  alH)Vc  title,  has 
for  its  j^'uiiliiig  principle  the  appropriate  maxim  of  Horace,  (hnnc  lu/il  /unirfuni 
i/'ii  iiih-iiit,  idiff  ditlci.  The  first  part,  relating  to  America  in  jrenecal,  is 
divided  into  three  sections,  for  jthysieal  and  natural  geo^traphy  and  Indian 
cust'iiiis,  followed  by  discovery,  voyages,  and  eonipiests,  and  eoiicluding  with 
n  review  of  political  history,  and  an  appendix  on  missionary  proLjress.  Tliis 
avraugement,  however,  is  nominal  rather  than  real,  and  the  confusicjn,  extend- 
ing into  ehipters  as  well  as  sections,  is  increased  by  the  incoiiiplcte  anil 
undi.'ested  form  of  the  material,  enlivened,  however,  by  an  admixture  of  tlio 
ijuaiiit  and  wonderful. 

'"  '  Va  estamos  para  perdemos ....  mcxicanos  somos,  ponemos  hemos  A  lo 

<lJe  vinicso  por  la  honra  do  la  genoracion Nacidos  somos,  vcnga  lo  ij[UO 

V'jiicre.'  Saluojuii,  IJist.  Cunq.,  21. 


!iii 


268 


FROM  CIIOLULA  TO  IZTAPALAPAN. 


gods  not  place  witliin  your  house,  my  loril,  one  wlio 
Hhall  cast  you  foi-th  and  usurp  the  empire,"  was  the 
8olemn  warning  of  Cuitluhuatzin,  a^  he  heard  this 
resolution.^* 

»  The  Spaniards  had  meanwhile  descended  the  wooded 
shTpe  from  Quauhtechcatl  to  the  cultivated  district 
round  Ania<|uemecan,  a  city  which,  together  with  its 
suburban  villages  for  two  leagues  aroun<l,  numbered 
over  twenty  thousand  families."*  The  lord,  Cacamatzin 
Teotlateuchtli,  received  them  in  his  own  palace,  and 
entertaineil  them  most  liberallv  during  their  two  days' 
stay,  i)resenting  them  gifts  of  forty  female  slaves  and 
three  thousand  castellanos  in  gold.  The  chiefs  of 
Tlalmanalco  and  other  neighboring  towns  came  to 
tender  their  respects,  and  encouraged  by  the  reports 
of  Spanish  jirowess  they  hesitated  not  to  lay  bare 
their  grievances  again.st  the  -cVzte(;s,  who  oppressed 
them  with  heavy  taxes,  robbed  them  of  wives  and 
daughters,  and  carried  the  men  into  slavery.  Cortes 
encouraged  the  chiefs  with  fair  promises,  and  was  nt»t 
a  little  delighted  at  finding  disaffection  in  the  very 
heart  of  the  empire,  whose  power  had  been  so  much 
extolled.™ 

Passing  by  way  of  Tlalmanalco  through  a  succession 
of  tlourishing  maize  and  maguey  fields,  *he  Spaniards 
reached  Ayotzinco,  a  town  at  the  south  nd  of  Chalco 
lake.^  Here  was  seen  the  first  specimen  of  the  peculiar 

'•  '  Kate  parecor  »lo  Cuitluluiac,  ubra^arou  iiiuuhos  do  los  I'rescntcs. '  Tor- 
quemailii,  i.  •144-.'). 

^■'  Witli  si'M'ii  towns  nnd  over  2.>,000  ftuiiilies,  say;*  Chiin.alpiiin,  //(V. 
Coil'/.,  Il.">.  Hfi-ivra  states  tliat  ut  tlio  fcMjt  of  tlie  descent  from  tlie  ran^'o 
felled  trees  ubstrueted  tlie  road,  and  appoarancen  indicated  that  an  anibiusli 
had  lieen  intended.   Ili'rrem,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  iii. 

*ToW('x,  i'urldK,  SO-l,  liernal  Diaz  places  this  occurrence  at  'nalmanalco, 
Miierc  tile  eliiefs  jointly  offer  eijjlit  fenialc  slaves,  tvn>  packs  of  robes,  and  150 
jicsos'  wortii  of  j^'iild.  They  urge  Cortes  to  remain  with  them  ratiier  tliaii 
trust  himself  within  Mexico.  This  being  tleelineil,  twenty  chiefs  g>>  witli 
liim  to  receive  justice  from  the  omjH.'ror  at  his  intercession.  Il'ixt.  I'lnlml.,  (i.'S. 
'.Sedieron  por  siis  coiifederados.'  ,Sa/iai/uii,  Hist.  Coinj.  (ed.  1X40),  74. 

'■  Tor  niai»  of  route  si^e,  Iniside  those  contained  in  this  volume,  Curhajal 
£*piiio>i(i,  /lixf.  M<:>:,  ii.  '201,  .VW,  and  Alninaii,  in  Pns'olt's  Hid.  Coii'/. 
(ed.  Me.\.  1S44),  i.  ;>;J7,  .'^4.  The  hujt  maps  in  these  lKK>ks  illustrate  the  later 
siege  o|H!ratious  round  .Mexico,  and  so  docs  Orozco  y  lleira's,  in  <'iu<lwl  M<rii-'>, 
J\'o'/(i(W,  'J.'IS.  Presoott's  loutc  map,  in  ^fl•.l•.,  i.  \\  xxxiii.,  cluiuia  to  be  based 
ou  Ilumboidt's,  with  corrections  from  the  chroniclers. 


CACAMA'S  VISIT. 


260 


nrjuatic  cities  of  the  lake  renfion.  Half  of  the  town 
stood  on  piles,  and  was  intersected  hv  canals,  wherein 
the  trattic,  with  canoes,  was  far  livelier  than  in  the 
streets.  The  other  half  lay  at  the  foot  of  steep  hills, 
upon  one  of  which  the  Spt'MDrds  were  encamped. 
]*ron»pted  either  hy  curiosity  «.'  by  ovil  purposes,  a 
nuinher  of  Indians  attempted  duinj^  the  nij^ht  to 
inter  the  Spanish  (piarter,  only  to  pay  with  their  lives 
for  the  indiscretion." 

In  the  morninjLf  messengers  arrived  requesting  the 
S|)aniards  to  await  the  coming  of  Cacama.  Shortly 
after  appeared  a  procession  more  brilliant  than  any 
yet  seen.  In  a  litter  profusely  ornamented  with  gold, 
silver,  and  feather  ornaments,  and  even  iidaid  with 
]>recious  stones,  sat  the  king  of  Tezcuco,  a  young  •  an 
of  about  twenty-five,  carried  by  eight  powerful  cacirjues. 
As  he  stepped  uu  ,  attendants  proceeded  to  sweep  th  • 
road,  removing  even  the  straws,  while  nobles  held 
over  his  iiead  a  canopy  of  green  feathers,  studded 
with  gems,  to  shield  him  from  the  sun.  With  stately 
steps  the  monarch  advanced  toward  Cortes,  saluting 
him  in  the  customary  manner,**  He  had  <'ome,  he 
said,  with  these  nobles,  in  the  name  of  Montezuma, 
their  ma.ster,  to  serve  him,  and  to  provide  all  that  was 
needed.  He  thereupon  presented  a  rich  gift,  to  which 
Cortes  responded  with  three  fine  marcasite  stones*" 
for  himself,  and  with  blue  glass  diamonds  for  the 
nobles.  In  order  to  sound  him,  Cacama  represented 
that  there  existed  almost  insurmountable  obstacles  to 
his  entry  itito  Mexico,  among  them  the  fears  of  the 
])opulace,  which  had  been  aroused  by  terrible  accounts 
of  the  cruelty  of  his  followers."     Cortes  sought  to 

"* '  Mataron  dellos  Imst.i  vcynte.'  Gomarn,  /lint,  ^f<'r.,  08.  The  cliiefa  com- 
plained in  secret  of  Moiitezuina.    Tap'in,  ltd.,  iil  Irrv.litilreln,  Col.  I)(h\,  ii.  ."»7'S. 

'*By  touoliinj'  tlie  grouml  witli  the  huiul  ami  then  iH-aiing  it  to  the  lips. 

*"t'ortes  '  lu  (tiiS  tres  piedras,  (jue  se  llanian  niargaritas,  (jiU!  tiencn  <leiitro 
de  si  niucha.s  pintura.s  de  diuersa-s  colores.'  lii'mal  J'i'iz,  IliM.  I'lr'trnl..  M. 
A  certain  vagueness  in  the  phrase  has  led  some  U>  tran.slate  it  as  n.  present  of 
three  tine  pearls  for  Corti?8. 

*' '  No  les  (picdaliii  sino  decir  (pie  mo  defcnderiun  el  cumino.'  Cortf»,  Cartns, 
SI.  '  Dieron  a  cntender  (jue  les  ofenderiA  alia,  y  aun  dcfeuderiA  cl  p-osso  3; 
cutroda.'  Uvmara,  Uiist.  Jlex.,  1)8. 


m 


In 


270 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAP.\LAPA^f. 


II 


roassnri'  him,  and  declared  that  !io  ()l)staclos  wore  in- 
sunnouiitahle  to  liis  men,  whereupon  Caeama  hastened 
to  state  that  Montezuma  himself  would  willin^dy 
receive  tliem,  and  did  tender  an  invitation.  }le  now 
returned  to  ATexicoto  prepare  for  the  inevitable  visit, 
leaviiii^  amoni^  the  Spaniards  the  impression  that  if 
lie,  tlie  inferior  king,  exhibited  such  «^randeur,  that  of 
the  emperor  must  indeed  be  imj)erial." 

l^'oeiieding  along  the  lake  they  entered  upon  a 
causeway  in  width  a  spear's  length,  leading  through 
till'  waters  for  over  a  half  league  to  "the  prettiest 
little  town  which  we  had  yet  seen,  both  with  ri'gard 
to  its  well  built  houses  and  towers,  and  to  its  situa- 
tion," as  Cortes  remarks,  Tlie  admiring  soldiers 
called  it  AVnezuela,  or  little  Venice,  the  native  name 
being  Cuitlahuac.  It  was  situated  on  an  islet,  con- 
nected also  with  the  northern  shore  by  an  extension 
of  the  causeway,  and  contained  a  population  of  about 
two  thousand  families,  supported  chietly  by  llori- 
culture,  wliich  was  carried  on  to  a  ijfreat  exttiit 
by  means  of  c/n'iuimpas,  or  iloating  ganh^ns/''  The 
chiefs  came  forth,  headed  by  Atlj)opocatzin,"  and 
showed  themselves  most  attentive.  Here  again  coni- 
j>liants  were  uttered  about  Aztec  oj)pression,  with  the 
earning  that  the  Spaniards  would  meet  with  no  true 
friendship  at  Mexico." 

Tlie  ^[exican  envoys  suspected  the  disaffection  of 
Cuitlahuac,  and  prevailed  on  the  Si)aniards  to  |)ass 
onward  to  Iztapalapan,  where  preparations  had  been 
made  to  receive  them.  As  they  nearcid  the  densely 
j)o})ulated  lake  district,  the  crowds  became  larger  and 
more  curious,  wondering  at  the  fair  hue  and  bushv 


*''  lirrniiJ  Din:,  Il'nit.  Vrvlnd.,  04.  Ixtlilxochitl  contradicts  liiinsrlf  nliniit 
tlu"  i)liioi'  (if  inci'tim,',  and  niakost  Ciiciinia  invite  Corti'S  to  Tr/cnco.  Ili^l.  <  'hUh., 
'J!(r»;  l(l.,ll<Uirhiii,-\\\.     Tor(|Uoniada  iloos  tin- same.   i.  41!). 

*^  Xdlin-  /'iiri'i,  ii.  ;i4,'>-(»,  ri7.">.  Cortes  nieiitii)ns  another  smaller  town  in 
the  lake,  Mitlioiit  laml  eonnnunication.  Cnrlis,  Citrta",  S2. 

''  '  Pariente  del  rey  do  Mexico.'  Cliimuhxiiii,  llinl.  Conij.,  1 10.  '  Piince  <ui 
♦jnartier  de  'i'icic'  lirnnsi'iir  df  Jloiiflioitrij,  /list.  X(U.  <'ir.,  iv.  'JO.*?. 

*•' ' Cortes,  cayua  con  deterniinacionde  pararulli,  y  lia/er  barcaso  fiistas. . . . 
cou  niicdo  no  lo  ronipicssca  las  calyaJas  (to  Mexico).'  (Joinara,  IIH.  jyix.,0'J. 


IXTLILXOCl  I ITLS  MOV  EM  KXTS. 


hoards  of  tlie  stranufors,  and  adiiiiriiiu^  the  comely 
liorsos,  and  the  j^litU-riiii;  arms  and  liflnu'ts.  "Suivly 
tlu'V  uuist  l)e  divine'  beings,"  some  .said,  ''coming  as 
they  do  from  wliere  the  sun  rises."  "Or  demons," 
liintetl  others.  J^ut  the  old  men,  wise  in  the  records  (tf 
their  race,  sighed  as  they  rememhered  tiie  |>roj>hecies, 
and  muttered  that  thes(.^  must  be  the  prethcted  ones 
who  were  to  rule  the  land  and  be  their  masters.*"  To 
|>revent  the  natives  from  mingling  with  his  men,  and 
creating  not  only  disorder  but  (hminishing  the  awe 
with  which  they  were  regarded,  the  horsenjen  in  the 
van  received  orders  to  kce[)  the  Indians  at  a  respectful 
distance.  Iztapalapan  was  already  in  sight  when  a 
large  force  of  armetl  warriors  was  seen  advancing,  so 
large  that  it  seemed  as  if  the  armies  of  Mexico  had 
come  to  overwhelm  them.  They  were  reassured,  how- 
ever, by  the  announcement  that  it  was  Ixtlilxochitl 
with  his  escort,  intent  on  having  an  interview  with 
his  j)ropose(l  ally.  The  prince  had  uiged  upon  Cortes 
to  take  a  more  northern  route  and  join  him  at  Cal- 
])ulalpan,  but  tinding  that  the  general  preferred  the 
Anuupiemecan  road,  he  had  hastened  to  meet  tlio 
Spaniards  on  the  lake.  The  approach  of  this  jx-rsonage 
had  made  the  court  (^f  Tezcuco  more  pliable  to  one 
whose  designs  were  well  understood.  When  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  therefore  came  near  the  citv,  the  elder  brother, 
Cohuanacotzin,  made  eil'orts  for  a  closer  conciliation 
witli  himself  and  Cacama."  The  opportunity  was 
favorable,  for  the  indisj)ositi(m  oi^  Cortes  to  enter 
actively  into  the  plans  of  the  former,  and  his  advance 
on  ^[exico,  with  proclaimed  friendship  for  Monte- 
zuma, made  Ixtlilxochitl  not  averse  to  the  advances 
of  his  brothers,  particui'uly  since  he  iuten(K'd  this  in 
no  wise  to  interfere  with  his  schemes.  Tlu'  n-sult  of 
the  negotiation  was  that  he  found  himself  achnitted 
with  great  pom[)  into  his  paternal  city,  wherein  he 


*"  Torqupmnila,  i.  4.">l;  Orieilo,  iii.  .')00. 

*'  I'^or  ill!  (iccount  of  tiie  clisimtt;  bi'twccn  Cacanm  and  Ixtlilxochitl,  sco 
l\'(U'ivt:  /.'oa,'*,  V.  474-7. 


I' 


I' 


199 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTArALAPAX. 


hoped  some  day  to  displace  Cacama.  Iinlnu'd  more 
than  ever  with  his  ambition,  he  hastened  to  intercept 
the  Spanish  captain,  in  order  personally  to  promote 
liis  views  and  induce  him  to  come  northward  to 
Tezcuco  and  to  his  own  capital.  Cortes  was  full  of 
])r(jmises,  but  it  did  not  just  then  suit  him  to  disar- 
range the  plan  he  had  formed,  and  so  Ixtlilxochitl  had 
to  wait. 

It  is  this  meeting  no  doubt  which  has  been  wrongly 
extended  by  .several  authorities  into  a  visit  to  Tez- 


cuco 


48 


As  the  Spaniards  approached  Iztapalapan,*"  Cuitla- 
huatzin,  the  brother  of  Montezuma  and  lord  of  the 
city,  came  forth  in  company  with  Tezozomoc,  loid 
of  the  adjoining  Culhuacan,  and  a  number  of  other 
caciques  and  noi)les,'"  to  escort  his  guests  to  their 
quarters  in  his  palace.  The  city  with  its  ten  thousand 
to  twelve  thousanil  houses  was  constructed  partly  on 
jiiles,  and  crossed  by  canals,  on  either  side  of  which 
rose  substantial  buildings,  chiefly  of  stone,  a  large 
l)roportion  being,  according  to  the  conqueror,  "a.s  line 
a.s  the  best  in  Spain,  both  in  extent  and  construc- 
tion." The  Spaniards  were  awed  by  the  beauty  of 
the  place.  The  palace  was  particularly  flne  and  spa- 
cious, with  courts  shaded  by  awnings  of  brilliant  colors 

*' Tezcuco  was  entirely  out  of  Corti-s'  route,  ami  the  narratives  of  tin' 
niarcli  slmw  that  no  sucli  (k'tour  coulil  have  beoa  niaJe.  Tornueinaila,  wlm 
ciiiitradiets  himself  alxiut  the  visit,  describes  with  sumo  detail  the  receptinii 
at  this  capital,  where  the  pupulatioii  kneel  to  adore  the  Spaniards  as  childnii 
of  tlie  sun.  Tliey  are  entertained  at  the  palace,  and  discover  in  one  of  the 
ciiurtiers,  named  Teccjcultzin,  a  man  of  as  fair  a  hue  as  tiiemselves,  wlio  Ik'- 
came  a  great  favorite,  i.  444.  Herrera  ttikcs  the  army  from  Ayotzinco  to 
1'c/cuco  and  hack  to  Cuitlahuac.  dec.  ii.  HI),  vii.  cap.  iv.  Impressed  per- 
Iiaps  by  the  peculiarity  of  this  iletour,  Vetancurt,  aftei  repeatinjj;  the  story, 
expresses  a  douht  wiiether  t!»c  visit  w.os  rwiUy  niaile.  T<ati\>  .i/cc,  pt.  iii. 
1"J7  !S.  15ut  Clavigeri)  brings  arguments,  Imsed  partly  ni)on  vagut!  jioints  in 
Cortes'  later  letters,  to  prove  that  it  took  place.  Storhi  Mi.^n.,  iii.  74.  Soli-, 
'the  discriminatinj.', '  lets  Cacama  himself  guide  Cortes  from  Ayotziuco  to 
Tezcuco.   Hint.  Mix.,  i.  .S(iO-l. 

*'  '  Y.xtapalapn  .  'luc  ipiiere  decir  Pueblos  donde  se  coge  Sal,  o  Yxfcitl ;  y  a\ui 
hoy  tieneu  este  mismo  oticio  los  do  Y.xtapalapa. '  Lonnzaiut,  in  Cuitts,  J/<^t. 

'"'  Including  Mutlatzincxtzin,  lord  of  Coyuhiiacan  and  b'-othr'*  of  Monte 
zuma;    Tocltiiiuitzin  of    Me.xicaltzinco,   and   Huitzillatl  of   Huitzilopociico. 
('lariiifi-o,  Storia  J/c-w.,  iii.  75;   Chhnalpain,  llUt.  t'uiiq.,  110,    liraaseur  Je 
liuurbounj,  Ifiel.  Xat.  Vic,  iv.  '20o, 


\' 


IZTAPAL^VPAN  CITY. 


2T3 


il  more 
tfirept 
roinote 
ard  to 
lull  nf 
)  disar- 
litl  had 

vronijly 
to  Tcz- 

Cuitla- 
l  of  til.- 
00,  lord 
3f  otlur 
to  their 
housainl 
lartly  «'ii 
)f  whit.'h 
a  larue 
"as  line 
)nstrur- 
auty  t'f 
\nd  i^pa- 
ut  colors 

res  of  the 
I'lnaila,  wli'> 
receptinii 
,  a.s  cliiulnii 
one  of  the 
fs,  who  he- 
k-ot/inoo  t" 
ressed  pei- 
the  stuiy, 
.<■.,  pt.  i:i. 
\e  points  in 
74.  Solis, 
Lyotzluoo  to 

xt;Ul ;  y  auu 
.'urt'S,  ll'-'- 

of  Monte 
t/.ilopochco. 
Urasseur  i/e 


and  bordered  by  commodious  apartments.  Adjoining 
it,  and  overlooked  by  a  large  pavilion,  was  a  vast 
garden,  divided  into  four  squares  by  hedges  of  plaited 
rtxtls,  which  were  entirely  overgrown  with  roses  and 
other  flowers.  Shaded  walks  led  out  in  all  directions, 
now  by  beds  of  rare  plants  collected  from  remote 
jiarts,  now  into  orchards  temptingly  laden,  and  again 
past  groups  of  artistically  arranged  flowers.  In  ponds 
\vA  by  navigable  canals  sported  innumerable  water- 
fowl, consorting  with  fishes  of  different  species.  In 
the  centre  of  the  garden  was  an  inmiense  reservoir  of 
hewn  stone,  four  hundred  paces  square,  surrounded 
by  a  tiled  pavement  from  which  steps  led  at  intervals 
to  tlie  water.^^ 

Cortes  was  not  only  hospitably  entertained,  but 
received  a  present  of  female  slaves,  packs  of  cloth, 
and  over  three  thousand  castellanos  in  gold." 

The  soldiers  now  prepared  under  more  than  usual 
excitement  for  the  final  march,  which  was  to  bring 
them  to  the  longed-for  goal.  The  reputed  magnifi- 
cence of   the  capital  made  most  of  the    Spaniards 

"'  Pftrr  Murfi/r,  dec.  v.  cap.  ii.;  Comarn,  Hist.  Mcx.,  90;  Cnrtfx,  Cartas, 
8'2.  \N'liiit  with  the  retreating  waters  anil  tlie  removal  of  native  lonl.s  in  whose 
interest  it  lay  to  jtreserve  the  gardens  and  palaces,  her  glories  are  now  do- 
paiteil.  The  evajxjration  of  the  lake  waters  had  been  ohserved  ))efore  tlio 
eiiiniuest.  After  this  it  increased  rapidly,  owing  to  the  thonghtless  destruc- 
tion lit  forests  in  the  valley,  as  Hunilwlilt  remarks.  In  IJernal  Diaz'  time 
aheady  Izfciiwlapan  lay  high  and  dry,  with  fields  of  maize  growing  where  he 
liinl  fA'vn  the  Im.-y  tralHu  of  canoes.  J/isl.  Vo-'kuL,  Go.  The  fate  of  the  lake 
ri.;iiin  was  .sealed  l)y  the  construction  of  the  Huehuetoca  canal,  which  drained 
the  liii,'  lake  to  a  mere  shatlow  of  its  former  self,  leaving  far  inlaml  the  flourish- 
in,'  tuwns  which  once  lined  its  sliore,  and  shielding  the  watei"s,  as  it  were, 
fiMiii  tufther  persecution  liy  an  unsitrhtly  liarrier  of  desert  sjjlt  marshes — aiul 
all  tu  siive  the  capital  from  the  inimdations  to  which  lilundering  locators  had 
e\]inMd  her.  Humlwldt  has  in  his  niup  of  the  valley  traced  the  o\itline  of 
thi'  liike  as  it  appeared  to  the  coni|Ueroi-s,  and  although  oi)en  to  criticism  it 
i>  interesting.  A><«j  /V.,  i.  107.  l7;{-'>. 

^' '  r.ci'r.s  Cnrtiut,  S'J.  Kernal  Diaz  reduces  it  to  2000  pesos.  According  to 
SaliaL'un,  Cortes  summons  the  lords  of  the  district  and  tells  them  of  his 
niis-ion.  The  comnKjn  people  keep  out  of  the  way,  fearing  a  massacre,  ll'txt. 
'  I"!'/..  "il-'J.  Brasseurde  Bonrlwinrg,  //^-^  Xnt.  Civ.,  iv.  •iO.V-iJ,  assumes  from 
tills  that  manyof  tiie  chiefs  promi>eil  to  supix)rt  Cortesagainst  the  government, 
^>  III"  Il  is  hardly  likely  to  have  been  done  in  a  city  ruled  by  Montezuma's 
I'l'ither.  w  ho  was  at  heart  hostile  to  the  Spaniards.  Here  again,  Siiys  Herrera, 
(lee.  ii,  lib.  vii.  cap.  v.,  Montezuma  sought  to  disstiade  Cortes  froiV'  entering 
the  capital ;  'Jon/iiemaila,  i.  44t).  His  envoy  Ijeing  Cacama,  adds  Ixtlilxocliitl. 
Jii't.  Chkh..  •-It.'). 

UiBT.  Mes.,  Vol.  I.    18 


n 


i  I 


m 


FROM  CHOLULA  TO  IZTAP.y.APAX. 


eager  to  enter;  but  there  were  others  who  recalled 
the  rumors  of  its  strength,  and  of  the  terrible  plots 
which  their  timid  allies  declared  were  to  encompass 
them.  "  Being  men  and  fearing  death,  we  could  not 
avoid  thinking  of  this,"  says  Bernal  Diaz,  frankly, 
"and  commending  ourselves  to  God."  And  as  he  re- 
members how  warnings  failed  to  deter  them,  the  old 
soldier  bursts  forth  in  self- admiration,  "What  men 
have  existed  in  the  world  so  daring?"' 

»IIM.Verd(ul.,U-5. 


>53 


n 

i 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


MEETDsG  WITH  MONTEZUMA. 

November,  1519. 

Something  of  the  City  —  The  Spanhards  Start  from  Iztapalapan  — 
Reach  the  Great  Cacseway — They  are  Met  by  many  Nobles — 
And   presently  by  Montezuma — Entry  into  Mexico — They   Arb 

QCAUTEKED  IN  THE  AXAYACATL   PaLACE — InTEUCIUNGE  OF  VlSITS. 

From  Iztapalapan  the  imperial  city  of  tlie  jnrroat 
])latoau  could  clearly  be  seen,  rising  in  unveiled  wliite- 
iioss  fioin  the  lake.  Almost  celestial  was  its  beauty 
ill  the  eyes  of  the  spoilers;  a  dream  some  called  it,  or, 
if  tangible,  only  Venice  was  like  it,  with  its  imposing 
C'diHoes  sparkling  amid  the  sparkling  waters.  Many 
otlior  places  had  been  so  called,  but  there  Avas  no 
other  New  World  Venice  like  this. 

Sweeping  round  in  sheltering  embrace  were  the 
gieiii  swards  and  wood -clad  knolls  on  the  shore, 
studded  with  tributary  towns  and  ]ndatial  structures. 
Clowned  with  foliage,  or  peeping  forth  from  groves, 
some  venturing  nearer  to  the  city,  and  into  the  very 
lake.  "  We  gazed  with  admiration,"  exclaims  ]^einal 
])iaz,  as  In  -mpares  with  the  enchanted  .structures 
described  m  the  Amadis  their  grand  towers,  cues, 
and  editices,  rising  in  the  lake,  and  all  of  masonry. 

Let  us  glance  at  the  people  and  their  dwellings; 
I'nr  tliough  we  haye  spoken  of  them  at  length  else- 
where, we  cannot  in  this  connection  wholly  j»ass 
them  by. 

Two  centuries  back,  the  Aztecs,  then  a  small  and 

(2TS) 


Hi 


:^^v 


it:  I 


270 


MEETING  WITH  MONTEZUMA. 


despised  people,  surrounded  and  oppressed  by  enemies, 
liad  taken  refuge  on  some  islets  in  the  western  part 
of  the  saline  lake  of  Mexico,  and  there  by  divine 
command  they  had  founded  the  city  which,  under  the 
title  of  ^Foxioo  Tenochtitlan,  was  to  become  the  capi- 
tal of  Andhuac.  The  first  building  was  a  temple  of 
rushes,  round  which  the  settlement  grew  up,  spreading 
rapidly  over  the  islets,  and  on  piles  and  filled  ground. 
The  city  was  enlarged  and  beautified  by  successive 
rulers,  an<l  when  first  beheld  by  the  Spaniards  it  had 
attained  its  greatest  extent — one  it  never  again  ap- 
proached— and  was  reputed  to  be  about  twelve  miles 
m  circumference.  This  area  embraced  a  large  suburb 
of  several  villages  and  towns  with  independent  names, 
containing  in  all  sixty  thousand  houses,  equivalent  to 
a  population  of  three  hundred  thousand.* 

Four  great  avenues,  paved  with  hard  cement,  ran 
crosswise  from  the  cardinal  points,  and  divided  the 
city  into  as  many  quarters,  which  were  again  subdi- 
vided into  wards." 

Three  of  the  avenues  were  connected  in  a  straii^lit 
line,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  main  land  by  means  of 
smooth  causeways,  constructed  of  piles  filled  U})  witli 
rubble  and  debris.  The  shortest  of  these  was  the 
western,  leading  to  Tlacopan,  half  a  league  distant. 
and  bordered  all  the  way  with  houses.  They  wori^ 
wiih}  enough  for  ten  horsemen  to  ride  abreast,  and 
were  provided  at  intervals  with  bridges  for  the  free 
flow  of  water^  and  of  traffic.  Near  their  jun'tiou 
with  the  eitv  were  drawbridges,  and  breastworks  lor 
defence.  A  fourth  causeway,  from  the  Chapultejuc 
summer  palace,  served  to  support  the  aqueduct  wliieh 


'  The  ruins  of  the  oM  city,  clearly  traced  by  IlumlwUlt.  showed  that  it 
must  have  iieoii  of  far  greater  extent  than  the  capital  niisod  ujwn  its  site  I'V 
the  SiMUiiards.  Tliis  is  also  indicated  by  the  size  of  tlie  markets  and  U'lni'ln 
courts.  Tile  rea!»on  is  to  be  found  partly  iii  the  fonner  prevalence  of  oae-story 
houses  witli  courts  inclosed. 

'  For  ancient  and  modem  names  of  quarters  see  yatiit!  linres,  ii.  .")i'i.1. 

'Cortes  believed  tiiat  the  waters  ebbed  and  floweil,  Car/a-i,  10--H,  aiil 
Peter  Martyr  enlarged  ou  this  phenomeucn  with  credulous  wonder,  doc.  \ . 
uip.  iii. 


CITY  OF  MEXICO. 


9ff 


carried  water  from  the  mountain  spring  in  that  vi- 
cinity. 

Round  the  southern  part  of  the  city  stretclied  a 
semicircular  levee,  three  leagues  in  length  and  thirty 
feet  in  breadth,  which  had  been  constructed  in  the 
middle  of  the  preceding  century  to  protect  the  place 
from  the  torrents  which  after  heavy  rains  came  rush- 
ing I'rom  the  fresh-water  lakes  of  Xochimilco  and 
Clialco.  This  levee  was  the  chief  resort  of  the 
people — during  the  day  for  bustling  merchants  and 
boat  crews,  during  the  evening  for  promenadors,  who 
came  to  breathe  the  fresh  air  soft-blown  from  the 
lake,  and  to  watch  the  setting  sun  as  it  gilded  the 
summits  of  Popocatepetl  and  his  consort. 

Traffic,  as  may  be  supposed,  was  conducted  chiefly 
by  canals  guarded  by  custom-houses,  lined  with 
quays,  and  provided  in  some  places  with  docks. 
Upon  these  abutted  narrow  yet  well  lighted  cross 
streets,  connected  by  bridges,  and  leading  to  a  num- 
ber of  open  squares,  the  largest  of  which  were  the 
market-places  in  Tlatelulco  and  Mexico  jiroper, 
wherein  as  many  as  one  hundred  thousand  people 
arc  said  to  have  found  room. 

Viewed  architecturally  and  singly,  the  buildings 
did  not  present  a  very  imposing  appearatice,  the 
greater  portion  being  but  one  story  in  height.  This 
monotony,  however,  was  relieved  to  a  great  extent 
1  y  the  number  of  temples  sacred  to  superior  and  local 
deities  which  were  to  be  seen  in  every  ward,  raised 
hioh  above  the  dwellings  of  mo.'tals,  on  mounds 
of  varvinof  elevations,  and  surmounted  by  toweringf 
chapels.  Their  lires,  burning  in  perpetual  adoration 
of  the  gods,  presented  a  most  impressive  spectacle 
at  night.  The  grandest  and  most  conspicuous  of 
them  all  was  the  teiiijile  of  Iluitzilopochtli,  which 
stood  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  at  the  junction  of  the 
four  avenues,  so  as  to  be  ever  before  the  eyes  of 
the  taithful.  It  formed  a  solid  stone-faced  pyramid 
about  375  feet  long  and  300  feet  broad  at  the  base, 


II 


,i  a 


273 


MEETING  WITH  MONTEZUMA. 


3*2')  l)y  '2i)0  feet  at  tlio  summit,  and  rose  in  five  super- 
inijiosed,  perpendicular  terraces  to  the  height  of  8(1 
feet.  Each  terrace  receded  six  feet  from  the  ed<re  of 
tlie  one  heneath,  and  the  stages  were  so  placed  that 
a  circuit  had  to  be  made  of  each  ledge  to  <^ain  the 
succeeding  flight,  an  arrangement  equally  suited  for 
showy  processions  and  for  defence.  Surrounding  tho 
jtyramid  was  a  battlement ed  stone  wall  4800  feet 
in  circumference,  and  through  this  led  four  gates, 
surmounted  by  arsenal  buildings,  facing  the  four 
avenues.* 

The  pyramid  was  quite  modern,  and  owed  its  erec- 
tion tt)  Ahuitzotl,  who  for  two  years  employed  upon 
it  an  immense  force  of  men,  bringing  the  material 
from  a  distance  of  three  or  four  leagues.  It  was 
conijileted  in  148G,  and  consecrated  with  thousands  of 
vi(.'tims.  The  rich  and  devout  brought,  while  it  was 
building,  a  mass  of  treasures,  which  were  buried  in 
the  mound  as  an  offering  to  the  gods,  and  served  sub- 
se(|uently  as  a  powerful  incentive  for  the  removal  of 
every  vestige  of  the  structure.  The  present  cathedral 
occu[)ies  a  portion  of  the  site.' 

The  appearance  of  the  city  was  likewise  improved 
by  terraces  of  various  heights  serving  as  foundation 
ibr  the  dwellings  of  rich  traders,  and  of  the  nobles 
who  were  either  commanded  to  reside  at  the  capital 
or  attracted  by  the  presence  of  the  court.  Tlu'ir 
houses  were  to  be  seen  along  the  main  thorougli- 
fares,  differing  from  the  adobe,  nuid,  or  rush  huts  of 
the  poor,  in  being  constructed  of  porous  tet/ontli 
stone,  finely  polished  and  whitewashed.  Every  house 
stood  by  itself,  separated  by  narrow  lanes  or  by  gar- 
dens, and  inclosing  one  or  more  courts.  Broad  steps 
led  up  the  terrace  to  two  gates,  one  opening  on  the 

*  For  a  description  of  tlio  interior  see  Native  Races,  ii.  SS'J-S. 

'liaiiiirt'Z  and  Carbajal  Kspinosa  define  the  limits  pretty  closely  with 
respect  to  the  modern  outline  of  the  city,  //(.'•Y.  Mrx.,  ii.  ^^^(i-!).  ami  notes  iu 
Pn.'icolt'n  Me.c.  (cd.  Mox.  184.')),  ii.  app.  103;  but  Alanum,  in  liis  J)i,sir'.,  ii. 
'2()'J,  24(),  etc.,  enters  at  greater  Icngtli  into  the  clianges  wliieli  the  site  ha.s 
undergone  since  the  conquest,  supporting  his  conclusions  with  (juotations  from 
the  Libro  de  Cabildo  and  other  valuable  documents. 


HOUSES  AND  BELONG  IXGS. 


979 


iiKiin  street,  tlie  otlior  on  the  hm-k  lane  or  canal. 
The  terrace  |tlatforni  was  particularly  spacious  in 
front,  where  occasionally  a  small  oratorio  faced  the 
entrance.  The  facade  was  adorned  with  eleijant 
(iirnices  and  stucco  designs  of  Howers  and  animals, 
ot'ten  painted  in  brilliant  colors.  Balconies  were  oc- 
casionally to  be  seen,  supported  on  monolith  columns 
Avitliout  base  or  capital,  though  with  incised  orna- 
mentation; but  they  were  not  common,  owing  to  the 
]irevalence  of  Hat  I'oofs  surrounded  by  battlement ed 
and  even  turreted  parapets.  Behind  them  rose  llow- 
cring  j)lants,  arranged  in  pots  or  growing  in  garden 
])l()ts,  and  aitling  to  render  the  spot  attractive  for  the 
ianiily  gathering  in  the  evening.  Flower-gardens 
iiiiglit  be  seen,  also  in  the  courts,  with  a  sparkling 
iountain  in  the  centre.  Around  ran  the  shady 
jiorticos,  lined  with  suites  of  apartments,  the  largir 
rccejition  rooms  in  front,  the  stores  and  kitchen  in 
the  rear,  and  other  rooms  and  chambers,  with  the 
never  failing  temazcalli,  or  bath,  arranged  between 
them,  and  provided  with  wicker  screens  or  curtains  in 
lieu  of  doors. 

Courts  as  well  as  rooms  were  covered  with  flags  of 
stones,  tessellated  marble  or  cement,  polisherl  with 
ochre  or  gypsum;  and  the  walls  were  decorated  not 
infrefjuently  with  porphyry,  jasper,  and  alabaster,  and 
Iiung  with  cotton  tapestry  adorned  with  feather  and 
otiier  ornaments.  The  furniture  on  the  other  hand 
was  scanty,  consisting  chiefly  of  mats  of  pahn  leaves, 
cushions,  low  tables,  and  stools." 

'  For  furtlicr  description  of  strt-cts,  Iniildings,  finil  people,  sec  Xnfirr  nnrpx, 
passim.  Also  /ianiinz,  Xotlci(t.i  ih-  M>.t\,  I'tc,  in  Moiikiiii  iitaH  l)ii)ii'ni.  K-p., 
>IS.  111).  (),  ;{01)-.")0;  Ihir'iln,  ('iiiilhiiKicinn  <lr  Id  ('rdiiirii,  etc.,  MS.,  '2'M'>;  I'lti- 
Vro  I'lilr.,  xxvi.  'JO.'M;;  Lihro  (/<■  <-(il,;i</n,  .MS.,  I,  '>,  II,  (;•_»,  l().'),  L'Ol  •_>; 
S'liiiinliniij  allir  IirUilii'sr/i.,  xiii.  4."i!t-()((,  4(!4-fi7;  J-fin  Casas,  J/i.st.  .I/zo/d'/., 
MS.,  17-'27:  J^Wimrira  .SittniirKiiialr,  >SS  "JOT ;  M<.i:,  Not.  Ciiiiluil,  1-8. 
^  iiicciii  l;i  ){ic!i  is  the  iiaino  applied  to  the  city  l>y  some  of  the  Spouiurds. 
C'trtji,  in  /'(ir/iiro  and  (.'(irilciin",  (\il.  />'»(•.,  xiii.  ;{.'!!(. 

.V  curiims  view  of  Nfexico  la  jjiveii  in  tiie  edition  of  CortiVs'  lettei-s  is.sued  ufc 
Xiirenilier^'  in  ir)'J4,  which  exhibits  six  ciiiis-'way  connections  with  the  ni:iin- 
1.111(1.  Jidth  in  situation,  with  respect  to  the  sunxmndinf;  towns,  and  in  tho 
giiieral  plan,  it  accords  very  fairly  with  the  de.scriptions  of  the  coni|iierois. 
Tlic  teiiinle  of  UiiitziloiKichtli  occupies  an  iimucuse  squaa-'.-  in  the  centix"  of 


280 


MEETINO  ^^^TII  montezum.\. 


It  was  in  tlie  niorninj^  of  tlio  8tli  of  Novemhor  that 
the  Spaniards  mustered  for  the  entry  into  Mexiro. 

Tcmixtitnn,  sin  tho  city  is  cnllcd.  Rnund  tlio  Boutli-oast  comer  cxtonil  tlio 
|>alaci!  niicl  jjartleiiH  of  tho  ciiipiTdr,  otlior  piiliicfs  buiiig  scattcri'd  (m  tlic  1  iki', 
aiiilciiiiiu'ctt'il  witli  till!  Muh\irl)sliyHlu)rt  cause  ways.  Lesscurrect  in  its  rclativt; 
poHJtiuii  in  the  view  prcsciitctl  in  tlio  oM  and  curiotiH  Lihnt  ili  ilinci/'t'o  Ita,- 
if<iiii',  whii;li  lias  l)ccn  reproduced  in  Jfniit'innit,  Xifiiit')-  Wet'ti'lil,  SI,  so  fanimis 
for  its  cuts,  and,  of  coui-se.  witii  considerablo  clalmrutions  wliichi  liy  no  nuiiiis 
^orouiutu  tUu  curructueiM,  liowever  uiuuh  the  Uiauty  of  os^xjct  ia  inipruvcd. 


^XitVlti  Sittiti. 

CuuB  {nm  an  (filtXtnjf  Aft 

itHotn  vf  (fortr* 


Vciy  similar  to  this  is  tho  view  fjivon  in  some  of  Solis'  editions,  that  of 
Antwerp,  1704,  for  instance,  wherein  is  also  found  a  view  of  Mexico  with  its 
surrounding  towns,  as  Cuitlahuac,  Iztapalapan,  and  others,  all  groiipcl 
closely  together  within  tho  main  lake  I  A  native  plan  of  the  capital,  said  tn 
have  been  given  by  Monte/uma  to  Cortes,  accords  little  with  Spanish  disc!i|i- 
tions,  and  is  ditficult  to  understiml  from  its  peculiar  outline,  illustrated  witli 
A/.teo  hicrogiypiiics.  Alaman  doubts  its  origin  and  correctness.  See  PfiM'nit'^ 
Mci:  (Mcx.  ed.  1S44),  ii.  157.  A  good  copy  of  it  is  given  in  Vai-lmj'd 
Esi'iiinxa,  llixt.  Mv.i-.,  ii.  221. 

Tiie  view  in  Lihro  <li  lirnodetfn  Borrlonc,  Nel  qnnl  g'l  rnrjiona  ih  tiii><: 
I'/solc.  tl<'l  nioiiilo,  Vinegia,  1.528,  73  leaves,  is  accompanied  by  an  intcrestiiiL! 
description  of  La  uniii  cittaili  TeniiHfilaii,  remarkable  from  being  perhaps  thi' 
first  KKetcli  of  any  value  given  in  a  cosmographic  work.  It  occupies  tlic 
greater  part  of  folios  vi.  to  x.,  devoted  to  the  terra  da  Ferdhiawlo  Cori""'. 
Five  more  folios  describe  the  West  Indies  and  Venezuela  region,  the  only  pw  • 


^.■c 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICES. 


flu 


Xot  far  from  Iztapalapan  they  camo  upon  the  longest 
cuu«<.'way,  two  leagues  in  extent,  wliieli  with  the  ex- 

tioiis  of  America  knc-A-n  to  Bordono  when  he  WTotc  )iia  lKX)k.  It  M-as  com- 
].|i'tL'(l  ill  I.V21,  according  to  its  |)ontiHcal  liccimc,  nltliougii  not  issued  till 
I'l'js.  'J'lic  versatile  niitlior,  who  lip'ured  Iwtii  as  artist  ami  professor,  died  in 
l.'i.'ii,  ami  tho  hiter  itisues  of  the  Lihro,  henceforth  called  Jnolario,  are  hy  edi- 
tiirs  wliosM  endeavor  to  keep  apace  with  tho  demands  of  tho  times  is  instanced 
liy  the  edition  of  ir>37,  wherein  appears  n  letter  on  tiie  eomiuest  of  IVni.  In 
tlif  maiipi'immde  of  the  first  edition  heforo  me,  the  Hinidlcr  northern  part  of 
till'  new  continent  is  called  tcini  d<l  hihonilore,  while  the  southern  pai-t  bears 
tlic  ini-irlption  jioiiiti  moilo  voiin.  Tho  two  are  separated  at  tho  Isthmus,  in 
aliiiiit  the  latitude  of  tho  Meditcmmean,  by  a  long  strait,  at  the  eastern 
iiiniitli  of  which,  on  tho  secticnal  map  of  folio  vi.,  is  written,  ntnt/o  jitf  iltl 
mi'iilo  iiiiHii.  FartlKT  cast  lie  tho  islands  Aatiiren,  Asmaklf,  and  liruxil.  Tho 
niiiiitniuH  sectional  wood-cut  maps  and  plans  bear  tho  conventional  outline  of 
a  sciic.i  I  if  concave  segments,  and  of  tho  ten  referring  to  dillerent  parts  of  tho 
new  world,  seven  apply  to  tho  Antilles. 

Tilt;  clearest  account  of  Mexico  given  by  any  of  the  conquerors  is  to 
be  found  in  iiflfUionc  iValcvne.  coat:  iliUn  Nvinut  Spnijna,  «0  drl/a  f/rnn 
ciitii  lit  Tciiwtilaii  Mcixicd,  fatta  per  rn  ijeutir/iuomo  <lel  Signor  t'irnamlo 
Viirt'nr,  wherein  the  description  of  the  natives,  their  manners  and  customs, 
their  towns,  tho  resources  of  tho  country,  antl  above  all,  the  capital 
city,  is  to  bo  found  in  concise  fonn,  arranged  in  paragraphs  with  appro- 
jiiiiitc  headings,  and  illustrated  by  a  cut  of  the  great  temple,  which 
appears  far  more  correct  than  those  given  by  most  siil)se<iuent  writers.  A 
view  of  tho  capital  is  also  appended,  showing  the  surrounding  country, 
and  according  very  nearly  with  those  of  tho  Nuremburg  type,  except  in 
the  faidty  relative  position  to  tho  ju;ighl>orho<Ml.  Nothing  is  known  of  tho 
nutiior,  wiio  is  generally  referred  to  as  tho  Anonymous  Conqueror,  but  tiio 
opiiiiou  has  been  hazarded  that  ho  was  Francisco  do  Terrazas,  mayordonio 
of  Cort 'S.  His  account  was  evidently  ,  rittcn  in  Spanish,  but  did  not  see 
tlie  light  till  Itamusio  issued  it  in  Italian  under  the  atwvo  title.  It  fonns 
one  of  the  most  valuable  documents  for  tho  history  of  Mexico  to  bo  found  in 
tills  |inzcd  collection  of  voyages  and  travels,  the  lirst  large  work  of  its  class. 
No  brunch  of  literature  oljtained  a.  gi-cater  stimidus  from  the  discf)vcry  of 
('uluinlpus.  Ho  it  was  who  broke  the  bamer  which  had  confined  tlie  ardor 
of  voyagers,  and  who  led  tho  revival  of  maritime  enterprise,  creating  a 
ciu-iosity  among  tho  stayers-at-home  that  could  ))e  satiated  only  with  re- 
peated editions  of  ntirrativcs  relating  to  expeditions  and  conquests.  Tlio 
iiiiiuljer  of  these  narratives  became,  within  a  few  years,  so  large  as  to  require 
tlitir  grouping  into  special  collections  for  tho  sake  of  cheapness  and  conven- 
ience. The  earliest  is  probably  tho  Pcieni  Novameutf  I'rfronafi,  Kt  Koun  Monilo 
tla  Alherico  vfspiitio;  By  Fracanzo  or  Fracanzuno  da  Montalboddo.  Vieenza, 
l."i(i7,  mentioned  by  Tirnhoxchi,  Storia  <lcUa  litn-atura  Ituliuiia.  This  was  rc- 
pioiluced  in  1  ")0S  by  M.idrignani,  at  Milan.  According  to  Panzer,  lluchamer 
issued  the  same  year  a  somewhat  fuller  collection  at  Nuremberg,  under 
tlie  title  of  Nrirc  Uiififkcnif/ie  Imidtc  Uiul  etna  Xoir  mhl/e,  with  eight  pieces, 
aiinng  them  the  voyages  of  Columbus,  Ojeda,  Pinzon,  and  Vespucci.  A  similar 
woili  was  issued  by  the  Italian  Andolelo,  in  I.jIO. 

Tile  l)est  known  of  these  early  collections,  and  by  many  regarded  as  the  first 
issued  in  German,  is  tho  Xovrs  OH/in  I'djiniirm  etc  /iisnlarvm  VH<'rihrn  [ncoijni- 
t'irrm;  Jhisilem  npi'il  /.>  ll<rvrvjivm,  Meuiff  Mart'io,  nnnn  M.D.xxxii.,  4to,  084 
pages,  beside  unnumbered  leaves.  '  La  pins  nncienne  de  ees  ( Latin)  collections, ' 
says  Boucher,  BiU.  Univ.,  i.  "w.  Although  prepared  by  John  Huttich,  the 
canon  of  Strasbourg,  it  is  better  known  under  the  name  of  Simon  Grynieus,  wiio 
^yl■utc  the  introductory  and  revised  it  at  the  request  of  Ilervagius,  tho  pub- 
lisher, a  well  known  bookman,  greatly  esteemed  by  Erasmus.  Meusel,  liihl. 
JJint.,  iii.  pt.  i.  221,  gives  it  with  punctilious  fainicsa  the  title  of  ('oUect'io 


!!i 


282 


MEKTINT,  WlXn  MONTEZUMA. 


ct'ptioii  of  a  short  angle  near  tlic  shore  led  in  a  straiglit 

J I  uUichio-Onjnirn-lli  rvnifntim,  wliilo  otlitTH  npply  only  tli<'  iiii'Mli'  iiaiiin  or 
tlio  last  tu<i.  'J'lif  iittriliutinii  to  » Jryiiii'iiH  \-*  ^.'riatly  iliic  to  lii  <  tiimi-  ii.h  a  ir- 
fiiniKT,  ax  tlic  iKTHoiuiI  frii'iiilof  Liitlirraiiil  Calvin,  at  tluMlisi  i.viu  rut  Ijvy'.s 
luxt  )H>()ks,  and  ui  tlio  lir^t  of  n  long  liuu  <>t  Hcliularii  iclrhratril  iiinlri'  that 
iiiiinc.  It  in  an  I'Xi'fUontly  inintrd  voliinif,  with  ijuuint  licail  i  irrci,  anil  niu- 
taining  as  it  docs  ho  many  iiapi'i'M  of  uliiili  tliu  oi'i;;inal  iiiitinnM  aio  now  loMt, 
the  foll<'i'tir)n  niuat  l)o  <'Htoinii'd  of  great  valiii-.  'J'ho  ninctcrii  iiitcis  of  oii;,'- 
inal  oontrilfiitions,  joini)al»,  and  lioiTowcd  ai'rounts,  iiuludc  tliu  voyagin  of 
C'lilnndiUH,  Alonxo,  and  rin/oii  fioni  Mitilriijiimii;  Allni-id  \'ik]»iI''J  uuui'jn- 
(iiiiiiim  qcVoH/f,  and  mtHliia/iimi'ii  ////.;  and  /'ilri  Mnrtiii'iH  i/c  iii'X  (h.  'V\m 
other  narratives  relato  to  A»i:i,  to  tlio  J^evant,  and  to  JJnssia.  ^\'itll  nointi 
copies  is  found  a  inaii|H.'nionde,  Init  the  only  g<;nuini!  >>ne,  aeiordin;;  to  llurris.sc, 
1.M4,  bears  the  ins('ri|ition  Tirrii  il<;  Culm,  in  tlie  northern  ]Kirt  of  tlio  new 
worhl,  and  in  tlio  Houtli,  Pariax,  I'nnibidi  AiinTini  '!'<  i  rti  Sn^  a,  /'risilin,  with 
tlio  word  Aniii  in  largo  type.  Among  tliOHoveral  editions  theC  Jci  man  of  l.'i.'il, 
liy  Herr,  is  rarer  than  the  above  urigiiml,  while  tliu  Diitehof  l.'it»;{,  by  Ablijii, 
is  the  most  eomiiletc. 

After  lluttieli  the  voyage  collections  incronscd  rapidly  in  numberand  si/e, 
till  they  reached  the  lino  Kiiecinun  of  ]!amusiii,  forming  not  only  the  tii^t 
largo  work  of  this  class,  but,  for  a  long  time,  tlio  most  (  xtciisivo  v\  hicli  bears 
on  America,  llarrisse,  4.")7,  very  justly  observes  that  'tlio  jiiiblication  of 
Kamusio's  JtacfoUa  may  be  said  to  oiien  an  era  in  the  literary  history  of 
Voyages  and  Navigation.  Instead  of  account.i  carelessly  coiiicd  ami  traiis- 
Litcd  from  previous  collections,  perpetuating  errors  and  aniHliroiiisnis,  wo 
iiiid  in  this  woik  original  narrations  juiliciously  selectcil,  caicfidly  printed, 
and  enriched  with  notices  which  betr.iy  the  hand  of  a  ticliolar  of  great  criticid 
acumen.'  Tho  first  Issue  appeared  as  I'lUmn  Voli'iiic.  JhlU:  ynrii/iifiiuii  i/  \'i(ii/<ji. 
111.  I'lncHa  (i/ijrrrs.io  t/fi  lundi  di  Lvuntoii'io  Vinitt,  I'i'.d,  folio,  40,"»  leaves. 
'l^es  .Juntos  (le)  publicront. . .  .sous  la  direction  do  .lean  I'iiptisto  liamu.sio.' 
Cainiis,  Mill).  Coll.  To//.,  7.  Neither  in  this,  nor  in  tlietiiiid  volume,  is.siud 
ill  ir),")3,  nor  in  tho  eecond  edition  of  the  first  volume,  I.ViJ,  d'les  tho  name 
of  Ciiumbatista  Kamusio,  Kunnusio,  or  Khamusio,  appear  as  (uitlior,  and  it  is 
only  in  tho  second  volume  that  the  publisher,  Tommaso*  iiunti,  resolves  to  .set 
aside  tho  modesty  of  his  friend,  ami  to  place  his  name  upon  tho  title-rngc. 
The  publication  of  this  volume  had  been  ilclayeil  till  l.");!),  owiii;^  to  the  ileaili 
of  tho  author  and  to  tho  buniing  of  the  printing  establi.sliincut. 

In  the  preface  (Jiunti  refers  to  the  close  friendship  between  them,  and 
extols  Kamusio  as  a  leanied  man,  who  had  served  in  foreign  coniitrics, 
acijuiring  in  this  way  a  perfect  knowledge  of  French  mil  Spanish.  Ho  liail 
long  been  a  devoted  student  of  history  and  geography,  iiisj)ircd  to  some  ex- 
tent by  the  travels  of  his  uncle,  tho  celeiu-ateil  Doctor  (lirolamo  Itamii.^in. 
As  secretary  to  the  powerful  Venetian  Council  'do  Signori  l)ieci,'  he  w;is  in 
a  position  to  maintain  correspondence  with  such  men  as  Ovicdo,  Cabot, 
Canlinal  Bembo,  and  others,  part  of  Avhich  is  to  bo  found  i'  Ltt'<  re  ili  XI II. 
Jliiomiiii  illiintri,  Venctia,  1,")(!.').  .11  this  served  him  in  tho  loriiiatlon  of  the 
great  work  upon  which  ho  laborei  .luring  the  last  34  years  of  his  life.  Jlu 
died  at  Padua,  July  10,  lo.'j",  7-  v    irs  of  age. 

The  first  volume  relates  chicllj      ■  Asia  and  Africa,  but  contains  Lctferc  ihie 

r  papers  on  Spanish  and  l'ortu;,'iieso  cir- 
set  have  been  somewhat  changed  ami 
vtions,  but  the  best  editions  are  those  of 
econd,  and  third  volume  respectively. 
Asia,  but  is  of  interest  to  Anieiicim 
,  doubted  voyages  of  tin!  brothers  Zeiio. 
Its  small  size  indicates  the  loss  it  >.  iistained  by  the  events  above  referred  to. 
'  Et  no  vi  marauigliate,  so  riguardando  gli  altri  duo,  nou  ucdreto  (juesto  Sccoilo 
volume,  si  pieno  &  copioso  di  scrittori,  como  il  llamusio  gii  s'haueua  ppostu 
di  fare,  chc  la  morto  ui  s'iutcrposc. '  ii.  2. 


and  Sotnmario  by  Vespucci,  and  i 
eumnavigation.    The  contents  of  t. 
increased  during  the  several  republ 
15S8,  15811,  and  iriG."),  for  the  first. 
Vol.  ii.  of  this  set  relates  chiefly 
stuilcnts  for  its  narrative  of  the  mu 


RAMUSIO,  VIAuOI, 


liin'  iiortliward  to  the  heart  of  the  city.'  Thov  passed 
s(Vei';il  towns,  some  on  the  shore,  otliers  touching  the 
(•iiustway,"  and  supported  to  a  great  «;xtent  by  the 
iiiaiiMfacturo  of  salt  from  the  lake  water.  The  eausc- 
\\;\y  had  Keen  reserved  for  the  passage  of  the  troops, 
out  tif  defi-rence  to  the  desire  manifested  to  keep  the 
natives  at  a  respectful  distance,"  but  both  sides  were 
limd  with  canoes  bearing  an  eager  crowd  of  sight- 
M(  rs.  About  half  a  league  from  the  city  the  cause- 
way formed  a  junction  with  the  road  from  Xochimilco 
iiiid  ( 'oyohuacan,  at  a  spot  called  Acachinanco,'"  where 
a  stout  battlemented  wall,  fully  ten  feet  in  height,  and 
surmounted  by  two  towers,  guarded  the  two  gates  for 
entry  and  exit. 

Kntering  here  the  Spaniards  wore  mot  l)y  a  pro- 
cession of  over  one  thousand  representative  people 
IVom  the  cai)ital,"  richly  arrayed  in  embroidered 
lolx'S,  and  with  jewelry  of  pendent  stones  and  gold. 

Tlio  tliinl  volume  is  entirely  tlcvotcd  to  America,  nn<l  contains  nil  the  most 
valiiiiMc  <li>L'uments  known  up  to  tlie  time  of  its  first  issue,  mmAx  us  tlic  rela- 
tions ct  M.iityi',  Ovi<'ilii,  < 'ort<'8,  and  liis  contemporaries  in  Mexico,  I'izarro, 
\'ti:iz,':ihn,  Cartliier,  tlio  /!'  kttioii  di  Xrniin  ill  (!i:tiiiitii,  in  several  parts,  ami 
the  valualilo  Hiliifinin'  /-re  rii  ijfntU'hiionio  li'l  Si'jnor  Fi  nut  in  it  ('orlisv.  Tlio 
viiluiiie  liejiins  witii  a  Icarne'l  discourse  l>y  Itanui.sio  on  ancient  knowledge  of 
a  land  t>  tlie  west,  ancl  of  causes  leadin;^  to  the  discovery.  At  tlie  end  of  tlio 
l.')(;;i  eilitiiiii  is  a  map  of  America,  sliowinL;  Lower  California  as  a  wide  penin- 
Fula,  and  T< rrd  d  I  Fiic;/)  joined  to  tlio  land  of  the  C'lrrult  Aniiiftlcn.  The 
(uMiparativo  crudeness  of  tho  wood-cuts  and  maps  has  not  made  the  woik 
mm  li  c.^lecnuMl  liy  collectors,  lint  its  value  even  now,  foi  rcferi;iice,  is  un(pics- 
tiunid.  1'hc  set  was  dedicated  to  llieronimo  Fracastoro,  the  great  poet  and 
jihy>iii;in,  Ixirn  mouthlcss,  yet  so  ekxpient.  S'-aliijfr,  Anv  Frivuii/oinr.  At 
till' end  iif  the  J)i.iroi:sn  itii/)fa  Perv,  iii.  .S71,  Kannisio  says:  '  Kt  ouestfi  nar- 
ratiniH'  inn  hienitii  liahhiamo  voluto  discorrerc  per  Batisfattione  de  i  lettori, 
laipiale  i)in  distintamentc  legerannonel  quarto  volume. '  Accordini,'  to  Fonta- 
iiiiii,  JUi'i/.,  '2~\,  the  material  for  this  volume  lay  ])repared  in  manuscript,  only 
ti  pi  li.^li  in  the  disastrous  fire  of  Xovemher,  l.ViT. 

'It  is  still  one  of  tlio  main  roads,  known  under  Spanish  dominion  as 
Cal/aila  de  J/.tapalaoan,  now  as  S.  Antonio  Aliad. 

"Cnrtcs  name.'-  tlio  well  built  Mexicalt/inco,  Xiciaca,  ami  Ilnchilohunhico 
(imw  (  iiuruhusco),  to  which  he  gives  r-  jpectively  HOm,  (iOlH),  and  4',M)0  to  .")(tUO 
faniiliis.  ('(trtni,  S'\—i.  (lomara,  ///■-^  Mi.r.,  0!),  names  Coi.iacan  instead  of 
Niciaca,  and  this  elian;,'e  is  generally  accepted,  for  the  latter  name  is  proljably 
a  mistake  liy  the  copyLst  or  printer.   l'i't<  r  Miirh/r,  dec.  v.  cap.  iii. 

"'.Maiido  fpic  vn  Indio  en  lengua  Mexicana,  luesse  pregonando  que  nadio 
PC  atraiie.s.sasso  por  el  oainino,  sino  qucriaser  luego  muerto.'  Jltrnnt,  ilec.  ii. 
lib.  vii,  cap.  v. 

'"  .\Uo  referred  to  as  Fort  Xoloc.  '  En  dondc  hoy  la  garita  do  San  AiUoiiio 
AliH'l,'  says  llaniirez,  in  Pirxcott  (ed.  Mex.  1S4.">),  ii.  104. 

"  Ikrrera,  who  is  usually  moderate,  swells  the  figure  to  4000. 


m 


■M 


2S4 


MEETIITO  WITH  MONTEZLTklA. 


I'  nH  ■■ 


These  passed  before  the  visitors  in  a  file,  touching  the 
ground  with  their  hand  and  carrying  it  to  the  lip  in 
token  of  reverence.  This  ceremony  occupied  an  hour, 
after  which  the  march  was  resumed.  At  the  junc- 
tion of  the  causeway  with  the  main  avenue  of  the 
city  was  a  wooden  bridge  ten  paces  wide,  easily  re- 
movable, inside  of  which  Cortds  halted  to  await  the 
emperor,  then  approaching."  On  either  side  of  the 
street,  closely  along  by  the  houses,  came  processions 
of  nobles,  headed  hy  lords  and  court  dignitaries,  all 
of  whom  marched  with  bare  feet  and  bowed  heads. 
This  humility  was  owing  to  the  presence  of  the 
emperor,  who  in  almost  solitary  grandeur  kept  the 
centre  of  the  road,  borne  in  a  richly  adorned  litter 
on  the  shoulders  of  his  favorite  courtiers,  and  fol- 
lowed by  a  few  princes  and  leading  officials."  Three 
dignitaries  preceded  him,  one  of  whom  bore  aloft 
three  wands,  signifying  the  approach  of  '^^^  imperial 
head  of  the  tripartite  alliance,  so  that  all  persons  in 
sight  might  lower  their  heads  in  humble  reverence 
till  he  had  passed. 

On  nearing  the  Spaniards  Montezuma  stepped  from 
the  litter,  supported  on  either  side  by  King  Caeania 
and  Cuitlahuatzin,  his  nephew  and  brother,  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  king  of  Tlacopan  and  other  princes. 
Four  prominent  caciques  held  over  his  head  a  canojjy 
profusely  covered  with  green  feathers  set  with  gold 
and  silver,  and  precious  stones,  both  fixed  and  pen- 
dent, and  before  them  attendants  swept  the  road  ami 
spread  carpets,  so  that  the  imperial  feet  might  not  1  lo 

'*  Tho  avenuo  is  now  called  el  Roatro.  The  suburb  here  bore  the  iiaine  of 
Huitzitlan.  ^Vltzillan  quo  ea  cabe  el  hospital  do  la  Concepcion.'  Salnvimi, 
JlLit.Coiiq.,  23.  At  Tocititlan,  says  Duran,  Jllsf.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  -JSO.  '.Iiiiito 
de  la  Hennita  Jc  San  Anton.'  Torqiiemada, i. 450.  '  Segiin  una  antigiia  tnuli- 
ciou  conscrvada  en  el  hospital  de  Jesus,  el  punto  en  que  lo  ciicontro  nu''  fr<  iito 
&  (5stc.  y  porrccucrdo  dclsuccsosehizolafundiuiioncnaqucl  parage.'  Alani'i'i, 
D'iKcrL,  i.  103;  anA  Rumlrez,  note  in  PrcucoU  (ed.  Mex.  184")),  ii.  10.").  Tlio 
previous  authorities  indicate,  however,  that  the  meeting  took  place  fartliir 
from  the  centre  of  tho  fity. 

'^  Chimulpain  mentions  among  others  Tctlepanquezatl,  king  of  Tlacopan, 
Yzquauhtzin  Tlacochcalcatl,  lord  or  lieutenant  of  Tlatelnlco,  captain-general 
Atlixcatzin,  son  of  Ahuitzatl,  and  Tepehuatzin,  son  of  Titotzin.  Jlisf.  Coii'i., 
125.     Soliagun  difi'crs  sliglitly  in  the  names.  IJiat.  Conq.,  24-5. 


MONTEZUMA  APPEAES. 


soiled.  The  monarch  and  his  supporters  were  simi- 
larly dressed,  in  blue  tilmatlis  which,  bordered  with 
(Told  and  richly  embroidered  and  bejewelled,  hung  in 
loose  folds  from  the  neck,  where  they  were  secured 
by  a  knot.  On  their  heads  were  mitred  crowns  of 
gold  with  quetzal  plumes,  and  sandals  with  golden 
soles  adorned  their  feet,  fastenings  embossed  with 
gold  and  precious  stones." 

]\Iontezuma  was  about  forty  years  of  age,  of  good 
stature,  with  a  thin  though  well-proportioned  body, 
somewhat  fairer  than  the  average  hue  of  his  dusky 
race.  The  rather  long  face,  with  its  fine  eyes,  bore 
an  expression  of  majestic  gravity,  tinged  with  a 
certain  benignity  which  at  times  deepened  into  ten- 
derness. Round  it  fell  the  hair  in  a  straight  fringe 
covering  the  ears,  and  met  by  a  slight  growth  of 
black  beard." 

With  a  step  full  of  dignity  he  advanced  toward 
Cortes,  who  had  dismounted  to  meet  him.  As  they 
saluted,*"  Montezuma  tendered  a  bouquet  which  he 
had  brought  in  token  of  welcome,  while  the  Span- 
iard took  from  his  own  person  and  placed  round  the 
iieek  of  the  emperor  a  showy  necklace  of  glass,  in 

' '  For  dress,  see  Native  li'^ces,  ii.  178  et  seq.  CorWs  gives  sandals  only  to 
Jloiitezuma,  but  it  appears  that  persons  of  royal  blood  were  allowed  to  retain 
tlicni  before  the  emperor,  as  Ixtlilxocliitl  iUso  atiirms.  Jlint,  Chick. ,  2'J5 ;  Oviedo, 
iii.  ."iOO;  Purc/ias,  JJia  Pilgrimea,  iv,  11'21. 

' ' '  Cenzeflo y  el  rostro  algo  largo,  6  alegre. '  Bernal  Diaz,  1114.  Verdnd. , 

C7.  'Motec9uma  quiere  dezir  hObro  saftudo  y  grauo.'  Gomarn,  Hist.  Mex., 
10I>;  Acoda,  IJist.  Jnd.,  502-3.  It  is  from  this,  probably,  that  so  many  do- 
s(:i'il)C  him  as  serious  in  expression.  A  number  of  portraits  iiavo  been  civea 
of  tho  monarch,  ditfering  greacly  from  one  another.  Tlio  best  known  isl'res-  _ 
lott's,  taken  from  tho  i)aiating  for  a  long  timo  owned  by  tho  Coudoa  do  Mira- 
Viille.  tho  descendants  of  Montezuma;  but  this  lacks  tlie  Indian  type,  and 
paiUkos  too  much  of  the  ideal.  Clavigcro's,  Sloria  Mesn.,  iii.  8,  appears 
Jimro  like  him,  though  it  is  to^i  small  and  too  roughly  sketched  to  convey  a 
ckar  outline.  Far  better  is  the  haif-sizo  representation  prclixed  to  Linnti, 
<  o-i/iiiiifs,  which  indeed  coiTcsponds  very  well  with  the  text  description.  Tlio 
fiiLO  in  Armin,  AUe.  Mex.,  104,  indicates  a  cour»e  Aztec  wairior,  nud  that  in 
Moiiliiitus,  Nieuwe  Wefreld,  244-5,  an  African  prince,  wliilo  tho  native  picture, 
as  given  in  Varbajal  Eapinoaa,  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  (i,  is  purely  conventional.  Tho 
text  description,  based  cliiofly  on  Bernal  Diaz,  is  not  inappropriato  to  tho 
weak,  vacillating  character  of  tho  monarch.  Clavigero  makes  him  nearly  54 
yiars  old,  and  Brasseur  do  Bourbourg  51 :  but  40,  as  Bernal  Diaz  calls  him, 
ap[)iars  to  bo  more  correct. 

"^'Ellos  y  el  ficieron  asimismo  ceromonia  de  beaar  la  tierro.'  CorUt, 
Curias,  85. 


s^ 


MEETINO  WITH  MONTEZUMA. 


form  of  pearls,  diamonds,  and  iridescent  balls,  strung 
upon  gold  cords  and  scented  with  musk."  With  these 
baubles,  which  were  as  false  as  the  assurances  of 
friendship  accompanying  them,  the  great  monarch 
deigned  to  be  pleased,  for  if  every  piece  of  glass  Lad 
been  a  diamond  they  would  have  possessed  no  greater 
value  in  his  eyes.  As  a  further  expression  of  his 
good-will,  Cortds  offered  to  embrace  the  monarch, 
but  was  restrained  by  the  two  princes,  who  regarded 
this  as  too  great  a  familiarity  with  so  sacred  a  person.^* 
The  highest  representative  of  western  power  and 
grandeur,  whose  fame  had  rung  in  the  ears  of  tho 
Spaniards  since  they  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  thus  met 
the  daring  adventurer  who  with  his  military  skill  and 
artful  speech  had  arrogated  to  himself  the  position 
of  a  demi-god. 

After  an  interchange  of  friendly  assurances  the 
emperor  returned  to  the  city,  leaving  Cuitlahuatzin  to 
escort  the  general.^'  The  procession  of  nobles  now 
filed  by  to  tender  their  respects,  whereupon  the  march 


"  'Do  margaritas  y  tliamantes  de  Tidrio.'  Id.  'Que  se  dizen  margagitas.' 
Bernal  Diaz,  llixt.  Verdad.,  Go. 

"*  Soils  assumes  that  Cortds  was  repelled  when  he  sought  to  place  tho 
necklace  on  Montezuma.  Tho  latter  chides  the  jealous  princes,  and  permits 
him.  Hist.  Mex.,  i.  370.  Tarecemo  quo  cl  Cortes. . .  .lo daua  lamano dcreclia, 
y  el  Montezuma  no  laquiso,  6  so  la  di6  ii  Cortfcs.'  Bernal  Diaz,  IJiit.  VerdmL, 
65.  Tliia  phrase,  which  applies  equally  to  ofTering  tho  right  hand,  has  been 
so  understood  by  thoso  who  notice  it;  but  as  this  would  bo  confusing,  Vctaii- 
curt,  for  instance,  assumes  improbably  that  Marina  offers  her  right  hnnd  to 
Montezuma,  which  he  disregards,  giving  his  instead  to  Cort(5s.  Teatro  Mei:, 
pt.  iii.  l:;i). 

'"  Cortrs,  Cartwf,  85.  Ixtlilxochitl  has  it  that  Cacama  was  left  witli  him; 
and  Bernal  l)iaz,  that  tho  lord  of  (.'oyuhuacan  also  remained.  Accordiii?  to 
Corti's,  Montezuma  accompanied  him  all  the  way  to  the  quarters  in  tho  city, 
keeping  a  fow  steps  before,  (jromai-a  and  Herrera  follow  this  version,  lint 
IJerual  Diaz  states  explicitly  that  he  left  the  Spaniards  to  follow,  allowin.,' 
tho  people  an  opportunity  to  gaze;  and  Ixtlilxochitl  assumes  that  ho  jri"  ^ 
in  order  to  Iw  ready  to  receive  liim  at  tho  quarters,  llisl.  Vhich.,  2!)5.  Jt  is 
not  probable  that  ^lontezuma  would  expose  himself  to  tho  inconvenience  I't 
walking  so  far  back,  since  this  involved  troublesome  ceremonies,  as  wo  liavo 
seen,  not  only  to  himself  but  to  the  procession,  and  interfered  with  the  pcoiilo 
wiio  had  coino  forth  to  gaze.  The  native  records  state  that  Montezniiia  at 
oneo  surrendered  to  Cortes  tho  throne  and  city.  'Y  so  fueron  ambos  jun- 
tos ;l  la  par  para  las  casas  reales. '  Snhaiju)),  /list.  Conq.,  23-4.  Leading  ( 'ort.  s 
into  tiie  Tozi  hermitage,  at  the  place  of  meeting,  ho  made  tho  nobles  luiiv^ 
presents  and  vender  allegiance,  while  he  accepted  also  tho  faith.  Duraii,  Jint, 
y<»;.,  MS.,  ii.  440-1. 


«•• 


ENTRY  IXTO  MEXICO. 


«7 


was  resumed  to  the  sound  of  drums  and  wind  in- 
struments. At  the  liead  were  scouts  on  horseback, 
followed  by  the  cavalry,  under  Cortes,  who  had  by  his 
side  two  lar<]fc  greyhounds;  then  came  the  inftintry, 
with  the  artillery  and  baggage  in  the  centre;  and  last, 
the  allies.^"  The  streets,  which  had  been  deserted  by 
the  people  out  of  deference  to  the  emperor  and  to  the 
requirements  of  his  procession,  were  now  alive  with 
lookers-on,  particularly  in  the  entrances  to  the  alleys, 
in  the  windows,  and  on  the  roofs. ^^ 

At  the  plaza,  wherein  rose  the  great  pyramidal 
temple  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  palatial  edifices, 
the  procession  turned  to  the  right,  and  Cortes  was  led 
uj)  the  steps  of  an  extensive  range  of  buildings,  known 
as  the  Axayacatl  palace,  which  faced  the  eastern  side 
of  the  temple  inclosure.^'  Hero  Montezuma  appeared, 
and  through  a  court-yard  shaded  by  colored  awnings 


"^  About  GOOO  in  all.  'Xosotros  aim  no  llegauamos  &  450  solilailos.'  Bemai 
Diaz,  Hist.  VirdwL,  Go.     Prescott  places  the  number  at  alwut  ;J50. 

'•"  According  to  Sahagun  not  a  soul  was  to  be  seen,  either  upon  the  cause- 
■n-nyor  aluu;,'  the  streets,  the  people  having  taken  this  manner  to  express  their 
imlipiation  at  the  senii-forciblo  entry  of  tlio  Spaniards.  Montezuma  come  to 
rc'coivo  thorn  purely  out  of  a  feeling  of  humanity.  Startled  at  this  solituilo, 
Cortt's  fears  dangers,  and  vows,  if  all  goes  well,  to  build  a  church.  This  was 
the  ofii,'iu,  says  J!ustainante,  of  the  Hospita'.  do  Jesus.  •Sahuijiin,  Ili-t.  Coin/. 
(ill.  Mu.\.  IS-iO),  79-84.  See  note  12,  this  chapter.  Brasseur  do  liourlwurg 
accepts  this  view.  Hist.  Xat.  Civ.,  iv.  'JTi-lS.  .Still  Sahagun  describes  tlie 
int'.'i'viow  with  Cortes  as  most  cordial.  lie  is  in  fact  contradictory,  and  it  is 
evident  that  the  order  issued  to  the  people  to  keep  the  narrow  causeway 
clear,  and  the  cti(|Uettc  which  required  them  to  give  way  to  tho  emperor, 
have  been  h;istily  interpreted  by  the  chronicler  into  'deserted  streets'  and 
'  peindar  indignation.'  Had  the  citizens  objected  to  receive  the  strangers,  the 
In-idges  could  have  been  raised  against  tliem. 

•'- '  Au  eciin  do  la  rue  del  Iiidio  trsti'  ct  de  celle  do  Tacuba,'  says  Humboldt, 
Vurs,  i.  .W,  prudently,  without  attempting  to  give  it.^  extent.  Ramirez  a:ul 
t'arbajul  do  so,  however,  and  in  allowing  it  alwut  the  same  length  as  tho 
temjile  incldsure,  they  place  it  right  acnxss  tiie  eastern  avenue  of  the  city, 
wliich  like  tho  otlicr  three  is  admitted  to  have  terminated  at  one  of  the  temple 
g;ite.s.  Cii,-ii)ij,il  E-i/iiiifixd,  Hist.  Mtx.,  ii.  '2'1'2\  ltamir>-z,  notes  in  J'irn'oli'n 
-1/'  '■.  (ed.  Mex.  1S4.")),  ii.  app.  10.1.  'Dondo  hoy  las  Casas  do  el  Mai(|ues  del 
^'illle,'  says  Lorcn/ana,  in  Cortex,  Hist.  X.  Es/i.,  S(i,  a  stiitement  di.>spnted  by 
later  writers.  Prescott  (juotes  llumlioldt,  but  evidentlj'  does  not  understaml 
liiiii,  for  he  jilaccs  the  jialacc  facing  the  western  gate,'  which  is  not  only  ou 
th(.'  wrong  side,  but  across  tiie  western  avenue.  J/e.r. ,  ii.  79.  'Adonde.  . .  . 
tenia  el  gran  Monteeuma  sus  grandes  adoratorios  do  idolos.  . .  .nos  beuaion  A 
nposeiitar  ;'i  acpiella  casa  ])or  causa,  quo  como  nos  Damauil  Teulcs,  e  nor  tales 
iiiij  tenian,  que  cstnuiesscmos  cntrc  sus  idolos.'  Ihrmd  Piuz.  J/isl.  I'lnlad., 
tiii.  The  idea  of  being  regarded  as  a  god  seems  to  have  pleased  tlic  old  soldier 
iimiicnsely. 


MEETIXG  WITH  MONTEZUMA. 


and  cooled  by  a  playing  fountain  he  conducted 
him  by  the  hand  into  a  large  hall.  An  attendant 
came  forward  with  a  basket  of  flowers,  wherein  lay 
"  two  necklaces  made  of  the  shell  of  a  species  of  red 
crawfish,"  so  they  said,  and  "much  esteemed  by  the 
natives,  from  each  of  which  hung  eight  crawfish  of 
gold,  wrought  with  great  perfection,  and  nearly  as 
large  as  the  span  of  a  hand."'^  These  the  emperor 
placed  round  the  neck  of  the  general,  and  presented 
at  the  same  time  wreaths  to  his  officers.  Seating  him 
upon  a  gilt  and  bejewelled  dais,"  he  announced  that 
everything  there  was  at  his  disposal;  ever}"^  want 
would  be  attended  to.  Then  with  delicate  courtesy 
he  retired,  so  that  the  Spaniards  might  refresh  them- 
selves and  arrange  their  quarters. 

The  building  contained  several  courts,  surrounded  by 
apartments,  matted  and  furnished  with  low  tables  and 
icpalli  stools.  Everything  about  the  place  was  neat 
and  of  a  dazzling  whiteness,  relieved  by  green  brandies 
and  festoons.  The  finer  rooms  were  provided  with 
cotton  tapestry,  and  adorned  with  figures  in  stucco 
and  color,  and  with  feather  and  other  ornaments  set 
with  gold  and  silver  fastenings.  Here  and  there  were 
vases  with  smouldering  incense  diffusing  sweet  ]ier- 
fume.  So  large  was  the  place  that  even  the  allies 
found  room.  The  halls  for  the  soldiers,  accommo- 
dating one  hundred  and  fifty  men  each,  were  provided 
with  superior  beds  of  mats,  with  cotton  cushions  and 
coverlets,  and  even  with  canopies.  Cortes  was  glad 
to  find  the  building  protected  by  strong  walls  and 
turrets,  and  after  arranging  the  men  according  to 
their  corps,  he  ordered  the  guns  to  be  jilanted  and 
the  sentinels  posted,  issuing  also  instructions  for  the 
considerate  treatment  of  the  natives,  and  for  iiiter- 


-'  They  doubtless  fontietl  a  double  necklace,  with  gold  setting  nnil  pen- 
dants. Corti'S  writes  that  on  the  way  to  the  palace  Montezuma  haltod  to  jilaco 
then\  round  ilia  neck.  Cartas,  S^;  Gouiara,IJist,  Mcx.,  lOO-l;  ISuhajiin,  Jli^l, 
Colli].,  23. 

■■"  'A  throne  oigold,'  is  Peter  Martyr's  briefer  yet  grander  tcnn.  dec.  v. 
cap.  iii. 


PROTESTATIONS  OF  FEALTY. 


289 


course  generally.  jSIean while  the  servants  had  spread 
a  dinner,  which  Bernal  Diaz  describes  as  sumptuous." 

1m  the  afternoon  Montezuma  reappeared  with  a  large 
suite.  Seating  himself  beside  Cortes,**  he  expressed 
his  delight  at  meeting  such  valiant  men,  whose  fame 
and  dectls  had  already  aroused  his  interest  during 
tlieir  visits  in  the  two  preceding  years  at  Potonchai 
and  Chalchiuhcuecan.  If  he  had  sought  to  prevent 
their  entry  into  the  capital,  it  was  solely  because 
his  subjects  feared  them,  with  their  animals  and 
thunder;  for  rumors  had  described  them  as  voracious 
lieiiiLjs,  who  devoured  at  one  meal  what  sufficed  for 
ton  times  the  number  of  natives,  who  thirsted  for 
treasures  and  who  came  only  to  tyrannize.  He  now 
saw  tliat  they  were  mortals,  although  braver  and 
niiglitier  than  his  own  race,  that  the  animals  were 
lai'iio  deer,  and  that  the  caged  lijjhtninjx  was  an  ex- 
anneration.  He  related  the  Quetzalcoatl  myth,"  and 
expressed  his  belief  that  they  were  the  predicted  race, 
and  their  kinij  the  ri<Thtful  ruler  of  the  land.  "Hence 
bo  assured,"  said  he,  "that  we  shall  obey  you,  and 
liold  you  as  lord  lieutenant  of  the  great  king,  and  this 
without  fail  or  deceit.  You  may  command  in  all  my 
empire  as  you  please,  and  shall  be  obeyed.  All  that 
we  possess  is  at  your  disposal."^ 

Cortes  expressed  himself  as  overwhelmed  with  these 
kind  oilers  and  with  the  many  favors  already  received, 


''^  //;V.  Verdtul.,  G.')-G;  ITerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  v.;  Sahmjun,  Hiat. 
Cow/.,  -Jo-C. 

■''  Iifviml  Diaz  states  that  the  emperor  always  addressed  him  as  Malinche, 
mill,  iiiilocd,  it  was  ooniiiion  arioiig  Moxio^uis  to  address  persons  by  a  name 
dwii  tliiui  in  hiterlife  in  connection  witli  .some  peculiarity,  deed,  or  incident, 
llfiic'c  ( 'orti's,  as  ma.ster  of  the  prominent  female  interpreter,  received  a  name 
imiilyin!,'  that  relationship. 

■'  For  which  see  yatirf  Pacpf. 

"^^  <  'nrli-t,  ( 'artn.i,  8(i.  This  is  in  substance  the  speech  of  ^fontczuma,  as  given 
by  iiiitive  as  will  as  Spanish  records;  yet  it  appears  improbable  that  the 
emncror  should  have  been  so  ready,  at  the  first  interview,  and  in  presence  of 
his  cinuticrs,  to  humble  himself  so  completely  before  a  few  strumirrs  whom 
he  ro^Mrdcd  as  mortals.  See  note  19.  'Myself,  my  wife  and  cliildrx-n,  my 
lii'Uso,  and  all  that  I  ]iossess,  are  at  your  disposal,'  says  the  Spaniard,  even  in 
pnr  (l;iy.  to  the  fuest  whom  he  wishes  to  impress  with  his  hospitality.  Per- 
l;yps  Montezuma  was  e(|nally  profuse  witli  hollow  words,  which  have  boon 
recorded  as  veritable  offers. 

Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    W 


290 


MEETING  WITH  MOXTEZUMA. 


If 


^^» 


and  hastened  to  assure  the  emperor  that  tliey  were  not 
misplaced.  He  and  his  men  caae  indeed  from  the 
direction  of  the  rising  sun,  and  their  king,  tlie  miglit- 
iest  in  the  world,  and  the  ruler  of  many  great  princes, 
was  the  one  he  supposed.  Hearing  of  the  grandeur 
of  the  Mexican  monarch,  their  master  had  sent  the 
former  captains,  brethren  of  theirs,  to  examine  the 
route,  and  to  prepare  the  way  for  the  present  com- 
mission. He  had  come  to  ofter  him  the  friendship  ai' 
their  great  king,  who  wished  in  no  wise  to  interlVrc^ 
with  his  authority,  but  rather  ^hat  his  envoys  should 
serve  him  and  teach  the  true  faith. 

The  reference  to  Montezuma's  grandeur  led  the 
emperor  evidently  to  suppose  that  the  rumors  con- 
cerning him  current  in  the  outlying  provinces  might 
have  reached  the  ears  of  the  Spanish  king,  for  lio 
now  alluded  to  the  tales  which  raised  him  to  a  divnio 
being  inhabiting  palaces  of  gold,  silver,  and  precious 
stones.  ''You  see,"  he  added  with  a  sad  smile,  wheriiii 
seemed  to  linijer  reofrets  arisinij  from  his  departiii'' 
glory,  "  that  my  houses  are  merely  of  stone  and  earth; 
and  behold  my  body,"  he  said,  turning  aside  his  vest- 
ment, "it  is  but  of  flesh  and  bone,  like  yours  and  otlici  s. 
You  see  how  they  have  deceived  you.  True,  ^  possess 
some  gold  trinkets  left  me  by  my  forefathers;  hut  all 
that  1  have  is  yours  whenever  you  may  desire  it.  -^ 

Cortes'  e3'es  sparkled  with  satisfaction  as  he  ex- 
pressed his  thanks.  He  had  heard  of  jMontezunia^ 
wealth  and  power,  and  had  not  been  deceived  in  tin' 
expectation,  for  a  more  magnificent  prince  he  had  not 
met  with  during  his  entire  journey.  Such  Hue  wort  Is 
must  be  rewarded.  At  a  si<xn  the  attendants  cain(> 
forward  with  a  rich  collection  of  gold,  silver,  an  1 
feather  ornaments,  and  five  thousand  to  six  thousand 
pieces  of  cloth,  most  fine  in  texture  and  embroidery.  ^ 

^*  Cortffi,  Cartas,  86-7.  Bemal  Diaz  introduces  this  paragraph  during  the 
next  interview. 

"''  Jd.  'A  cada  \i\o  de  nuestros  Capitanes  dio  cositas  de  oro,  y  trcs  carLM"? 
■do  niantu^  de  'abores  ricas  de  plumas,  y  cntre  toiloa  los  aoUlados  tanihifU  nm 
tij.bucudu  vnuildoacargasdeuuuitaa.'  Bemal  Diaz,  Jlist.  rcrt/ai/. ,  00;  Gomant, 


iii't 


RETURX  VISIT. 


791 


Being  aslved  what  relationship  the  men  bore  to 
one  another,  Cortes  said  that  all  were  brothers, 
friends,  and  companions,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
servants.^ 

Montezuma  afterward  elicited  from  the  interpreters 
who  the  officers  and  gentlemen  were,  and  in  conferring 
favors  he  sent  them  more  valuable  presents  through 
the  mayordomo,  while  the  rest  obtained  inferior  gifts 
1)V  the  hand  of  servants.**  At  his  departure  from  the 
Spanish  quarter  the  soldiers  with  redoubled  alacrity 
fell  into  line  to  salute  a  prince  who  had  impressed 
them  both  with  his  gentle  breeding  and  his  gener- 
osity, and  the  artillery  thundered  forth  a  salvo,  partly 
to  demonstrate  that  the  caged  lightning  was  a  fearful 
reality.^ 

The  following  forenoon  Cortes  sent  to  announce 
that  he  would  make  a  return  visit,  and  several  officers 
came  to  escort  him.  Arrayed  in  his  finest  attire,  with 
Alvarado,  Velazquez  do  Leon,  Ordaz,  Sandoval,  and 
five  soldiers,  he  proceeded  to  the  residence  of  Monte- 
zuma, in  the  new  palace  as  it  has  been  called,  situated 
in  the  south-east  corner  of  the  great  temple  plaza. ^ 
If  they  had  admired  the  palace  forming  theii*  own 

Ifist.  Mex.,  101-2;  Peter  Martj/r,  dec.  v.  cap.  iii. ;  Diiran,  Ifist.  Ind.,  MS.f 
ii.  441  -'2;  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  vii.  cap.  vi.;  Torque mcula,  i.  4o'2-3;  IxtlUxochttl, 
Ili'l.Chich.,'2dii;  PeriiUa,  Not.  Hint.,  107-8.  Aoosta  implies  that  Cortes  iiovr 
n-cdiicilcd  the  Tlascaltecs  with  the  Aztecs.  Ifist.  Ind.,  o'il. 

^' '  Erainoa  herniaiios  en  el  amor,  y  amistad,  6  persouas  raui  priiicipales,'  is 
the  way  Bemal  Diaz  expresses  it.    Hixt.  Verdnd.,  06. 

'■^  Uonuva,  Hist.  Mex.,  10"2-.3.  '  Los  ha(,'ia  proveer  lucgo,  assi  de  mugeres  de 
servii;io,  como  de  cama,  6  les  dal)a  &  cada  uuo  una  joya  que  pessaba  haata  diea 
pessos  de  oro.'  Oviedo,  iii.  500-1. 

^^  I'itnncrrt,  Teatro  Mex.,pt.iii.  129.  Sahagun,  followed  by  Acosta,  Brasseur 
do  IJourbourg,  and  others,  states  that  the  artillery  was  discharged  at  night  to 
surtle  the  natives.  IliM.  Conq.  (ed.  1840),  85. 

•"  It  is  so  depicted  in  the  old  Nuremberg  view  of  the  city,  already  referred 
to.  Itamirez,  Carbajal  Espinosa,  and  Alainan  give  the  extent,  and  the  latter 
enters  into  quitfe  a  lengthy  account  of  its  situation  with  respect  to  present 
and  fonner  outlines  of  the  quarter.  Disert.,  ii.  202,  etc.;  Carhnjal  Knpimuia, 
Jli.^l.  Mex.,  ii.  221-2;  liamirez,  notes  in  Pnscott's  Mex.  (cd.  Mex.  1845),  ii. 
api>.  103.  Humlx)ldt  places  it  opposite  the  southern  half  of  the  western 
timple  side,  Ensai  Pol.,  i.  IT/O,  but  that  site  is  assigned  by  all  tlie  u1k)vh 
liistitrians  to  the  old  palace  of  Montezuma,  so  called— not  the  Axayacatl 
where  Cortes  was  quartered.  The  mistake  is  probably  owing  to  his  igno- 
r;iiue  of  the  fact  that  tiie  residence  of  the  Cortes  family  stood  first  on  the 
bite  of  the  new  palace  of  Montezuma,  whence  it  was  moved  to  that  of  the  old 
palace  when  the  government  bought  the  former. 


r:i 


202 


MEETING  WITH  MONTEZUMA. 


(|uartor,  how  much  more  charmed  were  thoy  with 
this,  "which  has  not  its  equal  in  Spain,"  exchiinis 
Cortes. 

The  exterior  presented  an  irregular  pile  of  low 
buildings  of  tetzontU,  raised  upon  high  foundations, 
and  communicating  with  the  square  by  twenty  doors, 
over  which  were  sculptured  the  coat  of  arms  of  the 
kings  of  Mexico.  Tl.o  bu'ldings  were  so  arranged  as 
to  inclose  three  public  squares,  and  contained  an  im- 
mense number  of  rooms  and  halls,  one  of  them  largo 
enough  to  hold  three  thousand  men,  it  is  said.  Several 
suites  were  reserved  for  royal  visitors,  envoys,  and 
courtiers,  while  others  were  assigned  for  the  emperor V: 
private  use,  for  his  harem  and  his  attendants.  Large 
monoliths  adorned  the  halls  or  supported  marble 
balconies  and  porticos,  and  polished  slabs  of  different 
kinds  of  stone  filled  the  intervening  spaces  or  formed 
the  floors.  Everywhere,  on  projections  and  supports, 
in  niches  and  corners,  were  evidences  of  the  artist's 
skill  in  carvings  and  sculptures,  incised  and  in  relief. 

After  being  conducted  through  a  number  of  courts, 
passages,  and  rooms,  partly  for  effect,  the  Spaniards 
M'ere  ushered  into  the  audience-chamber,  and  removed 
their  hats  as  Montezuma  advanced  to  receive  them. 
Leading  Cortes  to  the  throne,  he  seated  him  at  liis 
right  hand,  the  rest  being  offered  seats  by  the  attend- 
ants. Around  stood  with  downcast  eyes  a  number 
of  courtiers,  who  in  accordance  with  etiquette  had 
covered  their  rich  attire  with  a  coarse  mantle  and 
left  their  sandals  outside  the  room.^  The  conversa- 
tion fell  chiefly  on  religious  topics,  the  favorite  theme 
with  Cortt5s,  who  aside  from  his  bigotry  was  not 
averse  to  use  the  faith  as  a  means  to  obtain  a  secure 
hold  on  the  people.  In  any  case  it  afforded  a  shield 
for  other  objects.  He  explained  at  length  the  mys- 
teries of  Chri.jtianity,  and  contrasted  its  gentle  and 

^''Thc  Spaniards  were  also  'costretti  a  scalzarsi,  cd  a  coprirsi  gli  abiti 
sfnrzosi  con  vesti  grossolaue,'  says  Clavigcro,  Storia  Mens.,  iii.  83,  but  that  i^) 
iialikcly. 


FIRST  LESSOX  IN  CIIRISTI.VNITY. 


203 


benevolent  purposes  with  those  of  the  idols,  whieli 
were  but  demons  intent  on  the  destruction  of  their 
Aotaries,  and  trembling  at  the  approach  of  the  cross. 
Aware  of  the  inefficiency  of  himself  and  his  interpreters 
as  preachers,  indicated  indeed  by  the  passive  face  of 
the  proposed  convert,  Cortes  concluded  by  intimating 
that  his  king  would  soon  send  holy  men,  superior  to 
themselves,  to  explain  the  truths  which  he  had  sought 
to  point  out.  Meanwhile  he  begged  the  emperor  to 
consider  them,  and  to  abandon  idols,  sacrifices,  and 
other  evils.  "We  have  given  him  the  first  lesson,  afc 
any  I'ate,"  said  Cortes,  turning  to  his  companions.^" 

The  ruler  of  a  superstitious  people,  himself  a  high- 
priest  and  leader  of  their  bloody  fancies,  was  not 
to  be  touched  by  this  appeal  of  Cortds.  The  preju- 
dices of  a  lifetime  could  not  be  so  easily  disturbed, 
lie  had  well  considered  the  words,  lie  replied,  trans- 
mitted already  from  the  sea-shore  b}'  his  envoys,  and 
had  found  many  of  the  points  identical  with  those 
held  by  his  people;  but  ho  preferred  not  to  dwell  on 
the  subject  at  present.  The  god  depicted  was  doubt- 
less good;  so  were  their  own,  for  to  them  they  and 
their  fcn-efathcrs  owed  health  and  prosperity.  Suffice 
it  that  he  believed  his  guests  to  be  the  men  predicted 
to  come.  "As  for  your  great  king,"  he  added,  "I  hold 
myself  as  his  lieutenant,  and  will  give  him  of  what  I 
jjossess."  As  a  tangible  proof  thereof,  he  again  before 
dismissing  them  distributed  presents,  consisting  of 
twenty  packs  of  fine  robes  and  some  gold-ware  worth 
I'lilly  one  thousand  pesos." 


'"'Con  esto  oumplimos,  por  scr  el  primer  toque'  Dvrnal  Diaz,  TT'iat. 
Vcrdad.,  (i7. 

"'  '.\  nosotros  los  soldatlos  nos  (116  A  cada  vno  dos  collares  de  oro,  quo  val- 
ciria  cada  collar  dicz  pesos,  6  dos  cargas  do  luautas.'  The  rest  went  to  tluir 
olliccrs.  /(/. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

CAPTURE   OF   THE   EMPEROR. 

November,  1519. 

CouT^;s  iNsrr.cTS  the  City — Visits  the  Tkmple  with  Moxtezitma — Dis- 
covery Ol'linuiEl)  TREASHUE — PuETENDEO  EvIDEN(;E3  of  TnEACHEUY   - 

Cortes  Plans  a  Dark  Deed — Preparations  for  the  Seizure  ov 
MoNTEZUAiv — With  a  Few  Men  Cortics  Enters  the  Auuience-Cuam- 
1!i;r  of  the  KiNu  —  Persitasive  Discocrse — With  ^^entle  Foixe 
Montezuma  is  Induced  to  Enter  the  Lion's  Den. 

Cortes  failed  not  to  make  diligent  inquiries  and 
examinations  into  the  approaches,  strcngtli,  and  to- 
pography of  the  city,  but  he  longed  for  a  view  fvoiii 
one  of  the  great  temples  which,  rising  high  above  i\\\ 
other  edifices,  would  enable  him  to  verify  his  ob- 
servations. He  also  desired  to  obtain  a  closer  insi<Tlit 
into  the  resources  of  the  place.  With  these  objects 
he  sent  to  Montezuma  for  permission  to  make  a  tour 
throufjh  the  town  to  the  Tlatelulco  market  and  teiii- 
pie.*  This  was  granted;  and  attended  by  the  cavalry 
and  most  of  the  soldiers,  all  fully  armed,  Cortes  .set 
out  for  that  suburb,  guided  by  a  number  of  caciques. 
It  was  here  that  the  largest  market-place  in  the  city 
was  situated.'' 

'  They  liad  now  Ijcon  four  daj's  in  Jlcxico,  withont  going  farther  tlinn  the 
pal.TOc,  says  liornal  Diaz.  A  page  named  Orteguilla,  who  liad  ah'cady  aojuitcil 
a  smattering  of  Aztec,  was  scat  with  the  interpreters  to  ask  tliis  favor.  J/i-t. 

'  Soldiers  who  had  been  in  Romo  and  Constantinoplo  declared  that  never 
liail  they  seen  so  large  and  orderly  a  market,  witii  so  large  an  attendanci'. 
lieiiial  Di.az  indicates  the  site  of  the  plaza  to  have  been  where  the  chiircli  I't 
Santiago  do  Tlatehilco  was  erected,  and  this  still  remains  under  tlie  Siiiiu! 
name,  over  a  mile  north-west-by-north  of  tiie  central  ))laza  of  Mexico.  Jli-t'. 
Verdnd.,  70-1.  Tlic  olil  maps  of  Mexico  already  spoken  of  give  tlie  .saruo 
Bite,  and  Alamans  investigations  point  out  correctly  the  street  which  li'd  iiml 
loads  to  it,  althougli  he  has  failed  to  notice  the  above  authorities,  which  give 
the  very  site.  Dkcrt.,  ii.  '282-5. 

(•2041 


I 


TLATELULCO  TEMPLE. 


295 


ZUMA— Die- 

lEACIIKUY  - 
SEIZrUE  OK 
KNCE-CUAM- 
<TLK    ruIlCE 


rios   and 
and  to- 

iew  from 

xbovc  all 
liis  ol)- 

r  insiHit 
objects 
e  a  tour 
nd  toni- 
cavalry 
rtes  sot 
aciques. 
the  cit}' 

licrtlian  the 
Illy  ai'(iuinMl 


Buvur. 


n,.-L 


From  tills  centre  of  trade  the  Spaniards  j)roccodud 
(u  the  lol'ty  temple,  which  occuj)icd  one  end  of  tlm 
Tlati  lulco  markct-[)lacc,''  and  whither  Montezuma  had 
ii]rca<ly  gone  to  ])re[)are  for  their  reception,  and  to 
pi'ojtitiate  the  idols  for  the  intrusion  by  prayers  and 
saciifices.  lie  hoped,  no  doubt,  that  his  i)rcsenco 
would  })rove  a  check  upon  the  impulsive  hands  and 
tongues  of  the  guests.  Dismounting  at  the  gate,  the 
jidcrs  advanced  with  most  of  the  soldiers  through  the 
temple  court,  and  climbed  the  one  hundred  ami  more 
slrps  which  led  to  the  summit.  Some  priests  and 
chiefs  had  l)een  sent  by  ^lontezuma  to  assist  Cortes 
toasciuid,  but  lie  preferred  to  trust  to  himself  This 
jiyramid,  unlike  that  in  Mexico  proper,  api)ears  to 
have  had  but  one  continuous  stair-way  leading  up  the 
Western  slo[)e.*  The  first  sight  which  met  the  Span- 
iards on  reaching  the  summit  was  the  sacrilicial  cage 
for  holding  victims,  and  a  large  snake -skin  <lrum, 
whose  sonibre  tones  gave  appropriate  effect  to  the 
hoi-rible  rites  enacted  around  it. 

^Montezuma  came  out  of  one  of  the  chapels  to 
welcome  them,  expressing  a  fear  that  they  nmst  liave 
been  fatigued  l)y  the  ascent,  but  Cortes  liastene<l  to 
assure  him  that  Spaniards  never  tired.  Calling  their 
attention  to  the  view  here  aftbrded  of  the  city  and  its 
surroundiu'jfs,  he  stood  silent  for  a  while  to  let  the 
beauteous  vision  work  its  own  enchantment.  Around 
on  e\'ery  side  spread  the  lake  and  its  connecting  waters, 
bordered  with  prairies  and  lields.  Forests  and  towns 
intermingled  on  the  green  carpet,  and  extended  far 
away  till  thcv  disap[)eared  in  the  shadows  of  the 
hills.     The  sold"  ■      "     " 


O 


icrs   recognized  the  settlements  and 


that  mn-iT 
latti-iiilaiicL'. 
^o  cliurth  cl 
It  i\\v  siiiiu: 
jixico.  //'■<'. 
the  same 

which  give 

•191  > 


*  It  has  been  generally  accepted  that  the  temple  in  the  centre  of  tlie  city 
vas  vi.sitfd,  but  IJcmal  Diaz,  wIkj  is  the  only  narrator  of  this  excursion,  states 
iliwtiui'tly,  in  several  places,  tliat  ♦lie  pyramid  ascended  was  situated  in  the 
'llatclulco  market- place,  'a'Liiide  est;i  aora  seilor  Santiago,  (juc  sr  di/e  el 
'i'altehdco.'  Il'ixf,  I  crdwl.,  70-1.  Tlie  description  of  the  tcmi)!c  court  and 
interior  is  somewhat  confused,  and  evidently  combines  points  wliich  belong 
to  the  central  temi)Ie. 

'  1  Icnce  tlic  contradictions  between  descriptions  and  views  furnished  by 
dillcrcut  chruuiclcrs,  which  have  so  greatly  puzzled  modern  writers. 


I 


\n 


206 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  EMPEROR. 


'.   i'. 
b   -t' 


towns  wliicli  they  had  passed,  an«l  saw  the  cause- 
wavs  whicli  on  three  sides  contiected  witli  the  niani- 
land.  ]3eneath  them  lay  a  vast  expanse  of  terraecd 
roofs,  intersected  by  streets  and  canals  teeming  witli 
passengers  and  canoes.  Here  and  there  rose  palatial 
edifices  and  towering  temples,  interspersed  with  open 
s(juares,  and  with  gardens  shaded  by  trees  and  relieved 
by  the  silvery  jets  of  the  fountain.  At  their  feet  lay 
the  market  through  which  they  had  just  passed,  alive 
with  busy  Lilliputians,  whose  talk  and  cries  reached 
their  ears  in  a  confused  murmur.  Cortds  could  not 
fail  to  be  impressed  by  scenes  so  varied  and  so  at- 
tractive, but  the  {esthetic  aspect  was  in  him  speedily 
overshadowed  by  the  practical  sense  of  the  military 
leader.  Then  rose  on  high  his  soul  as  he  thouLjht  to 
secure  for  Spain  so  rich  an  inheritance  as  the  great 
city  with  its  vast  population,  and  turning  to  FatliiT 
Olmedo  ho  suggested  that  the  site  ought  to  be  ol)- 
tained  for  a  church;  but  the  prudent  friar  remon- 
strated that  the  emperor  appeared  to  be  in  no  mood 
to  listen  to  such  a  proposal. 

Cortes  accordingly  contented  himself  with  asking  to 
see  the  idols,  and  after  consulting  the  priests  Monte- 
zuma led  them  past  the  piscina  with  the  vestal  iiro 
into  the  chapel.  Withdrawing  a  tasselled  curtain  he 
displayed  the  images,  glittering  with  ornaments  of 
gold  and  precious  stones,  whicli  at  first  drew  the  at- 
tention of  the  beholders  from  the  hideous  form  and 
features.  Before  them  stood  tlic  stone  of  sacrifice, 
still  reeking  with  gore,  and  aroun  :  lay  the  instru- 
ments for  securing  the  human  victim  and  for  tearing 
open  the  breast.  On  one  alt;ir  <.ould  be  seen  throe 
hearts,  and  on  the  other  five,  offered  to  the  idols, 
and  even  now  warm  and  palpitating  with  life.  The 
interior  walls  were  so  smeared  with  human  blood  as 
to  obscure  their  original  color,  and  to  emit  a  fetid 
odor  which  made  the  Spaniards  glad  to  reach  the 
open  air  again. 

Forgetting  his  prudence,  Cortds  expressed  his  won- 


AN  AI.ADDIX'S  CAVE. 


297 


(1(  r  to  ]\r()ntcziuna  that  so  great  and  wise  a  prince 
should  worship  aboniinahlo  demons  like  tliese.  "Let 
me  l)ut  phmt  a  cross  on  this  summit,"  ho  said,  "and 
within  the  chapel  place  an  imago  of  the  virgin,  and 
vou  shall  behold  the  fear  of  the  idols,"  The  eves  of 
till'  priests  wore  at  this  aflame  with  anger,  and  tho 
(•iii|ioror  could  hardly  suppress  his  indignation  as  ho 
loplied,  "Malinche,  had  I  suspected  that  such  insults 
were  to  be  offered,  I  would  not  have  shown  you  my 
nods.  They  arc  good;  they  give  us  health,  suste- 
nance, victory,  and  whatever  wo  require.  We  adore 
tliem,and  to  them  make  our  sacrifices.  I  entreat  vou 
sav  not  another  word  ajxainst  them."  Observin*;  the 
effect  his  remarks  had  produced,  Cortes  thought  it 
best  to  restrain  himself,  and  to  express  regrets  at 
his  hastiness.  Then  vith  a  forced  smile  he  said 
that  it  was  time  to  depart.  Montezuma  bade  them 
farewell.  As  for  himself,  he  must  remain  to  appease 
the  ido's  for  the  insult  offered.' 

Xot  at  all  abashed  by  his  rebuff  at  tho  temple, 
Cortes  asked  Montezuma  to  let  him  erect  a  church 
in  his  own  quarters.  Glad  probably  at  finding  tho 
Spanish  pretensions  in  this  respect  so  modified,  ho  not 
only  assented,  but  gave  artisans  to  aid  in  tho  work. 
This  was  concluded  within  three  days,  and  services 
henceforth  held  therein,  at  which  the  Indians  were 
always  welcomed.  A  cross  was  also  erected  before 
the  entrance,  so  that  the  natives  might  be  impressed 
by  the  devotion  of  their  visitors. 

This  effort  in  behalf  of  the  faith  was  not  to  go  un- 
ro(juited.  While  looking  for  tho  best  site  for  the  altar, 
says  Bernal  Diaz,  Yaiiez,  the  carpenter,  discovered 
signs  of  a  door-way  recently  closed  and  plastered  ove?-. 
Cortes  was  told  of  this,  and  ever  on  tho  guard  against 
I)l<)ts,  he  ordered  the  wall  to  be  opened.  Aladdin  on 
entering  tho  cave  could  not  have  boon  more  surprised 

^Ilernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Virdad.,  70-1.  Sigiienza  y  dingora,  tho  wcnknown 
Mexican  scholar  of  the  seventeenth  century,  follows  Bernal  Diaz.  Aiiolaciouca 
frit.,  MS.,  l-'i. 


m 


298 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  EMPEROR. 


Pffli 


4*'< 


tlian  the  Spaniards  were  on  stepping  into  the  chamber 
there  revealed.  The  interior  I'airlv  blazed  with  treas- 
urcs;  bars  of  gold  were  there,  nuggets  large  and  small, 
figures,  implements,  and  jewelry  of  the  same  metal; 
and  then  the  silver,  the  rare  bejewelled  and  em- 
broidered fabrics,  the  prized  chalchiuite  and  other 
precious  stones  I  Cortes  allowed  the  favored  beholders 
to  revel  in  the  ecstasy  created  by  the  sight,  but  to 
their  greed  he  set  a  check.  He  had  reasons  for  not 
disturbing  the  treasures  at  this  time,  and  gave  orch-i-.s 
to  restore  the  wall,  so  that  no  suspicions  might  be 
aroused  that  the  deposit  had  been  discovered.*^ 

One  reason  with  Cortes  for  not  touching  the  treas- 
ures was  to  hold  out  an  alluring  bait  to  those  who, 
more  prone  to  listen  to  the  warnings  of  timid  allies 
than  to  the  ambitious  promptings  of  their  leader,  were 
ever  ready  to  take  alarm  and  urge  withdrawal  from  a 
position  which  they  regarded  as  dangerous.  Unbend- 
ing in  his  resolution,  the  general  had  nevertheless 
grasped  all  the  perils  of  their  position.  Hitherto 
no  firm  ground  existed  for  alarm.  They  had  been 
a  week  in  the  capital,  and  were  still  receiving  from 
all  hands  the  kindest  treatment  and  the  most  gener- 
ous hospitality.  Cortes  was  aware,  however,  that 
this  depended  on  the  favor  of  the  emperor,  whoso 
power  over  the  submissive  people  resembled  that  ol"  a 

"  '  Xo  dcxarian  de  qacilar  aprobcchiulos . . . .  y  satisfacer  a  sii  neocsiiliiil,' 
Bays  Vetanciii't,  who  knew  the  avarice  of  his  countrymen  too  well  to  Ijcliivo 
in  denials.  7Va^n»,  pt.  iii.  131.  liernal  Diaz  sa;  ?  that  Yancz,  as  tiio  servant 
of  N'elazqucz  de  Leon  and  Lugo,  revealed  the  discovery  to  thuni,  aad  they  told 
Cortes.  Tlic  soldiers  all  heard  of  it,  and  ''ainc  quietly  to  gaze  on  the  treas- 
ures, which  rumor  had  alrca<ly  located  somewhere  in  the  palace.  '  lieing  tlun 
a  young  man,' says  tlie  olil  soldier,  'and  having  never  neen  such  wialtli,  I  I'  It 
sure  that  there  was  not  anything  like  it  in  the  world.'  Hist.  VcrdivL,  7'-'; 
Jfirreni,  dee.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  ii.  Tapia  and  Gomara  state  that  Cortes  di.s- 
covered  tiie  door-way  as  he  was  walking  in  his  room  one  evening,  pondeiiii:^ 
on  his  plans  for  seizing  Montezunui.  '  Cerro  la  puerta. . .  .por  no  e.sean'.a 
lizar  a  Motec(,'uma,  no  se  ostoruasse  por  e.s.so  su  prisiii. '  Oomani,  //i-<f.  Mrr., 
]'2'.i;  Tdjvtt,  h'cL,  in  Ica-Jtalrrta,  Vol.  Doc,  ii.  'u9.  Duran  intimates  tliat  "ii 
hearing  of  tlie  existence  of  treasures  in  the  palace,  the  Spaniards,  ineliuliii,' 
the  '  Santo  Clerigo,'  oecnjiied  themselves  more  in  searching  for  them  tliaii  in 
l)romoting  ttie  faith.  They  did  not  find  them,  however,  till  Montezuuia  n  ■ 
vealed  the  hiding-plaoo,  under  the  pressure  of  questioiiH  uud,  it  seems,  vi 
Lunger.  JJiat.  Jiiit.,  MS.,  ii.  445-0. 


HEVIEWING  THE  SITUATION". 


299 


fro  in 

treiicr- 

that 

at  ol'  a 

ccsidiul,' 
to  bflii'vo 
LMvaiit 

tin;  trvas- 

iltli.I  f.lt 
du'L,  ;•-•; 
!(jrtc.s  i\\A- 
jioiiiU  rill.; 
escali'li- 
M,x., 
■s  that  .'11 
iiu'liuUn.; 
than  ill 
•/miia  ii- 


ti'ocl,  and  whose  person  appeared  to  them  as  sacred  as 
ills  will  was  absolute.  He  had  also  learned  that  this 
monarch  was  a  man  affrighted  by  his  superstitions, 
{ind  often  influenced  by  trifling  circumstances;  ready 
to  strike  where  he  had  fawned  the  moment  before, 
jind  little  bound  by  words  or  pledges,  particularly 
when  they  involved  his  own  sovereignty.  One  mis- 
step by  the  Spanish  leader  or  any  of  his  men,  ill- 
buluived  and  importunate  as  they  were,  according  to 
his  own  statement,  might  precipitate  the  change.  The 
jircsence  of  the  hated  Tlascaltecs  was  itself  a  burden, 
and  the  drain  for  supporting  the  self-invited  guests 
would  soon  be  felt.  The  religious  topic  had  already 
created  a  momentary  irritation,  which  might  rankle 
and  grow  under  the  promptings  of  the  priests,  who 
must  naturally  object  to  rival  interference. 

Empeior  and  subjects  were  evidently  restrained 
only  by  the  military  prestige  of  the  S})aniards,  and  to 
some  extent  by  the  belief  in  their  divine  mission;  but 
they  were  also  aware  that,  whatever  might  be  the 
prowess  of  the  visitors  and  the  poM'cr  of  their  weapons 
and  steeds,  they  were  mortals,  for  this  had  been 
j)roved  quite  lately  by  the  unfortunate  deft^at  of 
Escalaiite,  and  in  the  Nautla  camj)aign.  The  soldiers 
of  ^lontezuma  had  but  to  raise  the  bridges  of  the 
causeways  and  cut  off"  retreat,  then  stop  sup[)lies  and 
ruduco  them  by  starvation.  Tvue,  there  was  the  fate 
of  Cholula  before  the  ]\I(  xicMis;  but  they  had  gained 
experience,  and  could  mass  vastly  more  warriors  and 
arms,  wliile  tho  Spaniards  vrould  have  no  allies  in 
reserve  to  operate  in  the  rear.  Besides,  what  mattered 
the  destruction  of  a  part,  or  even  of  the  entire  city, 
when  thereupon  depended  the  safety  of  the  throne, 
menaced  by  a  horde  of  cruel,  avaricious  monsters! 

Cortes  h*^'^  considered  all  these  points,  and  knew 
the  expediency  of  resolute  action.  He  had  undertaken 
an  euti^rprise  wherein  one  ))old  move  must  be  sup- 
jiorted  by  another,  and  to  these  all  means  had  to  bo 
buhordinate.     He  had  not  come  all  this  way  to  place 


iill 


ii 


' 


I  •!*  ' 


800 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  EMPEROR. 


liimsclf  within  the  power  of  a  suspicious  and  vacil- 
lating despot,  nor  to  waste  his  time  in  wa'^Jng  for  what 
events  might  bring  forth,  while  his  enemies,  headed 
by  Velazquez,  were  arranging  for  his  overthrow.  Ho 
had  formed  his  plans  long  beforehand,  as  indicated  in 
his  first  letter  to  the  king,  wherein  he  promised  to 
have  the  great  ]\Iontezuma  "  a  prisoner,  a  corpse,  or 
a  subject  to  the  royal  crown  of  your  Majesty."''  Con- 
quest, followed  by  settlement  and  conversion,  was  his 
aim.  It  would  not  pay  him  to  play  for  a  smaller 
stake. 

Just  now  rumors  began  to  circulate  tending  to 
stir  anew  the  fears  which  Montezuma's  friendly  and 
hospitable  demeanor  had  soothed.  One  was  that  the 
nobles  had  actually  prevailed  on  the  emperor  to 
bi'eak  the  bridges,  to  arm  the  whole  city,  and  to 
fall  on  the  Spaniards  with  all  available  strength.' 
Soldiers  were  readily  found  who  fancied  that  the 
mayordomo  was  less  obsequious  than  formerly,  antl 
that  he  gave  scantier  supplies.  It  was  also  under- 
stood from  Tlascaltecs  that  the  populace  appeared  less 
friendly  during  the  last  day  or  two.  These  reports 
may  have  sprung  wholly  from  timid  minds  still  agi- 
tated by  the  warnings  uttered  by  Tlascaltecs  befoi'o 
the  departure  from  Cholula,  or  they  may  have  been 

'  He  refers  to  this  promise  in  the  accord  letter  to  the  king,  saying,  'porf|no 
ccrti/i(|tit''  il  v.  A.  que  lo  habria  presoo  muerto  6  subdito.'  t'ortrn,  (Jurtns,  .")'.', 

**  'Kii  la  venlad  era  asi  o  lo  tiuieu  aconhulo,' affirms  Tpnia,  Ret.,  in  InrJnil- 
crta,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  570.  'Estas  niicuas,  falsas,  o  verdaderas,'  is  the  non-coiii- 
niittiug  phrase  of  Gomara.  Ilisl.  Me.r.,Vl'^.  Ixtlilxochitl  takes  firmer  gnmnii. 
'According  to  nn  otiginal  letter  in  my  possession,  signed  by  the  three  \wmU 
if  New  Spain,  and  written  to  his  Majesty  the  emperor,  our  master,  thry  excul- 
^late  Miiteouhzoma  and  the  Mexicans  of  this  and  otiier  charges,  declaring  thciii 
iiivi'iitions  of  tlie  Tlascaltecs  and  of  some  Spaniards  who  fear:^d  that  thiy 
would  never  see  the  hour  when  they  might  leave  the  city  and  place  in  security 
tlie  riciies  tlicy  iiad  obtained.'  //int.  thic/i.,  29C).  Chivigero  adopts  tlie  vii'W 
tliiit  C(>rtc.s  called  for  such  testimony  from  certain  chiefs  among  Ids  nllii'-j, 
whoso  dislike  of  tiie  Mexicans  would  be  sure  to  prompt  it.  'Per  ginstiticiir 
vit'ppii'i  il  suo  attontato,  c  muovere  i  su^i  Spagnuoli  ad  eseguirlo,  fece  cliiii- 
mar  parecchie  persono  principali  de'suoi  alleatt  (la  cui  informazione  lovrcbbe 
Bcnipro  essergli  sospettosa).'  Storin  xMenn.,  iii.  90-1,  Vetancurt  has  a  stury 
that,  a  drouglit  prevailing  at  tlie  time,  the  Spaniards  induced  the  hcavl■n^^  by 
means  of  nuos-ses  and  prayers  to  send  rain.  This  made  the  priests  and  idols 
ji'ahius,  and  tlie  emperor  was  prevailed  on  to  rid  himself  of  the  Spaniards, 
he  Tlascaltecs  learned  of  the  plot  and  reported  it.    Ttatro,  pt.  iii.  130. 


i: 


A  DARING  PROJECT. 


301 


'-y 


'porqno 

n'tiis,  >V2. 

/(■(i-Jiiil- 

non-com- 

gIMUllll. 

y  excul- 
ing  tlu'iu 
hat  tlicy 
security 
the  view 
is  nllic-i, 
institicar 
•CO  cliiii- 

a  stiii-y 
avins  liy 
mil  iiloU 
jianiarcls. 
30. 


it 
o 


promotcfl  by  Cortes  himself  in  furtherance  of  his 
lilans.  He  at  any  rate  seized  the  pretence  to  hold  a 
c()uucil,  composed  of  Alvirado,  Leon,  Ordaz,  and 
Sandoval,  together  with  twelve  soldiers  whose  advice 
\ic  most  valued,  "including  myself,"  says  Bernal  Diaz. 
His  chief  reason  was  to  persuade  them  of  the  neces- 
sity for  the  measure  he  had  resolved  on,  and  to  win 
tiieir  liearty  cooperation.  Laying  before  them  the 
current  rumors  which  confirmed  the  warnings  fjr- 
nicrly  received,  and  representing  the  unreliable  and 
suspicious  character  of  Montezuma,  his  great  power, 
an  I  the  peculiar  position  and  strength  of  the  city,  he 
.ir  hided  by  proposing  the  daring  venture  of  seizin 
t  "      nperor  and  holding  him  a  hostage.® 

Here  was  folly  run  mad!  Four  hundred  men,  after 
penetrating  formidable  barriers  and  gaining  the  very 
iioart  of  a  great  empire,  whose  vast  armies  could 
t)ppose  a  thousand  warriors  to  every  Spaniard  there, 
cDully  propose  to  take  captive  the  worshipped  monarch 
of  this  vast  realm,  and  then  to  defy  its  millions  of 
sul^jects!  The  wildest  tales  of  mediaeval  knights 
hardly  equal  this  p)cject.  Reckless  as  was  the  con- 
ec[(tion,.  it  w^as  the  fruit  of  yet  greater  audacity. 
Cortes  reared  his  structure  of  folly  insensate  upon 
the  j'^.atforni  of  still  greater  insensate  folly.  If  it  was 
true  that  bo  had  practically  placed  himself  in  the 
}iosi*io)i  :!:'  a  «■  iptive,  then  he  would  cut  the  knot  by 
faptu'^i  f>'  iln  captor.  And  yet,  foolhardy  as  might 
appear  the  .-theinf'  whc?).  coolly  viewed  from  the  islo 
of  Cuba,  sau^^^ci.i  as  the  Spaniards  were,  it  was  doubt- 
less the  best  they  could  do;  it  was  doubtless  all  tliey 
could  do.     The  efficiency  of  hostages  had  been  fre- 

"  According  to  Bernal  Diaz  the  nieinbers  of  this  council  suggosteil  not  only 
till'  seizure  but  tUo  reasons  for  it.  C'ortrs  ri'sponihnl  that  he  luul  not  heeii 
olilivious  of  tlic  danger,  but  saw  not  liow  the  seizure  could  be  circetcd.  Tlio 
ca[.taiMS  proposed  to  beguile  the  j)rince  to  their  (piarter  and  detain  l>im.  If 
CDrtcs  hi  -  !itcd  tlicy  were  villiiig  to  undertake  the  tuisk.  Tin;  old  soldier  is 
eviilcnt!\  ;'.  'ed,  an  he  wn3  in  the  scuttlin,"  airair,  to  assume  too  much  credit 
for  iiinio'  i;  in  I  l\is  fellow-soldiers.  Cortes  hcil  no  doubt  adopted  ]iisc(jiuiiion 
tictios,  80  t  !■  ,  tly  ftdinittecl  by  Bernal  I  )iaz  himself,  of  inspiring  his  oontiai  lea 
t"  suggest  \\ , \,  ho  h.id  resolved  on.  Thi.s  is  jiroved  liy  the  promise  made  to 
the  emperor  in  his  first  letter,  four  mouths  before,  to  capture  Montezuma. 


I 


302 


rATTURE  OF  THE  EMPEROR. 


qnontly  tried  bv  the  conqueroi*s  in  the  Antilles,  and 
tiie  opportune  seizure  of  the  Cempoalan  lord  had  not 
JK'en  forgotten;  but  this  had  been  cftected  under  tlio 
impulse  of  the  moment,  while  the  chieftain  was  sur- 
rounded by  Spaniards.  Here  was  required  not  only 
a  calm  resolution,  unflinching  to  the  end,  but  a  well 
laid  stratagem.     Cortes  stood  prepared  with  both. 

Producing  the  letter  from  Villa  Rica,  which  had 
been  kept  secret  all  this  time,  he  gave  an  account  of 
the  unfortunate  successes  at  Almeria,  describing  in 
exaggerated  ten*  s  the  treachery  of  Quauhpopoca, 
and  consequently  )'  '  mtezuma  as  his  master,  ami 
stirring  the  feelings  the  council  by  an  appeal  to 
avenge  their  comrades.'  Here  was  a  pretence"  whith 
served  also  to  set  aside  the  suggestion  that  the  em- 
peror  would  be  only  too  glad  to  let  them  depart  in 
peace,  for  it  was  argued  that  a  retreat  now,  since  the 
S{)aniards  stood  revealed  as  mortals,  would  draw  U})ou 
them  not  only  the  contempt  of  allies  and  countrynien, 
but  a  general  uprising,  with  the  most  fatal  results. 
Ketreat  meant  also  the  surrender  of  all  hopes  ot" 
wealth,  preferment,  and  honor,  to  be  followed  by 
punishment  and  disgrace  for  their  irregular  proceed- 
ings so  far.  With  ^lontezuma  in  their  power,  thoy 
possessed  a  hostage  whoso  sacredness  in  the  eyes  of 
his  subjects  insured  their  safety,  and  made  the  peo})lti 
pliable  to  their  will,  while  disaffected  vassals  could  be 
secured  by  alliances,  or  by  the  promise  of  reforms. 
Should  the  seizure  result  in  the  monarch's  death, 
the  succession  would  doubtless  become  the  cause  <»f 
division  and  dissension,  in  the  midst  of  which  tlu^ 
S})aniards  might  influence  aftairs  in  their  own  in- 
terest. Thus  were  answered  the  various  objections 
raised. 

'"IVriial  Diaz,  Tfisf.  Vcrdnd.,  73,  followed  by  a  numlwr  of  other  writers, 
stati's  that  the  letter  was  received  at  Mexico  the  morning  after  this  moetiiiL.', 
liut  it  lias  been  shown  tliat  he  must  be  mtouj;.  He  mentions  as  one  of  thw 
statements  in  tlie  letter  that  the  Totonacs  were  in  revolt,  and  it  is  proliaMe 
that  fortes  may  have  said  so  to  show  the  soldiers  that  retreat  WiW  cut  oil', 
and  that  sciziire  was  the  only  recourse. 

"  As  both  I'etcr  Martyr  and  Uomara  coll  it. 


THE  MAXXER  OF  IT. 


303 


As  for  tlic  manner  of  seizure,  the  safest  plan  would 
(liuibtless  be  to  inveigle  Monte/Auna  to  their  quarters 
and  there  detain  him;  but  this  would  cause  delay, 
and  might  arouse  suspicion,"  and,  since  prompt  action 
was  considered  necessary,  the  best  way  would  be  to 
Si  ize  him  in  his  own  palace.  This  was  agreed  upon, 
and  the  same  evening  the  facts  and  arguments  were 
t'tfectively  presented  to  the  men  and  preparations 
made. 

"All  night,"  writes  Bcrnal  Diaz,  "we  passed  in 
earnest  prayer,  the  priests  devoutly  imploring  God 
to  so  direct  the  underta,  mg  that  it  might  redound  to 
his  holy  service."*^ 

In  tlie  morning  Cortes  sent  to  announce  that  ho 
\V(>uld  visit  the  emperor.  He  then  despatched  a  num- 
ber of  small  parties  as  if  for  a  stroll,  with  orders  to  keep 
themselves  in  and  near  the  palace,  and  on  the  way  to 
it.  readv  fi)r  any  emergency.  Twentv-five  soldiers 
were  told  to  follow  him,  by  twos  and  threes,  into  the 
andience-chamber,  whither  he  preceded  them  with 
Alvarado,  Sandoval,  Velazquez  de  Leon,  Francisco 
(Ic  Lugo,  and  Avila."  All  were  armed  to  the  teeth,'' 
and  as  the  ^[exicans  had  been  accustomed  to  see 
them  thus  equipped  no  suspicions  were  arousetl. 
^lontezuma  proved  on  this  occasion  to  be  particularly 
U'l-acious,  and  after  a  brief  chat  he  offered  several 
])resents  of  finely  wrouglit  gold,  and  to  Cortes  he 
|iiesented  one  of  his  daughters,  the  captains  being 
Li'iveu  women  of   rank  from  his  own  harem,  which 


'•'Tlio  neglect  of  this  less  speoily  jilan  (Iocs  indicate  that  the  rumors  of 
(laiiu'iT  wete  credited  to  a  great  extent  at  least. 

'■■//'>'.'.  !''■/•(/■  ((/.,  74.  Corte.<  in  his  i|uict  way  writes  to  the  king  that,  after 
I'  issiuLTsix  days  in  the  great  city,  and  linding  tliat  for  various  reasons  '  it  suited 
till'  royal  interest  and  our  safety  to  liavo  this  lord  in  my  jjower.  and  not  wholly 
;it  lilierty,  lest  he  change  in  tlie  jiroposal  and  desire  manifested  to  serve  Y. 
II     .  .1  resolved  to  seize  and  place  him  iu  the  quarter  where  1  was  '  i'artin, 

^^   11. 

' ' '  -Manih'  quo  su  gente  dos  i^  dos  tS  cnatro  A  cnatro  se  fnesen  tras  el .  .  .  .6 
C'M  <l  eutramoa  h.astii  treinta  espanoles  i5  los  dcmas  (piedalwu  li  la  jiuerta  de 
la  iiisa.  (^  cu  un  patio  della,'  says  'I'apia,  who  appears  to  have  been  one  of 
liio^c  who  entered.  AV/..  in  IcaJnilceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  ,')79. 

''(.'o  annas  secretas,' says  tJomara,  HUt.  JIvjc.,  V23,  and  probably  they 
did  bear  extra  weapons  beneath  thek  cloaks. 


8M 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  EMrEROR. 


I 


was  a  mark  of  great  favor."  Cortes  sought  to  dec'lino 
for  liimself  the  favor,  on  the  ground  that  he  could 
not  marry.  Montezuma  nevertheless  insisted,  and  ho 
yielded  not  unwillingly." 

Assuming  a  serious  tone,  the  latter  now  produced 
the  letter  from  Villa  Rica,  and  informed  the  emperor 
that  he  had  received  an  account  of  the  outragi-eous 
conduct  of  Quauhpopoca,  resulting  in  the  dcati  of 
some  of  his  men,  and  that  he,  the  sovereign,  had  bt  on 
accused  of  beinij  the  instigator.  Montezuma  ffiivu 
an  indignant  deniaV^  and  Cort<5s  hastened  to  assure 
him  that  he  believed  the  charge  to  be  false,  but  as 
commander  of  a  party  he  had  to  account  for  the  men 
to  his  king,  and  must  ascertain  the  truth.  In  thi:? 
Montezuma  said  lie  would  aid  him ;  and  calling  a  trusted 
officer,  he  gave  him  a  bracelet  from  his  wrist  bearing 
the  imperial  signet—  a  precious  stone  graven  with  liis 
15''<mess" — bidding  him  to  bring  Quauhpopoca  and  his 
accomplices,  by  force,  if  necessary.^  Cortes  expressed 
himself  pleased,  but  added  that,  in  order  to  cover  his 
responsibility  as  commander,  and  to  convince  his  men 

"■' '  Yotras  hijas  tic  sefiores  A  algitnos  de  mi  compaiiia.'  Cort('s,  Carfa,^,  SO. 
But  the  oustoiuiii-y  mark  of  fii.or  was  to  give  them  from  his  harcni.  Soo 
JN'(i/(ct'  lidccs,  ii. 

'■  '  Per  noil  dar  disgiisto  al  Re,  e  per  averc  occaaione  di  farla  Cristiana,"  is 
Clavigcro's  cxcnse  for  the  acceptance.  Storia  ^f<'S)>.,ni.{)3.  Brasseur  do  15oiir- 
bourg,  and  some  other  writers,  assume  that  Corttis  declined;  but  the  original 
authorities  all  say  or  intimate  that  he  accepted.  Even  Corti'S  himself  writes 
in  his  letter  to  the  emperor,  'despues. . .  .dc  habermo  I'l  daik)  alginias  joyas 
do  oro  y  una  hija  suya,'  etc.  Cartas,  89.  '  Lc  persuadi6,'  says  I.xtlilxoohitl, 
JliM.  CItiih.,  '2iHi.  (Jomara  is  even  more  explicit,  and  Herrera  says  that 
Montezuma  insisted,  '  porquo  queria  tener  nietos  dc  hombrc  tan  valeroso.'  doc. 
ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  ii.  The  affair  is  perhaps  less  important  in  itself  than  as  indix 
to  tlie  character  of  Cortt-s,  who  could  accept  so  intimate  an  offer  with  ono  liaiid 
while  lie  prepared  a  blow  with  the  other.  It  might  also  bo  made  to  indicate 
that  Montezuma  could  have  had  no  bjvse  designs  against  him  when  ho  iiuuio 
the  uncallod-for  offer  of  intrusting  a  daughter  (if  such  she  was)  to  his  koepiiiL:. 
Still  the  imperial  character  would  not  have  suffered  had  it  been  sliown  that 
this  was  but  an  artifice  to  lull  his  intended  victim  into  ii  false  security. 

'"Some  authors,  like  Ilerrera  and  Torquemada,  say  tliat  he  denied  all 
knowloilge  of  the  occurrence,  calling  ij  an  invention  of  enemies. 

^'Uxllilrochill,  Hint.  (VkVA., '2!)7.  'Q  tenia  la  iigura  de  Vitzilopuchtli.' 
(7oiiiarti,  V2',\;  and  so  says  Ikrnal  Diaz.  Tapia  states  that  Montezuma  toM 
Cortes  to  send  two  Spaniards  with  the  messengers;  but  ho  doubtless  deoliiud 
to  risk  two  lives  on  such  a  trip.   lid.,  in  Icazbalceta,  Vul.  Doc,  ii.  583-4. 

'■"' '  Iiigrato  rey  !'  exclaims  Gallo,  in  commenting  upon  this  surrender  of  a 
devoted  ollicer.  JJombres  Hunt,  Mex,,  i.  318. 


INFA^klOUS  INVITATION. 


305 


tliat  the  emperor  was  indeed  as  innocent  as  Cortes 
believed  liini  to  be,  it  would  be  advisable  for  him  to 
come  and  stay  at  their  quarters  till  the  guilty  parties 
luid  been  punished.** 

Montezuma  was  dumfounded  at  this  unhallowed 
iiiij)udence.  He,  the  august  sovereign,  before  whom 
t'vcn  princes  prostrated  themselves,  at  whose  word 
armies  sprang  into  existence,  and  at  whose  name 
luighty  rulers  trembled,  he  to  be  thus  treated  by  a 
score  of  men  whom  he  had  received  as  guests  and 
loaded  with  presents,  and  this  in  his  own  palace  I  For 
a  moment  he  stood  mute,  but  the  changing  aspect  of 
his  c(.)untenance  revealed  the  asxitation  within.  At  la.st 
ho  exclaimetl  that  he  was  not  the  person  to  be  thus 
treated.  He  would  not  go.  They  could  always  find 
him  at  his  palace. 

Corte's  pleaded  that  his  presence  among  the  soldiers 
was  necessary,  not  merely'"  as  a  declaration  f)f  his  in- 
nocence, but  to  allav  the  rumors  which  had  readied 
them  that  he  and  his  people  were  j)lotting  for  their 
destruction.  ^lontezuma  aijain  made  an  indi^rnant 
denial :  but  addeil  that,  even  if  he  consented  to  go,  his 
)K'o[)le  would  never  allow  it.  His  refusal,  insisted  the 
general,  would  rouse  the  worst  suspicions  of  his  men, 
and  he  could  not  answer  for  their  acts.  ^Eexico  might 
meet  the  fate  of  Cholida,  and  he  with  it." 

]\lontezuma  now  began  to  implore,  and  offered  to 
surrender  his  len'itimate  children  as  hostaws  if  ho 
wei'e  but  spared  the  disgrace  of  being  made  a  prisoner. 
This  couhl  not  be,  was  the  reply.  The  Spanish 
quarter  was  his  own  palace,  and  he  could  re^idily  jK-r- 
suade  his  subjects  that  he  went  there  for  a  short  time 
tit"  liis  own  accord,  or  at  the  command  of  the  u^ods.-^ 

■'lic'iiKil  Dia?;  makes  Corti's  aecnso  tlio  emperor  of  perfidy,  ami  of  liavint? 
iiisti,L'ati'>l  tlicCliMliila  Kiassaere.  ///>'.  Vml'iit.,  71.  IJiit  this  lie  wmiM  lianUy 
do,  siiieo  his  purpose  was  clearly  to  persuade,  not  to  arou.se  aii!_'er. 

'■  '  Xo  ijuerria  eoinenear  giierra,  iii  dcstruir  nrpiestii  I'iudad que   pi 

alhoroto,  o  vo/.es  daua,  (jue  luego  sercis  mucrto  de  aquestos  mis  I'apitaues,  quo 
im  Ins  t!'ai;;o  ]iara  otro  efeto,'  is  IJernal  Diaz'  Muiit  version.   ///,</    l"(  /■'/■''/.,  74. 

•^'Auia  tenido  platioa  de  su  idolo  Huichilobos.  ..  .que  coiiveuia  para  su 
s&h;d,  y  guardar  su  vida,  estar  con  nosotros. '  it/.,  7o. 
IIlsi.  Mex.,  Vol.  1.    20 


•m 


30G 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  EMPEROR. 


Ho  would  bo  treatofl  with  every  consideration,  and 
should  enjoy  his  usual  comfort,  surrounded  by  fav(jritos 
and  councillors.  The  plan  involved  no  change  beyond 
that  of  residence,  to  a  place  where  he  would  be  under 
S'oret  surveillance. 

Montezuma  still  objected,  and  time  was  passiujj^.'-'* 
The  companions  of  Cortes  becoming  nervous  at  this 
delay,  Velazquez  de  Leon  exclaimed  in  his  sten- 
torian voice:  "Why  so  many  words,  your  worship? 
Let  us  either  carry  him  off"  or  despatch  him.  "J^ll 
him  that  if  he  calls  out  or  creates  a  disturbance 
we  shall  kill  him!"^'  Turning  in  alarm  to  Marina, 
Montezuma  inquired  what  was  meant.  Full  of  pity 
for  the  troubled  monarch,  she  told  him  that  the  men 
were  becoming  impatient  at  his  delay.  She  besought 
him,  as  he  valued  his  life,  to  accede  to  their  wishes 
and  go  with  them.  He  would  be  treated  with  all  the 
honor  due  to  his  rank.  A  glance  at  the  frowning 
faces  of  the  Spaniards  confirmed  the  mysterious  woi-ds 
of  the  interpreter,  and  chilled  him  to  tlie  heart.  Ho 
had  heard  too  many  accounts  of  the  resolution  and 
cruelty  of  these  men  not  to  believe  them  capable  of 
anything.  Were  he  to  call  for  aid  they  would  no 
doubt  kill  him  and  destroy  the  city;  for  few  as  tin  y 
were  they  had  proved  themselves  equal  to  hosts  of 
natives. 

The  unhappy  monarch  yielded,  since  it  was  so 
decreed — by  the  sublime  audacity  of  this  score  ef 
adventurers.  The  spirit  of  Axayacatl  had  evidently 
not  survived  in  the  son,  and  the  prestige  of  his  early 
career  as  military  leader  had  dwindled  to  a  nieie 
shadow  in  the  effeminate  lap  of  court-life."''  Sum- 
moning his  attendants,  he  ordered  a  litter  brought. 

'•"  ' flatiuiieron  mas  dc  niedi.a  liora  en  cstns  platicas. '  Id,,  74.  Tapia  ;iii'l 
others  say  four  lionrs,  which  is  unlikely. 

'■  'Forque  mas  vale  que  desta  vez  asscguremoa  nuestras  ^•^das,  (S  las  jit  r- 
damos.'  Jlvriml  J>inz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  75. 

^"'Era,  6  muy  falto  dc  iinimo,  6  pusilrtnime,  6  muy  pnidente.'  Orkdo,  iii. 
289.  'En  (51  sc  cumplio  lo  que  de  I'l  se  decia,  que  todo  honibre  cnii'l  es  n)- 
barjc,  aunque  A  la  verdad,  era  ya  llegada  la  voluutad  de  Dios.'  IxtUlxochiH, 
JieL,  411. 


HE  GOES  WITH  HIS  EXEMIES. 


Wf 


Everything  had  been  quietly  conducted,  and  sinco 
none  ventured  to  question  the  emperor,  his  com- 
mand was  silently  obeyed;  but  the  mysterious  in- 
terview and  his  agitation  roused  their  suspicions, 
and  the  rumor  spread  that  something  extraordinary 
was  about  to  happen.  Wondering  and  murniuriiig 
crowds  had  already  collected  along  the  route  between 
the  two  palaces  when  the  emperor  appeared.  On 
seeing  the  sorrowing  faces  of  the  favorites  who  boro 
him,  and  observmg  how  closely  it  was  surrounded 
l»y  the  Spanish  soldiers  who  acted  as  guard  of  honor, 
their  fears  became  confirmed.  The  distance  to  the 
(|uarters  w'as  too  short,  however,  and  the  news  had 
not  yet  travelled  far  enough,  to  allow  a  serious  dem- 
unstration.^'     But  not  long  after  the  plaza  in  front 

''■  Bcnial  Diaz  intimates  clearly  enough  that  no  demonstration  was  ma<lo 
till  after  his  arrival.  Hist.  IcrdcuL,  75.  And  so  docs  Corti'S.  '  Llorando  lo 
tiiiuiiron  en  ella  [the  litter]  con  mncho  silencio,  y  nsi  nos  fuimos  hasta  el 
nposonto  donde  estaba,  sin  haber  alboroto  en  la  ciudad,  aunque  sc  conien/o  ix 
mover.  I'ero  sabido  por  el  dicho  Muteczuma,  enviu  a  niandar  que  no  lo  hubiesc; 
y  asi,  hiibo  t«da  (|uietnd. '  Cartas,  90.  Ixtlilxocliitl,  iiowevci,  .lUows  Mtmte- 
ziiiiia  to  stay  long  enough  in  his  palace,  after  ordering  the  litter,  to  enable  the 
IdviLs  anil  nobles  to  come  and  oflei  their  services.  A  delay  like  this,  wliii  li 
the  Spaniards  certainly  never  could  have  jjermittcd,  miglit  have  given  time  for 
till'  tumultuous  gathering  which  he  describes.  J  list,  t'hich.,  21)7.  Prescott,  in 
following  this  version,  makes  the  emperor  so  far  overstep  his  usual  dignity 
as  to  'call  out'  to  the  people  to  disperse.  'Tambien  detuvieron  consigo  ii 
//'■»f(»/(/si»,gobcrnador  (lel  Tlatilulco.'says  Sahagun,  while  the  leading  nobles 
'luaiulo  fue  prcso  Mocthccuzoma  le  desampararou  y  se  escondieron.'  JIi.st, 
Colli/.,  25. 

The  seizure  has,  like  the  equally  prominent  episodes  of  the  massacre  at 
<."luilida,  and  the  scuttling  of  the  lleet,  aroused  no  little  comment  in  justifica- 
tion or  condemnation.  'Now  that  I  am  old,' says  IJenial  Diaz,  '1  stop  to 
consii'or  the  heroic  deeds  then  performed,  and  I  do  say  that  our  achievements 
voiv  not  etlected  by  ourselves,  but  were  all  brought  alx)ut  by  God ;  for  what 
nii'ii  have  existed  in  the  world  who,  less  than  450  soldiers  in  number,  dared  to 
oittT  into  so  strong  a  city  as  Mexico,  larger  than  Venice,  and  so  remote  from 
Castile,  to  seize  so  great  a  lord?'  J/isl.  !'</•(/«(/.,  7(5.  '  Never  Greek  or  Roman, 
nor  of  other  nation,  since  kings  exist,  performed  .a  like  deed,  only  Fernando 
Coiti.s,  to  seize  Moteccuma,  a  king  most  powerful,  in  his  own  house,  in  a 
\'hcv  most  strong,  amid  an  infinity  of  people,  while  possessing  but  450  coni- 
pauions. '  Gomara,  Hist.  Hex.,  1'_'4.  Connnenting  on  this,  Torquemada  aiid.i 
that  'it  was  indeed  a  deed  for  daring  never  seen,  and  must  lie  attributed 
to  (lod  rather  than  to  human  heart.'  i.  458.  Solis  of  course  fails  not  to  extol 
till'  L'cniiis  and  daring  of  his  hero,  whose  deed  'appears  rather  in  the  light  of 
a  talilc' than  in  consonance  with  simple  history.  Illil.  Max.,  i.  448.  'A  deed 
V.  liirli  makes  one  tremble  even  to  conceive,  and  niuch  more  to  carry  out.  i'lLit 
('Oil  had  so  determined  it.'  I.ctlilxochitl,  Hist.  Chich.,  '2!)().  '  History  contains 
iiotliiiig  parallel  to  this  event,  either  with  respect  to  the  temerity  of  the 
alo  lupt.or  the  success  of  the  execution,' etc.  I'ulirrt-^on'n  J/ist.  A  ni . ,n.  W.  'An 
expcd.cnt,  which  none  but  the  must  daring  spirit,  in  the  moat  desperate  ex- 


i 


303 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  EMPEROR. 


i'^lK 


of  it  was  Mocked  with  an  excited  multitude,  and  a 
number  of  leading  personages  and  relatives  made 
their  way  into  the  presence  of  their  sovereign,  asking 
with  tearful  eyes  and  knitted  brows  how  they  miglit 
serve  him.  They  were  ready  to  lay  down  their  lives 
to  )-escuc  him.  He  assured  them  with  a  forced  smile 
that  there  was  no  cause  for  alarm.  Too  proud  to  dis- 
close his  pusillanimity,  he  readily  echoed  the  words 
of  Cortes,  that  he  had  come  of  his  own  free-will,  and 
at  the  intimation  of  the  gods,  to  stay  awhile  with  liis 
guests.  He  told  them  to  calm  the  people  with  this 
assurance,  and  to  disperse  the  gathering. 

titiinity,  would  liave  conceived.'  PreacotCa  Mex.,\\.  159.  'An  iinparallckd 
tr.'insaotion.  There  is  Jiotliing  like  it,  I  believe,  in  the  annals  of  the  wurld.' 
//<■/;/<'  Cortt's,  ii.  ,'$51.  Clavigero  is  Icaa  carried  away  by  the  incident,  for  he  sfos 
therein  tlic  hand  of  Goil.  Nevertheless,  he  sympathizes  with  Montezuma. 
S/(ir!(i  ^fcnn.,  iii.  0"),  etc.  Piwirro  y  Orellana  finds  the  deed  eclipsed  by  the 
similar  acliievement,  with  a  smaller  force,  under  his  namesake  Pizarro.  Vdrnms 
/ivKlrrfi,  81)-!)().  And  later  Mex'oan  writers,  like  Bustiimante,  see,  naturally 
enough,  nothing  but  what  is  detestable  in  the  incident,  for  .according  to  the 
niitive  records  which  form  their  gospel,  Montezuma  was  guiltless  of  any  bane 
intents.  Unfortunately  for  them,  these  very  records  paint  him  a  blood-tliirsty 
d(^-;]iot  who  punishes  the  .slightest  offence  against  himself,  even  when  merely 
«usi)ected,  with  the  most  atrocious  cruelty ;  one  who  is  continually  seeking 
Ills  aggrandizement  at  the  cxjicnse  of  inoffensive,  peace-loving  tribes,  who 
oppresses  not  only  conquered  peoples,  but  hia  own  subjects,  with  extoi'tionato 
taixes  and  levies  to  satisfy  his  inordinate  appetite  for  pomp  and  for  new  idii- 
fjiic^ts.  Tiiese  records  also  admit  th.at  he  had  repeatedly  sent  sorcerers,  if  nut 
.nrniios,  to  entrap  and  destroy  the  Spaniards.  He  who  looked  calmly  on  hcc.i- 
t()ml)s  of  his  own  subjects,  slaughtered  before  his  very  eyes,  would  not  hcsi- 
t.'ite  to  condemn  strangers  for  plotting  against  the  throne  which  was  dearer 
to  him  tiian  life  itself.  The  Spaniards  may  have  anticipated  events  consider- 
ably, but  there  is  no  doubt  that  numerous  personages,  from  Cuitlahuatzin  down- 
ward, were  bitterly  opposed  to  their  euforctid  guests,  and  they  would  sooner 
or  later  have  re;ilized  the  rumors  which  the  allies  began  to  circulate.  Placed 
an  he  was,  Cortes'  duty  to  himself,  to  the  men  intrusted  to  him,  to  his  kin^;, 
and  to  the  cause  of  religion,  as  then  regarded,  required  him  to  give  heed  ti) 
sueli  rumors,  and,  after  weighing  their  probability,  to  tfikc  the  precautiunai  y 
nie.isure  of  seizing  the  monarch,  since  retreat  not  only  appeared  frauglit  « ith 
disaster  and  dishonor,  but  would  be  regarded  as  a  neglect  of  opportunity  and 
of  d\ity.  With  Corti5s,  naught  but  tlie  first  steps  in  assuming  tiie  eoncjucst, 
and  in  usurping  certain  credit  and  means,  can  be  regarded  iis  crimes,  and  tlu! 
foi'nur  of  these  was  forced  upon  him  by  circum.stanccs  of  hia  age  and  sin- 
nnindings.  Every  jiroject,  then,  conceived  l)y  him  for  the  advancement  of  Ms 
givat  undertaking  must  redo  md  to  his  genius  as  soldier  and  leader.  Of  course, 
among  these  projects  appear  many  which  did  not  advance  the  great  obj;'if, 
.Tid  which  must  be  couucmued.  But  where  do  we  find  greatness  wholly  Iric 
from  staiu? 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

DOUBLY    REFINED    DEALINGS, 

1519-1520. 

Hollow  TTomaoe  to  the  Captive  Kino — Montezhma  has  nis  Wives  and 
NdiiLES  —  He  Rules  his  Kingdom  throitoh  the  Spaniauds  —  Thk 
Playful  Page — Liberality  of  the  Monarch  —  The  Sacreu  Treah- 
riiES— Cortes  Resents  the  Lnsults  of  the  Giaru — Diversions  — 
QrAiHPoPOCA,  his  Son  and  Officers,  Bcrned  Alive  —  Plantation-s 
Formed — Villa  Rica  Affairs — Vessels  Built — Ple-vsure  Excur- 
sions. 

A  POMPOUS  reception  was  accorded  the  imperial 
prisoner.  With  no  small  ceremony  was  he  conductetl 
to  ajiartments  adjoiuins^  those  of  Cortes,  as  selected 
by  liimself,  and  tliere  surrounded  by  all  accustomed 
conii'orts  and  every  show  of  greatness.  At  hand  were 
his  favorite  wives,  his  most  devoted  servants;  he  held 
court  daily,  received  ambassadors,  issued  orders,  and 
with  the  aid  of  his  learned  jurists  administered  justice. 
To  outward  appearance  the  monarch  was  as  absolute 
as  ever;  yet  Montezuma  knew  that  his  glory  had 
(k'parted,  that  the  continued  forms  of  greatness  were 
lutllow,  and  that  his  power  was  but  the  power  of  a 
I)Ui>pet.  He  was  wise  enough  to  know  that  a  strong 
iiiaii  is  not  to  be  trusted  who  is  olHciously  kind  to  a 
weulc  one. 

Hinceforth  the  power  of  the  nation,  in  the  hands 
of  these  insidious  strangers,  was  to  be  directed  against 
liimself  It  was  a  cunning  policy,  craftily  conceived 
and  deftlv  executed. 

Cortes  took  care  that  everything  round  the  pris- 
oner should  move  smoothly,  and  that  his  })resence  in 
till'  Spanish  quarters  should  appear  to  the  natives  a 


tr  1 


SIO 


DOUBLY  REFINED  DEALINGS. 


Voluntary  rather  thaw  an  onforeod  visit.  To  liIs  nioic 
inlinialo  lords  and  siiltjcft.s,  however,  who  knew  l)et(t  r 
Lis  condition,  and  who  sometimes  ui'ged  him  to  return 
to  his  palact  ,  the  poor  eai)tive  would  say,  "Ah,  no! 
it  is  the  will  of  the  ^ods  that  I  remain  with  these 
men  and  be  guided  by  their  counsel."  But  on  no 
account  nuist  the  imi)erial  inlluence  bo  allowed  for  tlic 
present  to  decline  before  the  peo[)lc.  The  deception 
nmst  be  continued,  and  the  dignity  of  the  sovereign 
ii]ili«.'ld  by  a  deferential  attention  as  profound  as  tluit 
which  was  shown  before  his  imprisonment.  ]3aily, 
after  prayers,  the  Spanish  general  came  to  j)ay  his 
respects,  attended  by  several  of  his  ca[)tains,  more 
fre(]uently  Alvarado,  Velazquez,  and  Ordaz,  and  to 
receive  the  imperial  commands  with  ivspect  to  his 
comforts,  ])leasures,  and  duties.  On  these  occasions, 
and  indeed  whenever  he  aj^peared  before  the  emperor, 
{says  Bernal  Diaz,  Cort''s  set  the  example  to  Jiis 
followers  by  doffing  his  hat  and  bowing  low,  and  never 
did  he  presume  to  sit  in  the  royal  presence  until 
i'e(] nested  to  do  so. 

Yet  a  most  unpleasant  reminder  to  the  monarcli 
of  his  circumscribed  authority  was  the  over  present 
guard  in  and  around  his  apartments.^  This  was  under 
tlie  connnand  of  Juan  Velazquez  do  Leon,  who  en- 
forced the  strictest  vv'atch,  particularly  when  it  became 
known  that  Montezuma's  courtiers  lost  no  opportunity 
to  urge  escape,  and  that  he  lent  thorn  a  not  unwilling 
ear,  despite  the  professed  desii'o  to  remain  with  the 
Spaniards.  Among  the  several  schemes  with  this 
object  are  mentioned  bored  walls,  tunnels  beneath 
the  palace,  and  an  attempt  by  the  emperor  himsilt' 
to  leap  from  the  summit  of  the  building  into  a  sale 
receptacle  prepared  for  liim.^ 

'  'Lo  dio  cii  guimla  A  iin  capitan,  i5  Jc  nochc  6  do  dia  sicmprc  cstalnn 
csiwfiok's  cii  su  prt'.sencia.'  Tupui,  Ih'L,  in  IcazbalccUt,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  oSO.  This 
captain  appears  to  have  been  Juan  ydazqucz,  wliose  place  was  taken  by  01i<l, 
vlion  required.  Ucrunl  Diaz,  llht.  Vinlad.,  77,  80. 

'•^ '  So  quiso  eciiar  do  vna  arntca  do  dicz  cstados  en  alto,  para  quo  los  snyos 
Ic  reci))ics9cn,  sino  lu  detuuiera  \n  CastcUauo.  . . .  Dcnoche  y  dc  dia  procuiaii;:ii 
do  sacarlc,  oradaudo  a  cada  passo  las  parcdes,  y  cchando  fuego  per  las  a/.uicas.' 


TUE  CAPTIVITY. 


311 


Espioiiai^o  wiXH  also  establislit'il  on  tlio  emperor 
ill  liis  intercourse  witli  courtiers,  l)y  placin;^^  in  the 
jipartnient  the  page  Ortejjfuilhi,  who  lia»l  actjuirecl  a  lair 
knowledge  of  Aztec.  Of  })rei)ossessing  a|)[)earance, 
iiL'.reeahle  anil  sprightly  hi  manner,  the  youth  became 
;i  t'avorite  with  the  captive  king.  Among  other  things, 
the  little  spy  gave  the  monarch  an  insight  into  Spanish 
customs  and  pnx-eedings  at  home  and  aljroad,  into 
the  i)ower  and  grandeur  of  the  Castilian  king,  and 
into  the  mysteries  of  the  faith.  Being  constantly 
together  they  grew  familiar,  Montezuma  deligliting 
til  ])lay  pranks  on  the  boy,  throwing  aloft  his  hat, 
jiiiil  lauixhin-j;  at  his  efforts  to  regain  it.  These  tricks 
were  always  folhnved  by  a  liberal  reward.^ 

]\[ontezuma  was  indeed  most  liberal  with  all  who 
came  in  contact  with  him,  as  became  the  character  of 
a  great  and  lich  prince.  Not  only  jewels,  robe  ,  and 
ciuiositics,  but  male  and  female  slav(\s,  were  freely 
(li^})ensed,  partly  no  doubt  with  a  view  to  secure  good 
treatment  from  the  guard.  X  considerate  thought- 
fuhiess  and  gentle  manner  added  to  his  pojjularity, 
and  "whenever  he  ordered,"  says  the  old  soldier,  "we 
ilcw  to  obey."  The  inconsiderate  pride  and  selfishness 
of  the  independent  monarch  seems  to  have  disappeared 
in  the  prisoner,  yet  like  the  captive  hawk  he  was  sub- 
missive only  to  his  masters.  Orteguilla  kept  him 
informed  of  the  rank  and  character  of  the  men,  and 
l)i\'ame  the  recognized  medium  for  his  favors,  lie  rep- 
resented, for  instance,  that  Bernal  Diaz  longed  to  be 
the  master  of  a  pretty  maiden,  and  ^Montezuma, 
having  noticed  the  exceeding  deference  of  the  soldier, 
called  him,  saying  that  he  would  bestow  on  him  a 

Tin;  result  was  an  increase  of  the  guard,  Alvarez  Cliici)  being  placed  with 
(ill  men  to  watch  the  rear  of  the  (iuart'jrs,  an<l  AudrC;)  do  Monjarraz  the  front, 
witli  tlie  same  number,  each  watch  consistin;^  of  twenty  men.  //*v  t'/v(,  dec. 
ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  iii.  Bernal  Uiaz  intimates  that  tliu  giUU'i.linL;  of  Montezuma 
piiivcd  a  severe  strain  on  the  soldiers;  but,  situaleil  as  they  vreie,  vi^-jilmco 
M.n  ever  recpiircd,  and  still  greater  must  have  been  tile  danger  had  lie  not 
1)1  en  in  tlieir  power. 

^llerrera  calls  him  Tcfia,  which  may  have  been  one  of  his  names,  dec.  ii. 
lili.  viii,  cap.  v.  liernal  Diaz  assumes  that  .Montezuma  asked  (Jones  to  givu 
liini  tlie  page,  after  tlie  execution  of  Quauhpopoca.  J I  int.  I'trdud.,  7o. 


312 


DOURLY  REFINED  DEALINGS. 


fino  yonnsf  woman,  vliom  ho  must  treat,  woll,  for  she 
was  tho  (lauj^litor  of  a  cliiof.  Ho  also  t^aAO  him  thnn; 
«]aoits  ot*  jjfold  and  two  loads  of  rohos.*  Tlu>  i^ift  oatno 
from  tho  omj)oror's  harom,  from  which  ho  fro(iuontly 
(Irow  to  ])l(\iso  those  whom  hv  dolii^htod  to  honor. 
Tho  vaoanoios  thus  created  wore  filled  from  nohlc 
fatnilios,  who  like  those  of  more  advanced  count rii's 
rt\ijfardod  it  an  honor  for  a  daiiijfhtei-  to  occupy  tho 
position  of  royal  concul)ini\  Aft(>r  his  imprisonment 
Montezuma  si>oms  to  have  tlisposed  of  his  wives  (piito 
rapidly,  ;i  numher  of  them  fallinuj  t«)  loadinij;  S[)an- 
iards."  To  (\)rtes  he  otfered  for  the  second  tin«o  a 
dauijjhtiM',  pr(>(tior  than  the  one  };iven  him  on  tho  day 
of  his*  capture,  hut  in  this  instance  tho  <j;if(.  was  dc- 
elined  in  favor  o<'  Olid,  who  acc(>j)ted  lu'r,  together 
with  any  munher  of  presents,  and  was  henceforth 
treated  as  a  relative  hy  her  imperial  father.  J>oth 
sh(^  and  tlu^  sister  with  Cortes  werc^  haj)li/ed.'' 

Tho  soldi(M's  ivonorally  won*  hy  no  moans  for^'ottcn 
in  the  distrihution  of  women  and  other  ,i;ifts,  and  in 
coui'st'  of  tlnu»  the  <piartxn'  hoi'atno  so  ci'owdod  with 
male  and  female  attendants  that  C^ortes  found  it,  nci- 


*TI>o  Initio  \v;i» 


ll<ll)U'( 


1  l'"rmu'i.sivi.    ///,<',  ?'(n^r7. ,  77.     As  im  iiistiiiicc  of 


Monti 


','i;;t'nu'si  to  ;.;vatify  tlio  Spaiiianl.i.  luul  .it.  tllt<  h:\u\o  tinio  t. 


Iiiliit.  his  own  jiowit,  it  i<  rrliift'il  tii'it  one  d.iy  n.  Iiiiw  U  jtui-.tiuMl  a  pii^iMni  to  tho 
very  I'ot.  ill  (lie  p  il.n-c,  i.iiuil  tho  p'.iiudit.s  of  tho  mihliois.      Anions;  thi'in  w.i-i 


!• 


V!ilH'i«'o  tho  ilimdv, 


"iMiior  nia.'strosi 


.1:U,.  (I> 


("astilo,  wii.i  1 


•'xpros.soil  tho  wi.sli  t.>  oldjiii'.  poissossioii  of  tli(>  hawk  ;iiiil   to  tamo  him  Iv'f  t.i 


.Monti 


o.'um.'i  iioai'tl  liim.timl  ),;avo 
thov  (lid.    /./.,•  ( ,'(11,1(1  i-'i.  Hist.  .l/i,r,,  l'_'.">. 


hitti 


miitoi.s  oidorii  to  oatoii  it,  \\l 


\ 


Ouran  Htatos  thai,  tlio  Noldi^•l•^^  disoovofod  tv  honso  iiUod  willi  >vomii' 


i]iposod  to  h'  V.  ivoii  of  Monto/uma,  and  hiddon  to  ho  out  of  tho  ii 


aoli  ot  tlio 


whito  tnon.      Hi 
rospoot  ttiom ;  or 


if  th 


H   tliat    fjiiitilndo   wor.h!    havo   ma'l.i   tl 


\  woiiion  \V(}io  iiniis,  tiiiit  ivsiM'ot  lor  \  irtuo  mn.H 


I  h, 


i>lit;i 


.1. 


'Corti'i'  iii'oti'iti'o  hi>ii|.»  n.Minod  .\iia.     (Jiiitc>  a.  nunihor  of  th(>  jti't'.-cd' i  f  ! 


lowi'is  doclaro  in   thoir  tt'slimojiy  a'^ainst  him.  in    1' _■<,  tliat  ho  a.i 


d  th 


intimato    pio(ootot"'!'.ip   ■<(    two   of   ovni   thioo  of    Monli'.'nm  I'.i    d  iiii;'.iti 
tlio   Hoooiiil    hoiii.^  o.'dh'd    llli'.s,  or   hv  othors    Isahol,    tho   wifo  of  (!i;id.>,    ii 


nltorwiird  ot  « i;,llf"o 


ros  lijiis  do  Monto/tin 


las.l 


o.mlrtlas  nil  pai  i. 


/.'. 


•l.'l; 


I  ctra  n 


iiiiio  pioivida  dol  ipiMiido  HO  |.  rdio  osta  oilidad. '  Tdiuhi.  in  ' 


"l^lfll   Id. 


ii.  :tl).  -Jll,  •Jll;  i.  r,;|,  •»<»,  -J'JI,  -Jiilt.     Ini 


>th<'t'  Indian   i)riiir 


ii,l;ih's  aro  monlioncil  w  i.'i 
1-1.     N'otaiionrt  asmimi's  tliat  two  nohlo  iiiaidoiis  woio 


IMVOIl,  Olll-  I 


if  w' 


Oli.l 


d.    /'. 


r(^)'. ) 


.u. 


4tiJ.      Ilonial   1  >i.i/  !Oipposo:(  tli.it  thi:<  i-<  tho  iirst 


pt.  ill. 


Kl.t;    7'. 


,:;hl. 


,.•71/1  ■'('(  /.(,  i 

d  l.V   Moi!.' 


/.nma,  and  ho  lnlir\ii  ovidoiitly  that  Corti^';  docopUs  lior,  to  j.id^o  liy  a  l.ilor 


lolo-onoo, 


//; 


'/. 


.S,".. 


lO'J 


OATIIKIIINO  IN  OF  TRKASURRS. 


81S 


illstMlll'O  of 


\\\  \\n  l.ilMA' 


ossarv  t»>  issue  an  order  nMliicintj;'  ilie  lunnlx-r  to 
oii(>  I'eiMMle  servant,  lor  I'aeli  man.  Intorined  of  (his, 
Montezuma  instrueti'd  liis  mayonlomo  to  |H"ovide 
i;'ood  ai'conunodation  and  sustenaneo  lor  thorn  i'lsi>- 
\vh»>re.'' 

l\neouraL;'ed  l)y  tliis  <jf(Mierosity,  Cortt^a  aj>proaeli(>d 
him  one  day  rei^ardiuLT  the  seen>ted  treasures,  which 
had  heen  so  hmijf  ri's])i»etA>«l,  hut  whieli  he  desired  to 
have  in  his  posst'ssion.  lie  ret^retted  to  say  that 
his  graeeless  soldiers  had  eome  upon  tlio  tnnisure- 
chandn'r,  and  i-c^^ardh'ss  of  his  instruetions  hud  uh- 
straeted  a  nund)t>r  ol"  jewt'ls.  'i'ln^  iMnperor  liasttMUMl 
to  reassui\>  him;  |)erhaj>s  he  understood  the  hint. 
Th»*  eiMitents  of  (he  ehamh<>r  helonjj^ed  to  the  ij^ods, 
lie  said;  hut  thi>  j^old  and  silvrr  minht  iVetdy  he  taken 
so  lon!Uf  as  the  ri'st  was  U'fl.*'  Il(>  would  i;ive  moi'i\ 
if  rcvjuii'ed.  (\>rtesdi(l  not  sernjile  to  avail  himsell'ol" 
the  permission,  i)y  appropi'iat iui;'  lor  himstdf  and  his 
iiitimatc  iVientls  a  larij;'*^  shai'e.  So  ehartjfed  (he  dis^ 
continued  soldiers,  hut  th*^  ntain  portion  appears  to 
have  heen  rt'servetl  lor  the  *jfent>ral  distrihution  not 
leiiLT  al'tej-.  vMt hough  the  most  vahiahle  part  of  this 
(•i)IK'rtion  had  heen  iVeidy  sum-iidonMl,  the  .soldi(>rs 
lu'sitati'd  not  to  seize  also  upon  othi'r  elViM'ts,  sucli  as 
hi|iiid  amher  and  sevtn'al  lumdnMl  loads  ol'  cotton 
lalfiics.  ( 'ortes  wished  to  n\sloj-e  tlu'm,  l)ut  M»>nt(>- 
/unia  dcchned,  sayiuLT  tliat  he  never  rcH'eivi>d  anythinLj 
l).u'k."  On  anothiM-  oci-asion  tlu^  Spaniards  discovered 
the  impei'ial  wai'ehouse  I'or  cacao  heans,  the  most 
coimnon  eurren(;y  of  tho  country,  and  for  some  timo 


'  lli'rn'm  stjitcs  (lint  Curd's' (H'lli-r  \v;\s  ))nniipt<Ml  liy  ii  (vitisiilcrMtinn  for 
tlu'  lic.wy  i'\|n'ii.si'  to  Mi>i\lc,'iiiiin.  'Till'  liitti'i  ri'inoiistratiMl  (it  tlii><  ri-ciinmiial 
I'll,  iiuil  >'iiimii;iiiili'<I  that  (liiiiMo  laliniiM  slioulil  1  i-  jirdvitloil  lor  tin-  ixi'i'il. 
ili'i".  ii.  lil).  viii'iiiji.  iv. 

I'lij'id,  h'''.,  in  /rirj'irlirlit.  Col.  Ih'C,  ii,  ."iSD.  '  Pun 'u'l  nun  f'-.,-i!'iiiii  clisso 
il  lit',  li'  innn:i\'ini  tlcijli  |)«'i,  no  citS  olio  i^  ilivstiniilo  nl  luro  cultt",  iinnliuii) 
(inniitii  voi;li(iiic>,' in  ("liivim'i<i'M  fri'n  iutiM'protntioii  (it  OJimIu'h  vcrsiim.  Slur'U 
•'/i-'.,  iii.  <I7;  (.'diiiiiiii,  tlisl.  Mfi:,  rj.'i. 

"  '  l.i>  i|  vna  w/,  iliiuii  no  lo  luii.'v  do  torn.'ir  a  rooiliii-.'  ']jvn  oicjns  ilomlo  l.'i 
io|ni  cstiiiin,  mm  tun  grantloM  (|Uo  ilojriiiiiin  a  las  vii;na  di-  los  H|tosou(iii,  y 
t.iii  iinoli.'is,  ("J  (lospm'w  do  vaoiiiH,  HO  nlujaiiik  on  oada  vna  dos  Cii-UollanoH. 
f>;u;niin  al  p.itio  mas  do  mil  omgas  do  r»i[ia.'   llvnrrii,  ii.  viii.  iv. 


314 


DOUBLY  REFINED  DEALINGS. 


it 


made  nightly  raids  on  it  with  their  Indian  carriers. 
Cortes  proposed  to  mete  out  punishment  for  this, 
but  findmg  that  Alvarado  was  a  leading  culprit,  he 
dropped  the  matter  with  a  private  reprimand/" 

Montezuma's  good  nature  was  imposed  upon  in  more 
ways  than  one,  and  with  all  his  kindness  he  could  not 
command  consideration  fiom  the  rougher  soldiers  and 
sailors.  One  of  the  guard,  after  being  requested,  with 
1  gift,  to  discontinue  certain  unseemly  acts,  repeated 
the  offence  in  the  hope  of  receiving  another  bribe;  but 
JMontezuma  now  reported  him  to  his  captain,  and  ho 
was  removed.  Cortds,  who  was  determined  to  enforce 
respect  for  the  captive,  inflicted  severe  punishment 
on  offenders  in  this  respect.  Tired  of  j^atrol  duty, 
Pedro  Lopez  said  one  day  in  the  hearing  of  Monte- 
zuma, "Confusion  on  this  dog!  By  guarding  him 
constantly,  I  am  sick  {it  stomach  unto  death!"  Told 
of  this,  the  general  had  the  man  lashed  in  the  s(j1- 
diers'  hall,  and  this  regardless  of  his  standing  as  a 
good  soldier  and  an  archer  of  great  skill.  Another 
who  showed  insolence  to  the  emperor  was  ordered 
hanged,  but  escaped  with  a  lashing  at  the  intercession 
of  the  captains  and  of  Montezuma."  This  strictness 
insured  respect  not  only  for  the  emperor,  but  lor 
Cortes,  so  that  the  quarter  became  most  exemplary 
for  its  good  order." 

The  Spaniards  united  heartily  with  the  native  court- 
iers to  entertain  the  captive  and  to  remove  so  far  as 
possible  whatever  miglit  remind  him  of  his  lost  lih- 
erty.  He  found  great  delight  in  their  military  exer- 
cises, which  recalled  the  faded  prowess  of  his  youth 

""Cusa  de  Cacao,  <le  Motccuh(juiaa,  lulonde  avia  maa  de  quarcuta  mil 
Cargns,  nii"  era  Gran  lliquev'ii,  ponjue  solia  valor  cada  Carga  quarenta  C;:.s- 
tfUanos.     Alvarado  alont-  emptied  six  jars  of  GOO  loads.    Tonpiimailit,  i.  47J. 

"  The  imu  had  insisted  tliat  Montc/.iuna  should  have  a  search  luatlo  lor 
two  of  his  niissini;  female  attendants.    Tlio  emperor  did  not  wish  Spaniard 

1)unished  for  pilferinj:,  as  lie  told  Corti^s,  only  foroU'ering  insult  and  violent', 
n  such  cases  ho  would  have  his  own  courtiers  lashed.   liemra,  dec.  i..  lih. 
viii.  cap.  v. 

'■^ '  Tinie  el  marques  tan  reoogida  su  gente,  que  ninguno  salio  un  tiro  du 
urciJmz  del  aposento  .sin  licencia,  i''  asimismo  la  gente  tan  en  paz,  <iuo  .se  a\  (-■• 
liguo  nunca  reilir  uuo  cou  otro.'  Tii^Aa,  ltd.,  iu  IcazbakeUt,  Vol.  JJuc,  ii.  jSO. 


THE  CAPTIVE'S  PASTDIES. 


315 


and  oxliibitod  tlio  tactics  wliicli  contributed  so  power- 
i'ully  to  Spanish  supremacy  over  native  arms.  lie 
also  enjoyed  sports,  and  among  games  the  totoloque 
^\as  his  favorite.  This  consisted  in  throwing  small 
golden  balls  at  pieces  of  the  same  metal  set  up  as 
targets  at  a  certain  distance.  Five  points  won  the 
stakes.  Cortes  often  played  it  with  him,  and  Alva- 
rado,  who  kept  count  for  the  general,  usually  marked 
more  points  than  he  was  entitled  to.  Montezuma 
j)layfully  protested  against  such  marking,  althougli 
what  Cortes  won  he  gave  to  the  Mexican  attend- 
ants, while  Montezuma  presented  his  gains  to  the 
Spanish  guard." 

^lontezuma  was  at  times  allowed  to  visit  his 
palaces,  and  to  enjoy  the  hunting-field,  but  these  trips 
were  of  rare  occurrence,  owing  to  the  danger  of 
];()l)ular  demonstrations."  On  such  occasions,  says 
Cortes,  the  escort  of  prominent  jMexicans  numbered 
at  least  three  thousand.  The  first  time  Montezuma 
re(juestcd  this  privilege  it  was  for  the  purj)ose  of 
offering  prayer  and  sacrifice  at  the  great  temple,  as 
iv(juired  by  his  gods,  he  said;  and  although  Ctntes 
did  not  like  the  arrangement,  his  prisoner  convinced 
him  +'.iat  this  public  demonstration  was  necessary, 
in  order  to  show  the  people  that  he  was  not  kept 
ill   compulsory  confinement,  but  remained  with   the 

"/?p)vm/  Dkr.,  Il'iitt.  Verdcul.,  77.  '  Un  giuoco,  cho  gli  Sp.tornuoli  chi.ima- 
vaiio  il  lioJoi/tii'.'  L'lavKjero,  Sioriu  Mens.,  iii.  1)7.  IJoilixiiio  i<igiiitica  luills  in 
this  I'liiiiioclion.  Wiien  iivani."'-  Inst,  he  with  gi-o.it  sliow  of  liljorality  |i.iicl  in 
cliaK'hiuitfS,  stonoa  wliich  were  liighly  treasiireil  hy  the  natives,  but  worth 
nothing;  to  the  Siianianls.  Montezuma  paid  in  ((Uoits.  worth  at  least  .")0  (hii'ats. 
due  (lay  he  lost  40  or  TiO  quoits,  and  with  j>Ieasuie,  sinee  it  gave  him  the 
o|i|iortuiiity  to  be  generous.  13.  V.  <le  Tapia  testities  that  Alvarailo  used  to 
ciieutiii  playing  cards  with  him  and  others.  I'arfiK,  Ji'ikIiIi  miii,  i.,")l-'J.  Aiiotlier 
\\»y  of  ^.'ratifying  this  bent  was  to  aici'jit  trilles  from  the  Spaniards  and  liber- 
ally eiini)i<  iisate  them.  Alonso  ile  Ujtihi,  fur  instanee,  had  u  silk-cndiroidered 
Katchel  M  itli  many  jwckcts,  for  which  Montezuma  gave  him  two  pretty  slaves, 
beside  a  number  of  robes  ai  .  jewels.  Oji'da  wrote  a  memoir  on  the  concpiest, 
of  whieli  Ilerrera  makes  gi   .d  use.  dee.  ii.  lib.  viii.  eaj).  v. 

"  'Fue  nuiehas  veces  ii  holgar  con  cincoo  seis  espanoles  A  una  j  dos  leL'uas 
fiii'in  di'  In  eiudad.'  ( 'orti  n,  (  ailn.s,  \M.  lloth  the  times  and  the  nund)er  of  the 
Spaniards  are  doubtful,  hijwevcr.  'Quando  sidia  a  cayar. .  .  .Lleuaua  ocho  o 
diez  Ivspai'ioles  en  guarda  de  la  persona,  y  tres  mil  Me.xicanos  entre  seiiori's, 
ciiualleros.  criadoa,  y  cav'adores.'  Gomant,  JJiat.  .l/tu'.,  1-4;  Ixtliljcovhitl,  JJiat. 
Uiu/i.,  •2'Jl. 


816 


DOUBLY  REFIXED  DEALINGS. 


stranijcrs  at  the  order  of  the  deitv  he  was  about  to 
consult.  Four  captains  were  appointed  to  escort  him 
with  a  guard  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  soldiers,  and 
ho  was  warned  that  any  attack  upon  them,  or  any 
attempt  at  rescue,  would  result  in  his  own  death.  He 
was  carried  in  a  rich  litter,  attended  by  a  brilliant 
procession  of  nobles,  and  preceded,  according  to  cus- 
tom, by  a  dignitary  bearing  the  triple  wand  which 
indicated  that  the  emperor  was  approaching  and  de- 
manded loyal  veneration. 

On  reaching  the  temple  the  imperial  worshipper 
stepped  forth,  leaning  on  the  arms  of  his  relatives, 
and  was  assisted  to  the  summit.  Human  sacrifices 
had  been  forbidden,  and  Father  Olmedo  came  to 
watch  over  the  observance  of  the  order;  but  it  ap[)ear.s 
that  four  captives  had  been  offered  during  the  nig] it, 
and  despite  the  remonstrances  of  the  friar  the  at- 
tendant rites  went  on.*^  The  captains  thought  it 
prudent  not  to  exceed  a  protest,  and  congratulated 
themselves  when  the  ceremony  was  ended  and  the 
emperor  safely  back  in  their  quarters. 

A  fortniglit  after  the  seizure  of  Montezuma, Quauli- 
popoca  arrived  in  the  capital,  accompanied  by  his  son 
and  fifteen  of  his  staff.  He  made  his  entry  with  tlio 
pomp  befitting  a  powerful  governor  and  a  relative  of 
the  sovereign,  and  hastened  to  the  palace.  As  was 
customary  with  subjects  who  were  about  to  appear  in 
the  imperial  presence,  the  rich  robes  were  covered  witli 
a  coarse  cloak,  in  token  of  humiliation.  His  master 
received  him  with  a  stern  countenance,  and  signified 
his  displeasure  at  the  proceedings  which  under  pretext 
of  his  authority  had  caused  loss  of  Spanish  life.  No 
attention  was  paid  to  explanations,  and  he  was  siii- 
rondered  with  his  followers  to  the  Spaniards,  to  l)o 
dealt  with  as  they  thought  fit.*"     Cortes  held  a  trial : 

'^Bonial  Diaz  intimatoa  that  more  sacrifices  were  made  in  their  p-csemo. 
'  V  111)  potliaiuos  eu  (u^uclla  sozoii  hazer  otra  cosa  sino  diasiinular  con  el.'  U^. 
Wr.lad..  7S. 

"'  Uumal  Diaz  admits  that  ho  knows  not  what  occurred  between  govcrnoi 


QUAUHPOPOCA  BURNED. 


817 


he  was  a  shrewd  inquisitor,  and  his  sentence  was  sure 
to  accord  with  his  own  interests.  "Are  you  a  vassal 
(if  Montezuma?"  he  asked  of  Quauhpopoca.  "What 
else  could  I  be?"  was  the  reply.  "Did  you  attack 
Spaniards  by  his  order?"  The  prisoner  was  in  a  most 
serious  dilemma.  At  first  he  refused  to  implicate  the 
emperor,  but  finding  that  his  fate  was  sealed  he  con- 
Ics.^ed  having  acted  under  his  orders."  This  could 
not  avail  him,  however,  for  in  obeying  his  master  ho 
had  injured  the  subjects  and  outraged  the  laws  and 
majesty  of  the  Spanish  king,  who  was  sovereign  of 
all,  and  this  demanded  punishment. 

The  fact  was  that  Spanish  prestige,  on  which  so 
much  depended,  had  suffered  through  the  machina- 
tions of  the  governor,  and  it  was  considered  necessary 
to  restore  it.  Therefore  it  was  decreed  that  Quauh- 
popoca, with  his  son  and  officers,  should  be  burned 
alive  in  the  plaza,  befoze  the  palace.  Cortes  availed 
himself  of  the  opportunity  to  seize  all  the  arms  in  the 
arsenals,^^  and  therewith  build  a  pyre  worthy  such 
noted  offenders. 

When  all  was  ready  Cortes  presented  himself  before 
^he  emperor,  and  announced  with  a  severe  tone  thai:  the 
evidence  of  the  condemned  showed  their  acts  to  have 
heen  authorized  by  him,  and  as  a  life  called  for  a  life, 
according  to  Spanish  laws,  he  deserved  death.  Cortes, 
however,  loved  him — for  himself,  his  generosity,  and 
services  he  loved  him  too  dearly  to  let  justice  have 

ami  monarch,  but  Herrera  claims  to  be  lK?ttei'  informed.  Barcfootoil,  and  with 
I'vis  u[)on  the  floor,  Quauhpopoca  approached  the  throne  and  said :  '  Most  great 
and  most  powerful  lord,  thy  slave  Quauhpopoca  )ias  come  at  thy  hiilding,  and 
awaits!  thy  ordei"s.'  lie  had  done  wrong,  was  the  reply,  to  kill  the  Spaniards, 
ami  tlu'ii  declare  that  he  had  orders  so  to  do.  For  this  he  should  suilcr  as  a 
tiaitor  til  his  sovereign  and  to  the  strangers.  He  was  not  allowed  to  niako 
iiuycxiilanations.  dee.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  i.K.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  Montezuma 
iMUiiaanded  him  not  to  reveal  anythuig  that  might  implicate  his  master, 
liiijiing  tiiat  Cortes  would  out  of  regard  for  his  generous  host  iiitlict  a  coiu- 
Iiuratively  light  punishment. 

'■'  'Exaniinaron  los  seginula  vez,  con  mas  rigor,  y  amcnazas  do  tormento,  y 
fill  discrepar  todos  confessaron,'  says  Herrera,  loc.  cit. 

'''En  vna  de  las  casas  reales  dicha  Tlacochalco.'  Herrera,  loc.  cit.  'E 
Ht'iicn  mas  4ue  quiuieutiis  carretados.'  Tapia,  Hct.,  iii  Icazbi.tU-i'tu,  Col.  Doc, 
ii.  J64. 


818 


DOUBLY  REFIXED  DEALINGS. 


its  course,  and  would  take  on  himself  tc  appease 
its  demands  by  a  nominal  punishment.'®  He  then 
turned  on  his  heel,  while  one  of  the  soldiers  clasped  a 
pair  of  shackles  round  the  prisoner's  ankles,  and  the 
mighty  emperor  of  the  Aztecs  was  ironed.  I'or  a 
moment  Montezuma  stood  rooted  to  the  floor.  Then 
he  groaned  with  anguish  at  this  the  greatest  indignity 
ever  offered  his  sacred  person.  He  trembled  with  ap- 
prehension at  what  might  yet  follow.  His  courtiers 
were  no  less  afflicted,  and  with  tears  in  their  eyes  they 
knelt  to  lessen  the  weight  at  least  of  the  shameful  bonds, 
and  with  bandages  to  relieve  the  imperial  limbs.'^ 

Meanwhile  the  troops  formed  an  imposing  cordon 
in  front  of  the  palace  to  prevent  a  rescue  of  the  con- 
demned as  they  were  led  out  and  tied  to  the  stake. 
Writhing  with  pain,  yet  mute  as  became  brave  war- 
riors, with  the  ascending  smoke  from  Aztec  shields 
and  darts  they  rendered  up  their  anguished  souls.  It 
was  rare  strategy  thus  with  the  offenders  to  destroy 
the  means  of  offence.  Supposing  that  the  execution 
was  by  imperial  sanction,  the  populace  tacitly  assented, 
gazing  on  the  horrid  spectacle  with  pallid  faces  and 
bated  breath.  Though  accustomed  to  scenes  like  this 
in  connection  with  their  religious  festivals,  it  appeared 
tenible  when  perpetrated  by  foreigners,  to  the  dreary 
sound  of  muffled  drums.^' 

'^  '  Mo  has  negado  no  auer  mfldado  a  CouatlpopocJi  q  matasse  a  mis  com- 
paficros,  no  lo  has  hccho  conio  tan  gran  seflor  quo  ores, . . .  .porquo  no  quedi'S 
sin  algun  castigo,  y  tu  y  lo3  tuyos  sepays  quanto  vale  el  tratar  vcrtlad,  to  iii.'i- 
daro  ochar  prisiones.'  llerrera  implies  with  this  that  Cort(?8  laid  more  weigh*; 
on  the  disregard  for  truth  than  on  tlio  authorization  of  the  outrage,  doc.  ii.  lil>. 
viii.  cap.  i.x.  '  Que  ya  quo  uquolla  culpa  tuuicsse,  que  antes  la  pagaria  d  CortOs 
porsu  persona,  quo  verso  la  passaral  Monteyunia. '  licrnal  Diaz,  Jlist.  I '(  rdatf. ,  7'>. 

*'' '  Ksto  hizo  por  ocupar  lo  ol  pensamicnto  en  sua  duclos,  y  dc.xasso  los 
ajonos.'  Oomora,  /Jixt.  J/cx.,  129.  'Todo.'i  tin  de  espantarle  mas. '  I xtllLvochdl , 
J  list.  Chtch.,  '298. 

'-'  Solis  seems  to  say  that  the  bodies  were  burned  after  exccntion,  Hif^t.  M<'x\ , 
i.  4(51 -'2,  but  CortL^s  and  others  are  frank  enough  about  the  actual  burning, 
which  was  not  regarded  in  that  cruel  ago  with  the  same  aversion  as  by  um. 
Instances  are  to  bo  found  in  the  Nat'tce  Racex,  ii.-iii.,  where  this  ordeal  wiis 
iiuilorgono  by  criminals  as  well  as  temple  victims  among  the  Aztecs.  IJcnial 
Diaz  gives  the  names  of  two  of  Quauhpopoca's  companions  in  misfortuni', 
(Juiabuitlo  and  Coatl.  Hint.  VerdwL,  75.  Prescott,  Mcx.,  ii.  !73,  .states  that 
tlio  execution  took  place  iutbe  court-yard;  but  thia  is  probably  a  misprint,  to 
judge  by  his  own  text. 


' 


THE  FOX'S  DEEP  LOVE. 


319 


mi3  com- 

te  iiKi- 
.  ii.lil'. 

1  (^31-ti'S 

lad. ,  7 ■'>. 

ISSC    1(H 

Lcochdl, 

burning, 

ileal  was 
IJcinal 
ifortiuu', 
itoa  tliat 
print,  to 


All  being  over,  Cortes  reentered  the  apartments 
of  Montezuma  with  his  captains,  and  kneeling  down 
he  himself  took  oiF  the  fetters,  declaring  that  he  felt 
deepb  grieved  at  the  infliction,  for  he  loved  him  as  a 
brother.  The  monarch  became  almost  hysteric  with 
joy  at  this  deliverance,  and  with  falling  tears  he  ex- 
])ressed  himself  in  abject  terms  of  gratitude,  like  the 
dog  licking  the  hand  which  has  chastised  it.  Every 
fresh  incident  reveals  some  new  trait  in  the  character 
of  this  unhappy  man  which  calls  for  pity  or  contempt. 
"Yet  further,"  continued  Cortes,  "to  show  my  deep 
regard  and  confidence,  you  are  now  at  full  liberty  to 
rt'turn  to  your  own  house."  But  Montezuma  under- 
stood well  enough  that  these  were  but  words,  an 
empty  offer ;  indeed  he  had  been  informed  by  the  well 
prompted  page  that,  although  the  general  might  wish 
to  release  him,  the  Spanish  captains  would  never  permit 
it.^"  He  accordingly  expressed  his  thanks,  and  said  that 
lie  preferred  to  remain  with  him,  giving  as  a  reason 
that,  were  he  free,  the  importunities  of  his  relatives 
and  nobles  to  attack  the  Spaniards  might  prevail  over 
his  friendship  for  them  and  their  king,  and  this  would 
oiitail  not  only  loss  of  life  on  both  sides,  but  the  ruin 
of  the  city.  Thereupon  Cortt^s  embraced  him  with 
pvcry  appearance  of  deep  devotion,  and  said,  "  Next 
to  my  king  you  shall  be  king;  vast  as  are  your  pos- 
sessions, I  will  make  you  ruler  of  more  and  greater 
})i()vinces.^^ 

We  can  imagine  the  words  by  which  the  Spaniards 
niiglit  justify  to  themselves  the  death  of  Quauhpo- 

■'-  'A  lo  que  entendimos,  C  lo  mas  cicrto,  Cortes  auia  dicho  A  Aguilar  \a 
li'iigua,  que  Ic  tlixesse  ilc  sccreto,  que  annqnc  Malinulie  le  nianiluHse  salir  do 
l;i  inisiim,  <jue  los  C'apitancs  nucstros,  I:  soldados  no  querriamos. '  Bental D'mz, 
Ili-^i.  Vcnlad.,  7<5. 

■^ '  Fu(5  tanto  el  buen  tratamiento  que  yo  le  hice,  y  el  contentamiento  quo 
lie  mi  tenia,  quo  algunas  voces  y  nuichas  le  aconicti  con  sii  libertad,  rogtindoio 
'I'll'  l'\iese  d  su  casii,  y  mo  dijo  todaa  las  veces  (luc  so  lo  decia,  que  el  estabii 
birii  alii,'  etc.  Cotiis,  Cdi-tuM,  91.  '  No  osaua,  do  m  'do  que  los  suyos  no  lo 
luatassen. . .  .por  auer  scdcxadoprender,' isonc  c'  ^;.-  ouppositionsof  (iomara, 
vlimalls  him  a  man  of  little  heart.  JliKt.  Mix.,  l'2!)-30.  Peter  Martyr  appears 
to  lie  moved  rather  by  pity  for  him.  dec.  v.  cap.  iii.  '  Non  gli  convoniva  ritor- 
iiaiv  al  suo  Dalagio,  mentre  fossero  nella  Corte  gli  Spagnuoli.'  Clavijero,  IStoria 
J/i«i.,  iii.  102. 


320 


DOUBLY  REFINED  DE^VLIXGS. 


poca,  but  we  cannot  understand  the  object  in  degradlnjjj 
the  emperor  in  the  eyes  of  his  subjects — an  act  which 
tliey  had  hitherto  been  so  careful  to  avoid — unless  it 
was  to  lift  themselves  in  their  own  esteem  and  that 
of  the  natives,  far  above  the  highest  American  princes 
and  powers,  and  to  impress  the  sacredness  of  their 
persons  on  the  minds  of  the  Indians.  Further  than 
this,  they  seemed  to  think  some  punishment  of  tlio 
emperor  necessary,  either  because  he  had  authorized 
the  Nautla  outrage,  or  because  he  had  countenanced 
it  by  neglecting  to  reprimand  the  perpetrators.  At 
all  events,  the  effect  was  salutary,  so  much  so  that 
Spaniards  were  to  be  seen  wandering  singly  about  the 
country  without  fear  of  molestation.''^* 

This  effect,  which  extended  also  to  adjoining  indo- 

f)endent  provinces,  enabled  Cortes  to  carry  out  the 
ong-cherished  project  of  gathering  information  on 
the  condition  of  the  country,  particularly  its  political 
feeling  and  its  mineral  resources.  Montezuma  readily 
gave  the  aid  requested  by  providing  maps  and  ofKcials 
to  guide  the  exploring  parties.  The  first  investigations 
were  directed  to  the  upper  parts  of  Rio  Zacatula  and  to 
Miztecapan,  some  eighty  leagues  south  of  the  capital, 
and  to  the  northern  branches  of  the  Papaloaj^an, 
whence  most  of  the  sfold  was  said  to  come.'^''     The 


"  'Coino  cste  casti^o  se  supo  en  todas  las  Prouincias  do  la  Xueua-Espana, 
tomicroij,  y  I03  i)ucblo3  do  la  costa,  adonde  inataron  nucstros  soldailos, 
bolvicroii  4  servir.'  IJcnial  Diaz,  //ist.  Venlad.,  75-6,  commonts  upon  tho 
daring  of  the  Spaniards  in  carrying  out  these  and  similar  high-handed  aits. 
For  a  short  time  after  this,  says  Hcrrera,  the  soldiers  were  ordurutl  to  sleep 
on  their  arms,  in  case  of  any  demonstration,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  ix.  CIa\  i- 
gcro  regards  the  burning  as  unjustifiable,  since  the  emperor  was  regarded  ;is 
having  authorized  it.  If  he  was  not  guilty,  the  Spaniards  were  ungrateful  to 
treat  him  as  they  did.  Storhi  Me.'is.,  in,  101.  Robertson  finds  some  excuse 
for  Quauhpopoca's  punishment,  but  calls  the  humiliation  of  Montezuma  a 
wanton  display  of  power.  1 1  id.  Am.,  ii.  G3,  453-4,  Prescott,  on  the  other 
hand,  regards  the  humiliation  as  politic,  on  the  ground  that  by  rendering  tho 
monarch  contemptible  in  tlie  eyes  of  his  subjects,  ho  was  obliged  to  rely 
more  on  tlio  Spaniards.  Mer.,  ii.  177.  But  this  would  hardly  have  been 
necessary  since  he  was  in  their  power,  and  considering  that  the  object  of 
keeping  him  so  was  to  control  tho  country,  it  would  have  been  better  not  to 
degrade  him. 

''■'  'Dimde  mas  ore  se  solia  traer,  que  era  do  vna  Provincia  que  se  dizc, 
Zucatula. . .  .dc  otra  Provincia,  que  se  dize  Gustepeciue,  cerca  de  donde  ties- 
embarcamos ....  6  que  ccrca  de  aquella  Provincia  ay  otros  bueuas  miuas,  eu 


EXPEDITIONS. 


821 


indc 


Espana, 
soldados, 
poll  tlio 
0(1  ac'ts. 
to  sk't'p 
Clavi- 
avdi'tl  as 
utofiil  to 

0  •■xouse 
eziiina  a 
10  otliiv 

eriii^'  tlio 

1  to  ivly 

IVC     l)Ol'll 

object  oi 
er  uot  to 

sc  ilizc, 
lUtlc  ties- 
liiuas,  cu 


Zacatula  party  was  headed  by  Pilot  Gonzalo  de  Um- 
hria,  in  compensation  perliaps  for  the  loss  of  his  feet 
at  A'illa  Rica.  He  returned  before  the  other  parties, 
\\  ithin  the  forty  days  allowed  for  the  trip,  and  brought 
about  three  hundred  pesos'  worth  of  gold  dust,  washed 
out  in  dishes  from  three  rivers,  by  order  of  the  ea- 
(i(|uc.  Two  chiefs  accompanied  him,  bearing  gold 
pri'sents  of  nearly  the  same  value  as  the  dust,  and 
otlering  allegiance  to  the  Spaniards  in  the  name  of 
their  caciques.^*  Small  as  was  the  treasure,  it  afforded 
a  substantial  proof  of  the  glowing  report  of  Umbri'a. 
He  had  passed  through  three  beautiful  and  fertile 
})rovinces,  filled  with  towns  containing  buildings  equal 
to  any  in  Spain.  He  described  a  fortress  finer  in 
appearance  and  stronger  than  the  castle  of  Burgos, 
and  the  people  of  Tamazulapan  as  most  superior  in 
divss  and  intelligence." 

Anotlier  party,  under  one  Pizarro,'^^procecdcd  south- 
eastward, through  Tochtepec  and  ]\Ialinaltepec,  both 
of  wiiich  yieldetl  them  gold  dust  to  the  value  of  about 
three  Iiuudred  })esos.  ]3escending  along  the  northern 
fork  of  Papaloaj)an,  they  reached  the  country  of  the 
Chuiantecs,  iiostile  to  the  Aztecs  who  had  taken  some 
of  tIic  border  towns.  Their  independence  had  not 
otlicrwise  been  affected,  owing  to  their  mountain 
fastnesses,  their  warlike  spirit,  and  their  formidable 
weapons,  which  were  pikes  about  twenty  feet  in  length. 

pnrto  quo  no  son  sujotos,  que  se  dizen,  los  Chinatecaa,  y  Capotocas.'  liernnl 
JUriz,  Hint.  I'cnlail.,  81.  Montezuma  detailed  two  persona  for  each  of  four 
pi'ovincts  wlieie  gold  was  to  l>o  hud,  and  CortOs  gave  two  Spaiiiiirds  for  each 
cnuplu.  The  provinces  nnnicil  were  Cuzula,  Taniazulapa,  Malinaltepeque, 
Ttiiis.  Cvrfrn,  Cartcl■^,  02-H.  Of  the  eight  Indiiuis,  four  were  miners  or  gohl- 
siiiitlis,  and  tlie  others  guides.  O'oinarn,  //inf.  ,\/ix.,  130.  C'liinialpain  names 
tlie  )iniviiices;  Taniaz(d:in,  in  upper  Mizteeapan,  ]Malinalte])ec  and  Tenich, 
botli  uu  the  same  river,  and  Tututepec,  twelve  leagues  farther,  in  the  Xicayan 
country.  Jfinf.  Coiii;.,  i.  'J.")4-r>. 

■'''Con  tal,  que  los  <le  Culua  no  entras.sen  en  sa  ticrra.'  They  were  re- 
assured aii<l  dismissed  with  presents,    //cm  rii,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  i. 

'■  '(.'ortt'S  se  holgo  tiinto  con  el  oro  eomo  si  fueran  treinta  mil  pesos,  en 
Mbcr  cierto  que  avia  buenas  minas.'  Bernal  Diaz  intimates  beside  tiiat  Um- 
hna  and  his  two  companions  had  provided  theiusclvea  with  plenty  of  gold. 
m.'it.  Vii-ihuL,  8l-'2. 

-"  .V  young  man  of  2.")  j'ears,  whom  Cort(5s  treated  as  a  relative.    'With  hiin 
\*  tilt  four  Spaniards  who  understood  miuiiig,  and  four  chiefs.  Id. 
Hisi.  Mtx.,  Vol..  I.    21 


322 


DOUBLY  REFINED  DEALINGS. 


,,■1'^ 


Thoy  iiivi^od  the  Spaniards  to  enter,  but  would  not 
allow  the  Mexican  escort  to  cross  the  boundary.  Tlio 
guides  warned  Pizarro  not  to  trust  himself  to  what 
they  termed  a  treacherous  peo})le,  but  after  a  bri(  I' 
hesitation  he  advanced  and  received  a  hearty  re<>(j)- 
tion.  Aid  was  given  to  search  for  gold,  of  whirl i 
seven  hundred  pesos'  worth  was  obtained  from  several 


'M'A\ 


i 


rivers,  most  of  it  in  rough  grains.'^  On  his  return  lie 
brought  two  chiefs,  who  bore  presents  of  gold  from 
tlioir  cliicf  cacique  Cohuatlicamac,  and  tendered  liis 
allegiance  on  condition  that  the  Aztecs  should  not 
be  allowed  to  enter  the  country.  Finding  the  inliali- 
itar^s  so  friendly  and  the  province  rich  in  resounrs, 
Pizarvo  left  four  of  his  small  party  behind  to  estnblisli 
cacao  and  maize  plantations  and  to  search  for  uioio 


gold, 


'■'* '  Va\  gi-anos  crcspillos,  porqnc  clixcron  log  mineros,  qxie  aqucllo  era  ilo 
mas  thinulrras  iniiuis  como  de  naciniicnto.'  Id.,  82. 

'"  Jioriial  Diaz  namea  tlieni,  '  Ikirrictos,  y  lloredia  el  viejo,  y  Eacaloua  cl 


ORDAZ  VISITS  THE  COAST. 


n:a 


The  project  appears  to  have  fourul  favor  with  Cortes, 
\\\n)  besought  ^lontezuma  to  form  plantations  for  the 
king  also  in  his  adjoining  province  of  Malinaltei)cc. 
This  was  at  once  attendeil  to,  and  within  two  months 
four  substantial  houses  and  a  vast  reservoir  had  been 
constructed,  and  a  largo  tract  of  land  brought  under 
cultivation,  the  improvements  being  valued  at  twenty 
thousand  pesos  de  oro.^' 

Another  important  object  was  to  find  a  bettor  har- 
bor than  Villa  Rica,  and  the  emperor  being  consulted, 
ho  at  once  ordered  a  map  to  bo  made,  which  showed 
very  accurately  not  only  the  rivers  and  inlets  already 
known  to  the  Spaniards,  between  Pilnuco  and  Tabasco, 
hut  the  yet  unknown  Rio  Goazacoalco,  beyond  the 
Mexican  border.  This  being  said  to  have  a  large  and 
deep  entrance,  Cortes  availed  himself  of  Ordaz'  offer 
to  examine  it.  Ten  men,  chiefly  sailors  and  pilots, 
and  some  guides,  accompanied  him,  and  authority 
was  given  to  take  escorts  from  the  fro!itier  garrisons. 
He  proceeded  to  Chalchiuhcuecan  or  San  Juan  de 
I  lua,  and  thence  followed  the  coast  examining  the 
inlets. 

On  reaching  the  frontier  complaints  became  nu- 
merous against  the  native  garrisons  by  reason  of  raids 
and  outrages,  and  supported  by  the  chiefs  who  attended 
liini  ho  reprimanded  the  commanders,  threatening  them 
with  the  fate  of  Quauhpopoca  unless  they  restrained 
the  troops.  They  used  to  extend  their  raids  into  the 
Goazacoalco  province,  but  were  at  present  somewhat 


moca,  y  Cervantea  cl  chocarrcro,'  and  says  that  Cort<5s,  displeased  at  soMiora 
l)iiiig  loft  to  raise  fowl  and  cacao,  sent  Aloaso  Luis  to  recall  them.  Ilist.  Vvrdnl. , 
S-.';  Ilcirent,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  i.  He  is  evidently  mistaken,  as  shown  ))y 
his  iiwn  later  text,  for  Cortijs  himself  sfavtes  that  ho  sought  to  form  plantations 
ill  tiiat  direction.    The  recall  was  made  later  and  for  a  ditfcrent  reason. 

'"  '  lOstaban  sembradas  sesenta  hancgas  de  maiz  y  diez  de  frijoles,  y  dos 
mil  pios  do  cacap  [ciicao].  . .  .hicieron  un  estiinque  de  agua,  y  en  el  pusiorm 
iiuiiiiontospatos. .  .y  pusicron  hastamil  y  quinienUis  gallinas.'  Cort(x,('arl  ii^, 
!t4  ;  t'iid-  Marh/r,  dec.  v.  cap.  iii.  Ovictlo  writes  that  farms  were  establishoil 
fur  tlie  king  in  two  or  three  provinces,  one  in  Chinmnta  [Chimantla],  The 
twii  Spaniards  left  in  the  latter  were  saved,  but  elsewhere,  subject  to  the 
A/ttos,  tliey  were  killed  during  the  uprising  originated  by  Alvarado.  iii.  :i~Ct. 
T.ipia  refc'rs  to  an  expedition  at  this  time  against  a  revolted  proviuce,  80 
leagues  oil".  lieL,  in  laizbalceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  584. 


; 


321 


DOUBLY  REFINED  DE^VLINQS. 


j^nurilod,  owiu;^  to  a  repulse  wherein  a  iinmber  of 
eainnides  liacl  perished.'" 

Ordaz'  pioceediiigs  served  him  well,  for  Tuchiutlei', 
the  caei(pie  of  this  province,  sent  a  deputation  of 
leading  men  to  extend  a  welcome,  and  furnished 
canoes  and  men  to  aid  in  sounding  the  river.  Tiio 
har  was  found  to  be  at  least  two  fathoms  and  a  liaH' 
d(fep  at  low  water,  and  above  this,  for  twelve  league.-;, 
tlie  soundings  showed  fully  five  fathoms,  with  a  i)ros- 
pec't  of  an  equal  depth  for  some  distance,  whereuj)()ii 
tlie  jjilots  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  channel  might 
bc^  a  strait  leading  to  the  southern  sea.^  Ordaz  re- 
ceived not  only  presents  of  gold  and  pretty  women 
for  himself,  but  brought  with  him  messengers  bearing 
jciwels,  tiger-skins,  featliers,  and  })recious  stones  for 
Cortes,  toiicther  with  an  offer  of  allegiance  and  tribute 
similar  to  tliose  already  tendered  by  the  neighbors  t)f 
Tabasco.  His  report,  which  extolled  the  agricultuiul 
resources  as  well  as  the  port,  induced  the  general  to 
send  with  the  returning  messengers  anoi  xer  party  to 
examine  these  features  more  thoroughly  and  to  test 
tlie  disposition  of  the  inhabitants.  They  again  sounded 
tlie  river,  selected  a  town  site,  and  reported  in  favor  of 
a  settlement.  The  cacique  also  expressed  himself  eager 
to  receive  settlers,  and  oftered  to  begin  at  once  the  con- 
struction of  houses.  This  decided  Cortes  to  establish 
a  colony  on  the  river,  and  in  April  Juan  Velazque/. 
and  Rodrigo  Rangel  set  out  with  one  hundred  and 
fifty  men  to  carry  out  the  project.  This,  however, 
was  not  destined  to  be  so  speedily  accomplished. 


34 


Meanwhile  Villa  Rica  had  been  a  source  of  no  small 
anxiety  to  Cortes.  He  had  appointed  Alonso  de  Grado 

•'-' '  Por  nqiiclla  causa  llaman  oy  en  ilia,  donde  aquclla  guciTa  passu,  Cuilu- 
lu'inicjui.'  Jicnial  Diaz,  Jiiat.  Vtrdad.,  82. 

''i/fcrrera,  loc.  cit.  '  Crcyan  lo  que  desscauan,'  remarks  Gomara,  Jli-t. 
Mr::,  mi. 

■''  Cortis,  Cartaif,  95,  IIG;  Gomara,  Hist.  Mcx.,  131-i^.  Bemal  Diaz  throws 
linubt  on  the  expedition  of  \clazquez,  but  is  evidently  forgetful.  ///.s<.  Vi.r- 
fffi'f.,  81-2.  '  El  seiior  de  la  provinyia. ..  .luego  hiyo  seys  [casiisi]  en  el  assiciitc) 
6  parte  qtie  para  el  pueblo  se  seftalo. '  Oiueilo,  iii.  2!)3.  Peter  Martyr  wills  tin  mj 
buildings  '  Tributou-ies'  houses.'  dec.  v.  cap.  iii.;  Vortca,  Jiesideiicia,  ii.  0,  iJ. 


GRADO  AT  VILLA  RICA. 


323 


fo  fill  the  vrx-ant  place  of  Escalanto,  as  coniniarulor  of 
{]\o  fctrtrcsa,  and  as  liis  lieutenant  in  tlie  district.  Orado 
\v;is  a  man  of  agreeable  presence  and  conversatif)n,  :tnd 
with  some  fame  among  his  comrades  as  a  writer  itnd 
musician,  but  more  of  a  braggart  than  a  S(»idier,  with  de- 
cidi'd  sympathies  in  favor  of  Velazquez.  Indeed,  IV'nuil 
Diaz  charges  him  with  having  been  the  ringleader  of 
llic  mutinous  demonstration  at  Tlascala.  Cortes  was 
Will  acquainted  with  the  character  of  the  man;  but  his 
gUi)  tongue  had  evidently  overcome  the  prudenc(>  of 
(h(-  general,  or  else  he  preferred  a  less  bold  spirit  than 
E.si'.ilantc's  at  this  post.  "Now,  Senor  Grado,"  said 
lie  in  handing  him  his  vommission,  "here  is  the  ful- 
filment t)f  your  lon<_j  felt  desire  of  sroin<]f  to  Villa  liica. 
Take  care  of  the  fort,  treat  the  Indians  well,  and  do 
iKit  undertake  any  expeditions  like  that  of  Escalante, 
or  you  may  meet  his  fate."  "In  saying  this,"  adds 
lieinal  Diaz,  "he  gave  us  soldiers  a  wink,  which  we 
nadi^v  enjoyed,  knowing  well  enough  that  (Irado 
\\'  'lid  lot  venture  to  do  so,  oven  under  penalty  of 
(lis- 'race."  The  office  of  al^juacil  mayor,  held  by  the 
fonner  commander,  was  not  included  in  the  present 
connnission,  but  was  given  to  Sandoval,  and  whon 
riradi)  remonstrated  he  was  promised  conqicnsation 
in  due  time. 

Oil  reaching  Villa  Rica  the  evil  nature  of  the  man 
caiiic  to  the  front.  He  assumed  ponqwus  demeanoi*, 
and  ex))cctcd  the  settlers  to  serve  him  as  a  great  lord, 
wliilo  the  Totonacs  were  pressed  for  gold  and  female 
slaves.  The  fort  and  the  duties  connected  with  it  were 
neglected,  and  the  commander  spent  his  time  in  gor- 
inandizinsf  and  jTfamblinLT,  not  to  mention  the  secret 
efforts  to  undermine  his  o'eneral's  influence  and  to  <niin 
adherents  for  Velazquez.  This  soon  reached  the  ears  of 
Cork's,  who  felt  not  a  little  annoyed  at  having  trusted 
such  a  fellow.  He  recognized  the  necessity  of  intru.f  - 
ing  this  district  to  one  thorougldy  devoted  to  hinisi  If, 
siiire  a  fleet  from  Cuba  might  at  any  moment  arrive 
and  create  raischief.     Therefore  he  sent  Sand(nal, 


320 


DOUBLY  REFINED  DF  VLIXGS. 


!      1 


Avlio  was  bravo  and  priulcut,  as  well  as  loyal,  and  with 
him  Pedro  de  Ircio,  a  fornii;r  equerry,  of'  insinuating- 
manners  and  <rossii)in<''  toii'j^ue,  whom  Sandoval  elevated 
to  a  commanding  position.'" 

(h'ado  M'as  innuediately  sent  up  to  ^fexico  under  a 
native  guard,  and  wJien  \w.  arrived,  with  hands  tied 
and  a  noose  round  his  neck,  the  sol<diers  derided  him, 
wliile  Cortes  felt  half  inclined  to  hang  the  fellow. 
After  a  few  days'  ex[)osure  in  the  stocks  he  was  re- 
leased, and  soon  his  smooth  persuasion  paved  once 
more  a  way  to  the  favor  of  his  general,  with  whom 
he  became  so  reconciled  as  to  obtain  the  office  of  con- 
tador  not  lonff  afterward. 


Among  the  instructions  to  Sandoval  was  one  to 
send  to  Mexico  two  .shipwrights  with  ship-building 
implements,  also  chains,  iron,  sails,  I'ojie,  compass,  and 
everything  needful  to  fit  out  four  vessels  which  had 
beeri  placed  on  the  stocks  shortly  after  tlie  seizun*  of 
the  emperor.^''  The  object  was  to  aftbrd  a  means  I'or 
the  ready  movement  of  troops  and  for  escape  in  case 
of  an  uprising,  when  the  bridges  would  doubtless  l»o 
rai.sed.  In  asking  Montezuma  for  aid  to  fell  and  prc- 
\M\YQ,  timber,  it  was  pretended  that  it  was  for  i)leasm\- 
boats  wherewith  to  entertain  him.  Under  the  al>le 
direction  of  Martin  Lopez  aided  by  Alonso  Nunez, 
the  master  carpenters,  they  were  completetl  witliin  a 
few  weeks,  and  provided  with  four  guiis  and  tiers  ut' 
oars,  aflbrding  transport  for  three  hundred  men. 

'■'  Ho  hail  scnetl  as  eqnorry  in  the  noble  houses  of  the  Conile  de  Urcrui  .iiil 
Poch'o  Oiroii,  of  whose  alliurs  ho  was  alway-s  pri  ciiig.  His  proiieiisity  I'nr  l.ilr- 
ti'lliiit,'  h).st  him  iiiaiiy  friendH,  liut  \w.  iiiaiitigeil  to  koop  iiitiiuiite  witli  Sninldv.il, 
vho.so  favors  he  afterward  repaid  witli  ingra'  itude.  Jii'ni'il  hiaz,  lli4.  i  'i  nln  '. , 
7'-),  '_Mfl.  Uonuir;i  insists  on  naming  iiim  as  the  eomandante,  but  tiiis  ili:^- 
iiity  lie  attained  onlyafter  Sandoval  and  liiingel  had  held  it.  CorUs,  JicHUem-iii, 
i.  '2M\;   Toiqin'iiutda,  i.  4.")(). 

''' '  Lucgo  (|U(!  entr*?  en  la  d'''ha  eiutlad  di  inuelia  priesa  il  faeer  euatro  Imv- 
gantines ....  tales  (juc  podian  i  iiar  ti-eeientos  hombres  en  la  tierra  y  lleviir  l<i« 
ealiallos.'  Cortin,  Car/n.^,  lO.'i;  Pdi'r  M(irti/r,  dc;.  v.  cap.  iv.  '  Quatro  fustii-.' 
<-'iiii(im,  Hist.  Mcx.,  14(5.  'Dos  vergantincs.'  hcnud  Dhtz,  Ili.'ii.  Vndad.,  Tii. 
The  eedara  of  Taculia,  numerous  enough  at  this  pcrioil,  yiehU'd  luu'h  ut  1  ii' 
timbei',  and  the  slo|ieMiif  Izlaeeihuatlaud  Tehipou  tiie  iiarder  portion  for  ui.i-.  -, 
keels,  etc.  Mora,  in  Soc,  Mcx.  Cifoj.,  BolUiii,  i.\.  301. 


BOATING  AND  HUNTING. 


327 


A  ]  milting -trip  to  one  of  the  imperial  reserves 
ill  TDss  the  lake  was  at  once  arraii^'ed."'*^  Tlie  largest 
\  is.sel  had  been  provided  with  awnings  and  other  eoni- 
i'orts  for  the  reeei)tioii  of  Montezuma,  his  suite,  and 
a  strong  guard,  while  other  iu)tables  were  accom- 
liiotlated  in  the  other  craft.  A  volley  from  the  guns 
announced  their  arrival,  and  did  more  prol)ably  to  iu- 
sjiire  respect  tlioa  even  tl.e  presence  of  majesty.  The 
Aossels  were  acjompanicd  by  a  fleet  of  canoes,  some 
liolding  forty  or  more  courtiers,  hunters,  or  attendants. 
All  were  curious  to  see  h«  w  the  winged  water-houses 
would  behave,  for  their  immense  size  was  supposed 
to  render  them  slow  and  clumsy.  A  fair  breeze  was 
blowing,  however,  and  as  the  large  sails  unfurled,  the 
\essels  bounded  forward  with  a  speed  that  in  a  few 
luonients  left  the  occujiants  of  the  canoes  far  beliind. 
!Mt)iitezuiiia  was  delighted,  and  the  trip  was  repeated, 
lluiiting  parti  !S  were  likewise  formed;  for  tiie  royal 
ca|)li\e  enjoyed  the  chase  and  used  the  blow-pipe 
A\ith  great  skill.^ 

'' '  En  la  lagiina  I'l  vn  pcfiol,  que  cstaua  acotado,  n  no  ossauan  ciitrar  cii  M 
A  iiioiite.'ir,  jM>r  niuy  principales  quo  fuciscn,  so  pena  uc  muertc'  JJenial  Diaz, 
Jli<'.  VinliiiL,  TS. 

^''  XuUri'  ft'irm,  ii.  411.  'Qn.lilo  yua  a  cira  do  montoria,  le  llouauan  en 
oiiilin):*,  con  las guardas de  Castellanos,  y  trcsmillndiosTlascultecas. . . .  Acom- 
paiiauaulo  los  sunoros  sua  vassallus.'  lleirera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  iv. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

POLITICS   AND    RELIGION. 

1520. 

GKowniKo  Discontent  AMONo  the  Mexicans — Cacama's  Conspiracy — He 
orENLY  Defies  both  Montezuma  and  CoKT]fc3 — The  CorNciL  op 
Tepetzinco — Seizure  of  Cacama — The  Tezcucan  Ruler  Deposed— 
CuicuiTzcATL  Elevated — Montezuma  and  his  People  swear  Fe-vltv 
TO  the  Spanish  King — Gatiieiuno  in  the  Tribute — Division  ok 
Spoils — The  Spaniards  Quarrel  over  their  Gold — Uncontrol- 
lable Reliuious  Zeal — Taking  of  the  Temple — Wr^vtu  of  the 
Mexicans. 

With  their  hand  so  securely  on  the  spring  that 
moved  a  mighty  empire,  there  is  Uttle  wonder  that 
these  Spanish  adventurers  became  somewhat  insolent 
toward  the  people  they  so  injured.  The  Mexicans 
were  not  slow  to  mark  this,  and  there  were  tlioso 
among  them,  and  others  beside  them,  who  began  to 
think  of  taking  matters  into  their  own  hands,  of 
destroying  the  invaders  and  releasing  the  emperor. 

Montezuma's  occasional  appearance  in  public,  and 
the  assertion  that  he  remained  with  the  Spaniards  of 
his  free-will,  and  because  the  gods  desired  it,  had  f  )r 
a  time  satisiied  the  nobles;  but  the  hard  irons  oii 
his  limbs  and  the  cruel  burning  of  patriotic  men 
had  opened  their  eyes  somewhat  to  tlio  true  state  of 
affairs.  No  one  knew  when  his  turn  might  ct)inr. 
]^ife  was  insecure  enough  subject  to  the  caprice  of  their 
own  sovereign,  but  the  (Ifirk  uncertain  ways  of  these 
emissaries  of  evil  were  ])ast  finding  out.  Thes(^  things 
were  thought  o+'  and  talli'jd  of  in  higli  ]ilaces.  ]{;><■(• 
aversions  and  the  political  systems  of  the  tripartite 
alliance  caused  more  than  one  party  to   be   fornud. 

(028) 


in: 


MEXICiN  RESOLVES. 


329 


each  with  aspirations  that  could  not  bo  entertained  by 
the  others.  The  most  prominent  leader  at  this  time 
w  IS  Cacama,  wlio  had  at  first  favored  the  strangers 
ip.  their  character  as  envoys.  And  now  he  began  the 
eiuleavor  to  direct  the  movement  of  the  Aztec  nobil- 
ity, hut  jealousy  of  Acolhua  influence  rose  uppermost, 
and  lii^  ■  ftorts  tended  only  to  create  a  reaction  in 
favor  of  abiding  by  tjie  will  of  the  emperor.^ 

Although  there  were  enough  of  sympathizers  in 
^Icxico  for  his  purpose,  Cacama  found  that  he  must 
rcily  almost  wholly  on  the  northern  provinces,  and  in 
connection  with  Cuitlahuatzin,  Totoquihuatzin  II.  of 
Tlacopan,  his  own  brothers,  and  others,  ho  organized  a 
conspiracy  which  had  for  its  aim  the  expulsion  of  the 
Spaniards  and  the  release  of  his  uncle.  Beneath  this 
was  harbored  a  design  upon  the  Aztec  throne,  which 
would  probably  become  vacant;  and  even  if  Cacama 
was  not  sure  of  gaining  this  for  himself,  he  had  at 
least  the  expectation  of  assuming  the  leadership  of  the 
Aiulhuac  confederacy.^  He  presented  to  the  council 
in  the  most  dismal  aspect  the  purposes  of  the  Span- 
iards, avIio  evidently  sought  to  become  absolute  master-i 
and  reduce  them  all  to  slaverv.  It  was  time  to  rise 
for  religion  and  liberty.  Their  honor  and  welfiire  dv- 
nianded  it,  and  this  before  the  Spaniards  rendered 
themselves  too  powerful  by  reinforcements  and  al- 
liances. With  heedless  confidence  he  vaunted  that 
^\ii'xico  should  be  his  within  a  few  hours  after  sotting 
out  against  her,  for  there  were  many  of  her  citizens 
ready  to  aid  in  such  a  work.  The  S[)aniards  were 
ttverrated,  and  could  efl"ect  little,  surrouiided  as  they 
were  on  all  sides,  and  without  other  supplies  than 
those  provided  by  the  Mexicans. 

'  'Vislo  por  el  rcy  racjima  cl  poco  Animo  v  (lotcrniiniioioii  do  los  Mcxi- 
I'aiios,  so  .snlio  do  l;i  ciiidail  y  so  fiio  jl  la  do  IV/uioo,  piira  jniitur  sua  goiitoi.' 
I.rt!il.mrhi(l,  Jl'tst.  (Viicli.,  tlOS,  and  Tonjitrmadn,  i.  4.")0.  'liut  it  \*  (l>;il>Uid 
wlii'tlior  ho  roiiiainod  niaiiy  days  iii  Mexico  attor  the  seizure  of  his  iiiiolo,  if 
iiulot  d  ho  WM.s  there  then. 

•  lloriial  I)i;i7.  asstiinos.iinturally  enonjili  for  a  Spnnish  conqueror,  that  nr.o 
I't'  tlio  main  olijeets  of  ( 'aoaina  was  to  rescue  the  imperilled  trea;mrea  at 
Mixieo.   //(.■.<.  I'cniad.,  7l)-!>0. 


m 


n 


330 


POLITICS  AND  RELIGION. 


The  motives  and  the  ncoessity  were  recojijiilzed, 
tl)  jugh  the  means  proposed  met  with  some  objections; 
but  when  tlie  question  of  spoils  and  rewards  came 
forward  there  were  still  greater  differences.  Among 
others,  the  brave  and  powerful  lord  of  Matlaltzinco 
advanced  pretensions,  founded  in  part  on  his  close 
relationship  to  Montezuma,  which  Cacama  above  all 
could  not  admit.  The  result  \yas  disagreement,  fol- 
lowed b}  the  withdrawal  of  several  members.' 

No  attempt  had  been  made  to  keep  the  movement, 
or  its  ostensible  motive,  a  secret  from  Montezuma,  nor 
could  it  have  been  kept  from  him  who  was  the  still 
])owerful  ruler  of  a  servile  race;  but,  even  if  the  deei)i;r 
lying  aim  was  not  revealed  him,  he  could  not  fail  to 
foresee  the  troubles  that  might  arise,  particularly  under 
such  a  leader.  lie  still  hoped  the  Spaniards  would 
soon  leave,  or  that  his  release  might  be  efl'ected  by 
other  means,  for  he  dreaded  a  conllict  with  the  power- 
ful invaders,  involving  perhaps  the  destruction  of  tliu 
city  and  Jiis  own  death.  He  sent  to  tell  the  con- 
spi)-ators  that  they  need  not  concern  themselves  about 
his  imprisonment.  The  Spaniards  had  more  than 
once  proposed  that  he  should  return  to  his  own  }-alaco, 
])ut  tlie  gods  had  decreed  it  otluu'wise.  He  could  not 
allow  his  people  to  be  needlessly  ex})osed  to  war,  or 
his  ca])ital  to  destruction.  Ilemember  Cliolula.  Their 
stay  would  not  be  long. 

This  message  was  not  without  its  effect  even  among 
the  Tezcucans,  for,  although  the  fate  of  the  Aztec 
capital  and  king  may  have  concerned  them  but  littK', 
there  were  many  who  could  not  forget  tliat  the  im- 
petuous and  proud  Cacama  had  obtained  the  throne 
by  favor  of  Montezuma,  to  the  prt^udice  of  an  elder 
brother,  Tetlahuehuetquizitzin.  Their  father,  Xe/a- 
hualpilli,  had  died  in  1515^  without  naming  a  sue 
cessor,  and  the  choice  devolving  on  the  royal  council,  iu 

'  'Aim  ileziiin,  quo  le  vcnia  do  (Icreeho  cl  Royno,  y  senorio  de  ^^exioo.' 
Iliiwt'vcr  tli.iL  iiuiy  bo,  ho  laid  a  claim  to  tlio  A/.tuo  throne,  and  Caoaiiia  rop'.ii  d 
that  to  hiniiiclf  iilono  should  that  bcloug.  JJernal  JJhiz,  Jlinl.  VcnUul.,  'tS)^'). 


(  ;  • 


CACAMA'S  REVOLT. 


831 


roiijunotion  with  the  rulers  of  ^lexico  and  Tlacopan, 
Cai'inua  was  elected.  Coliuanacocli,the  third  brotlier, 
ar(iuiesced,  but  the  youngest,  the  fiery  Ixtlilxoehitl, 
])ix)tested  in  favor  of  the  (ddest  heir,  and  denounced 
the  selection  as  due  to  Montezuma,  who  hoped  to 
mould  the  new  kinij  to  his  own  will  and  so  ajrain  to 
control.  lie  even  resorted  to  arms  in  sujiport  of  his 
views,  and  enlisting  the  northern  provinces  in  his 
favor,  after  a  short  campaign  lie  obliged  Cacama  to 
consent  to  a  division  of  the  kirifjdom  with  himself* 

His  ready  success  proved  that  Cacama  had  no  very 
great  hold  on  the  people,  and  now,  when  came  tlio 
warning  of  Montezuma,  more  than  one  chief  coun- 
selled prudence  from  other  motives  than  fear.  But 
the  king  stamped  all  these  objections  as  cowardly,  and 
a]tpears  evf^n  to  have  ])laced  under  restraint  several 
ot"  tliose  whose  want  of  sympathy  ho  had  reason  to 
•suspect.^  His  blood  was  hot,  and  relying  on  the 
jiromiscs  of  his  su{)])orters,  he  considered  himself 
strong  enough  to  bid  defiance  to  his  opponents.  He 
sent  word  to  his  uncle  that  if  he  had  any  regard  for 
the  dignity  of  his  station  and  the  honor  of  his  person 
and  ancestry,  he  would  not  (]uietly  submit  to  the 
JHindage  imposed  by  a  handful  of  robl)ers,  who  witli 
smooth  tonirue  sonu'lit  to  cover  their  outra<res  aijainst 
him  and  the  ixods.  If  he  reiused  to  rise  in  defence 
of  liis  religion,  throne,  and  liberty,  Cacama  would  not." 

This  outspok(>n  utterance  of  the  iie})he\v  whom  he 
had  assisted  to  rulcr.ship  amazed  Montezuma  as  much 
as  it  wounded  his  ])ride,  and  he  no  longer  hesi- 
tated to  take  counsel  with  Corti's,  who  had  already 
obtained    an    inkling    that  something   was    stirring.'' 

*  Sco  Xdtire  Itaci's,  v,  -174. 

''  'Miiiiili')  collar  picsos  tros  di'lloa.'  licnKtl  Dim,  f/i.H.  Vcn/ful,  SO. 

"''Cacama  le  respoiulio  imiy  a,t,'iaiiieiiti',  (lizit'iido  (|Ui'  si  el  tmiii'ra  s.ui.'re 
I'M  tl  i)j(i,  iii  ostiirio  prcso,  ui  eatiuu  do  nuatio  oslnuijoius,'  etc.  (I'uiH'irn,  /li-^\ 
J/'.r.  i:{;$. 

'  Acodi'diiig  .0  Bcriial  Diaz  fiml  (ioinara,  t'orti-s  was  iiifi)riiio(l  liy  .Mmito- 
ziini:;  l)otoio  111'  and  Cacama  oxcliaii!,'od  the  severe  mossa;,'o8  rofonod  to,  and 
tiiat  the  Niiauiard  scut  tin;  lli'ist  rciuniislranco,  but  the  emperor,  as  master,  and 
as  the  person  whom  the  revolt  immediately  conoerued,  had  uaturally  to  tako 
the  initiative. 


t»i  II 


3n2 


POLrriCS  AND  RELIGION. 


With  chamoteristic  promptness  the  latter  suggested 
tliat,  since  Caoanui's  real  object  was  evidently  to  usurp 
the  throne,  a  Mexican  army  should  be  given  to  aid 
the  Spaniards  in  laying  waste  the  territory  of  tlic 
conspirnt(»rs  and  in  capturing  them.  Tiie  emperor 
had  probably  entertained  a  hope  that  the  news  would 
frighten  his  guest  and  make  it  safe  to  urge  a  retreat 
from  ]\texico,  thus  ending  the  whole  trouble.  lie 
was  therefore  somewhat  startled  by  this  proposal,  tlio 
true  tenor  of  which  he  well  understood.  He  feared 
a  fratricidal  war  of  doubtful  result,  wherein  he  would 
ap])ear  as  arrayed  against  the  defenders  of  national 
rehgion  and  liberty;  and  being  now  weak  and  cowed 
he  hesitated  to  arm  at  all,  preferring  peaceful  meas- 
ures. To  this  Cortc^s  was  not  averse,  for  he  recognized 
on  second  thought  that  aggressive  steps  might  become 
the  signal  for  a  general  uprising  which  would  over- 
wht^lm  him,  since  Aztec  troops  could  never  be  re- 
lied on. 

]  [e  accordingly  sent  messages  to  Cacama,  reminding 
him  of  their  friendly  intercourse,  and  representing  tlu> 
danger  of  offending  the  Spanish  king  by  proceedings 
which  could  only  react  on  himself  and  lead  to  the 
destruction  of  his  kingdom.  Montezuma  supported 
this  by  asking  the  king  to  come  to  Mexico  and 
arrange  the  difficulty.  Cacama  had  not  gone  so  far 
to  be  restrained  by  what  he  termed  an  empty  threat, 
and  regardless  of  the  warnings  from  a  timid  minoi'ity 
he  replied  that  he  knew  not  the  king  of  the  Span- 
iards, and  would  never  accept  the  friendship  of  men 
who  had  oppressed  his  country  and  outraged  lii^  blood 
and  religion.  He  had  had  enough  of  their  promises, 
but  would  declare  his  determination  when  he  saw 
them.^     To  Montezuma  he  sent  word  that  he  wouM 

"  llriinl  Dinz,  l/kf.  Vertlad.,  70.  Ho  ■\vo\il(l  not  hold  frieiulsliip  with  him 
ulid  took  away  l>is  honor  and  kingdom.  Tiio  war  was  for  the  good  of  his 
suhjfi'ts,  and  in  di'i'iii>,v:  -^f  their  hind  and  religion.  Before  laying  down  anin 
he  Would  avenge  Ids  uncle  and  Ins  goda.  He  knew  not  who  was  tlie  jdng  of 
the  S|iaiMards,  nor  wonld  he  listen  to  him,  nuich  less  know  him.  O'unutrti, 
JlUt.  Mcx.,  13-2. 


If'  1i 


CAPTURK  OF  CACAMA. 


333 


pome,  "not  with  tlio  liaiul  on  the  heart,  however, 
l)iit  on  tlic  swortl.'"'' 

Tlicre  was  eons'ulerahle  meaning  in  tliis  throat,  for 
Cacama  had  witii  great  energy  set  about  to  mass  his 
torees  at  Oztotiopae,  and  tlioy  in  conjunction  with 
those  of  his  aUies  would  make  a  formidable  host.^° 
( 'ortes  was  aware  of  this,  and  seeing  that  no  time  was 
to  be  lost  he  finnly  represented  to  Montezuma  the 
necessity  of  securing  the  person  of  the  king,  openly 
or  by  stealth;  and  when  he  still  hesitated,  the  signifi- 
cant hint  was  given  that  the  Spaniards  would  regai-d 
a  lefusal  with  suspicion.  Tliis  decided  him,  and  he 
pi'oniised  that  it  should  be  done,  if  possible.  Cortes 
broke  forth  in  expressions  of  good -will,  and  again 
Dllered  him  that  freedom  which  Montezuma  well  knew 
he  would  never  grant. 

In  ])lacing  Cacama  on  the  throne,  the  emperor 
had  seized  the  opportunity  to  introduce  into  the 
Acolhua  government  ofli'v^s  several  creatures  of  his 
own,  who  were  paid  to  maintain  Aztec  influence  in 
the  council"  and  to  watch  operations.  To  these  men 
he  scut  an  order,  weighted  witli  ]>resents,  to  seize  the 
kin'4'  and  bring  him  to  Mexico."  They  accordingly 
prevailed  on  their  victim  to  hold  a  council  at  Te- 
petzinco  for  finally  arranging  the  cam])aign.  This 
l)ahice  was  situated  on  the  lalce,  near  Tezcuco,  and 
approached  by  canals.  Here  Cacama  was  seized  and 
thi'own  into  a  boat  prepared  for  the  occasion,  and 
cari'icd  to  the  Aztec  cai)ital,'^ 

'•'  '('(III  liocliizos  lo  tenianios  qiiit.Klo  su  gran  coraroii,  y  fii(M-(;;i;  u  i\\\c  niics- 
tvns  nidsi'n,  y  la  gran  lunger  <k'  CaHtilla. . .  .nos  (l:ia(|iiol  ^,'raii  poilir. '  In  tliiii 
h^t  111-  dill  not  err,  remarks  lU-nial  I>iaz,  Hi^t.  Vinlml.,  SO. 

'"Over  IO(t,(K)0  men.   LitlUxnchitl,  /l!st.  ('/,lr/i.,  'I'M). 

"  ''I'liiia  t'u  ail  ticrra  del  dii-hi)  (^aoania/iii  nuu'liaa  poraonas  principaK'3 
(HI"  viviaii  coil  I'l  y  les  daha  su  salario.'  Corlv.^,  Vartdx,  !(7. 

'•' Accordinsj;  to  IJeriial  ])iaz,  «ix  diiofs  were  sent  with  tlic  iiiipi^rial  siijiict, 
whicli  waa  to  l)o  given  to  certain  relatives  and  tligiiitaries  discontented  witli 
Ciicinia,  and  they  wore  to  seize  him  and  liis  council.   Hint.  VinUul.,  S((. 

'■' ''ranibien  tnixeron  otros  cinco  preaos.'  llmial  ./>i(tz,  IHxt.  \'i  nl'iiL,  Si). 
'  i'lciidicron  al  Caeamii  vii  dia,  est'indo  con  ellos  y  olros  niiichos  en  cdnscjo 
i>;ir:i  Cdsidtar  las  cosas  tie  la  giierra.'  (t'oiiKira,  Hist.  M(r.,  I.'tli.  Acccvdin^;' to 
iNlhlxoi'liitl,  when  Cacama  left  Mexico,  partly  out  of  fear  lest  the  S|i'iiiiar(ls 
should  seize  him  for  promoting  a  revolt  tlieie,  his  lirothcrs  Caluiaiiacocli  and 
Ixllilxocliitl,  all  now  reconcilod,  pretciulcd  to  lull  into   his  views.     Ixliil- 


334 


POLITICS  AND  RELIGION. 


^  i^-'l 


Ashamed,  perhaps,  of  his  share  in  the  transaction, 
and  unwiHing  to  face  tlio  taunts  of  the  captive,  Monte- 
zuma refused  to  see  him,  and  he  was  surrendered  to 
Cortes,  who,  regardless  of  royalty,  applied  the  fetters 
as  the  surest  means  against  escape."  This  seizure 
.scattered  the  conspirators  and  their  schemes  to  the 
winds,  and  the  demoralization  was  completed  by  the 
arrest  of  several  of  the  more  important  personages, 
such  as  the  king  of  Tlacopan  and  the  lords  of  Iztapal- 
apan  and  Co3'uhuacan,who  were  also  shackled."  Thus 
we  see  that  Montezuma's  captivity  did  not  greatly 
affect  his  power,  since  he  could  so  readily  place  uuder 
restraint  the  confederate  kings,  in  their  own  prov- 
inces; and  it  was  not  wholly  unwelcome  to  him  to  find 
his  misfortune  shared  l)y  other  prominent  men,  since 
this  made  his  disgrace  less  conspicuous. 

xocliitl  rpcommendcd  Tcpetzinco  as  the  place  bost  suited  for  beginning  opera- 
tions on  Mexico,  and  while  proceeding  l^  the  place  in  u  canoe  he  wa3  carried 
0:1  to  Mexico  by  his  faithless  brothers.  Without  Ixtlilxochitl's  aid  Montezuma 
and  Cortea  could  never  have  been  able  to  overcome  the  powerful  Cacaina.  con- 
cludes the  .luthor.  J  Hit.  Chicfi.,  '2!»8-9.  In  his  Uelaciones,  .389,  412,  the  samo 
autlior  states  that  Cacama  was  seized  not  for  plotting,  but  because  Cortes  de- 
sired to  secure  so  powerful  a  personam.  Brasseur  do  Bourbourg  follows  the 
former  version,  and  believes  that  Montezuma  favored  the  conspiracy  a.s  a 
moans  to  oblige  the  Spaniards  to  depart.  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  2o8.  There  may 
be  some  truth  in  this  Delief,  so  far  as  the  beginning  of  tlie  plot  is  concurneil, 
but  it  must  be  considered  that  Montezuma  would  have  preferred  not  to  intrust 
such  a  movement  to  a  probable  rival,  the  ruler  of  a  people  jealous  of  A/teo 
supremacy,  and  the  ally  of  his  most  h.ated  enemy,  Ixtlilxochitl.  If,  again, 
Cacama  was  his  tool,  tiic  emperor  would  not  have  had  him  seized,  to  be  exe- 
cuted for  all  be  knew,  when  he  coidd  have  warned  him  to  ilee  or  to  dclVnd 
himself.  Had  Ixtlilxochitl  suircndered  the  king,  Corti''S  would  not  bo  likely 
to  givi!  the  credit  to  Montezuma,  as  he  does.  Cartas,  1)7-8. 

^^dotnara,  Hi.if.  Mfx.,  133.  Yet  Bernal  Diaz  assumes  that  Montezuma 
cxamineil  liim  and  the  other  prisoners,  'y  supo  Montezuma  de  los  conciertns 
en  (jue  aiidaua,  que  era  alcansc  por  scfior.'  Hist.  Vcrilnd.,  80.  '  Y  a  cabo  <lo 
pocos  dias  Ic  (Heron  Garroto  S(!cretamcnte,'  adds  Torqucmada,  i.  470,  eirone- 
ously.  Had  CortOs  fallen  into  his  hands,  the  stone  of  sacrifice  would  speedily 
have  received  him,  and  the  captive  nuist  accordingly  have  regarded  himself 
as  mercifully  treated.  The  general  knew  the  value  of  such  prominent  hostage-;. 
The  leniency  gained  him  besides  great  credit,  as  Solis  rightly  assumes.  //^-^ 
Mex.,  ii.  21-2. 

'■'  '  Kn  ocho  dias  todos  estuuieron  presos  en  la  cadena  gorda.'  Derval  Diir.. 
Hint.  Vcnlail..,  80.  This  author  incluilcs  the  lord  of  !Matlaltzinco,  who  escaped 
iiis  pursuers  the  longest,  and  when  tinally  brought  before  the  emperor  s]viki! 
his  mind  so  freely  that  he  would  have  been  consigned  to  the  exccuti'Mier 
had  not  Cortes  interfered.  Uuran  adds  the  lord  of  Xochimilco  instead  I'f 
tlie  last  two.  /list.  Jill/.,  MS.,  ii.  444.  '  Piglif)  ancora  il  lie  di  Tlacopan.  i 
Signori  dTztapalapan,  e  di  Cojohuacan,  fratelli  tutti  e  due  del  Ke  Moteznma, 
due  ligliuoli  di  (juesto  medesimo  lie,  Itztpiauhtzin  Signor  di  Tlatelolco,  1111 
Suiumo  Sacerdotc  di  Mcssico,  c  parecchj  altri.'  Clavhjero,  Storia  Mc.ts.,  iii.  107. 


11' 


TRIBUTK  DEMANDED. 


335 


He  now  resolved,  with  the  npproval  of  Cortt-'s,  to 
depose  the  Tczcucaii  ruler,  as  a  rebel  against  his 
authority,  and  to  place  on  the  throne  a  more  dutiful 
suhject,  a  younger  natural  brother  of  Cacama,  named 
( 'uicuetzcatl,"'  whom  his  ill-troatnicnt  had  driven  to 
.Mexico  for  protection.  The  nomination  was  for  the 
salce  of  appearance  submitted  I'or  ratification  to  a 
convention  of  loyal  Tezcucan  chiefs,  many  of  wliom 
lioped  no  doubt  to  obtain  greater  inlluence  under  tliis 
youth.  The  new  king  was  escorted  to  the  gates  of 
Mexico  by  Cortes  and  Montezuma,  and  received  at 
Tezcuco  with  triumphal  arches  and  processions," 


And  now,  witli  the  three  confed(^rato  rulers  and  a 
number  of  leading  caciques  in  his  power,  tlie  great 
kiiiLT-maker  thought  tlie  time  had  come  to  exact  a 
formal  acknowled'jfment  of  Snani.sh  sovereiijntv.  He 
leiiiinded  Montezuma  of  his  promises  to  pay  tribute, 
and  demamled  tliat  he  and  his  vassals  should  tender 
allegiance.  Instead  of  the  objections  expected,  Cortes 
was  sur[)rised  to  hear  a  [)rom[)t  acquiescence.  !Mon- 
tczuma  had  evidently  been  long  prepared  for  the 
demand,  and  said  that  he  would  at  once  convene  his 
eliiefs  for  consultation.  Within  little  more  than  a 
week  the  summoned  dignitaries  had  arrived,  and  at  a 
meeting,  attended  by  no  Spaniards  save  the  page,  ho 
intimated  to  the  leading  personages,  so  far  as  he  dared 
lieibre  this  wit'  ^ss,  that  the  concession  demanded  of 
them  was  to  satisfy  the  importunate  jailers.  "The 
,L!,'ods,  alas!  are  mute,"  concluded  Montezuma;  "but 
Ity  and  by  they  may  signify  their  will  more  clearly, 

"''So  llamo  Don  Carlos.'  licrmd  Diaz,  Ifht.  I'mlnil.,  80;  at  n  later  pi.Tuxl, 
most  likely.  '  Snrnomme  Toopaxocliitl .  . .  .batanl  dc  Xc/almalpilli. '  Brns-^eur 
ill'  llonrliOKrij,  Hid.  Nat.  Cii\,  iv.  "JoS.  Cortes  calls  liini  a  son  of  ('aeania, 
''//•/(•(>•,  !)8,  but  this  ho  afterward  coirocts.  The  native  records,  in  Siiliinntn, 
Hi  I.  (ri-iK,  ii.  "277,  and  in  Ix/lil  rurhill,  ignore  him.  Tlie  latter,  indeed,  assunie.i 
t'i:it  Cacania  continued  to  reign,  tiiough  captive  like  Montezuma.  //i.s<.  (.'/lich., 
■-'!(:)  et  se(j. 

''  llerrcra  gives  the  speeches  on  the  occasion,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  iii.  '  Era 
in:is  bien  fjuisto,  que  no  Cacama ....  Y  Cortes  hazia  rcyes,  y  mundaua  con 
tiiit.i  autoridad,  eomo  si  ya  vuiera  ganado  el  imperio. '  Oomnra,  llisl.  .Ur-r., 
bi.'>.  liyasseur  do  IJourlxjurg  iis.sumes  that  Cohuan.icocli  and  Ixtlilxocliitl  at 
once  managed  to  obtain  control  of  the  weak  youth  and  of  the  government. 


330 


rOLITICS  AND  REUGION. 


Mi  S 


1A 


and  I  will  then  say  what  further  is  to  lie  done." 
All  declared  sorrowfully  that  they  would  do  as  ho 
bade,  and  Cortt^s  was  informed  that  on  the  following 
day  the  required  ceremon  '  would  take  place. 

On  this  occasion  the  chiefs  mustered  in  force  be- 
fore Montezu.iia,  who  was  seated  on  a  throne  having 
on  either  side  the  new  king  of  Tezcuco  and  he  of 
Tlacopan."  All  being  prepared,  the  Spanish  general 
entered  with  his  captains  and  a  number  of  soldiers. 
Tlie  emperor  now  addressed  his  vassals,  reminding 
them  of  the  relation  so  long  and  happily  maintained 
between  them — as  dutiful  subjects  on  the  one  side, 
and  a  line  of  lovinix  monarchs  on  the  other.  Com- 
paring  the  Quetzalcoatl  myth  and  other  indications 
with  the  advent  of  white  men  from  the  rcLjion  of 
the  rising  sun,  ho  showed  that  they  must  bo  the 
long  expected  race,  sent  to  claim  allegiance  for  their 
king,  to  whom  the  sovereignty  evidently  belonged. 
The  jjods  had  willed  it  that  their  jjoneration  should 
repair  the  omission  of  their  ancestors.  "  Hence  I 
pray  that  as  you  have  hitherto  held  and  obeyed  mo 
as  your  lord,  so  you  will  henceforth  h(jld  and  obey 
this  great  king,  for  he  is  your  legitimate  ruler,  and  lu 
his  place  accept  this  captain  of  his.  All  the  tribute 
and  service  hitherto  tendered  me  give  to  him,  for  I 
also  have  to  contribute  and  servo  with  all  that  he 
may  require.  In  doing  this  you  will  fulfd  not  only 
your  duty,  but  give  me  great  pleasure."'^" 

His  concluding  words  were  almost  lost  in  the  sobs 
which  his  humiliated  soul  could  no  lonirer  stifle.  The 
chiefs  were  equally  affected,  and  the  sympathies  even 
of  the  flint-hearted  Spaniards  were  aroused  to  a  degree 
which  moistened  many  an  eye.  With  some  of  the 
lately  arrived  dignitaries,  who  had  not  had  time  to 

"  '  El  tiempo  andando  veremos  si  tenemos  otra  mejor  rcspucsta  do  mio.strns 

r>ioscs,  y  como  vieremos  el  tiempo  assi  liaremos presto  oa  dirt!  lo  quo  mas 

uoconucnga.'  Beriial  Dhiz,  Il'iint.  Vrrdnd.,  81. 

'"The  latter  had  probably  tendered  his  submission  in  order  to  retain  the 
throne.     Ixtlilxochitl  names  Cacaina  as  tlie  Tczcuean  king  present. 

'-"  Cortfs,  Cartat,  98-9.  '  Demos  gracias  a  los  dioses,  <(  an  vouido  en  nucatroa 
dias  lo3  q  tato  dcsscauamos,'  et  seq.  Goinara,  Hid.  Mex.,  I'ii. 


ALLEGIANCE  SWORN. 


337 


fiilly  iGfrnsp  tho  situation  at  the  capital,  indijjfnation 
>t iU!4nU;(l  with  ^riof  at  the  (Hsinal  ])ros]iect.  Others 
ii'called  the  prophecy  that  the  enipii-e  would  teruii- 
iiate  with  Montezuma,  whoso  very  name  appeared 
Iraunht  with  evil  omen,^'  and  were  quite  reconciled 
to  the  inuvitahle.  So  were  most  of  them,  for  that 
iiuittor,  either  throui^h  belief  in  the  myth  or  from  ;i 
sense  of  duty  to  their  master.  (Jne  of  the  eldest 
iKihles  broke  the  oppressive  silence  by  dedarini^  his 
sorrow  at  witnessing  tho  j^rief  of  their  beloved  sov- 
erci<jrn  and  hearinjj  the  aimouncement  of  cominir 
(lianufes.  J3ut  since  the  time  had  come  for  the  ful- 
lihnent  of  divine  decrees,  they,  as  devout  and  dutiful 
subjects,  could  only  submit.  Ai^ain  their  grief  broke 
forth,  thou'^h  many  a  bitter  glance  was  called  up  l)y 
the  allusion  to  chaniTfes  in  store  for  them.  Observinuf 
the  bad  impression,  Cort.es  hastened  to  assure  them 
tliat  ]\[(jntezuma  would  not  oidy  remain  the  great 
emperor  he  had  always  been,  and  his  vassals  be  eon- 
tirmed  in  their  dignities  and  possessions,  but  that 
tlieir  domain  and  power  would  bo  increased.  Tlu^ 
r]iang(^s  proposed  were  merely  intended  to  stop  wars, 
to  enlighten  them  on  matters  with  which  they  were 
as  yet  unacquainted,  and  to  promote  general  welfare. 
One  after  another,  beginning  with  Montezuma,  they 
now  swore  allegiance,  and  gave  promise  of  service  and 
tribute,  after  which  they  were  dismissed  with  thanks 
for  their  compliance.^'^ 

■"  ' Tenia  <lel  oraculo  de  sus  dioscs  rospucsta  muchas  vczcs. . .  .~\  perrleria 

I I  silla  alos  ocho  anoa  de  su  royiiado,  y  Tj  por  esto  niinca  ([uiso  liazer  fjiiorra  a 
lis  l';sp:ifi()k's, .  . . .  Bien  que  por  otro  caljo  lo  tenia  por  l)urla,  piles  ania  inuM 
ilrzisioto  afios  n  era  rev.'   Oomara,  Hint.  M<'X.,  134-5;   Aconla,  Hist.  Iiul., 

-'-  Oorti's,  (Cartas,  91,  98-9 ;  Ilerrern,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  iv. ;  Tapia,  lid.,  in 
I'-irJialcftii,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  580-1.  The  allegiance  was  tendered  before  Secretary 
I'lidri)  Fi'rnandez.  Bernnl  Diaz,  //i.t/.  Ver<la<t.,  SI.  Solis assumes  that  Monte- 
/Uiiiiii  of  his  own  accord  offered  allegiance  and  tribute,  in  the  hope  tliat  tliis 
wiiiild  till  tho  measure  of  the  Spaniards'  expectations  and  cause  tlieni  to  depart. 

III  tliatca.se  the  general  grief  must  have  been  well  counterfeited.  He  regards 
this  act  as  giving  legalitj"  to  the  conquest.  Hist.  Afex.,  ii.  23-32.  I'res- 
c'ltt  supposes  that  tho  submission  was  prompted  less  by  fear  tlian  l)y  con- 
science— conscientious  obedience  to  the  myth.  Mex.,  ii.  198.  Oviedo  looks 
III!  tlio  tears  as  evidence  of  unwillingness,  and  thinks  that  either  the  eniporor 
w;i.-j  very  pusillanimous,  or  the  will  of  God  clearly  manifest,  iii.  '-■)'.     Ac- 

UisT.  Mkx.,  Vol..  I.    22 


f\ 


>  .  I 


ans 


POLITICS  AND  RELIGION. 


The  sulnnission  of  tlio  HovLTciL^ns  aj)poars  to  liavo 
Iti'cii  (juit-'tly  acooptud  tliroiiLjlunit  the  ooimtry,  and 
the  iiiipunity  witli  which  even  single  Spaniards  moved 
ahoiit  shows  tliat  no  liostility  had  heen  aroused  by  tlie 
act,  in  the  provinces  at  least.  Eviilently  the  jjcople 
hovered  between  tear  of  men  wlio  so  few  in  nunibii- 
could  yet  perform  so  great  achievements,  and  awe  of 
(livine  will  as  indicateil  by  the  })ropheeies  and  tradi- 
tions. Cyortes  was  not  slow  in  making  use  of  his  uvw 
power  by  representing  to  the  emperor  that,  his  king 
being  in  need  of  gold  for  certain  projects,  it  would  be 
well  for  the  new  vassals  to  begin  tribute  payments  as 
an  earnest  of  their  loyalty.  Montezuma  had  exj)ectc(l 
this,  and  it  was  readily  agreed  that  he  should  si-nd 
olKcers,  accompanied  by  Si)aniards,  to  the  different 
provinces  and  towns  of  the  emi)ire  for  contributions.'-' 
Tliese  demands  were  met  with  more  or  less  alacrity, 
and  in  poured  gold  and  silvr,  in  dust,  and  quoits,  and 
leaves,  and  trinkets,  which  formed  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent a  medium  for  trade.  !Many  towns  remote  from 
the  mines  had  nothing  to  otVer  save  a  few  jewels,  which 
were  perhaps  heirlooms  among  the  chiefs. 


21 


cording  to  Ixtlilxoehitl  the  kings  iiml  L'aci<|Ut's  wore  required  to  leave  liostaLrea 
for  tlie  observance  of  tlieir  oath.  'L'acaina.  y  con  el  sus  dos  hermanos,  dilaiana- 
cochtziii  y  Ixtlilxoehitl,  segun  las  relaciones  y  pinturas  de  Tezcuco,  dierun  eii 
rehenes  il  cuatro  hermanos  8iiyo8  y  otras  tantas  hennanas.'  He  names  tlie 
brothers,  and  states  that  Montezuma  also  had  to  leave  sons  and  brothers.  ///«/. 
C'/iiib.,  'J',(0 -SOO.  lirasseur  de  IJourbourg  supposes,  from  ii  resemblance  in  tlio 
surname  of  the  new  king  of  Tezcuco  to  tliat  of  one  of  his  brothers'  host^iL'cs, 
that  he  had  already  been  forceil  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  Cohuanacocli  and 
Ixtlilxoehitl,  and  surrender  himself  to  tlie  Sjianiards.  One  of  his  si.stcis, 
baptized  as  Dona  Juana,  became  the  mistress  of  Cortes,  as  Ixtliixotliitl 
ol)serves,  and  'peritdans  la  nuit  de  la  retruite,  enceinte  du  fait  de  ("ortis. ' 
jrifit.  \iit.  ('<!'.,  iv.  'iG'i.  Tlie  readiness  witii  which  Spaniards  ventured,  ottiu 
singly,  all  over  the  country  to  exact  tribute  and  to  ii.'iuiro  into  resources  .unl 
the  condition  of  affairs,  would  indicate  that  the  prudent  general  had  takcii 
the  pi'ecaution  of  obtaining  living  guarantees. 

•^  '  Luego  mand(i  que  Ic  diese  los  espanolcs  que  queria  enviar,  y  do  do.-i  cii 
dos  y  de  cinco  en  ciiico  los  repartio  para  muchas  provincias  y  ciudadea. '  Corii  s 
Caria.i,  1()0. 

'"  According  to  the  Tezcucan  records,  twenty  Spaniards  were  sent  with  two 
of  ..le  king's  brothers,  Nezahualquentzin  and  Tetlahuehuezquititzin,  tocollr.-t 
the  triliute  of  that  city.  As  they  were  leaving  Mexico,  Montezuma  despatch'  d 
a  ni'ssenger  to  the  former  prince,  enjoining  him  to  treat  the  SpiMiiaiiU 
well  and  to  obtain  a  large  sum.  Tiiis  whispered  advice  was  assumed  by  tlio 
Spaniards  to  hide  a  plot,  and  laying  violent  hands  on  the  prince,  the  IcaJir 
carried   him   to  Cortes,  who  had  him  hanged  at  once.     The  king  was  of 


T\ 


IXTLILXOCHITL. 


3.13 


AVlion  thoconootorsivturiH'dj^roiitozuiim  suihiiioiuhI 
tlu'  Sj)anisli  IciKlccs,  nnd  sin-iviidci'i'd  what  tlifV  liad 
hroujjflit.    In  addition  to  fh's,  \iv  ollbvcd  them  the  tieas- 

iciiiixe  (li'eply  f:''i''V«'il,  l>iit  ilari'il  not  niiy  aiiytliiii^.  (iuiilril  l>y  niiothiT 
liiiitlicr,  'IVpucxiM'liit/in,  tlu'  Sp.iiiiunls  ri'jiolifil  Ti'/.c\ic(>,  ami  Ix-liavfcl  mit- 
ra:;i'Oiwly.  With  tlio  aid  of  Ixtlilxiuliitl  tin  y  si'i/i'd  tlic  I'oiitfiits  of  tlii'  royal 
trriiHury,  (illiiig  witli  tlu-  gold  a  iii"st  two  fatlioiiiH  in  liiiglit  and  length,  and 
one  in  width.  After  this  tlicv  conipcUtMl  tlic  I'liicfs  to  I'ontrilnito  as  luiu-h 
II. ore.  l.xtlilxochitl  asHUiiua  tliat  Cacania  is  tho  king,  and  tliat  tlie  deed 
o.rurrcd  l>t.'forf  alWiano*' was  sworn,  and  si'vcn  wci  kn  after  the  Spaniards' 
iiniv.d  at  Mexico.  T/ixt.  Chir/i.,  'JllS ;  /,!.,  /,'il.,  ;t,SS--!t,  411-1-J.  I'.nis.senr  .U) 
llninl'oiirg  rejieats  this  story  in  siitistance,  though  ho  corrects  it  Ity  stilting 
that  Monte/\i!na  interfered  and  savrd  the  jirince.  Ill-t.  iV(»^  dr.,  iv.  'J.'i.'  ,M. 
Ih  rrera  writes  that  '  the  servant '  sent  to  guide  the  Spaniards  disappeared  on 
the  way.  He  was  caught  and  hanged  by  order  of  Caeaina,  wiio  gave  them  a 
iiiuic  trusty  attendant.  They  were  received  at  T'-zcuco  witii  great  jvunp,  and 
jiicsiiiteil  with  female  slaves.  A  large  amount  of  goM,  j)earls,  and  other 
v.diialili's  was  olitained,  and  )S()  carriers  were  sent  to  Mexico  laden  with 
iiiimy,  which  Cortes  ilistrihuted,  while  he  kept  tile  treasures,  dec.  ii.  lil>.  ix. 
ca]>.  i.  According  to  V'azipiez  de  Tapia,  l."i,(HX)  pesos  in  gold  wen?  olitained 
IrniM  Te/.cuco,  lieside  soiut'  jewels  and  cloth.  Not  .siitislied  with  this,  ('  prt(''H 
sent  ( 'acama  in  charge  of  Alv.'irailo  to  exact  more.  Hut  little  heing  olitained, 
liMJliiig  jiitcli  was  a|)]ilied  to  the  stomach  of  Cacania  liefore  he  was  sent  tiack 
til  Nlexici).  Alvarado  denies  this  outrage.  Rnmiriz,  I'rucem  coii/ruAlriintiln, 
X  .S.'i-(i.  (m. 

Fernando  dc  Alva  Cortes  Ixtlilxochitl  claims  our  attention  n»  a  native 
lii^tiirian  who  has  lahored  zealously  to  vindicate  the  glorious  antecedents  of 
hii  race,  jiarticularly  the  Acolhuas,  whose  loyal  devotion  to  the  Spanish  in- 
\a.lers  he  ailvocates  with  ait  .'iithusiasm  as  unlilushing  as  it  i.s  inconsistent, 
'ilieehief  hero  of  the  tlieine  is  his  ancestor  and  namesake.  King  Ixtlilxochitl, 
Ills  great  great  grandfatiier,  according  to  Mufloz'  genealogio  list,  iiittle  good 
was  derived  from  this  calculated  zeal,  for  at  Alva's  birth,  in  about  l.VW,  the 
f:niiily  estate  hail  dwindled  to  small  proportions,  while  the  tribute  exem]itioii 
wliieh  testiKed  to  royal  descent  expired  not  many  years  later.  After  a  course 
iit  the  Santa  Cruz  College  .Viva  figured  as  interpreter  to  the  native  tribunal  of 
the  viceroy.  The  death  of  tho  eldest  brother  brought  lawsuits  which  tiireat- 
eiied  to  impoverish  him,  but  urgent  representation  procured,  in  KIO'J,  acednia 
re(cii.'in/ing  him  as  heir  to  the  family  ]>roperty.  Fhrcnria,  La  EMri'lhi,  W^  etc. ; 
Il'Zrrn  Taiicn,  lcfirii/ailJfi\r.,4'.);  Oiicula/npr,  Co/.,.');")!  ;  I'anen,  Tfi/ro  Nw  rii- 
A'-/"i/(((,  M.SS.  The  re(|uirements  of  the  suit  called  forth  more  than  one 
(if  his  writings,  which  had  in  view  to  establish  both  his  own  title  and  the 
I  liiims  of  his  family.  Tiieir  ri'search  and  style  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
vii-eroy,  who  encouraged  him  to  continue  a  task  for  which  lie  was  so  well 
titled,  not  only  by  his  Spanish  and  Aztec  studies,  but  as  a  native  to  whom 
1  is  einintrymen  would  readily  communicate  their  views  and  traditions,  and  as 
the  ]iossessor  of  a  vast  family  archive.  The  command  accorded  with  his  in- 
eliiKitioii  and  improved  fortune,  ami  anumberof  pieces  were  produced,  whii'li 
iiiter  his  death,  about  lt)48,  passed  to  the  .Tesuit  college,  ('hfrii/cro,  Sturhi 
-1/i.vw,,  i.  10,  and  thence  to  tho  Archivo  General,  where  they  form  volumes 
iv.  ami  xiii. 

The  most  complete  list  of  his  M'orks  is  given  in  Dirr.  Univ.,  iv. ;  that  by 
I'ntiirini  is  nearly  as  full,  Cnln'oijo,  '2  etc.;  IJeristaln,  liihL,  'Alva,'  gives  it 
less  so,  and  Clavigero's  is  still  briefer,  while  Finelo,  Kpifowr,  ii.  (iOS,  niakes 
nil  rely  a  general  allusion.  Kingsborough,  on  the  other  iiand,  otlersan  almost 
e"iiipletc  reproduction  of  the  writings  in  volume  ix.  of  hi;:  .l/r./'.  ,1;///'/.  Tho 
liii„'est  and  most  imjiortant  is  the  lli.itnrhi  C/iicliiniera,  d.'dicnted  to  tho 
viceroy,  in  95  chapters,  of  which  the  fii"st  7l)  treat  of  the  ri.se  and  progress  of 
tile  (.'hichimec  empire,  represented  at  the  comiuest  by  the  Acolhuas,  and  of 


It  I 

1;'  f 


[If 


i 


iihii 


I   ^'  M 


w  ■ 

9i 


'340 


POLITICS  AXD  RELIGION. 


iiros  kept  in  liis  own  palace,  reiT^retting  that  lio  liad  not 
more  to  s^ive;  but  previous  otl'erings  had  diniinislied 
what  lie  ])os8essefh  "Wlien  you  transmit  it  to  your 
Ivitiy,"  he  said,  "tell  him  that  it  comes  from  his  good 

its  glories  as  inherited  liy  his  ancestors,  the  kin^sof  Tezcuco.    The  reiiiainiiiL; 
I!)  chapters  relate  to  the  couquest  hy  tlie  Spaniards,  ami  are  incomplete.     It 
is  tiie  most  cai'efnlly  written  of  the  s<;ries,  elal)orate(l  partly  from  previous 
liiaiiuscri|)ts,  partly  from  fresh  researches,  while  the  account  of  the  eiiui|ue^t 
rests  also  on  the  testimony  of  eyc-witnosscs,   reinforced   by  additions  from 
(lomara  and   other   sources,  as  he  admits  on  pji.  .'tOO,  3().'{.     An  allusiun  to 
'J'orijm^niada  shows  that  it  could  not  have  been  com[)leted  before  Kilo,  and  it 
w:i:;  probably  his   last  woi-k.      More  than   one  copy  is  extant,   from  (aie  of 
wliich  'lernaux-Compans  printed  a  French  translation,  while  tl'.e  best  issue, 
that  of  Kingsborough,  is  after  a  copy  from  Veytia.     The  mater.'al  has  been 
largely  used,  and  Veytia's   f/inf.  Ant.  Mi  J.  may  be  saitl  to  rest  upon  it.     The 
more  important  of  the  other  writings  are,  SioHnrid  Jiclaririn  di  lo'lns  /<is  rosit.i 
I'll  la  \iiera-l'Js]Mjna,  y  que.   ItM   tuk'ras   alraiizmrm,  in  5    relations,    ivhicli 
treat  of  the  mythical  ]ieriod  fnjm  the  creation  of  the  world,  aecordini'  to 
native  tradition,  t<i  the  fall  of  the  Toltecs;  Jlistiria  d'  Ion  iSnlorcJi  Chic/iliiicn:^, 
in    12   relations,    which  brings  the  history  down  to  the  .Spanish  con(|uest; 
yotliiwi  d'J  /<).•(  j.ohlndorcK  y  lUwioiiM  dc  Xufi'a  K-^jkuki,  in    \'A  relationt;  ;   tiie 
first  12  (juite  short,  and  relating  to  native  peoples;  tlie  histi'f  considci-ahle 
length,  an<l  dwelling  on  the  con(|uest.     Cdrlos  Maria  do  IJuitamante  jiuli 
lished  the  ir>th  relation  in  separate  form,  to  which,  undei'an  excess  of  patriotic 
zeal,   he   gave   the   abnormal   title   of   Horribles  Vravliliuks  di.'  Iim  (.'oii'iiiis/i- 
dnrc-i,  Mexico,  KS2!).     Notes  were  appended,  and  consiilerable  lilicrties  taken 
witii  text,   so  as  to  incre;i.e    the  odium  against   the  conquerors.     Ternaax 
( '.  inipans  included  a  l'"rencli  translation  of  it  in  his  collection.     Kingsliorough 
lias  printed  eleven  shorter  pieces  by  Ixililxochitl,  and  a   few  iiwre  are  at- 
triliuted  to  his  pen,  as  a  translation  of  Xezahualcoyotl's  ])ocms,  a  fragment  nf 
the  same  king's  biograi)hy,  an<l  a  history  of  the  Virgin  of  Guaiialupe;  but 
the  last  two  are  doubtful.     Several  of  the  pieces  are  mere  repetitions  and 
huiiimajies  under  ditierent   titles,    connected   with   the   author's   ph^ading-i, 
wliil(   the  i:?tli  relation  maybe  termed  a  cleverly  prepareil  biography  of  his 
gieat  namesake,  from  the  exaggerated  jn'ominence  given  to  his  sei'vices  for  the 
.S))anish  cause.     I'rcscott's  severa'  blunden'  .;ii  this  and  other  points  are  proli- 
ably  dno  as  nnieli  to  a.  want. )f  access  to  snfiicient  material  as  to  a  liasty  study. 
Throughout    these  writings    are  evidence!-,  of   the    ])atriotic  spirit  whicli 
prom})ted  Ixtlilxocliitl  in  the  study  and  translation  of  tlu^  painted  reconls  nt 
his  peo[)le;  and  e\  ery  now   and  then  gle.ams  forth  a  vei'y  natui'al  hatred  of 
the  Sjianish  oppressor,  so  marked  indeed  as  once  to  call  forth  the  comletnna- 
tion  of  an  olliiial  censor.     ( •thi'i'wise  the  nari-ative  of  event,-)     onnected    'ith 
the  couiiuerois  are  closely  masked  ;  for  the  .'^aki^  of  private  ain   ,  and  thi'  com 
mon  fear  of  the  white  masters.     As  a  eonseijuence  many  tri  dilesome  facts 
are  hii'.den  and  many  (piestions  smoothed  to  tht^  detriment  o    history,     lli  ■ 
narratives  are  also  extremely  confusing  in  (kites,  ami  to  a     reat  extent  iu 
ai'rangcment,  while   the   interest  is  diminished   by  trivial  i  ^tails   rnd   ini 
jMiiliable  stolies.     liut  these  were  the  faultsof  his  time  rather     \an  of  himself. 
lie  did  wonderfully  well  in  grappling  with   misty  tr,adition.s,  enveloped  an 
th(>y  were  in  tlie  intricate  mazes  of  hieroglyphics.      And  lie  is  justly  entitled 
to  our  admii'atinn,  .and  to  the  gratitude  of  his  conntr\?nen,  for  rescuing  fi'oiii 
now  unattainable  sources  so  large  a  mass  of  material  to  illustrate  the  Lrloriis 
<if    his    race.     His   style   indicates  a  schok>r  from  whom   oven  his  Spani,-li 
contemporaries  might  h.ive  taken  lessons,   for  the  language  is  eAci'eilini.:ly 
I  lear  for  this  period.  Jind  lull  of  graceful  sentences  and  striking  dcscripfions, 
rendering  him  not  unworthy  to  be  called  the  I, ivy  and  the  (Jiccroof  Anahuat, 
us  I'rescott  and  iJustamante  respectively  ci.  title  him. 


TREASURES  COLLECTED. 


?Al 


vassal,  ^fontoziuna."  Tic  requostod  that  certain  fine 
( I'alcliiuitc  stones,  each  valued  at  two  loads  of  jjj'old, 
111(1  some  fnu'ly  cKased  and   iidaid   l)lo\v-[)ij>(^s,  slioulii 


ill'  ''iven  to  tlie  kin<>:  al 


one 


Tliis  lil»ui'alitv  evoi-ccci 


tlic  most  profound  ])rotcstations  of  gratitude,  as  may 
!)(■  su])posed,  for  tliey  liad  not  expected  so  great  an 
.'iildition  to  tlie  glittei'ing  Iiea})s  already  iu  their  ])os- 
ion.  Tapia  and  another  officer  W('i\:  .k'S[)atch('d 
11  haste  with  the  im[)eiia]   mayordonio  to  receive 


scss 
ill  a 


wo  smalliT 


Hi 


tlie  treasure.  It  was  stored  in  a  hall  and  t 
iliamhers  of  the  aviary  buildin!j;',^''and  consisted  of  gold, 
silver,  and  precious  stones,  in  setting  and  in  separate 
foi'm,  with  feathi'rs,  robes,  and  other  articles,  all  of 
w  liicli  were  transfcri-ed  to  tlie  Spamsh  <]uarte 


rs 


•j7 


Those  valuables,  toi>-ether  with  the  colk-ctions  from 


111. 


jirovinces  and  the  previously  surrendered  treasur 


es 


of  .Vxayacatl,  were  given  to  Cortes,  v,ho  |)lace  '  them 
ill  charge  of  the  treasurer,  (^onzalo  ^Steji'a,  and  flu' 
co'iiador,  Alonso  de  Avila.  The  faini'd  smiths  of 
A/.capuzalco  were  called  in  to  separate  the  gold  and 
I'  settings  from  the  jewels  of  less  delicacy  and 
tv,  wliicli  it  had  been  determined  to  melt.      This 


■^ih'i 
lirau 


IH  >w 


about  three  days.      They  were  then  melted  into 
l';iis,  three  fingers  in  bre-idth,  and  stamped  with  the 


I'lval  arms 


J 


ron  We 


iuiii- '  were  made  of  one  ai'roba 


;iiid  downward,  not  very  exact,  it  seems,  yet  suital)le 


ir   th» 


pur] 


)Ose, 


aiK 


I   with   these   the   vahu'   of  the 


iii(lte<l  gold  was  found  to  be  somewhat  over  IG2,()00 
pi'sois  de  oro,  according  to  Cortt's' statement;  the  sihur 


I 

■i 


'4 


■'IJcrnal  Diaz,  //<>/.  I'lnlrnl.,  S,1,  j.'ivca  a  clL'Scri[)tion  of  these  and  ntliir 

prrsrlitS. 

'  'ij>ii"  se  llaiTiiilia  I'lilorali-n.'  Sahnijini,  Il'inf.  Cori'i.,  '2(i. 
J'li/iia,  livK,  in  fca~Jiiilci/ii,  C'l.  /Jnc,,  n,  M\  ;  dnhinrd,  I/istt,  Mr.r.,  \\\'i; 
Ihrrirn,  di'c,  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  iv  Ucinal  i)iaz  asstmu's  that  tiic  AxayiKjitl 
t:i,i>ii  Its  were  tliose  now  f^i'.'ii ;  Imt  tlie  tiMtiinon"  nf  the  cyi'-witncssi's. 'r.qiii 
iiibi  Ojcih-i,  CDiitiiini'il  anil  acci-jitccl  l)y  (iiiiiiara  and  Herrcra,  kIkiws  that  tlicy 
Wire  given  on  a  )ii'i'vion>  dccaisiiin  alicaily  ret'iTrcil  to.  Still,  IVrnal  l);a/, 
il"i  -<  iiicntion  that  alter  th'  nu  It"',;.'  of  the  routihei-  jcwi'ls  nrw  jiri'seiits  cainn 
ti"iii  Montezuma.  I/i-'l.  IV-  ilml.,  H_'-It,  Ife  i.s  very  confusinLr,  howi'vei',  in  liis 
iiiinniit  of  the  treasnre.s  generally;  ami  (lavigero,  I'l-eseott,  and  others,  liavn 
Hllip\ve<l  themselves  to  follow  liini  too  eloseiy  in  this  and  other  instjinees. 
-'  'Conio  de  vn  Real,  y  del  tumafio  de  vn  tost(jn  de  a  ijiiatro.'  lii-nial  J)!('z, 

li'-i.  r(/(/r(./.,s3. 


11  i]'; 

Hi 

III 

imiini  w-[  . 

31-: 


POLITICS  AND  RELIGION. 


wciuluMi  over  500  marcos,  and  the  unl)r()kon  jewels 
ami  other  elteets  were  e.stiinated  at  over  500,000  chi- 
eats,  not  counting  the  worknuinshii).'-'  The  jewels 
were  set  with  feathers,  pearls,  and  precious  stones, 
fashioned  chiefly  in  animal  for'"',  "so  ])erfect  as  to 
api)ear  natural."  xV  nuniher  of  triidcets  for  the  royal 
share  had  also  boon  fashioned  by  the  goldsmiths  alter 
designs  by  the  Sjianiards,  such  as  saintly  images, 
crucifixes,  bracelets,  and  chains,  all  made  with  won- 
derful fidelity  to  originals.     The  silver  {\)V  the  same 

-"■'  /'roldiiiza  de  LrjitUlc,  in  Icazhalcctn,  Col.  Dor.,  i,  4'21-'2.  Corti'-s,  t'<triiis' 
100- 1,  is  not  so  explicit  with  reixnid  to  the  hitter  li;.;uro,  saying  nierily  that 
he  liail  set  apai't  for  the  kiniz  unbroken  jewels  ami  other  oiijeets  valued  at 
over  1(I0,(M)0  ducats;  Imt,  sinee  tills  tiguro  comes  in  connection  with  the 
account  of  one  tifth  of  all  the  treasures  reserved  for  the  sovereign,  it  may  lie 
assumed  that  the  100,0(K)  formed  also  a  tifth  of  the  unl)roken  hjt.  This,  eon- 
sistuig  to  a  great  extent  of  jirecii/.is  stonea,  pearls,  cotton,  and  other  cllects, 
couhl  not  have  all  l)een  reserved  for  the  king.  It  seems  besides  imjU'obal'lt: 
that  so  large  a  jii'opoitit)U  of  treasure  as  100,000  dneats  should  a  second 
time  have  been  taken  fiom  the  soldiers,  even  if  Montezuma  had  destined 
them  es])i'cialty  for  their  i-uler.  All  the  treasures  and  gifts  ac([\iired  weie 
ol)taineil  by  tiie  eti'orts  of  th'^  expedition,  and  were  always  regarded  as  a  part 
of  its  funil.  Yet  (iomara,  ///.^■/.  M<j\,  KJo-ti,  who  had  the  statements  of 
Cortes  and  others  at  his  disposal,  writes  that  the  1()0,(KM)  lot  was  selected 
from  the  tri'asures,  ])revious  to  melting,  in  order  to  form  a  j)rescnt  for  tli'' 
king  in  connection  with  the  one  lifth.  liernal  Diaz  wiites  confusedly  thai 
tiic  heaps  of  unmeltcd  gohi  from  which  feathers  and  other  settings  had  been 
removed  wei'e  valued  at  0(10,000  pesos.  'This  did  not  include  the  plates, 
cpioits,  and  dust  of  gohl,  nor  the  silver  and  otiier  treasures.'  A  few  lines 
further  he  says  that  the  royal  otlicials  declared  the  gold,  melted,  and  in 
(juoits,  dust,  and  jewels,  to  be  worth  over  (i(H),(KM)  jtesos,  beside  the  silver  and 
many  jewels  not  valued.  From  these  lots  the  distribution  was  made  for  king 
niid  expedition.  .Many  soldiers  tleclared  that  the  original  amount  was  larger, 
one  third  having  been  abstracted  by  the  leaders.  Ili^f.  Vvrdad.,  K\.  'J  iu' 
marginal  print  iu  this  nuthoi'ity  calls  the  above  sums  pesos  dc  oro,  which 
increases  the  value  three  tinus.  Confusing  as  this  version  is,  it  eonlii  iii-* 
at  any  rate  the  supposition  that  the  uidiroken  jewels  were  also  diviiir.l 
among  the  members  of  the  expedition.  I'rescott  estimates  the  wlml.- 
treasure  in  the  money  vahu^  of  his  time  at  $(i,.S(K),lMIO,  ^^hich  may  hi- 
accepted  as  sutliciently  apjiroximate.  See  Mix.,  ii.  'Jd'J  f).  Kobertson  ac- 
cepts  liernal  J)ia/'  hist  estimate  in  pesos,  which  is  equivalent  to  about 
lANo  fifths  of  I'rescott's.  'J'he  small  propoi'tion  of  silver  intlicates  how  little 
the  natives  undei'stood  and  resorted  to  nnning,  and  how  insignitieant  a  poi 
tion  of  the  nietiiUie  wealth  of  the  eountiy  was  represented  by  the  trcasuns 
po  far  aci|niird,  (lold  was  olitained  from  loose  and  shallow  alhnial  dr 
posits  in  .-md  n<'ar  the  rivers,  ami  it  was  only  in  the  extraction  of  tin  anil 
copper  that  the  Indians  exhibited  an  advance  in  the  art  of  mining.  liobertMii 
is  wrong  in  assunnng  that  gold  was  not  used  as  a  trade  medium;  still,  it  ua.-^ 
only  ])arcly  so,  ami  it  was  chietly  sought  for  oiiiaments,  'J'he  larity  of  silvn 
made  this  mi'tal  far  more  valuable  than  in  Kurope,  and  the  stones  nio>t 
esteemed  were  regariled  by  the  Sjianiards  as  so  many  pebbles.  I'm  an  accouiil 
of  nuues,  metals,  and  Uioney  among  the  A/tees,  see  A"(/</iv'  /.'((((.>'.  ii.  In 
Vol.  i.  eha]).  iii.  note  S  of  the  Central  American  division  of  the  iireseiit  W'-iu 
ii  given  information  on  the  currency  of  this  period. 


DIVirUON  OF  SPOILS. 


343 


share  was  made  into  plates,  spoons,  and  similar  arti- 
Tlie  feathers  presented  a   brilliant  variety  of 


(ic'S. 


colors  and  forms,  and  the  cotton,  some  of  the  most 
delicate  texture  and  color,  was  both  j)lain  and  em- 
broidered, md  made  into  robes,  tapestry,  covers,  and 
other  articles.  Turquoises,  pearls,  toys,  and  trinkets 
were  also  amouL;  tlie  treasures. ^° 

Cortes  prcjposed  to  defer  the  distribution  till  more 
L!,iild  and  better  weights  were  obtained;  but  the  men, 
w!io  with  good  reason,  perhaps,  suspected  that  a  delay 
iiiiglit  diminish  rather  than  increase  the  treasures, 
clamored  i'oran  imniediate  division.  The  troo[)s  were 
accordingly  called,  and  in  their  [iresenee  the  [)artit!ou 
was  made:  iirst  of  the  royal  iifth;^'  tlien  of  the  iii'di 
pi'omised  to  Cortes  when  appointed  captain-general; 
jii'ier  this  a  large  sum  was  sot  apart  to  cover  e.\])en- 
ilitiu-es  by  Cort/'S  and  Vela:<((ue/  on  the  ileet  and  its 
outfit,  and  the  value  of  the  horses  killed  during  the 
cauii)aign,^'  and  another  sum  ibr  the  expense's  and 
shares  of  the  procuradores  in  Sjiain,  while  double  or 
special  shares  were  assigned  to  the  priests,  the  ca|)- 
tains,  those  owning  horsi's,  and  the  men  with  hre-aians 
and  cross-bows.'^''  Ai'ter  all  these  deductions  but  littl  ' 
remained  tbi*  the  rank  and  tile  -  a  hundred  pesos,  if 
we  may  credit  Bernal  JJiaz."*    This,  many  indignantly 


'■  For  a  ilcstription,  ace  Crlrn,  Cartas,  lOD-1;  Gomorn,  Iliit.  Mir.,  13.'i-0; 
Ihnri-ii,  (k'c.  ii.  lib.  ix.  oiip.  iv. ;  Pilcr  Mui't'/r,  div.  v.  ca[).  iii. ;  Orinln,  iii. 
•J',lS-!>. 

^'Consisting of  .32.4(.)0nnil  o( M  p(>soi  do  oro of  nu'ltodfioM;  KMI.IHM)  diicits' 
worth  ot  unbrokon  jowcls,  fcatluMs,  otc;  uud  lOil  and  more  inarcos  of  silver. 
Carl' ■<,  ('ar/ii.-',  100  1.  '  Lo  <lieron  e  entre^'aron  ;i  .Vlonso  du  Kscohar.'  Pro- 
Imiiixu'Ii'  J.ijiililr.  in  /razlxili-c/a,  <'i>l.  l>iir.,  i.  4Jl'. 

•'-'Tlie  e.\j>enditures  were  rej)resented  largely  l)y  a  miinber  of  uiiiiaid  notes 
of  liiind  issned  liy  the  cuitain-treneral  to  tlie  owners  of  vessila,  provi.sions. 
mid  arms,  and  held  for  the  most  part  by  captains  and  le:idiiiy  nu'inbers  >ii  the 
Jiarty.  Many  of  the  n.aines  and  olaiins  are  given  in  J'rol)(iH~.a  iln  Lrjitldi,  in 
l"'rj,(ilr,'t,f,  <•,,!.  /),),■..  i.  411  et  seq. 

^'lieriial  I)iaz  appears  to  say  that  all  these  men,  from  priests  to  niehers, 
received  double  lates,  ///'-y.  Viirldit.,  S'A—l,  and  llerrera  so  accepts  it,  dee.  ii. 
lib.  ix.  cap.  v.;  but  this  atieins  iineipial.  In  the  I'nilinma  de  Lijiihlf,  in 
/'•ir.lhilrclit,  Cijl.  J)or.,  i.  411  et  seip,  a  number  of  special  payments  are  men- 
tioned, and  also  wages  for  sailors. 

"''Soldados  liiino  i|  t<imaroii  siis  partes  a  eien  pesos.'  Ihriidl  l>iif.  Ilht. 
I  ii-i''it(.,  84.  But  this  sum  ni.iy  nu'an  pesos  do  oro,  whicii  aceordiiij;  to  tlio 
e.ilciiLilion  accepted  represents  nearly  .S|'_*LIO. 


344 


POLITICO  AND  RELIGION. 


rofiiscfl  to  accept;   otlicrs  took  it,  but  joined  in  tlio 
clamors  of  the  di.scoutentecl. 


IJ 


sli 


It  is  almost  too  much  to  ask  of  vultures  not  to 
quarrel  over  their  prey.  The  murmur  au^ainst  tin- 
royal  fifth  was  loud  enough,  but  the  second  iii'th 
for  Cortes  raised  quite  an  outcry.  "Arc  we  to  have 
a  second  king^  they  asked.  Others  inquired,  "  For 
whose  fleet  are  we  ])ayingl'"  They  further  wished  to 
know  whether  the  fame  and  promotion  ac(|uired  for 
the  general  by  his  men  could  not  satisfy  some  of  his 
claims,  for  the  present,  at  least.  They  had  once  before 
surronder(xl  hard-earned  money  to  ])lease  him  and  to 
])romote  his  credit  with  the  king,  and  now,  when  tiny 
Jiad  been  led  to  expect  reward,  it  was  again  snatched 
from  them.  Some  said  that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
treasures  had  been  secured  by  Cortes  and  liis  favorites 
before  the  distribution  boGran;  and  the  value  of  the 
heavy  gold  ebnins  and  other  ornaments  dis})layed  by 
them  was  significantly  pointed  at  as  out  of  proportion 
to  tlieir  shai-e. 

The  suspicion  was  confirmed  by  a  quarrel  which 
occurred  shortly  after  between  Velazquez  de  Leon  and 
Treasurer  Mejia  respecting  the  })ayment  of  the  royal 
fifth  on  certain  unbroken  jewels  found  in  Velaz(|uez' 
possession,  and  received  by  him  before  the  apportion- 
ment. It  was  enough,  said  Meji'a,  for  Cortes  to  a|t- 
pro[)rlate  unassessed  treasures.  Velazquez  refusing  to 
conq)ly,  th(>y  came  to  blows,  and  if  friends  luul  not 
interfered  there  might  have  been  an  ofHcer  or  two 
less  in  the  camp.  As  it  was,  both  received  slight 
wounds,  and  subsequently  shackles.  Mejia  was  re- 
leased M'ithin  a  few  hours;  but  his  antagonist  ix'tained 
the  fetters  for  two  days,  persuaded  to  submit  with 
grace  thereto  by  Cortes,  it  was  said,  in  order  to  allay 
sus[)i(3ions  and  to  slunv  that  the  general  could  be  just, 
even  when  it  aflected  a  friend.^' 

^•'''Cortes,  so  color  ilc  liazor  justicia,  pon'|  tixlos  Ic  tciniosscnios,  crii  i'"!i 
grumk'ij  iiuifius. '     It  iippuars  that  Mi'jia,  on  hearing  thu  men  complain,  apok.; 


DISSATISFIED  SOLDIERS. 


34J 


Fliullii!:;*  that  tlic  imirniurs  wore  bccoiniiiij^  serious, 
Cortes  l)r<)UL,^lit  his  soothing  oloqiioiioo  to  l)eai'  u\u)\\ 
the  ti"()uhlo(l  spirits.  lie  represcutod  that  all  his 
1  Ik  nights,  efforts,  and  possessions  were  for  the  liop.or 
oC  his  God,  his  king,  and  his  companions.  With  them 
lie  liad  shared  every  danger  and  liard^liip,  and  for 
llu'ir  wehare  he  had  watched,  rendering  iustice  to  all. 
The  division  had  been  fairly  made  in  accordance  with 
picvious  arrangement.  But  he  was  not  avaricious; 
■  ill  he  had  was  theirs,  and  he  would  employ  it  lor  them 
;ts  might  a  father.  He  would  surrendin-  th(;  iilth  which 
Iiad  been  assigned  him,  if  they  wished  it,  retraning 
ii'ily  his  share  as  captain-general;  and  l«e  wt)uld  also 
help  any  one  in  need.  The  treasure  thus  far  secured 
was  insinfniticant  eomiiared  to  what  lay  before  them. 
A\'liat  mattered  a  few  liundre<l  pesos  more  <  r  less 
ill  \  lew  of  the  rich  mines,  the  large  tracts,  and  the 
iiiimense  number  of  towns,  which  were  all  theirs, 
so  long  as  they  held  lovally  together?  "I  will  make 
a  lord  of  every  one  of  you,"  he  concluded,  "it  you 
will  but  have  peace  and  })atience."'"''  And  to  gi\e 
greater  eifect  to  this  harangue  li-;  l)ribi'd  with  gilts 
and  promises  the  more  inthiential  to  sound  his  praises; 
V.  hereupon  the  murmurs  died  away,  though  rancor 
still  I'emained  with  many,  awaiting  opportunity.^' 

t'l  ("iirtiis  about  niissiuq;  ,t;ol(l,  .and  thoncefortli  llicy  were  not  vovy  fiiondly. 
N'tiiin;;  that  Velazciiicz  was  in  f.'ttors,  Moutczunia  asked  tlio  gi'ncral  for  tho 
1  liisf,  and  was  told  that,  not  satisliod  with  his  hliaro  of  gold,  he  wisiitMl  to 
i.iakf  a  tour  of  the  towns  to  di maud  niori',  anil  iKTh;i|is  to  cDminit  cxicssis. 
I  111'  cnijjiror  askud  that  ho  lie  allowed  to  t:v>,  and  (oi'tis  consented  witii  ap- 
I'ai' lit  relu<tanee.  A  senteiu'i^  s'enis  to  have  lieeii  jias.sed  for  the  eul|irit  to 
1  ::vc  eanip,  and  ho  procta-iled  wilii  a  Mexican  olUeial  to  Cliolnla,  \\  lienee  ho 
1'  tuiiit'd  with  more  guld  a  few  days  later.  So  runs  the  stnry  of  Heinal  l)ia/, 
Ili'l.  Vcidnl.,  SI-.").  J5.  V.  de  'I'aiiia  di'elares  tliat  «,'ortes  k.-jit  him  '  mueiios 
ilias  en  mia  easylla  jKHpiena  e  ii.ii  giianhis.'  ('orirs,  Jtcsidiinlii,  i.  40   1. 

'"A/.,  and  Ilcinrn,  dee.  ii.  lih.  ix.  ea]i.  v. 

'  .Vnion.;  thos-;  who  tiH)k  most  to  iieart  the  disappointinc;  distrihutioii  was 
Juan  du  Citrdenas,  a  pilot  and  sailor  of  Triaiia,  wli.i  had  a  wife  and  eliildien  in 
f^'li.iin.  Tired  nf  stru/^'jj-lati^  with  pnverly  at  home  ln'  had  eoine  tosi'e'i  a  liettc  r 
It  with  the  eonipientM  in  Anierici.  Tho  lirst  siuht  of  the  treasures  to  tx; 
ili\i'lc'd  had  inspire-l  luni  wiUi  an  ard'iit  hope  of  liein;,'  idili!  to  return  to  lii.s 
t.  iiiily,  for  an  o(pial  divisKm  \xi'idd  have  u'iven  him  ipiite  a  little  furtuni'. 
li'iilinii;  his  dream  of  h.ai>fM«'SH  sluittercd  ho  bei'ame  almost  ravin;,',  (.'ortc's 
Kave  him  .'{(Kl  pesos,  and  pinmiscd  that  he  should  lie  sent  home  hy  the  llrst 
tJl'P  utunity.     Caniunas  a^ipeared  to  be  satislied,  but  on  reueiiing  Spain  hu 


1 


m 


1? 


|i| 


ff 


m  I  ■  H 


340 


POLITICS  AND  RHLiaiON. 


A  lar'To  proportion  of  the  soldiers  imitate:!  tlie 
example  of  the  heavy  sharers  in  the  spoils  Ly  cou- 
vertinij  their  allotment,  v/ith  the  aid  of  A/A'a])U- 
zal{;an  goldsniitlis,  into  chains,  crosses,  and  other 
adornineiits  for  their  persons,  so  that  the  dis|)lay  of 
^vcalth  became  quite  daz;din^^  Others  yielded  to 
the  infatuation  for  gambling,  then  so  prevalent,  and 
lost  without  a  murmur  the  hard-earned  share.** 

But  one  thing  now  remained  to  complete  the  triunipli 
of  the  conqueror.  The  manacled  kings  were  subservi- 
ent, and  the  people  displayed  their  loyalty  by  pouring 
tribute  into  his  coffers.  But  his  god  was  not  theirs, 
aiid  this  the  pious  pilferer  could  not  endure,  lie  and 
his  priests  liad  lost  no  opportunity  to  preach  the  faith 
to  em[)eror  and  subjects;''"  but  the  hearts  of  the  natives 
were  obdurately  fixed  on  the  idtjls  of  the  pyramid. 
He  never  beheld  tiie  tem[)le  withoiit  being  tempted  to 
lay  low  tlic  effigies  of  Satan,  and  it  was  owing  only  to 
Father  Olmedo's  prudent  counsel  that  the  tenq)tatioii 
was  resisted.  ]le[)eatedly  had  he  urged  on  the  weak 
emperor  to  begin  the  great  work  by  some  radi(,-al  n- 
f<.>rm,  l)ut  could  obtain  only  tiie  })romise  that  human 
sacrilices  would  bo  slopi'cd.  Finding  that  even  this 
was  not  ol>se*'ved,  lie  consulicd  with  his  captains,  and 
it  was  agreed  to  demand  the  surrender  of  tlie  great 
temi)le  lor  Christian  worship,  so  tli;d  the  natives 
might  l)e  made  to  feel  the  holy  influence  of  its  H'/mliol-! 
and  rites.  Montezuma  was  prt>})ared  witli  ex/'U.ses,  but 
the  tieputation  declared  witli  fierce  vehemerjce  (\uil 

eamo  forwiiril  iis  ii  hitter  opponent  of  the  general.  Brrii'il  Dim,  K'mf.  Vo'il  vl-, 
81.  Soli.s  s^)l'ak3  r  )  in  )ioli;\lf  of  his  liero,  anil  conilrnniM  the  men  n<'  ovariitKiu 
anil  unuraUfiil  j.r  ileuiandinL;  more  tlian  tlu'ir  .sliarc.  The  leail'is  (iicl  liei^t 
men  deserved  l:u'j,'er  gains.  As  for  l>(inal  J)iaz,  '  IlaMa  mas  conio  pnlire  w>\- 
tliido,  ijiie  eonii)  liidtoriadtu'.'  Ilifil.  Mcr.,  ii.  H.l.  Tiie  sii;in'  for  Villa  Itiea  «;n 
sent  toTlaseala,  says  liernal  Diaz,  whitlier  rumor  had  it  tiiat  large  smns  wci-' 
forwai'ded  fur  Corti's  and  (jthers,  who  elainii  i|  afterwaid  that  they  liad  hei  ii 
lost  dering  the  nprisiag.  'I,as  piedias  hajas  y  phr.nages,  tod'i  lo  tomarun  1"^ 
Indiosde  Tiaxoala.'  •Sit/ini/iui,  /lisf.  Ctui'/.,  'JO. 

•'"  The  cards,  made  hy  IVdro  Vnh'uciano  from  di'nni-  kins,  were  as  neatly 
painted  as  those  of  Sjiain.    lliriial  JJlir.,  Ilisl.  !'< /v/.k/,,  84. 

''■' Jlerrcra  gives  lengthy  specimens  of  the  warrior  preacher's  ell'usiou., 
ocoupying  more  tlmn  one  chapter,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  vi.-vii. 


I 


CORTES  CPvIES  TO  GOD. 


347 


if  this  v/cro  refused  tliey  would  forcibly  remove  the 
i,li)ls  and  kill  the  priests  wlio  resisted,  "  ]\Iiiliiiehe," 
(Xflaimed  the  niouareh  in  alai'iu,  "do  you  then  seek  the 
(K'structiou  of  the  city?  Our  ^-ods  are  incensed  aL^ain.jt 
us,  and  the  jieople  iuibittered.  Even  your  lives  will 
not  he  safe.  Wait,  1  entreat  you,  till  I  call  the  priests 
for  consultation."*" 

Cortes  saw  that  nothing  more  could  tlien  l)o  at- 
tained, but  with  the  indiscreet  zeal  f^r  reliufion  which 
oi'ten  blinded  liini  he  determined  that  there  should 
b.'  no  further  delay.  lie  apprehended  no  uprising 
aniong  a  people  which  had  so  ]>ationtly  submitted 
ti)  all  exactions,  yet  he  feared  that  the  jn'icsts,  if 
wai'iied,  might  prevent  an  entry  into  the  temple,  and 
so  he  resolved  to  anticipate!  them,  and  to  demon - 
sti'ate  the  impotency  of  their  gods.  Giving  order:j 
i'cr  a  strong  force  to  follow  after  a  short  interval,  he 
wc>nt  forward  with  hardly  a  dozen  men  in  order 
not  to  arouse  suspicion."  Entering  the  saTu-tuary, 
and  lindinu:  that  lie  could  not  draw  aside  the  costlv 
i-urtain  with  its  golden  pellet  fringe  wliich  shielde;! 
the  bejewelled  idols  from  profane  gaze,  he  had  it  cut 
asunder.  Tlie  reason  for  the  obstruction  now  l)ecanie 
apparent.  The  idol  showed  traces  of  fresh  Iuuikui 
bleovl.  At  this  evidence  of  broken  ])romises  and  (hs- 
i\>>4arded  ortlers  Cortes  began  to  rave.  "Oh  Cod  I" 
lie  cried,  "why  d<>-t  thou  permit  t\\o.  devil  to  be  thus 
h'viiored  in  tlii^.  UukW  Let  it  ap[)ear  good  that  we 
sii-ve  tlle(>." 

Turning  to  the  temple  attendants,  wlio  had  I'ollowe  1 
willi  apprehensive  luien,  lit;  upbraided  them  for  tlie'.i' 
blind  adlierenrn;  to  a  bl<>o«'h'  worship,  and  comi)ared 
the  e\il  of  idola;I»r^'  witli  thc!  saving  i-ites  of  ('iiiis- 
ti;i!iity,  lie  was  determined,  he  sai<l,  to  i'emo\e 
tlie  idols  and  install  an  image'  of  tho  virgin.     They 

"  Ai'i'ivnlini;  to  IWrnal  Din/.  Curti's  mndo  i\  sign  tluit  lie  ainl  O'li  (mIo  ilosircd 
to  ^|>f;iU  |iriv:itoly  tn  Mimte/uinii.  Hi'  now  ih'i'Jihs'mI  that  in  nrdcr  to  ]ii('\(iit 
ti'.malt  liis  laptains  iniL'lit  \h:  ]ivv:in:\i\v\  to  i-cst  loiiti'iit  witli  a  spact'  in  tlio 
^'i>at  tciiiplo  for  an  altar  and  ci'oms.    Ilisf.  Wrtlml.,  N.l. 

''  Ta;iia  liavcs  tlie  iniprcs.-iou  tliat  he  called  cuj^ually  at  tho  leniplr,  and 
ulUr^  ard  sent  foi'  more  troops. 


m 


84ft 


POLITICS  AND  KELIGIOX. 


must  take  away  all  within  the  sanctuary  and  cleansi.^ 
it.  Tlu!  priests  shook  their  heads  at  such  an  insaiio 
idea.  All  the  city  and  country  around  adored  the;  e 
gods,  and  thoy  would  die  rather  than  see  them  dese- 
crated. They  further  intimated  that  the  deities  would 
themselves  know  how  to  chastise  the  sacrilegious, 
'ihis  reply  only  fired  the  I'ury  of  Cortes,  and  miahle 
l"tirther  to  restrain  himself,  he  seized  a  bar,  dashed  ;it 
the  idol,  and  striking  it  a  blow  which  caused  the  goldea 
mask  to  fall  off,  he  exclaimed,  "Shall  we  not  do  sonir- 
thing  for  God^''  Captain  Andres  de  Ta{)ia,  out;  of 
the  dozen  Spaniards  present  (Mi  the  occasion,  ti'stilic;; 
to  the  rash  i)roceeding:  "I  swear  by  my  faith  as  ,1, 
gentleman  and  by  God  that  it  is  true.  It  seems  as  if 
I  now  sec  tlie  manjuis  springing  with  excilenienl  and 
striking  at  the  idol."" 

When  the  real  intentions  of  Cortes  had  first  be- 
come apparent  to  the  priests,  they  sent  to  warn 
Montezuma,  as  emperor  and  high-[)riest,  that  some 
outrage  might  be  perpetrated.  Sus})ecting  that  the 
recent  threat  was  about  to  be  carried  out,  he  d  ■- 
spatched  a  messenger  to  the  general  asking  permission 
to  come  to  the  temple,  and  imploring  him  meanuliilc 
to  respect  the  idols.  The  message  arrived  befoio 
much  damage  was  done,  and  with  the  advice  of  liis 
followers  Cortes  was  induced  to  yield.  He  recognized 
that  the  attitude  assumed  might  lead  to  more  stM'i(jus 
results  than  had  been  at  first  su])posed.  The  ruiner 
had  s})read  of  extraordinar}'  ]»roceedingson  the  teuipli; 
sunnnit,  and  armed  and  threatening  crowds  wci'e 
gathering  at  the  foot,  imjjoded  only  by  the  Spanish 
reserve  escort*^  from  ascending  to  defen(>  their  gods. 
Why  shouKl  not  they  fight  for  their  relig'on  as  well 
as  others;  Seeing  that  the  emjjcror's  jiresence  was 
necessary  to  calm  them,  Cortes  permitted  him  i  )  come. 
Ho  soon  arrived,  under  a  strong  guard,  and  poii.'iii'.;" 
to  the  excited  masses  he  i-easonetl  with  Cortes  inxni 

i 

'^Iii  Ii'l.,  ill  frrr.halrctn,  Cnl,  Dor,,  ii.  iJSo. 
"  Ul  'M  or  4U  lac'ii,  anya  'J'iqjia. 


HUMILIATION  OF  TriK  IDOI/-<. 


310 


i]j'  uselofisncrs!^?  find  danci^er  of  hin  liasty  project.  Tlio 
hitit'i"  .stubl)oi'Mly  insisted,  and  after  a  consultation 
Willi  tlie  priests  it  was  a-j^reed  to  suiivnder  both  the 
siitiiniit  chapels  of  lluitzilopochtli  and  Tezcatlipoca 
to   Christian   worship,"  on    condition  that  the   idols 

"  '  riec  limpiaraqucllas  capillus.  . .  .y  jnisc  cu  ollas  i iiri genes  ilc  inicstr.-v 
Si'U'iiji  y  <ltJ  otros  Santos.'  I'm-t  .s',  Cnytax,  lUii.  Aiiili-cs  do  'J'aiiia  is  r^till  iiinr.; 
oxpliiit  in  relating  Iidw  ( 'orti's  insi.itcil  on  liaviny  ))otliciiapol.s  (.Uaivil  of  idols. 
'  Kl  niimjiie.s  liizo  liaccr  do.s  altaroii,  nno  m  nua  parte  do  la  tone,  qui,'  era  ]>ar- 
tida  en  do.s  liuccos,  o  oti'o  eu  otra.'  Itit.,m  Irnzhah-rta,  <''il.  iJor.,  ii.  ,"i8.")-(J. 
Ill  testifying  to  the  pi'oeoedings  in  the  tuniplo  previous  to  the  massacre  liy 
Alv/iiado,  J).  V.  de  Tapia  utatcs  that  the  Indians  intended  to  restore  lluitzilo- 
jioehtli  to  the  tower,  '  donde  solia  estar  por  ijnc  lo  haliia  (piitado  de  alii  I). 
jlrniaiulo  o  ])uesto  a  nuestra  Senora. '  li'niuinz,  J't'ocr-^o  ron/ra  Alrarailo,  'M. 
Aharado  eontinns  tlii.^  in  dili'ei'cnt  words.  /'/.,(Ki-7.  The  only  other  eye- 
Mitniss  who  refers  with  any  detail  to  tiic  aljove  is  IJernal  Diaz,  and  !ie  aeeord.i 
onlya  space  on  the  snniniit  to  the  Christian  einhlenis.  But  his  ditleient  allusions 
to  the  temple  are  confused  and  contradictory;  yet  he  has  hccn  followed  liy 
modern  writers;  lirst,  beeau.so  the  preceding  three  testimonies  liave  not  been 
acLCssiblu  till  late  years;  and  second,  because  they  have  been  content  to  copy 
I'rcseott,  who  adopts  ]jcrnal  Diaz  in  only  too  many  instances.  'J'he  mistake 
ajifiears  also  to  rest  on  the  finding  of  Ifuitzilopochtli's  image;  in  one  of  the 
f  luamit  chapels  when  it  was  recaptured  by  the  Spanianls  during  the  latei- 
siege.  It  is  oidy  natural  that  the  .\ztecs,  on  obtaining  possession  of  their 
tinijilo,  .should  have  reinstalled  the  war  god.  I'eter  ^Martyr  does  assume  that 
one  image  was  too  large  to  be  removed,  dec.  v.  cap.  iv.  And  tiomara  intimates 
tJKit  idols  remained.  '  Pusiero  cruzes  o  imagines.  . .  .entrc  sus  idolos.'  Hist. 
Mi\i\,  l'J8.  The  phrase  can  ajiply  to  those  in  the  court,  although  his  state- 
iri"iit  may  be  founded  on  Maityr,  a:i  that  of  Ixtlilxochitl  is  on  him:  'V  diii 
[.Moiitrzuma)  permiso  que  en  la  ca[iilla  d'l  templo  mayor  ....  so  pusieseu 
cut  re  los  dos  idolos  d(;  lluitzilopoehtli,  un  erueilijo,  una  imagen  de  Xucstra 
^erit)ra  y  una  eruz.'  Ili.sf.  C/iir/i.,  'J!)7.  As  regai'ds  the  easting-down  of  idols, 
I'nscott,  in  common  with  most  modern  writers,  assumes  this  to  be  a  mei'i! 
Imust  on  the  part  of  ('orti's;  but  a  careful  investigation,  supported  by  the 
'sileinn' as.surancc  of  Tapia,  not  accessible  to  them,  eonlirnis  this  statement 
ill  the  main.  The  gener.il  probal)ly  exagger:ites  somewhat  in  saying:  '  Los  nma 
prineifialcs  destos  idolos. . .  .dci'roqu6  yo  de  sus  sillas  y  los  lice  i  char  por  las 
cscaleras  abajo.'  t'urlax,  100.  This  probably  strikes  Ovieilo,  who,  while  re- 
jKating  the  account,  expresses  a  doubt  about  its  truth:  'Bicn  pudo  Dios  dar 
lugarAcllo;  pero  para  mi  yo  teugo  por  maravilla,  e  grande,  la  mucha  paei- 
iiicia  de  Monte(;uma  e  de  los  indios. '  iii.  ',W^.  Solis  even  doubts  that  altar 
and  cross  were  ever  creeteil  in  so  unclean  a  spot,  amid  idols  and  idolatrous 
priests;  it  Would  have  been  sacrilege;  besides  tin;  Mexicans  would  m.ver  ha\e 
]v  iniittt<l  the  intrusion.  IHst.  M/.r,,  ii.  9-12.  The  doubt  expressed  against 
C'rtis'  boast  rests  ehietly  with  Lernal  Diaz,  whose  faulty  aee(junt  states  tiiat 
^hiiitezuma  by  mere  persuasion  si'Ut  for  tlu^  priests,  and  after  eonsidting  with 
tiii'Mi  had  a  space  on  the  tenqilo  summit  qiuetly  assigned  to  tlu;  Spaniards. 
Jii.^f.  Vtrdnil.,  8.j.  (lomara  de\otes  several  ]iages  to  the  casting  douii  of  the 
id  'is,  which  he  justly  regards  as  a  nu'inorable  feat:  '  Mas  honra  y  prez  gaiio 
t'urte's  con  esta  hazafia  Christiana,  (pie  si  los  venciera  en  l)atalla.'  lie  applie.s 
it,  I'owever,  to  tht;  occasion  of  the  imperial  prisoner's  first  visit  to  the  temple. 
Miiitezunia  stops  Cortes  in  the  midst  of  his  destructive  work  and  checks  the 
fiuy  of  the  crowd,  which  the  general  thereuiion  appeases  with  a  long  jirofounil 
i~[ie(  ell  oi\  theologic  mysteries,  etirefully  jirepared  by  Comara.  llh'.  Mc.r., 
1-ii-  S.  The  preeediu;;  points  assume  importaiiee  when  it  is  considered  that  the 
y.s'iii.ation  of  the  gre:it  pyramid  by  Christian  emblems  gave  the  stron^jest 
iiii,  ulse  to  the  uprising  soon  to  follow. 


■;«i 


L'    1  • 


if?  i! 


J  I 


3:.0 


POLITICS  AXD  RELIGIOX. 


within  nilj^-ht  be  removed  by  the  reveiX'nt  hands  df 
jn'iests  alone.  This  was  cft'ected  while  the  enipciMr 
I'cniained  on  the  summit.  The  chapels  were  thrn 
whitewashed,  a  cross  was  })lanted,and  two  altars  rose, 
on  which  were  placed  the  ima^e  of  the  virgin  and  of 
a  saint  whom  Tapia  calls  San  Cristobal.'''' 

Preparations  were  next  made  to  consecrate  tlio 
sanctuary,  now  festive  with  gailands  and  llowers. 
The  Spaniards  marched  in  procession  through  tlie 
streets,  to  the  chant  of  psalms,  headed  by  the  two 
priests  who  bore  the  crucilix  and  images.  Crowds  of 
wondering  natives  lined  their  path,  and  remained  to 
watch  the  cross  windin<j:  its  way  round  the  i)vrauii(l 
in  a  sanctilying  orbit.  Cortes  was  the  lirst  to  kis-^ 
the  installed  cruciiix,  while  tears  of  joy  r(,)lle(l  down 
his  cheeks.  Mass  followed  the  consecration,  and  with 
a  swelliuLT  To  Deum  the  soldiers  rendered  thanks  1m 
the  su[)reme  being  for  the  triumph  accorded  theia 
over  paganism. 

It  was  but  a  partial  victory,  however,  for  in  tlie 
court  the  priests  were  even  then  gathereel  in  adora- 
tion of  the  chief  idol,  bewailing  their  own  im})(>- 
tency,  and  imi)lorin!)'  it  to  rise  and  aVv'Ugo  its  outrage'  1 
majesty  and  their  humiliation.  An  old  soldier  was  left 
as  guard  to  keep  the  candles  burning,  and  to  prevent 
intrusion  from  temple  attendants,  save  to  clean  the 

*'•'  '  E  puso  en  una  parte  la  imiigcn  ilc  Xuestra  Sofiora  en  tin  retablico  du 
tabla,  (5  en  otro  la  do  Sant  Cristobal,  ponjiie  no  luibio  cstonues  otras  imagine.--.' 
J^e!.,  loc.  cit.  It  is  generally  assumed  by  the  faithful  that  the  virgin's  imam) 
i.^  identical  with  the  one  now  known  as  the  Virgcn  de  los  Kcmedios,  in  it.i 
celebrated  shrine  near  Mexico.  It  had  been  given  to  Juan  Koilriguc/  <li; 
Villafucrtc  by  his  brother,  an  Augustine  friar,  when  he  departed  for  the  Indil•^'. 
l)ii)ing  the  uprising  in  June,  lo'JO,  tlio  image  is  believed  to  have  of  its  ouii 
accord  taken  Uight  to  the  site  where  a  shrine  afterward  rose  in  its  lionnr. 
Medina,  Chrdn.  de  Sail  Dici/o  dc  Mex.,  .30;  Vahrcrn,  Es^iido  Armrt'i,  HK'i-"J."); 
Lormzana,  in  Cortt'K,  Hist.  X.  Exp.,  l.'JS  ct  seij.;  Buslainuiiti',  Mrm.  I'irdii  t 
Jlf.i\  Unfortunately  for  this  belief,  Tapia's  testimony  describes  the  image  as 
n  picture  on  a  board,  while  the  Remodios  image  is  a  little  battered  doll.  'J'iic 
testimony  is  contradicted  by  nothing  but  pious  supposition.  In  preparing  tin! 
site  for  altars  the  Spaniards  noticed  that  tlie  walls  were  of  unusual  thicknes-;. 
lireaking  them  open  they  found  a  number  of  jewels.  Gold  was  also  obtaint  .1 
from  tombs  on  the  sunnnit  platform,  and  the  curtain  pendants  an<l  other  valu- 
ables were  of  course  appropriated.  Tapia,  licl.,  in  IcazbalceUi,  Col.  JJo'., 
CSO;   Jlcrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  vi. 


Is  .« 


EFFECTIVE  rnAVFR. 


.r.i 


yh(^^'   for   tlio   rrcqueiit   scrviocrt  ^vllidl   were    liciico- 
furth  \\v\d  hero.'"' 

'I'ukiuL^  jidviuitaGfo  of  the  stop  tlius  fraincd,  the 
piicsts  and  tluiir  i'ollowcrs  S()UL,dit  to  iiM])rcss  ii])()ii  tlu; 
natives  the  superiority  of  their  faitli/^  and  nuniliei's 
Avere  convinced,  says  Tapia,  altliouLjh  few  accepted 
liajttisni  out  of  fear  oi'  their  countrymen.*^  There 
was  a  (h'ouu'lit  |)revailint^  at  the  time,  and  th(}  ])riests, 
lia\  iiiL;'  in  vain  ap])ealetl  ibr  a  I'eniedy,  ast'rih.'d  the  evil 
til  th(!  ani^er  of  the  jj^ods  at  the  presence  of  the  wor- 
Nlii]>pcrs  of  sti'anL;"e  deities  and  their  hateful  synihols. 
A  iiw  days  after  tlie  consecration  of  the  altars  a  dep- 
utation of  natives  a]>peared  at  the  Spanish  (piarters, 
Ii'';irin,L(  withered  corn-stalks,  and  demandiuL;'  that, 
^ince  the  ICuropeans  had  I'emoved  the  idols  to  whom 
tli»y  prayed  for  rain,  they  should  ask  their  god  for  it, 
so  tliat  the  peo|)le  might  not  die  of  luniger.  Cortes  i-e- 
a>surc(l  them,"  and  ordei'cd  a  general  prayer  for  relief. 
"The  following  day,"  says  Tapia,  "we  marched  in  pro- 
cession to  the  temple,  under  a  hla/ing  sun."  ^\'hilc 
mass  was  beinu:  said  a  cloud  miirht  be  seen  rather- 
iiig  on  Mount  Tc'pcaquilla,  and  "on  our  way  back 
tin;  rain  I'ell  so  heavily  that  we  had  to  wade  in  water 
11])  to  our  ankles."  'J'he  I'ain  continued  I'or  several 
tlrivs,  and  the  harvest  turned  out  abiindant.'^'^  Ivich 
party  claimed  the  meteorological  display  as  a  direct 
answer  to  its  prayer,  for  the  Mexicans  were  hardly 

"' .M(into:niiiia  received  tlic  returning  jiroeession  with  a  forced  welcome, 
n'-iil  gave  orders  to  destroy  a  scries  (jf  lirotliels  in  Tlatelulco,  containing  over 
400  Women,  whose  ini(]iiity,  lie  said,  had  brought  the  prusuut  evil  upon  thu 
city.   /Ii'nrni,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  vi. 

■'  lierrcra  dc  itcs  (ivc  columns  to  Cortes'  sermon,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap. 
vii. ;  'J\)r(/ii''mni/ii,  i.  ■lO.VT. 

■M)r  jjcriiaps  of  the  teachers  of  the  faith,  who  appeared  with  sword  in 
liaiiil  to  enforce  their  cruel,  rapacious,  and  immoral  demands,  llerrtia  1h'- 
lii  V(.s  Montezuma  would  have  i)econie  a  Clivistian  had  he  dircd.  dec.  ii.  lib. 
viii.  cap.  ix.  But  Uuran  states  that  accordiiiL;  to  the  native  records  all  tlio 
tlur.  captive  rulers  were  bai)iized,  and  tiiat  Father  Olmcdo  Jiad  told  him 
lii.'  !n  licvctl  such  was  the  case,  althoULrh  the  rite  had  not  been  adndnistered 
I'V  liiniself.  J  Hat.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  44>j.  Tiiis  (picstiou  will  be  discussed  iii  a  later 
chapter. 

'■'  'Sed  ciortos,  quo  dc  aqui  a  nuinana  llouera,  y  tcndreys  el  mejor  afio  (pio 
jam;:;  aucys  tenido.'  ]l<rr<r<i,  dec.  ii.  lib.  viii.  cap,  vi. 

■'Tii/iiii,  111  I.,  m  Icdzhalci  t(i,  L'ul.  Doc.,i\.  380;  llazart,  Klrcheu  (Jcachkhte, 
li.  .'/JO;   Tof'iutmada,  i.  41)4. 


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23  W'CiST  MAIN  STRUT 

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I 


%° 


352  POLITICS  AND  RELIGION. 

prepared  to  yield  everything  without  a  struggle.  To 
this  insignificant  and  hated  band  of  intruders  they 
had  practically  abandoned  their  country,  by  acknowl 
edging  serfdom  with  tribute.  Daily  they  subniittcil 
to  wrongs  and  indignities.  The  sacred  person  of  their 
king  had  been  profaned,  their  nobles  brought  to  the 
dust.  Now  should  they  .submit  to  this  destruction  of 
their  gods?  If  .so,  the  heavens  and  earth  would  come 
together,  grinding  them  to  powder  1 


CHAPTER  XX. 


THE  CUBAN  GOVERNOR  IN  PURSUIT. 

1519-iry20. 

TiiK  MKxirAvs  TiiKEATEX  Rkvolt — The  Cleuoy  in  Arms— Tiiky  De- 
N(>r\cK  TICK  CoNiincT  (IF  Mdntezdma  — TiiK  Emi'Kkoh  Dkclakks  he 
CAS  NO  LONiiEU  Restrain  his  Pkoi-lk— Tidinos  of  V'ELA7,i^ri:z'  Klekt— 

SaII.IN<!    from     CCBA    of    AN    Exi'KI>ITION     t'NDKR    NaRVAKZ    -ARRIVAL 

IN  Mkxico— Conflict  with  Cortes — iNTERCHANciE  of  Threats  avk 
l'ori:TKsii:s— ArrEMiTEi)  Union  of  Forces— Narvaf.z  Rkmains  Loyal 
TO  Velazquez — Desertion  of  iSome  of  his  Men  to  Cortes. 


(» 


War  now  seemed  inevitable;  for  if  earthly  powers 
avnilcd  not  aji^ainst  the  invaders,  heaven's  artillery 
slinvild  disperse  the  impious  foe.  If  feehle  man  hy 
tl'iuful  eond)inations  be  brouji^ht  low,  surely  the  gods 
may  yi't  defend  them.selves  from  insult. 

Hitherto  it  had  been  the  higher  nol)les  only  who 
harbored  designs  against  the  Spaniards,  but,  while  n 
lunger  cemented  by  the  accustomed  despotism,  tiiey 
were  hek'  in  check  by  their  jealousies,  their  party 
politics,  and  fear  for  their  possessions.  A  stronger 
iiilkience  than  these  was  at  hand,  however.  Now  for 
till'  first  time  the  lesser  nobles  and  the  common  people 
\vt  IV  aioused.  The  outrage  on  the  idols  attected  all. 
And  the  clergy,  who  out  of  regard  for  their  high- 
piiest,  the  emperor,  had  remained  passive,  now  felt 
themselves  struck  in  a  vital  j)art.  Their  influence, 
siipiiinacy,  and  means  of  sup[)<^rt  wctc  all  involveil, 
and  the  power  of  the  priesthood  was  as  great  heri'  as 
an  King  other  superstitious  peoples.  How  far  they 
wniked  Uj)on  the  nobles  and  plebeians  is  not  cleaj", 
hilt  their  interviews  with  Montezuma,  although  held 

UiHT.  Mkx.,  Vol.  I.    33  (u:ia) 


1^; 


i  i 


11 


■r]' 


i;:-i : 


»54 


Tin:  CUBAN  GOVEnXOR  I\  rUKSUIT, 


in  secret,  nut  of  the  reaeli  even  of  the  favorite  ]Wfo,  lu*- 
eatiu'  so  fre(|Ueiit  and  earnest  as  to  rouse  the  susjdcions 
of  the  guard.  It  was  said  that,  assisted  by  inihieiitiiil 
courtiers,  tliey  represented  how  deeply  the  sacrilegious 
act  had  stirred  the  peo|)le,  already  incensed  hy  tlie 
hhanieful  captivity  of  their  sovereigns.  Further  than 
tliis,  oracles  had  announced  that  the  gods  would  ah.in- 
don  the  city  and  its  inhabitants  to  their  fate  if  {\\o, 
obnoxious  strangers  were  not  quickly  killed  or  driven 
hence.  The  masses  would  rise,  and  if  Montezuma, 
forgetful  of  his  dignity  and  duty,  still  declined  to  bo 
liberated,  preferring  the  fate  of  Quauhpopoca,  wiiirh 
nuist  surelv  overtake  him,  then  they  would  choose 
another  monarcli.^  This  last  threat  struck  home. 
Hoiely  had  INIonttzuma  sighed  for  liberty,  and  he  had 
feared  for  his  throne;  now  his  own  subjects  threatened 
him  with  what  he  dreaded  most.  In  this  dileunua  he 
turned  to  Cortes.* 

The  apprehensions  of  the  Spaniards  had  been 
aroused  not  only  by  the  secret  interviews  of  tlie 
I)riests,  but  by  the  somewhat  distant  manner  of  t!ie 
emjuTor,  and  .at  this  unusual  sunmions  they  became 
sei'iously  alarmed.  Even  the  general  could  not  sup- 
press his  misgivings  as  he  hurried  to  the  emperoi  s 
apartments,  attended  by  Olid,  then  caf)tain  of  the 
guard.  With  solemn  visage  ^[ontezuma  bade  him  I.e 
seated.  Then  he  reminded  him  of  the  warnings 
against  his  many  rash  proceedings,  ]\articularly  tlie 
installation  of  the  cross  upon  tlie  pyramid.  The  in- 
ci'iised  gods  at  last  had  spoken,  had  ordered  him  \>> 
attack  and  drive  the  Spaniards  into  the  sea,  and  tlie 
people  were  stirred  almost  beyond  control.     He  li.nl 

'  n.marn,  IliM.  Mor.,  I.'IO-";  /in-nnl  Dim,  lI'iM.  Verdrul.,  Sfv-O.  '  KldinMo 
<j  iiMii'liiiH  vi'/.es  Ic  Imhlaiia,  Ic  uiiienii»ina. '  //rnerc,  dec.  ii.  lib.  i.x.  t'up.  m. 
'  llicii  Moi)te(,"iinia  apcrvebir  yiunt  mill  lionihri's  de  pi'lca.'  Orialit.  iii.  ."iiC. 
OtlnTs  mnke  i\\o  iiuinlH.'r  less.  To  this  Clavigi-ro  objects:  'Mi  persuailo  >  \m 
vi  sia  stjitu  in  fatti  iiualclic  truppa  allestita,  iioii  per6  per  ordiiiu  del  Ho,  W'^ 
Biiltjiiitn  iralcuiii  Nobili.'  Stnrin  MfsK.,  iii.  \V1. 

■  Solis  sees  in  this  deterniinatioii  only  a  proof  of  his  supposition  that  tl.i' 
oiler  of  viiHsalagc  and  tribute  was  but  a  iiribe  to  satiate  the  tSi>auiurds,  siiku 
he  now  bids  them  go.  IJiat.  Mex.,  ii.  35-0. 


ACiAIN  COKTiiS  DISSEMnLES. 


US 


only  to  ff'ivc  the  si<(nal;  nay,  did  Ik;  delay  to  do  so, 
tluy  woulil  rise.  But  he  loved  Malinche;  had  he  U'>t 
proved  this  by  his  devotion?  lie  wished  to  save  the 
Spaniards;  and  now  he  warned,  he  implored  them  to 
leave  the  city  hefore  it  wouUl  be  too  late.  They 
iii!L,dit  take  all  his  treasures;  nay,  he  would  <^ive  eaeh 
iii;m  a  load  of  j^old  if  the/  would  oidy  go.^ 

The  tone  and  manner  of  tho  j>rinee  convinced  them 
that  his  words  w^ero  sincere.  Cortes  deemed  it  i)est 
to  feign  comi»liance.  He  thanked  the  emperor  for  the 
interest  manifested  in  their  safety,  and  replied  that 
since  he  and  his  Ljods  and  people  so  desired  it,  they 
would  comply;  but  having  no  vessels,  time  must  be 
allowed  to  build  them.*  This  was  perj)lexing,  but 
^foiitezuma  oveilooked  evervthini^  on  hearinir  that 
llic  S[>aniards  were  ready  to  leave.  He  insist(,'d  no 
I'urther,  knowing  well  enougli  that  he  and  the  other 
(iptives  would  have  to  follow  if  a  withdrawal  fi-om 
ill.'  city  was  rojuired  befc^re  the  means  of  transjjort 
I  Kill  been  found."  He  had  .seen  that  it  did  not  take 
long  to  construct  ships,  and  offered  the  necessary 
<;iij)eiiters  to  fell  and  prepare  timber,  as  before. 
.M<  anwhile  he  would  endeavor  to  a[>poase  his  vas.sals, 
jiointing  out  that  an  uprising  would  be  disa.strous 
iil-o  to  himself  and  them.  Martin  Lopez  was  at 
once  sent  down  to  Villa  Rica  with  Andres  Nuiuiz, 

^ '  Vo  OS  daro  pai'a  vos  dos  cargas  ilo  oro,  6  una  pura  ca<la  cliripstiaiio. '  (h'in/d, 
iii.  ."i()7;  OoDKira,  Hint.  Mcx.,  \\\S.  Hen'<Tn  incicast'S  this  to  four  loads  tor 
Ciitis  and  two  loads  for  each  liorst'iuau.  tU'c  ii.  lili.  ix,  oap.  vi.  .\nd  Diiraii 
lii'.iid  that  a  8liij)-loa<l  of  triNusuivs  was  olVi'iii!;  Ixit  tin;  jiioiis  ("orti's  was  too 
iiitriit  on  converting;  souls  to  accept  tiic  hi'iJK'.  I'hnrri)  >/  <)r< tlnna,  I'lirmiii 
//'>'/v.<,  !(l;  Jiiriiul  />iiiz.  Hist.  Vvrihtil.,  Hd.  Monti'/.uina  had  hccoinc  at- 
t:h  hi'il  to  many  of  the  Spaniards,  including  tlie  courteous  general,  and  n-idly 
^^i>he(l  tliem  well. 

'  ']>ixo  a  vn  KspaHol  do  los  doze,  4  fucasc  a  aiiisar  a  los  compannros  «"j  so 
a|i;injassen  por  (luanto  se  trataua  co  el  du  sus  vidius.'  Gorwirtt,  IliM.  M>.r., 
I'iT  S.  This  author  ami  others  state  that  ( 'ortes  gives  thanks  for  tho  warning, 
ainl  ntlVrs  to  go  wlienevcr  he  is  bidden.  Montezuma,  equally  polite,  ttdls  him 
t.i  Mli'ct  his  own  time.  When  reaily  to  leave  ho  will  give  a  KmkI  of  gohl  to 
i:ic  h  man,  and  two  for  himself.     Cortes  thereupon  brings  up  the  (juestion  of 

\(>^l  Is. 

■'  'Cortes  Ic  dixo. . .  .4  itor  fner(,'ftauia  de  irel  Mi'itecuma  con  nosotros,  nar.i 
(|Up  le  via  nuestro  gran  Knincra<lor.'  /iirnnl  Diaz,  J/int.  Venlnil.,  8(i.  It  is 
ii'>t  |iroi)aiile  that  this  xtas  S4iid  on  the  prt.-»ent  ocuosiuu,  however,  and  it  would 
011I3  have  irritated  the  eniiH;ror. 


t    ' 


350 


THE  CUBAN  GOVERNOR  IN  n'RSUIT. 


some  f'liiefs,  antl  a  uunibor  of  Indian  workmen,  to 
huikl  three  vcsHels,  but  with  secret  instructions  to 
delay  the  work  in  every  manner." 

Cort(5s  had  no  intention  to  surrender  his  hold  on 
the  country.     It  was  now  more  than  eight  months 
since  the  procuradores   had  left  for   Spain,  and   lie 
Ix'U^an  to  look  for  their  return  with  a  royal  com- 
mission, if  not  with  reinforcements.     Once  provided 
v/ith  this  worshipful  paper  he  could  bravo  Velazcpuz 
and  all  the  world.     He  could  send  to  the  Islands  and 
buy  vessels,  arms,  and  supplies;  and  he  could  easily 
enlist  all  the  troops  necessary  to  the  achievement  of 
his  great  project.     INIeanwhile  he  hoped  to  maintain 
his  position,  supported  by  native  allies,  such  as  the 
Tlascaltecs,  Chinantecs,  Goazacoalcos,and  Cempoalaiis. 
It  needed  not  the  warning  of  ^lontezuma  to  con\  iiuc 
the  Spaniards  that  a  serious  attitude  had  been  as- 
sumed against  them   by   the   natives,  and  that   t!ic 
])recautions  for  defence  must  be  redoubled.     Tlie  at- 
t.^ndants  appeared  less  obsequious,  and  the  supplies 
Jiad  materially  diminished — owing  to  the  late  drought. 
they  said,"*     This  was  remedied  by  the  commands  »it" 
the  emperor.     But  even  the  prospect  of  a  speedy  de- 
parture of  the  strangers  did  not  api)ear  to  conciliate 
the  people;  and  less  sanguine  than  their  leader,  tlie 
soldiers   of  Cortes   felt    ojipressed    by  gloomy    fore- 
bodings.    In  addition  to  this  they  were  harassed  by 
extra  guard  duty  and  by  being  obliged  to  sleep  in 
their  accoutrements,  ready  for  instant  defence.* 

•  'Yd  con  ossos  iiidios,  ^  cortose  la  inadera,  y  entretanto  Dioa  noa  provcii-.i 
do  fioiito  1^  socornt :  j>i>r  tjuito,  poned  U\\  dilai^ion  (inu  i«vrezca  que  Imcfvs  alu'". ' 
(trii'ilo,  iii.  r>(>7-S;  Gomura,  llUf.  Mex.,  l.'J8.  li«!nial  Diaz  coiit<i(li'rs  tliM 
wroiiLf.  He  knows  not  what  Coptics  told  Lopez,  '  mas  nniy  secretaiiifiitc  in.' 
(lixo  el  Martin  I^opez.  <nio  do  heclio,  y  apricssa  los  labrava.  Monteziiina  li.i'l 
il'Muaiidecl  that  'no  huviesse  mas  palabnis,  sino  obnw.'  Hinf.  FVcAk/. ,8tl.  I'lf 
h.ips  Lopez  did  hurry,  from  jwraonal  feur  of  remaining  in  the  country;  t>r  lu'  may 
have  l)eon  iiistnieted  hy  Cortes  to  say  so  to  the  soldiers,  in  order  to  calm  tlnni, 

^  '  ( 'onien/6  il  faltar  todo  lo  necessario  pani  comer  y  l>elH^r.'  To  rciiniiy 
this,  strict  orders  hail  to  l)e  issued  to  pi)rv(>yors,  and  the  Tlascaltecs  wm-' 
siiit  on  f()i'ai,'in',' expeditions,  whicii  led  to  much  abuse.  S'thaijnn,  IJint.  I'l'iiq., 
-2:>  (ed.  1840),  m. 

'Guinaru,  Hist.  Mex.,  138.     lu  spuakmg  of  this,  Bernul  Diuz  says  that  hu 


Ul 


A^TOTIIER  EXPEDITION  I'LAXNED. 


3.-,: 


Wc  must  now  j^o  Iwk  to  Cal>ii  for  a  in<niiont,wlK'ro 
Idii'^  since  we  Irtt  tliu  initc  jjfovmior  C'Ui-sin;^.  P»)<»r 
A\l;i/.<|iK'z!  Curdoha,  (IrijalvM,  ('ortt's,  all  the  dt-j)- 
ulics  sent  out  to  eon(|Uer  tVn'  liiiu  new  lands,  had  only 
li.cii  a  drain  on  liim,  l>rin<^in<^  back  little  compensation 
ill  slaves  and  gold.  l)ee])ly  as  he  felt  these  trouMes 
tin  V  had  not  yet  aftected  his  obesity,  nnd  it  was  with 
(lilliculty  that  he  waddled  about  his  island  stirrinjj^  up 
iixHii^ers.  With  the  aid  of  Fonseca  the  chaplain, 
]!rnito  Martin,  whom  Velazquez  had  sent  to  Sjjain 
(111  liis  behalf,  had  obtaintnl  for  him  a  royal  commis- 
sion,'' with  the  title  of  adelantado  (tf  the  lands  lately 
discovered  under  his  auspices  to  the  westward;  and 
( litober,  lol'.),  saw  busy  prejtaiations  on  the  island 
t'oi-  an  expedition  as  well  against  Cortes  as  Mt)nte- 


zunia 


10 


There  was  no  trouble  in  obtaining  men.  The  rumors 
created  by  the  visit  of   Puertocarrero  and  Moutejo 

lKi;iiiie  so  used  to  sleeping  in  liis  clotlit's,  ami  cndurini;  lmrilsliii)^<  jji'iitTally, 
iliat  Ik;  iilniost  tliscanloil  tlio  lx!d  (lin'iiij,'  his  hitor  ciu'imu'iKlfio  lifi',  aiul 
loulil  tjilit!  only  short  naps.  '  Esto  In-  ilicho.  poripii'  si'iii\<lo  t|Uo  arto  antlaiiios 
los  viidaclems  ('oni|uisti(h)ros,  y  oomo  fstavainos  tan  acostul)r!ulo.s  a  hi-t 
anii.is,  y  a  vchir. '  liitt.  Venlm/.,  S(l. 

■'  'I'iiis  was  (hitotl  Saragossa,  Novi-nilier  1.1,  l.'ilS,  within  a  wci'k  of  rx)rt('-s' 
usu;|iaii()n  of  the  tlci't,  as  Las  Casas  ol>stiv<'s,  and  concodcd  to  Vt'la/()U»'/.  tin- 
jMisitinu  of  adchinUido  not  only  over  Yucatan,  ('ozuincl,  anil  'otiur  islands' 
(li.«i'uviri'd  l)y  his  oxpoditions,  out  over  any  fiiitluT  lands  that  ho  might  lind. 
Ill  ciMmei.'tion  witii  this  title  was  granted,  to  him  and  on<!  heir,  one  tifteentli 
(if  thi'  revenue  aeerning  to  the  king  from  these  lands;  and  after  their  cim- 
<|iii>st  iiiid  settlementono  twentieth  of  the  same  revenue,  in  perin'tuity  for  liim- 
^<li  .'iiid  lieirs,  from  anyone  island  that  he  mi'dit  seleet— tin;  ili.seoveries  were 
su|)|i'iscd  to  be  all  islands.  All  supplies  of  foocl,  clothes,  and  arms,  introduced 
hy  liiiii  (luring  his  life,  were  to  lie  free  of  duty.  In  supi>ort  of  his  expenses  a 
r(iy:il  phmUition  near  Hahana  was  transferred  to  iiim,  and  an  annual  salary 
coiiici  red  of  3()0,'.)00  mai-avedis.  A  nundn-r  of  other  provisions  were  made  for 
tlie  promotion  of  economic,  politic,  and  spiritual  M-elfaro  in  the  new  region. 
A  >yiinpsisof  the  conimissioi\  is  given  in  LusCu.vi.'t,  Hist,  [nil.,  v.  '2  Ti.  l'ie>(utt 
iiii-uinlerstands  the  Cnrta  ih.  i'l'lny/ittz  of  ()otoi)er  1'2,  l.">l!(,  in  su]ipositi;,'  that 
tlie  L'nvernor  had  not  received  notice;  of  his  appointment  by  that  time,  and  is 
thiTiliire  wrong  in  taking  Gomara  to  task  for  saying:;  '  Estando  pues  en  aipieste 
IKMisaiuieto  [to  thwart  Cortes),  auino  ipie  Uejio  a  Santiaf.'o. . .  .cartas  del  Ein- 
pirailor,  y  el  titulo  do  Adelantado,  ycedulade  la  goueinacion. . .  .de  ^'uc.ita.' 
//'-'.  Mr.,:,  140. 

' ' '  'nrta  do  Vchvi'iez,  Octo1)cr  12,  I.TIO,  in  Pnr/icfo  and  Ciinlriint,  <  '"I.  J ><■'•. , 
xii.  '_'tl>-,")l.  Solis  assumes  that  tlie  prepar.itionsof  Vilaz<|uez  were  influenced 
hy  the  news  of  the  rect.'ption  acoonled  in  ."'pain  to  the  proeuradoresof  Cort.  s. 
//'■'  MfX.,  ii.  42-4.  But  this  supposition,  Ifused  jMirily  on  a  vague-  ex- 
pn  -iui'  o'  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  ciip.  xviii.,  is  wiong.  for  the  procura- 
ilcins  reached  Spain  only  in  October,  una  wore  detained  for  some  time  before 
tlic_\  >aw  the  emperor. 


3.'>a 


THK  CUnAX  OOVKRNOR  IN  TURSUIT, 


11 


left  tlio  iinprosHiori  tlisit  shii)-l()atls  of  oold  had  l)o;ii 
forwarded  fi'om  the  now  region  to  Spain,  and  tlie 
island  was  conse(in(;ntly  in  a  f(;rnient  witli  excitc- 
nicnt.  So  great  i!id<.'ed  beeanio  the  desire  to  eidisf, 
that  Vehizquez  would  in  any  case  have  heen  oi)lig(d 
to  loi'ni  an  expedition  to  prevent  the  people  fioiu 
going  on  their  own  account  to  reinforce  Cortes."  At 
iirst  it  was  aiuiounced  that  the  governor  wouhl  go  in 
person,  and  so  prevent  furtlier  rebellion,  l^ut  Wliiz- 
(|Uez  never  thought  of  such  a  thing:  he  was  tuD 
cori>ulent,  he  lacked  courage,  and  he  could  not  ahaii- 
don  his  interests  and  his  post  in  Cuba,  leaving  the 
island  scantily  provided  with  defenders.  Further  tluiii 
this,  he  had  confidence  in  the  lei^al  ri<;ht  conferred  on 
him  over  the  new  country  and  over  any  expedition  lie 
might  semi.  His  announced  reasons  were  the  duties 
of  his  oiHce,  which  demanded  his  [)resonce  more  than 
ever  owing  to  the  prevalent  small-pox  epidemic.''^ 

Among  the  many  candidates  eager  for  the  connniiiid 
Were  IJaltasar  Bermudez,  a  relative,  A^asco  Porcailo 
de  Figueroa,  and  IMnfilo  de  Narvaez,  the  first  (wo 
mentioned  already  in  connection  with  Cortes'  apjioint- 
ment.  With  ]^ermudez  the  governor  could  come  to 
m*  arrangement,  and  with  Porcailo  he  managed  1o 
(juarrel  after  sekn'ting  him,"  so  tiiat  he  was  left  with 
no  other  choice  than  Narvaez.  This  was  the  hiilalgo 
of  A'^alladolid,"  whom  we  have  met  before,  who  had 
joined  Velazquez  shortly  after  his  arrival  in  Cuba, 
and  had  taken  a  leailing  part  in  its  conquest.  Tlii^ 
over,  he  ha<l  married  a  rich  widow,  IMaria  de  Valtii- 
zuela,  possessing  a  number  of  towns,  and  had  acce|itnl 
ci\  il  positions,  such  as  procurador  for  the  island,  ami 
conta<lor  in  the  newly  discovered   region.     Narvat/ 

"  'Coiiofiondo  <].H'  l;i  goto,  de  vna  iimnera  o  <lc(  otra,  8e  auia  dc  jt,  nconlo 
d<,'  ri-cogi'i-la. '  ll(r  crii,  di'C.  ii.  lili.  ix.  cap.  xviii. 

'-'  Litter  to  F!itiiiToii,  Nov.  17,  151!),  in  /(•azlnttcftn,  t'ol.  Dor.,  i.  4()(). 

'•'  It  ajipcara  tliat  Vi'lawini'/.'  suspicious  nature  had  led  liini  t«  cjist  n'l!<i'- 
tions  upon  I'orcallo,  wiio  rcsentod  them  by  thr()win;^  np  the  api>ointirn m, 
lleiTcra  tells  tlie  story,  whicli  is  not  very  interesting,   dec.  ii.  lil>.  ix.  cap.  win. 

' '  Menial  Diaz  says  also  '  UuUaduIid,  6  de  Tudela  de  Uuero.'  lllal.  I'cd/ '-  , 
2415,  38. 


NARVAKZ  SKLHCTI'J)  AS  LEADKR. 


3:)9 


'I'jiti'il 
(I,  iiii'l 
;irv;i«  /, 


Jip.  xviu. 


was  al)ont  forty-two  yoars  of  ivro,  tall  and  stroiij^ly 
Itiiilt,  with  a  lonjjf  faci',  ruddy  <'om|)l('xion,  and  .sandy 
Itt'ard.  To  a  deiq)  voice  nii^Iit  l)e  added  a«jfreoal)lo 
luiinnors,  buinj^  (juite  fascinatin"^  in  conversation.  His 
(|U;ditics  W(.'re  .sucii  as  created  lavorable  impression. 
Oidinarily  lie  exhibited  j^ood  judgment,  hut  he  was 
careless,  headstrong,  and  arrogant.  As  Ji  soldier  he 
was  undouhtedly  hrave,  hut  deficient  in  discij)line  and 
foresight;  as  a  general  he  was  far  from  being  the  ecjual 
of  Cortus.»» 

Hy  virtue  of  his  commission  Velazquez  appointed 
this  man  captain-general  and  lieutenant-governor  of 
the  new  country,  with  orders  to  send  Cortes  and  an}' 
nhellious  ca])tain  in  chains  to  Cuba,  to  carry  on  the 
c()n<[U(!st,  and  to  administer  for  the  best  interests  of 
tlie  settlement."'  But  the  friends  of  Cortes  were  not 
i(ll(!.  They  caused  rej)resentations  to  be  secretly  made 
to  the  audiencia"  tiiat  a  fratricidal  war  was  about  to 
i)e  opened  in  the  new  region,  ruinous  to  the  interests 
of  (iod  and  the  king,  and  legal  steps  were  at  once 
taken  by  the  promotor  fiscal.'"    The  policy  of  Cortes 

'■'  'A  cstc  Narv.icz  liizo  Dii-go  Vc!liiz(|iR'z  sii  Capitnii  principal,  tiieinpro 
li(mr;iii(l()l(),  ilo  inanoru  <nu;  (lespiu's  <K''l  t;iv<»  on  ai|iiellu  isla  *^1  primer  lugar. ' 
l.'H  (.'iiiiM,  Hist.  I  nil.,  iv.  4-<»;  Ucieilo,  i.  4%.  'Deziau  que  era  inny  cscaco.' 
Ill i-iKtl  hlin,  Hitl.  I'lnlail.,  '247. 

''■  In  a  k'tttT  to  .Iiiilgi!  Fignuroa,  of  the  Kspaftola  andiencia,  dateil  Novum- 
licr  IT,  15l!(,  he  gives  notice  of  this  appointment,  and  states  that  the  object 
(it  tilt'  expeilition  ia  to  iirevent  injui-y  to  the  royal  interest  and  outrages  iqion 
tiif  natives.  Tiiat  very  ilay  lie  was  leaving  for  Trinidad  and  otlier  parts  to 
aid  N'arvaez  in  the  pi-eparations,  /ruzlnil'itn,  (Jul.  J)in-.,  i.  .'<!>!>  40;<.  Narvaez' 
ap]>ointnient  is  mentioned  already  in  the  letter  of  October  I'Jth,  addressed  to  a 
Spanish  dignitary,  wherein  he  is  spoken  of  as  contador  for  tiie  new  countries. 
I'liilicm  and  Vurdfiiiui,  Vol.  /><>,•.,  xii.  •J.")0. 

''  'Auisoy  rclucion  dellos  h'S  emlfio  desde  Cubas  el  licenciado  Zua(,'o,  ipte 
iiuia  venido. . .  .a  tomar  resiilencia.'  liiriml  IHnz,  JIi.it.  Vcidud.,  87.  But  we 
arc  safe  in  saying  that  Duero  gave  the  impuls(^ 

'■'This  utUcial,  Juan  Carrillo,  laid  tiie  ciuse  before  the  audiencia,  Decendx^r 
■Jltli,  representing  that  Corti'S  had  witiiout  superior  permi.ssion  made  war 
(111  the  natives  of  the  new  lands  and  t'on(piered  tiu^tn.  He  had  also  appro- 
Idiated  Velazquez'  lleet  and  captured  men  from  (iaray's  jvirty,  greatly  to  the 
ill  jury  of  both.  Vela/(}uez  was  now  pre|)aring  an  ex|M'dition  against  iiim.  Tlie 
two  parties  would  meet  and  fight,  giving  the  natives  the  opiiortunity  to  rise 
:ii:(l  recover  the  country.  IJoth  Cortes  and  Velazquez  being  guilty  in  under- 
taking such  exiMjditions  without  authority,  the  fiscal  prays  that  tliey  bo 
piiiii.slied  in  person  and  estate.  An  oidor  or  his  proxy  should  at  onct?  be  sent 
til  investigate  the  case  and  prevent  such  war.  During  tiio  following  weeks 
(  :iiiill(i  iiresented  lcttei"s  and  witnes-^es  in  siipixirt  of  his  i)etition.  /'/ocisu  imi" 
Jiiiil  Auiikncia  dc  la  En^ianolii,  in  JcttzbtUceUi,  Col.  Doc.,  i.  404-10. 


300 


THE  CUHAN  fJOVKUXOR  IX  Tl'liSUIT. 


I  :■ 


ill  scndiiiij  pnR'uradorcs  to  Sj»;un,  with  pri'Sfiiis  and 
iMO-^snL;.'<  to  tliL'  kiii,L,S  liad  its  flU'ot  on  tlu*  aiidii.'iiria, 
wliicli  considciod  not  oidy  that  his  case  liad  passed 
hoyond  Uu'Ui,  hut  that  he  was  lendirin^^  and  likely 
to  lender,  Ljivater  servure  to  tlio  royal  inte'ivst  than 
was  Ids  I'ival.  By  no  means  predisposed  in  favor  (if 
\'elaz(juez,  they  moreover  seiit  tt>  Ciiha  the  prudent 
licentiate  Lucas  Vazcpiez  de  Aillon,  a  mond)er  of 
theirboily,  with  instructions  to  i)revunt  the  threatened 
dan<;er. 

Accompanied  hy  Pedro  de  Lodesma,  socrotarv  to  tin- 
audiencia.  and  the  al<4,Miacil  mayor,  Aillon  met  Narvae/, 
at  Yanua,''*  jirej)aiMng  with  a  portion  of  the  iieet  to  jitin 
the  rest  at  ( aianiguanico.  I'lacin^  the  cajitain  under 
injunction  not  to  leave  Cuha,  he  proceeded  to  llu- 
rendezvous  and  represented  t(»  VelaztjUez  the  v\\\ 
which  must  result  iVom  his  project,  ur^ini^  that  his 
duty  as  jj;()vern()r  and  l(»yal  suhject  demande«l  him  to 
i'oi-ci^^)  personal  vemjeance  and  interest,  auvl  iinally 
i'orhidding  the  exjjedition  without  express  permission 
IVom  the  kint:^.  The  L'overnor,  who  ap[)ears  to  have 
<»htain»>(l  more  definite  news  fnun  Spain  rei^ardinn"  th'' 
Mcalth  and  promises  vi'  New  Spain,  was  nu>re  di't(  r- 
mined  tiiau  ever  to  carry  out  his  scheme,  .lleiyiii^' 
ui>on  the  <;rant  of  the  country  to  himself,  he  consid 
ei'od  that  he  had  every  ri^dit  t(j  claim  his  own  and  to 
treat  Cortes  as  an  interloi»er.  At  tirst  he  ivl'used  to 
i'eco';iiize  the  jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  in  tlif 
matter,  but  pretended  Iinally  to  fall  in  with  Aillon  s 
views. 

It  was  accordin^nrly  aj^reod  that,  in  order  to  jim- 
mote  the  interests  both  of  kiiiij:  ti'»(l  o-overnor,  l»v 
rendcn'iniijf  available  the  costly  preparations  nuuK".  the 
tleet  should  jiroceed  to  its  destination,  but  without 
Indians,  and  with  a  less  number  of  settlers  than  had 
volunteered.  Narv'aez  might  present  the  claims  of 
Ids  principal  upon  Cortes,  but  only  in  a  j)eact;al)l'' 
manner,  without   landin^r  any  forces.     If  they  wer< 

'*  Fourteen  Iwigut's  west  of  Trinulad. 


A  MAfJXIFlCr.XT  FORCE. 


ii(»<  cntcrtaiiK'.l,  lio  must  sail  <»n\var<l  in  (|iU'>i  oj'  nuw 
discovi'rics,*' 

III  tlio  |)ivsoiice  of  Ailluii  insti'Uctioiis  w  r<  Mi\'<'ii 
1(1  Xarvaoz  in  a; 'con lance  with  tlie  aLTrrcuK'nt ,  hut  tlio 
I'liiiHT  nev<'rti)i'lt'-<8  rcsolwd  to  acconipanv  tlic  cxjh>- 
(lition  and  watcli  ovit  tiu-ir  ohm-rvaiu't',  i'nv  lie  sus- 
|i('cti'.l  i\w  sincerity  of  liotli  parties.'^' 

'I'lu'  expedition  was  tlu;  lanjfost  which  had  a-*  yet 
hivn  littod  out  in  the  Now  WorM,  and  consisted  of 
eleven  lar^o  and  seven  small  vessels,  with  j;omewhat 
over  nine  hundred  soldiers,  includiii'^  ei.jhly  men  with 
ii:v-ar.ns.  one  hundr.-d  auvl  twenty  with  ei-os;-h;)ws, 
nrid  eiijlity  horsemen.  There  were  also  si-veral  hun- 
(Ircd  Indians,  a  larLj^!  force  of  sailors,  and  a  |»ai"k  of 
artillery,  toLjether  with  auiple  stores  of  all  kin<ls.-^ 

"'TimIo  lo  quul  «"  nsuntii  dcsta  inauera,  y  1"  'li'*  P^r  iiiKtruciiKij  oii  mi 
pr<'soiu':;k  111  (lii'h)  I'.inlila  «lo  Xarv.'icz.'  Aijlfon,  in  i'lirta  (/<•  .imlrniin,  i:i 
J'.iiliii-i  mill  CiirikmiM,  i'ul.  />  ><•.,  xiii.  ',".17.  L'l'i'  full'.  '•  toxt  nf  tlii*  ii';rci'iii"i>t 
t.<\i  Ai/liiii,  I'ltr'iri;  ii)  <'</.  /foe,  lii'd.,  i.  47iJ-'.>.  1>.\  tlie 'liiiio  th(!  iliscovcry 
voy;i,'  •  \\;ij  ecneludod  V.w  Uiir;  woiilil  li:ivo  <li'ci(li".l  tlu:  oasi'. 

'•' Tlii'i  creviw  out  in  liis  report,  tu  \vliio!i  lio  ft'Uli:  '  I'ii'-cciiWni.'  i|m',  pU'-a 
\<  iiri!ioi|KiliMo:ito  liiiliiiv  itl)  ii  t  .slorkir  (|Ui3  no  Dvicat-n  iK'liati'.s  y  <wu  mil  J  >.<■, 
i|  u"  <l  lii.i  sf;;tiir  mi  c.-r.nin  i  liasUi,  luj  ilcxiir  j  acilic  (.i.'  /'iir/n  <•  i  awl  <  'nr  li-uit*, 
(\if.  J)'ii\,  xiii.  X)7.  Till!  .ni'o;m:it  of  lii.4  eilorta  in  ('iib:i  'm  nh  >  aivvn  in  i\ 
i*[)f(i;il  Icilcr  ti>  tUc  kin;,',  wriltfii  l>y  him  at  (.Juiuiijuanii'o  .Marili  -itii,  on  tlio 
(A  •  I'i  li,  iiirtiirj  for  Now  SjKiin.  Tlii^i  letter  \va3<letaine,l  ia  ('al>;i  till  Au%'iist. 
J'c-hirnvM[(  'linli  11(1.1,  ('a/.  /)()<■.,  xi.  4IW-tiJ;  Cot.Jhr.  I.inl..  i.4S|  At.  Ikir-'ra. 
v.Ii  J  i.j  not  aware  of  tliu  a;_;roeiiK'ut  \vit!i  Aillun.  asjiinic.i  tliat  Vda/iine/  a:iil 
'S:\v\-.i:'?,  answer  his  jmjtests  by  mere  a.ssurance.j  that  they  intend  n  >  harm,  Imt 
V  ill  take  earc  of  the  kin;^'j  interest,  Narvaez  cniliji!,'  t!io  disini  ision  hy  hayiu',' : 
'il  •  i|ia'i|uieni  manera  t\'  i>ens;iua  einharear  dentro  de  iloi  !i)i:i;.'  il  ;e.  ii,  lili. 
i\.  ea[i.  xviii.  ]iernal  I >iaz  also  states  tliat  VeLi;'.(|Uez  relied  so  inueii  <i:i  t'lo 
f  iviir  ot  the  bishop  that  ho  totally  i,<^nored  tiie  protests  of  Aiilon.  ',Soldadin 
ilixrron,  i|i:e  veiiia  eon  inteiieion  de  nyudarnos,  y  ^u  ii(»  lo  inidie.^se  lia/.er,  tomar 
1'.  tii'rr.i  en  si  p>r  su  M:igest;id,  com.)  Oidor,'  ll'nif.  \'i  nlii/..  S~.  Solis  sup- 
]i  <M-  ith;it  Aiilon  hopeil  to  prevail  on  Narvaez  when  once  out  of  \'el.i/;i(iie/'  leaeh. 
y/-'.  .!/(•.,  ii. 47;  r'tirt'.t, '  ViWas  1 17;  iloiwird,  llisi.  Mi .i\.  111).  The  j,'overn  ir 
evi. I  iitly  feared  to  op|ioso  Aillon's  dista.steful  resolution  toeml)ark,  ie-il  hi 
t^lioiild  iiiduee  the  aiulieneia  to  adopt  a  more  forcilile  interference  ;  and  iKihaiu 
II-'  lllo^l^'ht  that  his  protests  could  he  more  safely  disregarded  the  farther  lu! 
Was  re:iioved  from  tlic  centi*o  of  government. 

•-'  .\t  the  review  in  C.-inpoala,  Now  .Spain,  were  found  8;)  musketeers,  I'J:) 
nie'ier-i,  (RK)  infantry, and  81)  horsemen,  itininra,  llial.  .1/r.f. ,  I  |(!.  (,'ort.s  was 
t  'M  hy  (iuevara  that  there  were  800  infantry,  including  80  airhers  and  Vl'i 
i'iii>I;eU'crs.  Car'na,  110.  Oviedo  has  only  803  men,  but  with  "JlH)  horses, 
iii.  ,'i()-«,  while  JJernal  Diaz  raises  the  totals  to  10  vesscN,  with  l.'iO!)  to 
I  li''i  soldiers,  including  SO  horsemen,  00  archers,  and  70  musketeers,  hut  not 
•uniting  the  sailors.  The  ai'tillery  of  guns  was  in  charge  of  ( 'aptiin  Uodrigo 
M^nfiii.  /ilst.  I'mlti'l.,  S()-7.  Clavigero  adopts  18  vessels,  80(t  infantry,  S.l 
•■rivalry,  over  ."KK)  sailors,  and  Ti  guns.  Storia  Mi''<3.,m.  11.'?.  Aiilon  vaguely 
iiieiiUons  'over  (lOJ  Spaniards  in  sixteen  vessels.'    'Siu  nue  yo  lo  supicse, 


312 


THE  craAN  oovnnxor.  ix  rrnsriT. 


I  !  ■ 


ii.J 


S.iil  w.is  Hc't  o;ivly  in  Mardi,  1  r>20,  an;!  iiftt^r  t :);i;'^- 
ini^iit  ( 'o/.MMU'l  Island  t<>  pick  up  tlu'  party  wiiifli  lial 
been  ]rSt  V.wvr'^'  soint!  tinio  ItutoH',  tliov  entered  Kin 
<le  'I'aliasco  to  obtain  water  and  provisions.  'I'Ik?  in- 
luii'itaiiJ -.  lied  tVoni  the  town  on  seeini^  so  lar','e  a 
four,  l)nt  with  tlio  aiil  ot"  un  interpreter  found  there 
they  Wen;  reassured,  an<l  brou;^ht  maize  and  fowl, 
toufether  with  three  women,  as  [>resents  for  the  eaji- 
tain.  Four  days  after  leavin*'  the  river  the  fleet  w;>; 
disjM'rsed  hy  a  storm,  with  the  loss  of  six  vessiils  an! 
a  numl>er  of  soldiers  and  sailors.^*  The  rest  of  the 
vessels  ariived  at  San  Juan  de  Ulua  in  the  latter  }>art 
of  April.^ 

Three  soldiers,  deserters  from  the  exploring  expe- 
dition'-'" of  Cortes,  came  on  board,  and  after  declaring 

llovur'iii  liiista  mil  indios. '  Cart'i,  in  Paehtro  and  CiirdentM,  Col.  Ihx-.,  xiii. 
X't~;  uuil  T')i)iiis;iys  l(>t)l>an<l  odd  men.  It'/.,  in  li-nzhalcvta.  Col.  Dor.,  U.  :,',^~. 
Tliolii^mvsfroiiitho  roviewiu  Xuw  Spain  must  Iw  iiicruaiied  by  tliuiuniiltcr  lust 
vitli  KJx  of  tlio  vesHcli  oli'  that  coast,  and  this  may  bo  wiiat  Itcrnul  i'iii/.  at- 
tcinpt  i  to  di>,  althoii^^h  ho  evidently  niakcH  tho  catimato  tou  high.  A','iisii]i 
llormiiikv.  was  algiiacil  mayor,  and  CortOs'old  friend,  Duero,  managed  to  jdia 
a:i  contador.    Ifirrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  i. 

■•'  Kighty  Spiiniardj  had  Imjch  landed,  and  a  number  of  Indians,  but  most 
of  the  latter,  together  with  a  largo  proportion  of  tho  natives,  had  d'wd  >  I 
M:null-pox  intrtMluced  by  the  Cubans.  To  judge  from  Aillon's  report  lio  jip- 
]>(>ars  to  have  allowed  a,  number  of  Spaniards  to  remain,  with  n  view  to  in:  k  ; 
there  a  cjiUing-placo  for  ship  .  and  wiiicli  might  servo  as  a  base  for  operation  i 
tending  to  the  eouipiest  of  .leutuu.  Ho  refers  to  tho  latter  country  a.i  mi 
island  adjoining  Ulua,  whicl.,  ho  believes  is  a  continent,  lying  near  tlio  liii'i 
tliscovcred  by  Solis  and  Yuftcz.  Carta  de  Autliencia,  Aug.  30,  1520,  in  J'ttchrc) 
and  ('lirileiKt",  Cnl.  />o:,  xiii.  3.18. 

''  'So  ahogaron  cintiiionti ombres  6  los  dcmoa  escnpamoscon  liarto  ries'jo.' 
Carti  d'  Aidlienciii,  in  /'nc  hero  and  CnrdeiioH,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  338-1).  MotiIi'- 
zuiiix  iiiformeil  C'ortt^s  of  this  shipwreok,  '»5  lo  mostr6  en  una  manta  piiitiiil  i 
die/,  y  oclio  navioi,  6  los  cinco  delios  it  la  coata  qucbrados  6  trastoniado.s  ci  ■  1 
arena.'  'J'fi/tin,  Ilcl.,  in  Ir'tzhalota,  Col.  JJoc.,  ii.  580.  'Tuuovn  vientodi^  Nor'.u 
. . . .  y  do  noche  so  le  iK>rdio  vn  nauio  do  ivxjo  porto,  que  dio  al  traucs;  ('apitai 

.  . . .  ( 'liristoval  do  Moranto y  so  ahog6  cicrta  gente.'  Bernal  Diaz,  //'•'. 

Vrrdivl.,  87. 

•'Aillon  was  among  tho  first  to  arrive,  Narvacz  and  tho  other  ciptiiii:^ 
c:)niiiig  in  during  tho  following  two  days.  Carta  de.  Aitdicnria,,  in  I'n'-lirr  •  jinl 
CiirdriKf,  Col.  Itoc,  xiii.  330.  Hence  I'rescott's  date  of  April  '23d  isHomowli.  t 
t  >o  accurate.  Ilrasseur  de  IJourlwurg  assumes  that  a  landing  is  effcctcil  ■  i 
April  20tli.  Illst.  K<it.  ',Vi'.,  iv.  270.  Cortes  states  that  tho  news  reaclicd  iiiia 
i'l  the  beginning  of  May.  Cartas,  1 13.  Taking  four  days  to  travel  to  Mexi'  ■. 
Tho  licet  arrived  eight  days  after  the  ship-building  party  ha<l  left  the  ca])it  il 
(•'oinnra,  IH<l.  Mrx.,  138;  Alatnnn,  Disert.,  i.  103.  Narvacz'  agent  in  Spin 
states  that  the  Hoot  numbered  eleven  vessels  on  arrival.  Demanda  de  Cvliul'"  , 
in  InrJiiilref.a,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  437. 

-'  riircc  of  tho  men  left  in  Chinantla,  'quo  so  dczian  Coruantcs  el  oho( 

rero,  y  Escalana,   y Alonso  Hernandez  Carrctero.'  Bernal  Diaz,  ll-'. 


N.UIVAKZ  LANDS  AT  VKRA  CRVZ. 


but,  must 
(lieil  .  t' 
ho  ill'- 
ti)  in:  1; ! 
pcratiiiii  t 
Irv  a.i :  a 
th.^  I'.-i  1 
.IWlf  > 

to  i'ies';i>.' 

liiitml'  I 
1(H  ( :i  '  1 

('apitii'i 
(■«:,  //.  '. 

c:ipt:iir.s 

lomowli.it 
Tcctivl  ■  :i 
clu'tl  liim 
sMcxi'  '. 
(>ca)>it  il. 
in  Sjiiiu 

A  clvx'"- 
a:,  ir.d. 


alk',^ianco  to  Xarvacz,  jxmrod  into  tho  curs  of  tlicir 
v.-oudcrinj^  couutrvmou  tin;  story  of  tlicir  ^cin'iars 
I'lilliant  achiovoincuts.  They  told  <»t'  tin;  vast  fxtcut 
;inil  ivsouivc  •f  ilio  roimtry,  of  tin*  wcaltli  accumu- 
latcil,  the  uiifairin  s.<  of  CoiiL's  in  divitliuj^,  and  tlio 
(•MiiscMjuont  diseontont.  of  tin*  soldiers  and  tin;  jlan'jfcr 
of  their  position. ^^  This  tended  to  render  the  eonceite  I 
Xarvaez  over-eoiilident.  so  that  his  rival  was  rather 
h.  iie'ited  than  injuri'd  hy  the  story  of  the  desi  iters, 
lie  now  told  Aillon  that  he  wonld  liri«l,  sinei?  ( 'oi-te>» 
►  far  in  the  interior  and  the  v.  -isels  in  a  had 


\v; 


CO 


is   s( 


ndition.  He  was  also  determined  tt»  form  a  srttle- 
lacnt,  and  rei^ardless  of  the  oi  1  r's  j/iotes^  a  town 
was  I'oundod  for  a  second  time  upon  the  site;  of  tlu 
'  esent  Vera  Cniz.^  Tiio  j^'overnoi  t  f  Cnetlaclitlan 
liastened  to  send  presents  of  stipplics,  as  an  act  of 
(•'•urtesy  to  a  captain  wnom  lu;  suppos(Ml  to  he  th'.5 
fiirnd  of  Corte's.  He  was  undcu'cived,  however,  an  I 
t-iid  hy  the  deserters  that  Narvarz  was  the  i-eal  envoy 
ami  captain  sent  hy  the  kinijf,  whih.*  Cortes  and  Iii ; 
iiu-n  Were  fu'jfitive  adventurers  whom  Xarvaez  w(»nl  I 
I'niiisji.  His  kin;4  had  heard  of  the  outrage  on  tho 
emperor,  and  had  sent  him  to  procure  his  relea-e,  to 
i.store  order,  and  tliereu[)on  to  return.  The  l,^ovi  rnor 
r  .[lorted  this  to  Montezuma,  who,  thiidviny  no  dou!;t 

V  r'l'fl,^  ,S7;  Ifirrrra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xviii.  I'orms  gives  .several  niul  <lif- 
f  I  lilt  II  iinca.  C'orliM,  I'l'.v  Icwiu,  ii.  .")01(.  CJortt'.s  ;i|>|K'arn  t  >  nay  tli.it  lluy  wcra 
till-  iiic:i  sent  by  Iiiiu  to  bring  ncwaof  Narvacz  aid  wli  )d'.siTtiMl.  ( 'rtr/'i  ■,  1 1.'). 
Ai.liin  s|k.m1v3  of  «no  man  who  cmwi  on  bi)ard  of  liis  vcs.scl.  FiiidiiiL;  i!i:it 
r  .rts  b:id  instructed  the  Imlians  to  rc^'ard  any  fl(^^•i^'n  jirrivals  a^^  ininiic-:!, 
tliism^n  was  sent  toreassup)  tliein.  ( '  iria  ile.  .1  idfii  iifi<i,  \n  I'icIi'd  mul  i  'iir-l  ■ 
vn.  <'•>'.  l>ftc.,  \\\\.'XV.).  ItappfaMnrobdile,  however,  tliat  Cortes' expectaUoa 
of  imsssen^'crs  from  hi.s  kint;  was  known  to  tho  Indians. 

•■  'A!i;auan  las  manos  a  Dios,  que  loa  iibrh  del  poder  do  (^)rtos,  y  <lo  s  Hr 
de ....  Mexico,  dondo  cada  dia  csjierauan  l.i  nuiertc .  . . . y  uu  dezia  I'l  (  '(Tv  iiiles, 
...  .0  Narvacz,  Narvac/,  quo  bien  aveturado  ([uc  ercs ....  (|ue  tieno  es.-ic  traidor 
'1- Cortes  allegados  mas  de  sctecieto.s  mil  pesos  do  oro,  y  todos  ins  .sold.dn.s 
i-tan  mui  mal  con  cl.'  Ilrrnni  Diiz,  I  Hit.  \  crilad.,  ST. 

•"This  was  speiMlily  aViandoncd  f'  '  ."v  camp  at  L'cmpo;da.  Aillon  waiiteil 
merely  a  camp  to  bo  formed  near  a  wcli  aupnlied  town.  Tiio  mimicipal  otlicer.< 
v-re:  'Alcaldes  liordinarios  A  Francisco  Verd'igo.  cufiado  did  diclio  niego 
^  <lazi|Uez,  casado  con  una  hennana  suya,  (5  un  Juan  Vustc,  su  cuftado  e  niayor- 
d  j!iu),  V  rcgidorcs  ii  Diego  Vclazijucz  6  I'cro  Velazquez,  sus  sobriuos,  e  ii  (Ion- 
ztilo  Martin  de  Salvaticrra  e  .Juan  do  Ciamarra.'  Carta  de  AuJicucia,  hi  Pucluco 
and  Ciirdeuas,  Col.  Due,  xiii.  342. 


304 


THE  CUBAN  GOVERNOR  IN  PURSUIT. 


thai  it  would  bo  j))'iKlont  to  secure  the  fnentlshii»  (if 
so  [)o\veiliil  a coniniander,  whether  he  came a« HberatoV 
or  oppressor,  sent  hnu  a  nuinber  of  valuable  presents, 
an<l  "fave  orders  to  provide  his  army  with  sup[)lies. 
Narvaez  ke|)t  the  valuables  for  himself,  a  course  whi<li 
did  not  tend  to  increase  his  poi)ularity,  and  transmitted 
ill  retui'n  a  few  trinkets  to  the  monarch,  with  as- 
snran(;e  ;  of  his  jjfood-will.^ 

Hearinuf  that  Wdazfpiezde  Leon  was  leading  a  lar^^  ; 
force  not  far  off,  Xarvaez  sent  a  message,  appealing 
to  him  as  a  relative  and  old  friend  to  join  him  with 
his  men;  but  A\'laz<jUez,  who  was  still  in  the  region 
in  and  above  Chinantla,  looking  for  tribute  and  gold, 
deigned  not  even  to  rej)ly,  but  forwarded  the  letter  to 
his  general  and  asked  for  orders.  Meanwhile  he  and 
his  lieutenant,  Rangel,  assembled  their  men  anil  mado 
them  swear  allegiance  to  Cortes,  a  few  suspected  of 
sympathy  with  the  Cuban  governor  being  placed 
under  surveillance.*'     The  next  step  of  Xarvaez  was 


■■'''Conociivn  en  cl  Narvacz  acr  la  pura  miscria,  y  el  oro,  y  ropa. . .  .totlo  so 
Id  yuanlima.'  H'rii'tl  hinz.  Hist.  Vinlad.,  Si),  S7.  Aceonling  to  OvicdDs 
vorsiou  .Moutczuiiia  held  a  council,  wlierciu  some  nieinl)cr.s  favored  the  |il.iii 
of  att:iickiuj{  and  killing;  tho  Spaniards  tlion  in  Mexico,  ao  aa  to  ])i'e\  cnt  a 
junction  of  forces.  'J"hi.s  might  frigiitcn  tho  rest  into  departing.  Others,  who 
wcro  more  uonfident,  urged  that  tho  new  airivals  ahould  bo  allowed  to  coiiio 
to  .Mexico,  so  as  to  .hwoII  tho  list  of  victims  for  tho  aicnlices,  and  tliis  prii](o- 
sition  was  carried,  iii.  5()!).  Oviedo's  informant  evidently  ignores  tiie  decljiicd 
object  <jf  Narvaoz;  or,  likeSolis,  ///•</  Mix.,  ii.  ()-t-(i,  lie  does  not  believe  tli:it 
any  communication  could  have  taken  place,  for  want  of  an  interpreter,  liut  Solis 
forgets  tlio  tlireo  desorlera.  .and  Indian  mediums,  {K>rhaps.  I'rescott  takes  the 
pjcaliar  groimd  that  for  Montezuma  to  'iiave  entered  into  a  secret  comniuiii- 
cation,  hostile  to  tho  general's  interests,  is  too  repugnant  to  the  wiiole  U'wa- 
of  liis  conduct.'  M<'x.,  ii.  '23(i.  Cortes  states  that  Father  Olmedo  hail  uvidiMne 
of  ci>mmunication  and  interchange  of  presents  between  Monte/.uma  and 
X  irvaez.  Cartn.t,  120-1.  Otiiers  conlirm  this,  as:  T<i/>i  i,  fif.,  in /<i~Jial'' ''(, 
C.il,  lJ>r.,ii.  AST;  Oomnra,  ilJst.  Mux.  141-2;  C'lrta  del  Hjcrcito  tif  < 'or/rs,  in 
/  ir.hi/rrfa,  Col.  Doc,  i.  42S-31).  Tiio  position  of  tho  emperor  as  prisoner,  mid 
t!ic  speedy  succession  of  ovonts,  did  not  permit  the  relationship  between  the 
two  to  develop. 

■'*'  Francisco  de  Lugo  being  actually  secured  with  shackles.  Tinulo,  inCivh  .<, 
Ji'ciiili'iiriii,  ii.  0 ;  i'or(VK,Varl(w,  118;  ( 'arta di'  A uiUeiicia, in  Pachero  and  '  '('trili'- 
lias.  Vol.  Doc,  xiii.  1142.  Ovicdo  reviews  Velazquez'  conduct  in  tlii.s  instance, 
and  concludes  that,  since  CortiVs  gave  him  tho  men  and  appointed  him  cii)ii:iiii, 
he  was  bound  to  obey  this  his  inuncdiato  principal,  unless  royal  ordei's  to  (lie 
ct)ntrary  had  boon  exhibited.  'Si  aquel  uapitan,  Johan  Velazquez  de  Jjeon,  ii  > 
estoviera  n\al  con  su  pariento  Diogo  Velazcjuez,  <5  so  passara  con  los  eieiilo 
(;inqiientii  hombros,  epic  avia  Uovado  li  (jiuat^ucalco,  it  la  parte  de,  I'limphilo  do 
Nur/acz,  su  cuilado,  acabadu  oviera  Cortes  su  oill^iu.'  iii.  31U-17. 


HOW  SAXDOVAL  ^fANAGES. 


.Vw 


fo  jlt'iiiaiid  tlic  surrcn«1er  of  Villa  Kica,  which  the 
(Icscitors  roprcscntod  as  held  hy  loss  than  tour  score 
ijiiii.  This  task  was  intrusted  to  the  clerirvnian 
-hian  Ruiz  de  Guevara,  accompanied  by  Notary  Ver- 
yara,  Amaya  a  relative  of  Velazquez,  and  three  wit- 
nesses,'*^ and  letters  were  given  them  for  distribution 
iunoniif  Cortes'  soldiers,  with  a  view  to  gain  their 
allegiance.*' 

Sandoval  had  been  advised  concerning  the  tl»>et, 
and  suspecting  the  object  he  sent  to  warn  Cortes, 
despatching  at  the  same  time  two  dark-com[)lexioned 
s(tl(hers,  disguised  as  Indian  fruit  venders,  to  leaia 
I'lnther  particulars.  The  spies  remained  in  Narvaez' 
ramp  a  whole  day,  and  by  mingling  with  the  leaders 
lliey  picked  up  valuable  information,  escaping  during 
tile  night  with  two  horses.^  Sandoval  now  sent  off 
the  old  and  infirm  soldiers  to  a  town  calKvl  Papalote, 
ill  the  hills,  and  obtained  the  promise  of  the  re- 
mainder to  hold  the  fort  with  him,  a  gallows  being 
erected  in  a  conspicuous  site  as  a  warning  to  the 
taiut-hearted.  About  this  time  Guevara  ap[)eared 
I);  fore  the  quarters  of  Sandoval.  No  one  came  to 
receive  him,  and  he  had  to  find  his  way  to  the  com- 
iiiander's  house.  The  priest  had  been  led  to  believe 
lliat  little  or  no  objjction  would  be  made  by  the  ad- 
herents of  Cortes  to  his  demands,  and  confidently 
lie  began  his  harangue,  speaking  of  the  claims  of 
A  «laz(|uez  and  the  treason  of  Cort«5s.  The  word 
treason  fired  Sandoval.  His  party  were  the  better 
servants  of  the  king,  he  said,  and  were   it  nob  for 


"'  'AloiiiO  de  Vergara,  escrihano,  6  con  Antonio  do  Maya.'  ^cvmndn  </•• 
'''■'>.ill,,.t,  ill  Icaxhalceta,  Col.  Doe.,  i.  439;  Ikrnal  Diaz,  Jlint.  VvnUuL,  ,SS, 
writ's  Aniiiya;  Corti's,  Jtesldencia,  ii.  1(>8,  4I'2. 

'•  '^f(•  trajeroii  mas  <lo  cicn  cartiis,'  wlii-roin  the  soldiers  were  told  to  givo 
'T'llit  to  til'!  statements  of  (Jiievara  and  Ids  compainons,  and  to  rest  assured 
tli:it  they  would  ho  rewarded  on  joining;.  (^)rl^.t,(  'arhix,  11((. 

"  While  selling  chorrins  to  Captain  Salvatierra  tiiey  heard  him  refer  to 
till'  treasure!)  of  Oort(^s  as  a  magnificent  prize.  The  designs  of  Cortc^s  against 
M'litezuma  and  his  subjects  were  painted  in  dark  colors.  One  of  tin;  stol(>n 
iini'ses  belonged  to  this  captain,  whoso  raving  against  the  spi'js  ad'orded 
1.11. 'it  lunusement  to  the  camp.  Hcnial  Diaz,  Hist.  VcrdmL,  IHJ;  Tupia,  IM., 
11  Icir.balcita,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  587. 


1 


THE  CUBAN  GOVERNOR  IN  PURSUIT. 

Guevara's  character  as  a  clergyman  he  would  have 
him  chastised  for  his  impudence.  As  it  was,  he  re- 
f  rred  him  to  Cortes  as  captain-general  and  justicia 
mayor  of  New  Spain.  Guevara  likewise  grew  warm," 
and  a  war  of  words  followed,  which  the  commander 
cut  short  by  ordering  some  Indians  to  bundle  the 
tliree  principals  into  net  hammocks.  In  these  they 
were  carried  to  Mexico,  under  a  Spanish  guard,  to  bo 
delivered  to  the  general.^ 

When  ^[ontczuma  first  received  news  from  the 
coast  governor  of  the  arrival  of  the  great  fleet,  he 
supposed  that  these  were  the  vessels  which  Cortes 
had  said  that  he  expected,  and  by  which  it  was  hoped 
he  would  depart.  Montezuma  at  once  sent  for  Cortes 
to  impart  the  tidings.**  The  Spanish  general  was  not 
a  little  surprised  at  this  second  unusual  summons,  and 
still  more  when  tokl  that  his  vessels  liad  arrived,  and 
that  new  ones  need  not  be  built.  While  he  was  yet 
puzzling  over  the  words,  the  emperor  produced  the 
])ainted  message  showing:  a  fleet  at  anchor  off  dial- 
chiuhcuecan.  "You  can  now  leave  in  safety,  and  all 
will  be  well,"  continued  the  monarch,  overjoyed  at  the 
thought  of  release.^     "Thanks  be  to  God,  who  pro- 

"  Ho  ordered  Vergara  to  read  the  provisions.  Sandoval  declared  that 
none  but  a  royal  notary  should  do  so,  and  threatened  liini  with  100  lashes 
unless  he  desisted.  Gucvai-a  interfered,  and  was  tolil  that  he  lied,  and  was 
a  low  elergyinan.   lirriial  Diaz,  Hint,  i'lrtlad.,  88. 

'' Alguacil  Pedro  de  Solis  was  in  charge.  Bemal  Diaz,  //iV.  Verdad.,  88, 
dcscrilwa  how  they  wondered  at  the  succession  of  great  cities,  etc.  The 
guard  consisted  of  twenty  men.  Cort^a,  ('(irtaj<,  115. 

''* tomai-a  describes  somewhat  minutelj-  tlie  apprehension  created  among 
the  sohliers  by  this  summons,  in  face  of  tlio  threatening  aspect  of  affairs.  //'■/. 
Mi'x.,  l',iS-9.  Bcrnal  Diaz  states  tiiat  Montezuma  kept  the  news  back  for 
three  days,  while  he  communicated  with  Narvaez.  He  might  have  deloycd 
longer,  but  feared  that  Cortes  wouhl  suspect  .something.   Hiit.  Vfrdad.,  87. 

'■  While  still  talking,  they  received  another  mess;»ge,  saying  that  troops, 
horses,  and  guns  had  been  lauded.  In  his  joy  Montczur.ja  embraced  Cortis, 
exclaiming  tiiat  he  loved  him  more  than  ever,  and  saying  that  ho  would  diiic 
with  him.  While  at  table  both  were  in  good  humor,  the  emperor  thinking  of 
the  departure,  the  general  of  renewed  Ciiouosts.  After  this  Montezuma  gavo 
«laily  feasts,  in  the  belief  that  the  task  of  entertaining  would  soon  be  over. 
Vonuira,  Hist.  Mex.,  139.  It  is  more  likely  that  apprehensions  prevailed  on 
both  sides.  Brasseur  do  Bourbourg  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  no  strangi  r 
liad  till  then  been  so  far  honored  as  to  sit  at  the  same  table  with  the  monarch. 
Hist.  Xat.  Civ.,i\.  277. 


(II 


THE  TIDIXGS  AT  THE  CAPITAL. 


vl;les  all 
<;vnoral,  while 


tliin;:^: 


, »" 


Vv'as  the  fervent  utterance  of  tlio 
the  .soldiers  sent  up  shouts  of  joy 
1  li'.Mjflecl  with  discharws  of  fire-arms.  "Surelv,"  tliev 
sai«l,  " Puertocarrero  and  Montejo  have  returned  in 
t,ood  time."  Further  consideration  of  the  matter, 
however,  convinced  Cortes  that  these  were  not  the 
.'-hijrs  of  his  friends,  but  that  they  belon<jfed  to  his 
;;rrhenemy  of  Cuba.  His  captains  thought  the  same, 
i'.ii.l  talked  with  calculated  effect  to  the  men  o\'  the 
ir;at  wrong  to  them  if  the  hirelings  of  Velazque:: 
were  to  step  in  and  reap  the  results  of  their  hardshii)s. 
Anxious  to  learn  something  definite,  Cortes  sent 
two  messengers  by  different  routes  to  bring  news 
;  bout  the  expedition,  a  third  being  instructed  to  follow 
Ac'lazquez  de  Leon  with  instructions  to  await  orders 
beibre  proceeding  to  Goaxacoalco ;  a  fourth  mes.scnger 
was  despatched  to  Villa  Rica.^  Learning  meanwhile 
iiom  Sandoval  that  the  expediticjn  was  inimical  to 
liim,  Cortes  sent  letters  from  himself  and  his  re<_jiJores 
to  the  commander,  stating  the  progress  of  conquest 
oil  behalf  of  the  Spanish  king,  and  demanding  his 
ohjoc-t.  If  he  needed  no  succor,  and  came  not  })ro- 
viilcd  with  royal  authority,  he  must  at  once  depart; 
otherwise  Cortes  would  march  against  him,  supported 
by  the  vast  forces  of  the  empire.'''*    The  letters  were 

'"  Monjaras  gives  their  names.  '  Fucson. . .  .tizna<lo3  coino  los  yndios,'  ct 
SOI],  ('(irtrn,  Ittmlencia,  i.  442-3;  ii.  47-40,  1.14-5.  Andnu  do  Tapia,  v.iio  lial 
just  rfctunied  frum  Cholula,  after  settling  a  boundary  dispute  with  Tlascahi, 
w.i.<  the  fourth  messenger.  Ho  followed  oy-pnths,  walking  by  day  and  ])eing 
lanii'd  l)y  Indians  at  night,  so  that  iie  rejiched  his  destination  iu  three  days 
iiiid  a  half.  Finding  that  Sandoval  had  already  sent  messages,  he  remained 
with  him.  liil.,  in  Icmlmlctii,  Cut.  Dor.,  ii.  5S(>-7.  Cortes  writes  that  after 
heiiig  informed  hy  Montczum.a  ho  received  a  letter,  by  a  Cuban  Indian,  fmni 
ii  Sjianiard  who  had  been  stationeil  on  the  coast  to  watch  for  vessels.  Tliis 
iiiiiiouiiced  that  a  vessel  hatl  anchored  at  San  .Juan  de  Ulua,  which  was  supposed 
t  I  be  tiiatof  the  returning  i)rocuradores.  The  general  now  despatched  his  fo\ir 
messengers.  Fifteen  days  passed  without  furtlier  news — this  is  probabjv.i 
misprint— after  which  native  paintings  were  received  showing  tlic  nnnit.>er 
of  men  landed,  and  with  them  the  rejwrt  that  the  messengers  from  Mexico 
\viie  detained  by  the  new  arrivals.  Cartfui,  114-1.").  A  man  named  I'inedo, 
wlio  fled  from  the  capital,  was  overtaken  by  ^Vztocs,  at  Cortes'  order,  and 
liiimglit  back  dca«l.  Dtmanda  ilf  CchnUnn,  in  Ira'-halcnta,  Col.  Doc,  i.  440. 

^'■'  Cortes  intimates  that  a  friar  carried  this  message,  and  that  one  of  tho 
•jMestious  was  tho  nationality  of  the  expedition.  Cartiir'i,  ll.'t.  The  friar  an- 
Kais  to  have  earrietl  a  later  nies3a;'c.  Gomara  a.ssumcs  that  Cortes  alrwuly 
Maw  who  the  commander  was,  and  oabrcd  his  fricndohip.  IJuit.  Mix.,  142. 


8SS 


THE  CUBAN  GOVERNOR  IN  PURSUIT. 


V: 

ill 


made  the  subject  of  jest  among  tlio  officers  of  Nar- 
vacz,  the  veedor  Salvaticrra  declaring  that  tliu 
messaijes  of  traitors  should  receive  no  attention. 
He  urged  the  expediency  of  marching  upon  them 
v.'ithout  loss  of  time,  and  swore  that  he  would  broil 
and  eat  the  ears  of  Cortes. 

Shortly  after  the  letters  had  been  sent,  the  ap- 
proach of  Guev^ara  and  his  companions  was  announced. 
And  now  for  more  of  that  deep  diplomacy  in  whicli 
Cortes  was  so  skilled.  Perceiving  the  importance  of 
conciliating  men  of  their  standing,  he  despatched  an 
escort  with  horses  to  brinjj  them  Mith  all  honor  into 
the  city,  and  he  himself  went  to  meet  them,  expressing 
regret  at  the  rude  treatment  they  had  received.  With 
smooth  tongue  and  promises  he  wove  his  web  round 
them,  and  "oiled  their  hands  with  gold,"  as  Bern; J 
Diaz  expresses  it.  He  showed  them  the  greatness  and 
wealth  of  the  country,  and  explained  to  them  how  it 
was  all  in  his  power;  and  he  sought  to  convince  them 
of  the  injury  dissension  must  occasion  to  God,  to  the 
hin^,^,  and  to  themselves.  Ah,  rare  talent,  the  tak'ut 
of  tongue  I  Guevara,  at  least,  was  won  over,  and  went 
back  delighted  with  his  courtesy  and  liberality,  and 
in  full  sympathy  with  his  cause.*"  On  reaching  tlio 
camp  he  told  of  what  he  had  seen,  the  great  extent 
of  country,  its  vast  population,  and  the  number  of 
well  ))uilt  towns  on  every  side.  Nor  did  he  fail  to 
sing  the  praises  of  Cortes,  and  speak  of  his  treasures, 
of  which  he  displayed  specimens.  Every  captain  and 
soldier  under  him,  he  said,  could  boast  of  heavy  gol  I 
ornaments  and  well  filled  purses,  of  numerous  ser- 
vants and  beautiful  women ;  and  they  lived  on  the  fat 
of  tiic  land,  having  the  country  and  all  its  inhabitants 
at  their  disposal.  The  general  had  taken  care  to  ex- 
hibit only  the  attractive  features  of  his  position,  whicli 
as  now  detailed  by  the  priest  captivated  the  hearts  of 


*"  ' Acabo  do  tlos  dias donde  venian  muy  hravosos  leones,  bolvinn m 

inuy  niiinsos,  y  so  lo  ofrccicron  por  servidores.'  Uiriial  Z)in3>  Hist.  Vcrdad., 
8S;"t'o/Y('.y,  lifnidencia,  ii.  108,  465,  500. 


COnTIlS-  TACTir.^^ 


3-3 


tlio  listeners,  who  lont^'ed  to  bo  with  so  fortunate  and 
]il)c'ral  a  leader.  Even  hefore  this  many  wen-  <li.->al- 
Iccted,  and  despised  the  arro^rant  and  narrow-mi m led 
Xarvaez ;  others  took  an  inij>artial  view,  and  reco;^- 
nized  the  evil  of  dissension  in  a  country  only  half 
siihilued,  while  yet  others  wure  intent  only  on  seeuriuLj 
treasures. 

The  priest  brought  a  letter  to  Xarvacz,  whtrcin 
Cortes  ex})ressed  delight  at  finding  his  old  friend  com- 
mander of  the  expedition,  although  he  regretted  that 
hostile  measures  had  been  taken  against  him,  who  as  a 
loyal  servant  held  the  country  for  the  king.  If  Xarvacz 
carried  a  royal  commission,  it  had  only  t(j  be  ])rescnted 
to  1)0  obeved:  otherwise  he  was  willing  to  come  to  a 
iVicndly  agreement,  since  hostilities  must  be  prejudicial 
not  only  to  them  both,  but  to  the  crown. ^'  (iuevara 
supported  these  expressions  by  reconunending  a  pcace- 
i'lil  arrangement  and  with<lrawal  to  new  territoiw,  for 
Cortes  was  evidently  loyal,  and  had  hosts  of  Indians 
to  iiid  him  in  maintaining  his  position.  Xarvaez  not 
(jiily  refused  to  listen  to  any  overtures,  but  became 
iialignant  with  the  clergyman  and  his  comjianions  for 
iilvoeating  them.  He  knew  tliat  the  forces  of  Cortes 
Were  inferior  to  his  own,  and  of  Indians  he  had  no  fear. 

Cortes  had  elicited  from  Ouevaraa  nundx'r  of  facts 
iv'^arding  the  exiicdition,  amonu:  them  that  the  arro- 
gaiicc  and  parsimony  of  Xarvaez  had  alienated  a  large 
propoi'tion  of  his  followers,  and  that  a  little  gold 
'.vould  have  a  wonderful  ellbct.*-  Indeed,  they  had 
come  for  gold,  and  had  no  desire  to  raise  the  swoi-d 
au'ainst  their  brethren  if  it  could  Ix;  avoided.  Thii 
iulormation  was  not  lost  on  the  astute  contjueror. 


"  Cort(?3  said  tliat  ho  couM  not  loiivo  Mi  xioo,  wlicro  liis  jiroscnco  was 
licci  ss:ii\v  fnr  tlio  prcRorvation  of  poace  aii'l  tuMsiuvs.  ('urtn--.  \\~-\s.  '  V  <i  m- 
vios>i.-n  soIds.'  duiiKir'i,  ll'isf.  }[ii-.,  \V1.  Accord  in  l;  to  licriial  IMaz  a  letter  >  t 
similar  toniir  liail  boon  sent  vi\  Itcloiv,  l>y  a  swift  nu  .ssciitror,  to  clear  the  m  ay 
foi'Oiiovara's  rocnmiiiendations,  nml  ( 'ortes  therein  ititiniatiil  that  the  iiostilc 
Uttt  lances  attributed  to  Xiirvaez  must  be  duii  to  the  inter]  iretcr.<,  fir  lie  «;:•« 
RUVi-  that  so  wiso  lunl  bravo  a  captain  wouhl  not  utter  anything  to  the  preju- 
ili^i  of  king  and  conirnde-i.   ///.•./.  !'< /•'/■/(/.,  8'.). 

'■■I'onj  (ladivas  (jui'brautan  pena.s.'  II'  riud  Diaz,  Htxt.Verdad.,  S'J. 
Illar.  Miis.,  Vol.  I.    21 


,S  I 

1  i 


I-  i 


\ 


f 


}■ 


n 


; 


If. 


ft?! . 


111 


370 


THE  CUBA"  GOVEHNOR  IN  PURoUIT. 


Shortly  after  the  (k-parture  of  the  clergyman, Cort-Js 
took  counsel  with  Father  Olniodo,  that  most  admi- 
rable of  friars,  whose  knowledge  of  the  world,  calm 
judgment,  and  clear  foresight  had  more  than  once 
saved  Cortes  from  himself  Olmo.io  now  undertook 
the  conversion  of  Xarvaez  and  his  men.  Laden  with 
instructions  and  jewels,  he  proceeded  to  their  eam[> 
and  endeavored  to  win  Xarvaez  to  peaceful  measures. 
Special  letters  and  presents  were  given  Duero.  Ai- 
Hon,  an<l  others,  wlio  were  suj»posed  to  ho  friendly, 
with  a  view  of  obtaining  their  active  coiiperatioii. 
Cortes  wished  especially  that  Xarvaez  should  uuiier- 
stand  that  he  was  friendly  to  him.  Dissension  woull 
react  on  both,  particularly  on  Xarvaez;  unity  o'i  action 
could  nlone  [»romote  their  common  aim  and  preserve 
the  country  to  the  king.  Cortes  had  fewer  soldiers, 
but  was  nevertheless  stn^iger,  from  possessing  inter- 
preters, knowledge  of  the  country,  and  control  of  its 
forces  and  resources.  Were  not  the  kings  alreadv  his 
servants \ 

IJut  Xarvaez  was  stubborn.  Olmedo,  liowever, 
overcame  the  scruples  of  a  number  of  his  coimsellors. 
who  advised  him  to  negotiate  with  a  man  so  stronulv 
established.  X'arvaez  called  them  all  traitors,  and 
told  Olmedo  that  he  ought  to  be  ashamed  of  himself 
for  promulgating  such  base  sentiments;  whereat  tlic 
priest  became  indignant,  and  devoted  himself  all  the 
more  assiduously  to  the  subordinates,  among  whom 
he  found  the  way  well  prepared  by  Guevara.  lli> 
arguments  found  willing  ears,  and  his  gold  confirun  d 
the  arguments.  Among  his  companions  from  Mexii" 
was  one  Usagre,  an  artillerist,  whose  brother  occupied 
a  similar  position  under  Xarvaez.  This  man  also  did 
Cortes  good  service.  These  doings  could  not  escape 
notice,  and,  warned  by  Salvatierra,  the  commaml  r 
would  have  arrested  the  friar  had  not  Duero  an  I 
others  interfered.  They  called  attention  to  his  di[>L'- 
matic  and  rel'gious  character,  and  the  courteous  treat- 
ment Cortes  had  given  his  own  messengers.    X^arva*.  z 


NAUVAEZ'  PROCEEDINGS, 


87l 


hurried  him  awav,  however,  with  a  letter  for  liis  q-en- 
vvA,  wherein  he  ehiinied  authority  to  take  possession 
(if  the  country  for  Velazquez.  If  Cortes  resisted,  it 
would  fiire  ill  with  him." 

It  was  an  easy  escape  for  Olnedo,  for  Xarvaez 
had  not  scrupled  shortly  before  to  deal  with  the 
royal  oitlor  in  a  most  peremptory  manner.  Aillon 
had  remonstrated  with  him  about  his  proceed inLj:s, 
such  as  formingr  a  settlement,  threatening  to  enter  the 
ciHuitry,  spreading  harsh  reports  among  the  natives 
ai,'ainst  Cortes,  and  neglecting  to  restrain  his  men 
from  taking  property  and  otherwise  abusing  the  in- 
habitants. Xo  attention  being  paid  to  this,  he  for- 
mally called  upon  Xarvaez  to  make  a  peaceful  demand 
for  the  surrender  of  the  country,  and,  if  refused,  to 
uo  elsewhere  to  settle.  He  intimated  puliliely  that 
the  measures  of  Xarvaez  were  actuated  1)V  malice, 
lather  than  bv  loval  wisdom.  This  the  vain  and  aiTo- 
;4;ant  commander  could  not  endure.  It  was  to  the 
oidor,  he  said,  that  the  present  growing  disaffection 
amoni'  his  men  was  due.  He  was  becomin<j:  dano^er- 
"US,  and  the  municipal  officers  were  directed  to  seize 
and  carrv  him  on  board  the  same  vessel  in  which  lie 
had  arrived.  His  secretary  and  ahjfuacil  were  placed 
I'll  board  another,  and  a  day  or  two  after  sail  was  set 
i\>v  Cuba,  the  captains  and  crews  having  been  sworn 
to  deliver  them  to  Velazquez."  During  the  voyage, 
hiiwever,  Aillon  persuaded  his  jailers  to  take  him  to 
Kspafiola,  which  he  reached  in  the  last  days  of  August, 
at'ier  a  long  and  dangerous  trip  of  three  months  and 


"  According  to  Bemal  Diaz.  Duero  persuaded  Xan'a^z,  at  the  instigation 
of  thu  friar,  to  invite  the  latter,  and  to  seek  liy  friendly  efforts  to  win  him 
over.  Pretending  to  yield  to  his  i>ersiiasions,  Olinedo  told  him  that  if  tlio 
proper  persons  were  sent  to  confer  with  Cortes,  he  could  no  doubt  he  bnjught 
to  tenns.  It  Wfis  then  agreed  that  Ducro  and  others  should  arranije  a.  nri- 
y;ite  interview  tx-twecu  the  two  generals.  IlUt.  Verdad.,  93;  Jlirrtra,  dec, 
ii.  liti.  ix.  cap.  xxi. 

''  The  reason  for  this  separation  of  oidor  and  otTicers  was  to  prevent  the 
former  from  issuing  .luthoritativc  ordei-s.  This  seizure  had  been  etl'eeti'il  just 
fis  (inuvara  returned  from  Mexico.  ''ortf',v,  Cartu-^,  118.  Hence,  CortOs' letter 
failed  to  reach  him ;  yet  ISenial  Diaz  assumes  that  he  received  it,  and  cwper- 
atcJ  accordingly.  Ilist.  Vcntml.,  6i). 


878 


THE  CUBAN  GOVERNOR  IN  PURSUIT. 


a  half.  The  consort  vessel  was  separated  from  lilni 
during  a  storm  shortly  after  leaving  Ulua,  and  the 
secretary  and  algiiacil  did  not  rejoin  the  oidor  till 
October.  A  report  of  the  outrage  was  promptly 
ibrwarded  to  the  king,  signed  by  the  whole  audi- 
tMicia,  with  a  request  that  severe  chastisement  be 
inflicted,  in  order  to  maintain  respect  for  that  august 
tribunal.*' 

Among  others  falling  under  the  wrath  of  Narvaez 
Mas  Gonzalo  do  Oblanco,  whose  advocacy  of  Cortes 
and  condemnation  of  Aillon's  arrest  brought  imj^ris- 
onment,  which  so  wrought  upon  him  that  he  ditd 
within  a  few  days.*"  These  harsh  and  foolish  meas- 
ures engendered  further  discontent,  and  half  a  dozru 
of  Aillon's  supporters,  including  Pedro  do  Villalobos, 
tleserted  to  Sandoval,  who  received  them  with  open 
arms.  Others  sent  to  signify  their  willingness  to  join 
Cortes." 

After  Aillon's  arrest  Narvaez  had  been  persuaded 
to  move  his  camp  to  Cempoala,  as  a  healthier  i)la('(', 
more  suitable  for  head-quarters,  and  better  providiil 
with  supplies.  The  cacique  was  intimidated  to  sur- 
render some  effects  belonging  to  Cortes  and  to  accorl 
the  new-comers  a  welcome,  which  seemed  to  stamp  his 
conduct  as  desertion.    "Oh,  well!"  said  Cortes  wlnu 

^'This  report,  embodying  Aillon's,  ia  dated  August  .30,  1520.  A  fonn.il 
Btatenieiit  of  tlio  o.ise.  proparcd  on  the  arrival  of  the  secretary,  was  forwai'diil 
on  November  10th.  Carta  ilt  Autlicnvia,  in  Pacheco  and  Ciirdenas,  Col.  />'"■.. 
xiii.  33l2-4S;  AijUon,  ll< lac'i<in,\\\  I<l.,  xii.  '2r)l-'2;  Carta  al  Itnj  de  loi  Oiilun  <. 
mCiil.  Doc.  Iin\l.,  i.  41),1-.")11.  The  report  proved  a  heavy  argument  agiiiii-t 
Velazquez'  ease,  altlioiigh  Bishop  Fonseca  at  first  sought  to  keep  it  back. 
Jkrnal  Dinz,  Hist.  Virdail.,  00;  Peter  Mart'/r,  dec.  v.  cap.  v. 

*''  Two  soldiers  were  also  imprisoned  for  speaking  favorablj'  of  Cort;s. 
One  of  them  was  Sancho  de  Barahona  who  settled  in  Guatemala.  Hcnmi 
Jjiaz,  llixt.  I'lfdad.,  80,  100.  To  Bernardino  do  Santa  Clara,  who  lia<l  n'uhA 
Aillon  in  tiio  formal  demands  upon  Narvaez,  nothing  was  done,  owing  to  lii-* 
many  friends  in  the  camp.  1/errera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  i.\.  cap.  xx.-xxi.  This  in.iu 
was  not  actuated  by  friendship  for  Cort(5s,  however.  Ho  had  been  treasunr 
of  l';spanola,  where  his  prodigality  nearly  made  him  a  defaulter.  Cortes,  A'l.v- 
''  iicia,  ii.  100-8. 

*'  'Villalobos,  y  vn  Portugucs,  y  otros  seys  o  sieto  so  passaron  a  Cortc-;. 
Y  otros  lo  cscriuieron,  a  lo  quo  algunos  dizeu  ofrecicndo  so  Ic,  si  venia  pura 

ello.s  y  que  Cortes  leyo  las  cartas,  callando  la  iirma y  que  publicaua  teii'i- 

en  Zempoall;\  dozientos  Espaflolcs.'  Ooinarn,  Hist.  Mux.,  143.  Bernal  Diiu 
say.-i  live  deserters,  relatives  and  friends  of  Aillon.  HUt.  Vcrdad.,  00,  02. 


SANDOVAL'S  PRUPENTK. 


373 


told  (»r  it,  "  loiiij^  live  the  last  victor."*'^  But  lie  coukl 
li.inlly  blame  the  natives  for  yieklinsj^,  when  even 
SandDval  himsclt',  on  hearing  of  this  aj>{)roaeh,  ahan- 
(loiied  Axilla  Rioa  and  took  refuge  in  the  mountains, 
where  ho  remained  till  the  general  bade  him  join  his 
forces.*' 

*"  Tlorrcra  nssnines  that  ho  was  doroivcfl  by  Xarvacz,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap. 
xix.,  Imt  iiitiniiilation  was  no  duiibt  tho  leadiiii;  inntive,  for  ho  oould  not  jxis- 
hilily  ri'lisli  tlie  jirospect  of  Moiitv/unia's  itIouso  by  the  new-comers,  nor  tlio 
hitiitiou.sntss  and  grued  of  tlie  poldiera.  'Tliia  conduct  <if  tlie  men  drovo  tlic 
iniialiitaiits  to  tliglit,'  says  Cortes,  Vartnn,  110,  l'J,>.  Wlieu  the  jewels  and 
otlier  etlects  belonj,'ing  to  Cortes'  l>arty  were  Heize<l,  togetlier  with  the  Indian 
wives  i>f  tlie  con(|uerora,  tlie  caciiiue  liecame  serionsly  alanned,  exclaiming 
th:it  he  would  surely  be  killed  for  permitting  the  outrage.  Tiiia  excited  only 
derision,  Salvatierra  remarking:  'Aueys  visto  quo  jniedo  <jue  tienen  toilos 
estiis  Ca<'i(iue8  ilesta  nonada  do  Cortesillo.'  li<'rual  Dkiz,  Hint.  Vn-ilul.,  W. 

'"  '/'(i/ii(t,  J\'el.,  in  Ifozbalceta,  Vol..  Due,  ii.  6b7.  '  EUoa  dejubtiu  la  villa  sola 
por  no  peluar  con  cllos. '  Vortcn,  CarCan,  119. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


THE  COUP  DE  SIAlTRE  OF  CORTi:S. 

May,  1520. 

Dismal  pRosrEcra-  EMriKE  to  IIold,  Invasiox  to  Repel — The  At;my 
Divides — Alvarado  Gitakds  Montezuma,  while  Cortes  Looks  akikk 
Narvaez — The  Marcu  Seaward — The  Rendezvous — The  Ciiixan- 

TECS  AND  THEIR  PiKES — CoKTES  SoWS  Al.LrRINO   WoRDS  IN  THE  CaMI' 

OF  THE  Enemy — Proposals  of  Peace — Defiance — Night  Attack- 
Cortes  Captures  Narvaez  and  his  Army, 

It  now  behooved  Cortes  to  look  Avell  to  himself. 
He  might  win  a  score  of  Marathons,  but  one  Piiros 
would  ruin  all.  When  embarking  in  this  enterprise, 
he  was  to  all  appearance  little  above  the  commou 
adventurer.  But  rare  talents  were  constantly  ap- 
pearing as  required  by  occasion.  Though  somotinu's 
carried  away  by  excess  of  zeal,  he  had  proved  him- 
self an  adept  in  diplomacy.  And  for  one  hitherto  so 
•sportive  and  pleasure-loving,  his  temper  was  now 
grave,  particularly  in  times  of  peril,  when  his  calm 
self-mastery  increased  with  increasing  danger.  The 
ihythm  of  battle  was  the  sweetest  harmony  that  could 
stir  his  soul,  and  yet  he  never  fought  but  for  a  pur- 
pose. On  gaining  an  advantage  he  indulged  in  ii.i 
holiday  of  retrospect  or  repose;  so  long  as  anythiiiu" 
remained  to  be  done  no  time  was  wasted  in  soli- 
gratulations.  He  never  turned  from  danger,  Itut 
hastened  to  seek  it  out,  perceiving  it  even  in  the 
darkness,  intuitively,  and  always  looking  it  full  in  the 
face.  It  was  while  preparing  to  strike  that  the  encniv 
received  the  staggering  blow,  and  the  advantage  thu> 
gained   was   followed  up  to   yet   greater  advantage 

(374) 


THE  EVOLUTIOX  OF  A  Hr:RO. 


,.,  J 


Ai  iio  time  uppearH  this  liero  stroii'jjor,  LrraudiT,  than 
now,  when,  without  authoritv,  without  the  roval 
saiu'tioii,  ill  one  sense  an  outhiw,  witli  the  people  of 
the  i-ountry  against  him,  his  own  eountryinen  eoininLf 
to  war  on  him,  his  force  insi^^niticant  as  compared 
with  that  of  any  one  of  his  several  enemies,  he  yet 
liolds  them  all  at  bay,  by  his  iron  nerve  and  ever 
ready  strategic  resources,  keeping  them  asunder, 
pitting  one  against  another,  playing  on  the  foibles 
of  them  all  as  easily  and  serenely  as  a  lady  lingers 
luT  guitar. 

Greatly  imperilled  were  now  the  conqueror's  bril- 
liant: visions  of  conquest  and  conversion,  o{'  fame 
and  wealth.  If  Narvaez  were  to  advance  on  ^[ixieo, 
the  Aztecs  could  not  fail  to  take  advantage-  of  tlie 
op])ortunity,  either  to  join  the  professed  liberator  of 
their  emperor  and  themselves,  or  to  attack  the  for- 
eigners' quarters  on  their  own  account.  This  would 
]tla(.'e  hill,'  between  two  tires,  to  which  famine  would 
jirove  an  etfectivo  ally.  If  Xarvaez  remained  on  the 
coast,  it  would  be  to  cut  oft'  both  retreat  and  re- 
inforcement, leavins;  him  to  Aztec  vengeance.  To 
altandon  Mexico  for  a  camiiaign  against  tlu;  eiu'inv 
Would  be  to  surrender  the  most  important  j>art  of 
the  conquest. 

To  divide  his  forces,  so  as  at  once  to  retain  his 
hold  on  the  capital  and  meet  this  new  visitation— 
sueli  a  measure  would  render  his  already  small  foice 
less  able  to  cope  with  an  enemy  not  only  its  e(|ua! 
iu  eourage  and  military  art,  but  far  sujteric^r  to  it  in 
number  and  resources.  Yet  this  he  determined  to  do. 
The  revelations  of  Xarvaez'  messengers  had  slunva 
liow  jtossible  it  might  be,  l)y  judicious  gifts  and 
jironiises,  to  sow  discord  in  the  enemy's  camp.  Tlie 
]>riests  Guevara  and  Olmedo,  and  others  of  both, 
parties,  were  even  then  at  work,  and  chiefly  on 
their  efforts  depended  his  prospects.  Thus  wouL 
lie  seduce  to  his  purpose  the  op])onent's  trooi)s.  '-n 
so  far  at  least  as  to  effect  a  compromise  by  which 


li- 


'.■f 


I 


fn$  THE  COUP  DH  MAtTRK  OF  CORTIvS. 

Xarvaoz  nii^Mit  Iwivo  him  in  companitive  peace/  Win* 
shall  say  that  his  goo*!  lortuiio  may  nut  still  I'avttr 
him!  And  thcreiiixm  he  resolved  to  move  his  caiiqi 
nearer  to  the  enemv,  so  as  to  he  ready  lor  any  eimi- 
^^eiiev,  and  further,  to  give  hnnselt"  a  mori'  imposiiit,' 
aj>i>earanc(!  l)y  the  addition  of  native  auxiliaries.  An- 
other reas(jn  for  this  atlvance  was  hy  his  presence  to 
cnunti-ract  the  defection  <tf  Indian  allies,  arising  from 
the  jiarade  of  n  suj)erior  ft)rce  hy  Narvaez,  and  from 
the  stani|)ing  of  Coi'tes  as  an  iin|)ostor. 

lie  laid  the  pi-ojeet  heloi'e  his  council,  showing  tiie 
«lang»'r  of  awaiting  the  advance  of  Narvae/,  whose 
ill-will  had  already  caused  their  property  tc-  he  tli- 
elared  confisi'ated  and  their  names  hranded  with  dis- 
honor. Deserters  to  Sandoval  had  hrought  iiev.s  (>[' 
serious  discontent  in  the  enemy's  camp.  Jlundreds, 
they  said,  would  be  ready  to  come  over  or  to  remain 
neutral  if  Cortes  showed  a  bold  front.  Indeed,  the 
protests  of  Aillon  against  a  fratricidal  war  Juid  been 
echoed  by  most  of  them,  intent  as  they  were  on  ol)- 
taining  gold,  not  on  slaughtering  countrymen.  It 
was  in  any  case  better  to  advance  and  secure  a  good 
l)osition,  perhaps  to  surprise  the  careless  Narvaez. 
With  (jiod  and  the  king  on  their  side,  so  they  claimed, 
they  could  not  fail  to  conquer.  Some  objections  were 
ventured  upon,  but  prom|)tly  suppressed  by  one  of 
the  ca[)tains,  who  reminrled  his  comrades  of  their 
gloriou.-  achievements  untier  Cortes,  and  their  proli- 
able  lilt  shoukl  Narvaez  gain  the  ascendancy.  '11  u' 
result  w  ;an  unanimous  aj)proval  of  the  plan  proposed  ; 
and  Coi  .'s  thereupon  C(jnnnissioned  the  captains  to 
re})reseni  the  matter  to  the  men,  and  to  ascertain 
who  Wi-rt.  ^villing  to  follow,  and  who  should  remain  in 
Mexico.^ 

'  'Velazquez. . .  .siyii.acn  pcrson.anopndiaoacusar  dorcspctiii'lo,  auiiiiiiopor 
su  Itiu'iia,  y  l)l;iila  coiulicion,  coiiliaua  ([ue  Ic  traoriii  a  <iiial(niier  l)iu'ii  partiili; 
peniti'iiiiaipioy'.Mulodtnxiualquier  Oeneral.'  llerrera,  dec.  ii.  lil).  ix.  lai).  xix. 

■  (>'uiiHii/i,  }/ist.  Mf.c.,  144;  llerrera,  dee.  ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xxi.;  Ikntal  J>i'r.. 
J/ixl,  \'i'ril'nL,  !K>.  '  Aliriiiaii  inuchoa,  (pio  en  es.sa  sa(;on  cstaha  tail  Ijieu  (|iiist  i 
(/"ortes,  (|ue  si  ;i  todos  Ics  (|uisiera  Uevar,  t<jdos  se  fueraii  tids  el.'  UrluLi,  iii. 
uO'J.     Whicli  is  exa^j^erated,  as  we  have  seen. 


CORIKS  KX  PLAIN'S  TO  MO\TEZU>rA. 


n:: 


On  a('<niaiiitiii,i,f  Montezuniii  witli  liis  intention,  tiio 
lUMiiaic'li  ijiiostiont'd  him  as  to  the  reason  of  tin;  Iios- 
lilitv  sliown  by  the  other  I'oree.  Cortes  \\\\\  knew 
that  it  was  useless  wholly  to  eoneeal  the  state  of 
all'airs.  Jlo  luul  l)een  silent,  he  'vpjird,  in  order  not 
to  jrivo  him  pain. 


J  I. 


an( 


I  his  men  had  heen  sent  l)V 


their  kini^  on  this  mission,  and  were  from  tlie  royal 
province  of  Castile,  whilst  the  torc(>s  on  the  i-oast 
were  a  rehellious  hoi'tle  from  the  outsido  province  of 
IJisoay,  and  inferior  to  them,  as  Otomi's,  for  instance, 
were  inferior  to  the  nohler  Aztecs.  They  had  come 
with  the  desi^^n  of  injurint;  the  natives,  and  Coi'tes  as 
th'ir  protector;  but  with  the  aid  of  his  patron  saint 
he  Would  have  no  trouble  in  chastisiiiL^  them,  and 
i:i  sri-uriuijf  their  vessels  for  his  speetly  departure.' 
AUarado,  the  tonatiuh,  would  remain  in  Mexico,  and 
him  he  reconunended  to  the  monarch's  consideration, 
ii(|UestinL(  that  supplies  be  pi'ovided  and  ])eace  main- 
taine* 


•ii»le  c 


I.    Any 

tfect 


on 


attempt  at  revolt  would  react  with  ti'r- 
imself  and  his  people.  The  i'mper(»r 
jiioiniscd  that  this  shoidtl  be  done,  and  otfered  not 
o'llv  Ljuides,  but  an  army  to  aid  him.  The  latter  was 
lined,  chietly  because  Aztec  troops  could  not  be 


CiC< 


re 


lied 


on. 


'  'Dolii.a  stT  al'^ina  mala  gontc,  y  no  vasallos  do  V.  A.,'  is  Corii's'  version 
of  tlic  re]ily,  ( '<ir>aj<,  1 1!)-J(),  while  iii.s  iuternrt'ter,  AL;nil;ir,  f.'ivon  it  niuro  liter- 
ally as  'una  ri'utc  vizcaynos  <■  que  no  los  cnliiava  el  eii[ie!ii(l(ir.'  J'l  sthninii",  'm 
''■irf'.i,  /?•  -iiil'  nria,  ii.  4",  184.  (Joniara  adcU  tliat  Cort.s  said  lie  \va.s  L'uiii.:.;  to 
I'rotect  Miintexunia's  sulijccts,  and  to  keep  the  Ktranj^ers  on  the  eoast  till  lie 
v.as  ready  to  depart.  The  emperor  prol)alily  disiiiniuated,  'lii)l.;ando  ipie  vnos 
riiri.--tiano.s  a  otros  sc  matassen.'  hlaf.  J/(.r.,  14.">.  For^rettin::  tii:it  the  de- 
clap  d  ]iiirpos<'S  of  Narva  z  were  well  known  in  Mexico,  1 1<  rrera  lendeis  tiio 
aa-wer  tl.at  liii.s  captain  was  a  brother  of  ("orten,  sent  with  a  jinsent  fruni 
t!i"  ir  kiiiL,'.  ]>oth  would  come  up  to  the  capit;»l  and  tlieii  leave  the  eountry. 
Tilt-  rumored  enmity  was  due  to  an  order  fri>m  Spain  to  aven;,'e  any  injury 
8u:itred  at  the  hands  of  tlie  natives,  dee.  ii.  lih.  x.  cap.  i.  Uras.scur  do 
l>)mboiirf;  follows  him. 

''Afjuellos  os])aiiolc3  lo  dcjalia  cneomcndados  c<in  todo  ai|uel  oro  y  joyas 

qnoi'l  mehabiadado vie  di  nuichas  joyasyropasiit'd,"  et  scip  Curti .1.  ('m-ins, 

ll!>-2(>.  'Aun  prometio,  (jue  emhiaria  en  nuestra  ayuda  cineo  mil  iiombres 
(le  LTueiTa,  c  Cortes. . .  .bien  cntondi6  (pie  no  los  auia  de  emliiar,  c  lo  ilixo,  (pio 
II"  .'Hiia  monester.'  Dcrnal  l>kiz,  llUt.  Vrrdail.,  01;  I'lirtiirrr/,  Tm'ro  Mi.r., 
pt.  iii.  I.l.").  Ixtlilxoehitl  assumes  in  one  place  that  (,'ortes  asked  for  men,  anil 
Was  told  that  Aztecs  dared  not  fight  Spaniards,  but  would  go  as  carriers.  In 
another  version  the  confederate  kings  grant  tiu^  auxiliaries.  //-V/. '  7,!r/i.,  .lOt); 
/.''  't'-ioiiei,  Sa'J,  4ri.     Soils  assumes  that  Montezuma  is  devoted  to  Cortes;  so 


i-i  ri! 


m 


THE  COUP  DE  MAtTRE  OF  CORTfiS. 


It  was  decided  that  all  who  were  not  wholly  in 
sympathv  with  Cortes,  should  remain  with  the  garri- 
son left  in  charge  of  Mexico,  since  self-preservation 
would  constrain  them  to  act  in  the  direction  of  his 
interest.  This  force  numbered  one  hundred  and  forty 
men,  and  with  the  loyal  Alvarado  for  captain,  jMexico 
was  regarded  as  secured.  The  defences  of  the  Span- 
ish quarters  were  strengthened;  all  the  guns  and  most 
of  the  fire-locks,  cross-bows,  and  ammunition  were 
left  with  the  garrison,  also  seven  horses.  Suj)])lie.i 
being  not  over  abundant,  owing  to  the  drought,  maize 
and  other  provisions  were  brought  from  Tlascala  to 
serve  in  case  of  need.  The  men  were  promised  weallli 
and  honors  if  they  I'cmaincd  faithful,  and  their  sonu- 
what  hot-headed  connnander  was  exhorted  to  ])ru- 
dencc.  "You  arc  few  in  number,"  said  Cortc^s  to  tlieni 
on  leaving,  "and  yet  you  .-rt^  strong;  finally,  have  a 
care  of  your  prisoner."" 

About  the  middle  of  ]\Iay  Cortes  set  out  from 
Mexico  with  scvent}^  Spaniards,  sworn  to  imiilioit 
obedience."  There  were  also  native  carriers,  a  number 
of  prominent  Mexicans  as  hostages,  and  guides  who 
were  to  take  them  by  a  short  southern  route  throng]  i 

(loos  Ziimacois,  Avho  sees  a  proof  thereof  in  the  ofTcr  of  troops.  lie  could  ii'it 
coiiiiimiiicatj  with  Narvaez  for  want  of  interpreters,  and  had  ho  wished  to  aid 
t'au  lattei-  ho  would  have  attacked  tho  Spanish  quartei-.s.  y/^s^  Mt.r.,  ii.  70-1. 
All  of  wliicli  shows  that  this  author  is  not  profound  cither  iu  investigation  or 
argument. 

■'  ijcrnul  r>iaz  places  the  force  at  83  men,  with  10  cross-boM's,  14  firoJoclis, 
4  larj,'o  K"'"'!  falconets,  7  horses,  and  all  the  ammunition;  150  men  ■were  li'I't, 
and  !,">()  talvon,  i)v:tih>;  a  little  over  oO  were  left,  Tapia;  all  wished  to  go,  hut 
'JIM)  wrto  left  and  '2.")0  taken,  including  the  men  of  Velazquez,  with  S  to  ',1 
liorso.«.  and  a  force  of  carriers,  Ootinn-n ;  !50  left,  '2'tO  taken,  with  a  inuiilicr 
of  indiaiis,  J.vllUxnchUI ;  IjO  left,  PruJxtnza  ilc  Lrjnhh'.  ]5.  V.  do  Tajiia,  w  ho 
remained  with  Alvarado,  says  130;  linminz,  J'rorfso  rnn/ru  Almrmh',  'M. 
("orti'.s'  own  account  distributes  the  tot-d  of  his  force  as  follows:  140  left  at 
Mexico,  1. "lO  absent  under  Velazcpiez,  70  taken  by  him.self,  l,")Oat  Villa  Mica;  Imt 
tills  is  more  tli.ii\  the  original  number  given  on  settingout  for  the  plateau,  'the 
Villa  l;ica  force  may,  however,  have  been  reduced  by  later  drafts,  for  other 
authorities  allow  only  about  70  men  for  this  fortress.  In  the  Raumsio  edition 
of  the  '  (o•^^•<  140  men  are  given  as  the  garrison  left  under  Alvarado,  while  (10 
nio  taken  by  Corti's,  Viajiji,  iii.  'J44,  but  later  issues  place  the  foinief  tignre 
at  ."illO,  which  is  evidently  a  misprint.  However  mucli  tlie  figures  of  ditiereiit 
writers  may  vai-y,  it  seems  to  be  admitted  that  war  and  disease  had  made  a 
considerabk)  inroad  U])(m  them. 

'■ '  L'izo  capitan  dellos  a  Alouzo  Davila.'  Monjaraa  and  Aguilar,  in  Corti\<, 
lienidi'iiciii,  ii.  48,  164. 


THE  MOVEMENT  SEAWARD. 


379 


Aztco  territory  t; >  tho  coast.  ]\Iontczuma  accompanied 
liim  to  the  Iztajjalapaii  causeway,  and  there  took  his 
h'live  with  friendly  demonstration,  while  a  number  of 
chieftains  continued  with  him  for  somc!  distance  on 
llic  way  to  the  Huitzilapan  plateau.  He  had  no  in- 
t'lition  of  encumbering!^  himself  with  heavy  war 
iMuterial,  for  the  little  he  possessed  could  not  avail 
a;j^aiiist  the  superior  armament  of  the  enemy.  ]lis 
must  be  a  light  corps,  capable  of  quick  movements; 
stratagem  should  sui)])ly  the  place  of  numbers.  And 
now  what  hopes  and  fears  were  theirs  as  they  marchtid 
oil  toward  the  sea!  Surely  so  brave  a  little  army  was 
never  more  beset  by  pitfalls  and  snares. 

On  reaching  Cholula  they  were  joined  by  Velazquez 
and  Kangel,  with  one  hundred  and  fifty  men,  who 
wvvc  now  the  mainstay  of  the  expedition.  About  a 
score  of  these,  suspected  of  favoring  too  strongly  the 
C'ul)an  governor,  were  sent  back  to  ^Texico,  so  that 
the  enterprise  might  not  bo  imperilled  by  treason. 
Among  the  remainder  were  distributed  the  gold 
<i)llocted  by  the  expedition  in  the  Tochtepec  and  ad- 
joining region,  in  order  to  encourage  loyalty.' 

Unable  himself  to  visit  Tlascala,  Cortes  sent  Fran- 
cisco Rodriguez,  with  instructions  to  raise  a  force  of 
her  stanch  warriors.  Ho  succeeded  in  enlisting  sev- 
eral thousand;  but  as  it  became  evident  whom  they 
were  to  meet,  the  natives  recalled  only  too  viviilly  tlie 
terribio  eflect  of  Spanish  arms  and  prowess,  and  began 
rapidly  to  desert,  so  that  only  a  few  presented  them- 
selves before  Cortes,  and  they  were  dismissed  with 
presents.'* 


I 


'  'Que  scria  fasta  c.itorze  mill  castcllanos.'  Movjarnx,  in  Corlrn,  nesi/hiirin, 
ii.  11'.    'Ciiico  o  Rcya  mill.'   Tirmht,  in  hi.,  7. 

'■'I'orri  le  parcciit '1  nuia  i'iiiisi';j;ni(li>  sii  intcnto.'  llcrrcra,  dee.  ii.  lili.  x. 
r.i|i.  i.  rirliai)s  in  spvoadinj;  tiic  lumm'  tliat  iio  eaiiic  with  Indian  aiixilia- 
riis,  Aniont;  tiie  arxiliaiiis  wt'ie  4(;0  men  fmni  ILucxotzinco,  under  t'cdro 
("'UZ.'dez  do  'J'rujillo.  Tinnln,  and  ntliers,  in  ( 'orti's,  /.V  mVA  iicin.  i.  "JIT  >t  si(|. ; 
ii  7etsei|.  It  i.s  tld.sexiieditionof  JiiidriLcnez,  a.s.sisted  ))y  l>iej.'<)*  laivia,  .MdUso 
do  Ojedi,  and  .hrvi  ^lal'iiiicz,  n^  captains,  tliat  lian  niisleil  Onma-.a,  ami  jiai- 
tieulaily  Herrera,  in  supposinj,'  that  tiio  whole  expe<liti()n  received  a  trrand 
I'li'eptiim  lit  Thiseala;  Itnt,  l)eiside  tho  ahove  reference.  Corti'.s  intiniate.-i  clearly 
tiiuiiyh  that  ho  did  not  go  thai  way,  and  ho  certainly  did  take  a  more  soutiierly 


n 


il 


IK 


nso 


THE  COUr  DE  MAtTRE  OF  COKTES. 


Ui 


\m 


Dnrinjj^  the  ninivli  to  the  coast  scouts  were  sent 
out  l)v  the  uKiiu  roiul  and  throuirli  l)V-i)aths  to  o-atlur 
iut'orniatiou  of  the  enemy,  Xot  iar  tVoni  Cliolula 
( )lineilo  ivjoinod  the  army,  with  a  lett-M-  i'rom  Xarvae>: 
demandiuL;'  sul)mis.sion.  Of  this  no  notice  was  tal;en, 
i'or  ahhouu'li  the  latter  liad  endeavored  to  intimidate 
the  envoy  hy  holiUni^  a  review  of  his  troops,  tlie  l)rave 
friar  had  sounded  the  disposition  of  tlie  men  too  ti'iilv 
to  be  alarmed,  lie  seemed  rather  disposed  to  ur.der- 
rate  the  stivno'tli  of  Xarvaez,  and  with  u  sense  ef 
the  ludicrous  he  amused  the  camp  with  his  descriptieu 
of  the  vanity  and  carelessness  of  the  leader,  and  the 
arrogant  assumption  of  tlie  otHcers.  When,  therefore, 
at  Quecholac^  they  encountered  Alonso  de  !Mata.^" 
notary  of  Narvaez,  who  hail  been  sent  with  four 
witnesses  to  advise  Cortes  of  his  commission  and 
demands,  he  was  told  tirst  to  produce  his  own  ci-edcn- 
tials  as  i-oval  notarv,  and  beinsj:  unable  to  do  so  he 
was  refused  a  lieariuL;'."  The  olficial  mission  of  the 
messem^'crs  being  tluis  disposed  of,  Cortes  sooth;'d 
their  wounded  pride  with  soft  words  and  liosj)itahle 
clieer;  he  ijfave  them  presents,  and  took  care  before 
dismissing'  them  to  feast  their  eyes  on  the  u'old  and 
jewels  whicii  he  caused  his  men  to  display,  and  to  let 
them  know  that  thousands  of  Tlascaltec  and  othei- 
troo|)s  were  on  the  way  to  join  him.  Their  report  1o 
Xarvaez  was  a  confirmation  of  Guevara's  statement, 
and  (Hd  nuich  to  la-omote  the  gTowini^  disalfeetion 
toward  oNarvaez. 


iHuito  to  the  const  than  on  the  pivvioin  jonnu-y.  f^arfd.i,  I'J'l  Iu'vumI  l>i:iz 
alsoMiys;  'omhio  (.'ortos  a  Tlast'ala  .1  roiiar.  ,  .  .([Uo  iios  I'lnliias-^cii  ilo  presto 
i|iiatro  mil  liomln'cs.'  J/i^t.  Vinlui!.,  !)!.  Pivscott  falls  not  only  into  this 
;_'('ni'rally  ailojiti'il  ovror,  hut  states  that  tiOl)  ti'oops  wero  asked  iov.  Mi  r..  ii. 
•Jlli,  whilst  the  ein-oiiielers  all  say  fronilOdi*  to  lO.OOO.  'La  niaior  ]iart«'ileelli.s 
se  liolvio,  ]iori|iie  a(|nella  Xaeion  no  esfaha  aeostnnihraila  a  [I'lear  Inera  ile 
sn  'L'ieriM.'  Toniui  inii(/(t,  i.  -tS'J.  A  not  very  sound  excusu,  since  their  ti'ooiii 
had  alreacly  p)ne  t<.  Mexico. 

"  About  twenty  lenLiues  east  of  (^iiohila. 

'^'  •  Ve/ino  de  la,  rnehlo.  (|Ue  era  hallestero.'  Il'rimI  Diaz.Ifisf.  ]  rrtlii(f..W. 

"  '  I'usole  ]ireso  en  su  pie  de  aniii:o. '  !>•  itviwht.  <h'  Crlinllo^.  in  li-<rJ»il''' '", 
('ill.  It(«-,.  i,  441.  Ihit  thi.s  is  not  likely.  IJernal  J)iaz  say.s  that  Xarvaez  miii 
tohl  to  send  eoinninnieations  to  Tainimniiiuita.  Ili^t.  Wnlud., 'M;  t'oiit  i, 
Jt\si(Uiici(t,  i.  'J48,  ii.  ISJ. 


!••' 


TIIK  CIIINAXTEC  SPEAR. 


3S1 


The  army  iKnv  deseoiidod  from  the  plateau  to 
Aiiuilizapau,  aiul  i'olloweJ  the  slope  uorthwanl  to 
lluatusco.  This  town  appears  to  have  been  situ- 
ali'tl  on  the  head-waters  of  the  present  T\io  Jamaj)a. 
llall-way  down  this  river,  about  ten  leai^ues  south  of 
('( lujioala,  lay  the  town  of  Tanipani(]uita/''  which  was 
the  rendezvous.  A  mnnber  of  Indians  who  here  aj)- 
prared  with  com})laints  of  outrag'es  bv  Xarvaez  wen- 
consoled  with  })romises  of  sjK'ody  relief  Sandoval 
liad  come  by  a  louLf  and  difficult  mountain  route  to 
avoid  the  enemy,  and  had  broui^ht  with  him  about 
>-i\ty  able-bodied  soldiers,  the  old  and  inlirm  remainiuLj 
at  Tapalote.^^ 

I'll  is  addition  raised  the  force  to  about  two  hundred 
and  sixty  men,  accordinjTj  to  common  statement,  in- 
cludini;'  the  deserters  from  Narvaez.  AnioULi^  the 
number  were  tive  horsemen,  and  a  few  archers  and 
musketeers."  They  were  })oorly  e(|uipj)ed,  for  they 
brought  i'roni  Mexico  little  else  than  well-worn  escau- 
pilcs,  or  quilted  cotton  armor,  shields,  swords,  and 
dirks,  a  miserable  outtit  in  which  to  meet  the  well 
ainieil  troops  of  Xarvaez.^^  But  the  ready  resoun-e 
ot"  ( "ortes  hail  found  a  remedy,  lie  had  noticed  in 
the  hands  of  tiie  Chinantecs  a  s[)ear,  twenty  I'eet 
in  length,  which  struck  him  at  once  as  a  Ibrmidabk! 
\\ra|)(Mi,  either  in  defence  or  attack.  It  would  be  par- 
ticularly serviceable  aii'ainst  cavalry.  Innnediately  on 
licariim"  of  Xarvaez'  arrival  he  had  sent  a  niesseuLier 


'■  Torquemada  ami  Claviircro  attempt  to  correct  this  spoiling,  hut  r.criiii 
lli:i/  is  sustainoil  hy  Ornzoo  y  Jicna,  in  Mrj-.,  Xo>irlii>i  (  iui/'id,  \l\\--(}.  l>tiii.,l 
Itiii/iilsDUR'ntions  Mitiilaguit.i,  wliit'liiiiaybo  Mctlan^'iitla,;i  t'i'\vlrai,'\u's  fartlicr 
^:l^t.  His'.  I'crild'l.,  ill.  lltrivia  states  tluit  tluy  jiassoil  tliiMin,'h  ('■iia.sl  uin. 
Iiy  wliioli  ho  means  pn)l)al>ly  tlio  pruvini'o,  and  nut  tlio  town,  uf  t'uotlaeln- 
la!i.  lU'i'.  ii.  lil).  X.  cap.  i. 

"  llcrnTa,  uV)isnp.,  leaves  Iivio  in  coniniaml  at  N'illa  Itiea,  Mliieii  is  ini- 
pnili:il)le.  Sandoval  arrived  at  tlie  reiidezvdus  tlieday  alter  iis.  //•  ihiil  llin-, 
Jl'i^i.  I'trildil.,  [y2;  < 'iirfr.-t,  lli  s'l^l.  nfia,  ii.  W  !l.  I'reseott  makes  liini  join  Imu' 
In:.. re  tliis,  on  tlio  liii:li  plateau,  Imt  lie  niisiindeistaiids  liis  autlKprilies.  and 
i-<  ifilte  at  sea  with  respect  to  the  route  fullowed  Ky  tli<'  Imces. 

'  liernal    l>iaz  and  Jlcrrera  say 'Jill i  in  all;  'rontiieiuada  has  L'llti,   hcsjil" 
captains  and  live  horsi'uien:  Curle.s.  'IM  in  all;  'I'apia.  ulMiiit  'IM. 

■  "I'lir  vn  ])cti),  II  capacete,  n  casco,  n  liahera  de  liicrro,  dieiaiuoa  mpicUa 
iiuclic  nuatonos  pidicril  i>orcllo.'  lj<.rnal  Diaz,  Hut,  Wrdad.,  Uii. 


i  1: 


3S2 


THE  COUP  DE  MAiTHE  OF  CORTES. 


to  that  province  with  an  ordtT  lor  throe  hunchwl 
of  the  pikes,  to  he  iinished  not  with  the  usual  i/tli 
head,  but  with  double  points  of  copper,  a  metal 
which  abounded  in  that  resj^ion.  The  natives  haviii:,^ 
previously  tendered  submission  to  the  S>paniards, 
Cortes  also  asked  them  for  two  thousand  warriors,  to 
join  him  on  pentecost  day  at  the  rendezvous,  l^ith 
of  these  requests  were  promptly  granted,  and  betbro 
the  Spaniards  were  on  the  j;-round  the  messen^-er  had 
returned  with  a  force  of  Indians  beariuLT  the  weapons,'*' 
with  })oints  superior  in  finish  to  the  models  sent.  The 
messenger  was  Tobilla,  a  soldier  from  the  Italian  war>, 
and  an  expert  at  arms,  particularly  with  the  lance. 
Under  his  instruction  the  soldiers  soon  became  expert 
})ikemen,  and  gained  no  little  praise.  Add  to  this 
courage,  increased  by  many  victories,  their  admirable 
discipline,  their  inlluence  over  the  natives,  and  their 
knowledge  of  the  country,  and  the  little  band  assunus 
more  formidable  proportions. 

Under  the  several  intluences  surrounding  him  the 
oriixinal  tierce  design  of  Narvaez  in  his  dealinns  willi 
Cortes  had  cooled  somewhat.  The  calm  conlidence 
and  caustic  wit  of  Olmedo  tended  to  inspire  respeet 
for  his  commander,  which  M'as  not  lessened  l)y  the 
rumor  of  vast  Indian  armies  massing  under  his  Itanner. 
Xor  were  his  men  apparently  inclined  to  turn  the 
sword  against  their  countrymen. 

I)efore  the  return  of  Mata  he  despatched  a  com- 
mission to  Cortes  demanding  the  surrender  of  thi' 
cDuntrv,  but  ottering  him  liberty  to  depart  lor  any 
other  region,  accompanied  by  those  who  wished  to 
follow  his  fortunes.  With  this  object  vessels  and 
stt)res  would  be  provided.  The  bearers  of  this  \n'n- 
posal  were  his  old  friend  Andres  de  Duero,  (Guevara, 
another  clergyman  named  Juan  de  Leon,  and  one  or 
two  others." 

"'  Tliirty-oight  palnios  long.  Ilcrrcra,  doe.  ii.  lil\  x.  cap.  iii. 

'■  Aoconling  to  liornal  Diaz  this  coniiiii;tsion  wu3  niriingt'il  by  the  eoinV)int  il 
inlluenee  of  Ohiieilo  aiul  Uuero,  (lining  Olinedo's  second  visit  to  the  c;iiii|i. 
The  I'riar  appears,   however,   to  have   been  there  but  once,   when  he  was 


DUERO  PLAYS  TRAITOR. 


3S3 


Ducro,  it  will  be  renier.ibered,  had  «xroatly  assisted 
Cortes  in  fittinjjf  out  his  expeilition  tVoiu  Cuba;  iu 
I'aet,  without  his  intervention  Cortes  would  never 
have  beeii  appointed  to  tlie  eomniantl.  Ldres  was 
<lead,  and  it  was  quite  natural,  alter  this  lajise  of  time, 
that  Duero  should  desire  to  look  in  on  ]i[exieo,  and 
i\'V  that  reason  had  joined  the  expedition  of  Xarvae/. 
Yet  his  sympathies  were  wholly  with  his  partner,  and 
alter  a  warm  enibraee  he  eame  at  onee  to  the  subject 
of  liis  ducats.  Their  interview  was  private  and  i)ro- 
tracted,  antl  a])pears  to  have  t^een  satistactory,  Coitcs 
leceiving  on  the  one  hand  valuable  information  al)out 
Xarvaez'  plans  and  position,  and  iJuero,  on  the  othci-, 
coininL!:  forth  with  weisjhted  i)ockets,  as  an  instalment 
of  the  larger  sum  to  follow.  Aect^rding  to  J>ernal 
J)iaz  it  was  arranged  that  Duero  should  receive  valu- 
alile  grants  and  otHces  if  he  persuadeil  the  alguacil 
mayor  and  other  leaders  so  to  manage  affaii-s  that 
Xarvaez  should  be  captured  or  killetb  and  Cortes 
a(!;iiowledged  captain-general  over  all  the  ti'oops.'* 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  agreement,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  Duero  promised  to  promote  his  friend's 
schemes  in  the  other  camp. 

( ruevara  and  the  other  members  of  the  commission 
^\^■l•e  also  loaded  with  presents,  and  confirmed  as  sup- 
jKirters  of  Cortes.  As  for  Xarvaez'  proposition,  he 
charufcd  them  to  replv  that  he  would  listen  to  none 


CNpt'l'.od.  Knowing  Salvatiorni  to  bi^  a  1>liistorcr,  BormiKlcz,  the  nl^'uacil 
in;iy(ii,  proposed  tliiit  he  s'uoiiM  join  tlu' oonirnissioii,  l)Ut  liis  iiitiMnU-  1  vii'tiin, 
nut  cjuins,'  to  tru.st  himself  within  the  ]iower  of  CortOs,  pleaded  .sieUiies.s  and  n, 
di>lil<c' to  spe<ik  with  a  traitor.  'Sefim'  X'eedor.'ehimed  in  Olineilo,  inmieally, 
'lie^t  it  is  to  be  prudent,  and  vmi  niav  have  him  prisoner  before  Ion;,'.'  Jii-^l, 
]\rJ<i,l.,  1)3. 

'-l>uero  wa.s  to  reeeive  the  sliare  df  treasure.^  elaimed,  a  eommand  in  tlio 
exprdition  equal  to  that  of  ('ortes,  and  after  the  eunijuest  a  ^'r.int  uf  towns 
similar  to  his  own.  As  a  fiirtlu  r  iiidneement,  .snilieient  ^'nld  was  (.dven  to  hi.id 
his  two  Cuban  servants.  On  talunir  leave  'if  the  j_'ener.il,  mi  p' iiteeost  mornin.i,', 
Ihiei'o  asked:  'What  ha.syourwoiship  tosay.  before  1  leave?'  "liod  lu'wiihynu,' 
\v;is  the  reply,  'and  see  to  it,  Sei'ior  1  >uero,  t!iat  it  be  done  ii.s  arra;iu<d,  or  by 
my  eonseienee  [Cortes'  favorite  oath]  I'll  lie  in  your  eanijt  within  three  days, 
witli  all  my  companions,  and  the  first  to  receive  the  lauce  will  be  your  woishi|>, 
if  I  see  luiiiht  contrary. '  Jii  run!  Didz,  Ui4.  Vvi\laii.,\)\.  Monjaras  states  tliat 
I'uero  and  Leon  warned  Cortes  against  opposing  Xarvaez'  army  and  eonnnis- 
siou.  L'orUi,  Uraidtiicia,  ii.  41). 


.•?si 


TIIK  COUr  PE  MAtTRi:  OF  CORTES, 


l)ut  ii  royal  l^aml;l^.^  and  would  hold  tlio  country  for 
the  kiuL"',  as  was  the  duty  of  a  loyal  suhjcct,  and  lo 
this  he  antl  his  followers  were  })rc>]iai'ed  to  pled-^v 
their  lives.  Still,  he  was  ivady  to  meet  Xarvat'Z,  each 
acconij)anied  hy  ten  attendants,  in  order  that  their 
res)Krtive  elain)S  mi;^ht  perudventure  he  happily  ad- 
justed. It  was  sup])osetl  hy  the  captains  of  Cortes, 
who  liad  inlluenced  the  proposal,  that  the  result  wouM 
he  a  division  of  territory,  and  to  this  they  were  williii'' 
to  agree. ^^ 

I)uero  had  hecn  roquw-tcd  l)y  Narvaez  to  persuade 
Velazquez  de  Leon  to  visit  tlieir  camp,  in  the  hope  that 
a  ))ersonal  meetini,^  might  win  him  to  their  cause.-' 

Velazquez'  disregard  of  the  foi'mer  sunnnons  iVoiii 
the  enemy  had  conlirmed  the  laith  of  Cortes  in  his  loy- 
alty, and  since  a  visit  to  the  camp  of  Narvaez  migli*" 
lead  to  inq)oi'tant  information,  ho  advi.sed  him  to  go, 
at  the  same  time  intimating  that  his  heavy  ornaments 
might  have  a  happy  effect  on  that  gold-thirsty  crew.'-' 
With  a  view  to  temj)orize  he  was  authorizi'd  to 
olfer  himself  as  mediator  l)etweon  tlie  tv/o  generals, 
and  with  a  su|)ply  of  gold  for  hrihes  he  went  over  lo 
the  camp  of  Xarvaez.  There  lic  met  a  most  cordial 
ivception.  Gently  the  commander  remonstrated  at 
his  atlherence  to  a  traitor  who  had  so  deeply  injured 
his  relatives.     "  lie  is  no  traitor,"  replied  Velaz<piez 


'"  Corti's  to  rcin.iiu  governor  of  the  part  to  lio  allotted  him  till  tlio  kin,' 
sliiMiM  (li'i:i(le.  Tallin,  J,'il.,  iii  /orjinloiii.  Col.  Doc,  ii.  5S8.  Auconliii;,'  t  > 
( Idinar.'i,  who  sends  Voedor  Ah'jire/,  Cliieo,  Juan  X'elazqucz,  and  .Itian  del 
l!i(),  to  i.arry  the  iiieasa^^'c,  I'orlc'.i  pvopo.sod  a  private  interview  for  the  ili^- 
nission  of  two  points,  wiiether  Narvaez  woidd  leave;  ^lexieo  to  Idni  and  j^o  to 
i'aniieo  or  ilnewliere,  aideil  l)y  ('oi'tea  witii  no\A  an<l  supplies,  or  \\iietlu'r 
\ai  vae/  prefiired  to  take  Me\i<'o  and  givi;  hiui  liH)  or  4(K)  men  witerewith  to 
)ias.s  on  to  new  eonquests.  I  list.  Mi.i\,  144.  Tlio  la.st  pniposal  could  only 
have  lieen  a  tnip  to  seeuro  Narvaez'  nu'n.  I'reseott  ciiooses  to  omit  the  jim- 
jio.sal  lor  an  intervifW,  and  .sends  instead  tlio  idtiniatnm  with  ])uero,  a 
i;larini,'  di-^i-evanl  of  ( "ortes' own  text,  a.-*  conlirmed  hyotlier.s.  Coiits,  t'cirti-:, 
■)-_M    -J;   <>ri,;ln,  iii.  It  14. 

'■'"  '  l)i/.e  Narvaez,  y  en  todo  .sn  Real  ay  fanm,qui  h\  U.  nierced  [Vclaziiue/l 
Vii  alh'i.  (|Ue  lue^o  yo  |(.'ortt's|  ."lov  desheeho.'  Ilr.riwl  Did:,  Hixt.  Wnl'i'l.,  'X>. 

-''  IJcrnal  I  )ia/ states  tluit  CJortes  made  the  request  i:i  a  mannei' that  ap 
jieared  to  \'ela/(|Utz  an  attempt  to  probe  his  loyalty,     lie  therefore  nfn  ,eil 
to  take  any  valuables  with  liim,  but  was  liuuUy  persuaded     Juan  del  liio, 
Cortes'  eipierry,  kept  him  company. 


VKLAZQUKZ  DK  LKOX. 


8S3 


jirnilv,  "tlioro  lias  \)cvn  no  treason  eitlirr  acfi'd  or 


w 


ill!  (.MM  led 


II. 


\V( 


Hild    not    listen   to  anv   overtin 


cs. 


I'Vi'ii  wiu-n  (•ou])li'(l  with  the  ]>i'oniis(>  of  a  connnand 


SI 


■coikI  oid\'  to  that  of  Xai'vat'Z. 


I    1 


lavi'  swoi'ii  lov- 


('. 


nlty  to  ( 'ortcs,"  ho  said,  "and  T  will  riMnain  tru 
Nt-voilht'loss,  that  he  niinht  not  ait]>oai"  nni^racioiis, 
lit'  |»i(>niis('d  to  use  his  elfoi'ts  toward  the  re/o^jnit ion 
of  Xarvae//  supremacy.  A  review  of  the  tro()])s  was 
held  1()  im]»ress  him  with  the  superiority  of  the  forces 
with  which  he  nuLjht  soon  have  to  couleiid. 


A  courtier  in   mannei",  and   with   a   iin( 


Veh 


irosence. 


iz(|uez  (|UicKly  won  his  way  anionuf  the  cajitams 
and  stalf;  noi*  did  he  fail  to  iin|»rovi>  the  op])ortunitv 
hy  jtreseiitiuLC  his  o-enei'al's  cause  in  the  most  attract- 
ive li^'ht.  Xo  little  wei^dit  was  o-iven  to  his  words 
hv  the  hea\y  Lipoid  chain   which  fell  in  several  coils 


upon 


hisli 


Cortes  ailirms  that  the  proposal  for  an   intej-view 
ith    Xar\aez  had   heen  accepted,  and    that   lu;  was 
piiparin!^-  to  attend  it  whi-n  the  warniiiLj  (.'aiue  that 


w 


.•Klvantaii'e  won 


Id   he  taken  of  the  nu>etin'>'  to  sei; 


.o.  o; 


kill  him.-'    if  treachery  was  intended,  it  is  more  likely 


l!cni;i!  I'i.i/  aiM.s  tliat,  thv.se  ellbrts  l)!'!!!^;  ohaerved  by  Salvaticrra,  Nar- 


-I  iir;,'r  1  to  sc'izo  \'('lazi|iii'Z,  and  tlii.s  wmilil  liavo  tx'i-n  dt 


vaoz  WA 


ivprcsfiitatliiii.s  I 


lit  for  tlid 
if  iMieroaiid  otlu'is.  I  tiiriii!,' tin' diniuT  f,'ivt'ii  in  lii.s  liuiiDr, 
Captain  l>ir;,'(i  X'cla/mu'z,  iicplii'W  of  the  ('ulian  ^'ovviikii',  alludod  in  ono  of 
l.i.s  ivniai'l;s  to  ( 'oiti'S  as  a  traitor.  Tin'  ^iicst  a|)]n'al<'d  to  Narvaiz  aL'ainst 
s'.k'li  i'.\|irL'ssi(ius.      Dii'i,'!)   repeated  tlic  ti'iiii,  and   aildrd   tliat.lnan   diil  not 

his  MWoi-d  till'  iattor  ri'torlcd, 
ilf  a  licttfi'  man  than  citlirr  iim.lo 


to  I 


H'ar  till'  naint!  \  t'la/.i|iR'/..     ( irasiniiij 


laliiii''  iiiiii  a 


III 


I'  Would  iirovc  liiniM 


if  jii'rniission  was  ^.'ranlfd.      Tlu'  others  had   to   inti'rfcrr  to  ] 


ii'i' 


viiit  tlu'  (.lasliin'  of  swords,  and  N: 


rvacz  was  |ii'i'sii 


lldi'd  to  order  tlie  tlirliu 


lent  vi  ;itor  awav.      At  h'ave-takiiiL;  the  LreiH'ial 


Ins  aiinovanre, 


.s:ilcl  that  It  Mill 
stood  liv  I 


hi 


lave  heen  lietter  ha  1  he  not  eoni< 


Di. 


Veil 


de,  a-hh'd  a  tl 


ll'e 


it,  to  wllioll  .ll 


d 

IZipieZ,  wli  » 


i.'in  ra 


il  his  lieiird:     '  Bil'ore  many  ilays    I    shall  see  if  your  jui 


silly  retoi'ted,  \\itli  a,  twirl 


iWess   ciiuals   yon, 


"lasl. 


armed  at   his  want  ot  selt-eontn 


l)nero  am 


1    oti 


ler  SVllllii 


iiirrieil  luni  away 


l>ef 


ore  lie  eon 


Id  litter  anv  more  indiseretions 


llllizer: 
1  tlx 


am 


•  '.aierty  had  liardly  left  eainj 
and  ea used  liiem  to  increase 


1  lieton 
their  1 


some  liorseiiieii 


'I'l" 


d. 


hi 


JJi^l.  Vcrilml.,  !).")  (1;  !!■ 


IS  it  in  piirsiiu, 
/•/•(  /•((,  dec.  ii. 


I.  X.  eap.  1. 


I'lir/im,  IJ'J.     Bornal  l>iaz  assumes  that  tli 


>]w)s.d  for  an  iiiti'r\ie\v 


came  from   N'aixaez,  thi'oimh    I)nero.  to  whom   he  also  eonlid'd  the  inteiide  I 


treaeherv. 


Ohih'ilo,  who  hi 


iretemled  to  he  won  over,  was  tilso  informei 


d. 


Jli^l.  IV/'./im/,,  !i;t.      Heriera  siippi 
ioriliiij{  t()  (ioinarii,  is  still  at   Nl 


'OSes  that  Sandov.'il  warns  ( 'orti's,  who,  jie- 


exieo  when  the   proposa 


I's.    I  list.  Ml  r. 


I  ll.    Solis  i.s  nmre  eorreet  in  ascrihiiiir  the  waiiiiii''  to  I)ue.io.   Hint,  ,1/i.c. ,  ii.  ,S3, 
JliHV.  MtkX.,  Vol.  1.    °jj 


886 


TIIK  COUP  DE  MAfTRE  OF  CORTKS. 


s- 


to  have  orii^niiated  with  Cortos,  wlio  was  l)v  no  moans 
.scrupulous,  as  we  liavo  seen,  while  Xarvaez  aj)|)ears 
to  have  borne  the  rejnitation  of  a  man  of  honor.''*  It 
is  still  more  ])rol)ahle  that  (\)ites  invented  the  warn- 
iiiL,''  in  order  to  be  iVee  before  his  followers,  and  before 
Narvaez,  to  carry  out  a  more  momentous  jdoject, 
which,  with  the  increase*!  knowledge  of  atfriis  in  the 
enemy's  camp,  and  Avitli  the  gi-owth  there  of  his  party, 
]»ad  beu^un  to  unfold  in  his  mind. 

It  was  a  ijjrand  conception;  yet  i^randor  still  the 
execution.  It  was  a  dilfeivnt  matter  with  a  small 
force  to  fall  U{)on  a  well  appointed  army  of  country- 
men; different  I'rom  war  on  naked  sava_<j^es,  to  sur- 
pr'ise  them  by  ni^ht,  or  otherwise  to  vanquish  them. 
Yet  this  was  what  Cortes  now  })ro}»osed  to  do.  N<»r. 
in  ado])tinL|;  this  bold  measure,  does  he  lay  himsi'lf 
o])en  to  the  chariLje  of  rashness  or  recklessness.  His 
situation  was  desi)erate:  he  must  conquer  or  bo  coii- 
(piered.  Cortes  was  no  abstract  theorist:  he  dealt 
maiidv  in  concrete  facts;  not  necessarily  demonstrated 
facts,  but  facts  reached  often  by  intuition  alone. 
With  facts,  intuitively  or  practically  arrived  at,  lif 
kept  himself  well  stored,  lie  possessed  many  nobln 
qualities,  but  on  the  whole,  as  wo  have  seen,  his 
character  was  not  cast  in  an  immaculate  mould.  JIo 
was  ex<x'cdingly  relii:^ious;  and  while,  as  I  have  said, 
lie  would  not  let  religion  stand  in  the  way  of  his 
ambition,  yet  he  was  more  bigoted  than  any  of  his  fol- 
lowers. Aside  from  the  chivalrous  abandonment  of 
himself  to  fate,  and  the  brilliant  ac^hievements  thence 
arising,  there  was  little  admirable  in  him.  He  knew 
nothing  of  lofty  magnanimity,  although  he  did  many 
magnanimous  acts;  he  knew  nothing  of  pure  disin- 
terestedness, or  a  generosity  of  soul,  although  he  was 
oittimes  exceedingly  generous.  He  had  none  of  that 
sense  of  unswerving  justness  and  sensitiveness  to 
wrong  which  characterized  drijalva.     His  self-possis- 

"  The  fiict  that  he  allowed  such  tlangoroua  men  as  Velazquez  de  Leou  ainl 
Olnicilo  to  go  free  indicates  that  he  harbored  iio  treaeiiery. 


LOFTY  ASSKVERATIOXS. 


387 


sion  Tiovor  loft  liiin.  IIo  was  a  powor  within  liimsiH', 
;iiul  lie  knew  it.  Thus  It  was  in  Mi'xico  now;  and  lor 
vt'ars  afterward  when  ^[exieo  was  all  America,  ho 
was  Ai^anieninon,  king  of  men,  the  greatest  of  Greece 
when  (iroeco  was  all  the  world. 

Under  the  present  inspiration,  lie  sent  Rodrigo 
Alvaiez  Chico  and  a  notary"'^  to  withdraw  the  ))j()j»osal 
he  had  made  Narvaez  for  an  interview,  and  to  demand 
of  him  the  production  of  a  royal  conunission,  author- 
izing his  presence  there,  which  conunission  would  ho 
icspectcd;  otherwise  ho  uiust  cease  meddling  with 
the  aft'airs  of  the  country.  The  followers  of  Narvaez 
were  to  bo  formally  forbiddo!!  to  obey  his  orders;  and 
tlicy  were  to  appear  before  Cortes  within  a  specilied 
time,  and  loarn  from  him  what  the  interests  of  tho 
king  required  of  them.  Failing  in  this,  ho  would 
have  them  seized  and  dealt  with  as  rebels  against  his 
majesty.'^* 

The  cool  impudence  of  this  demand,  coming  from 
tlic  ca[)tain  of  a  little  band  of  outlaws  henuned  in 
Iti'iween  hostile  forces,  gave  rise  to  no  small  amuso- 
iiKiit  in  tho  enemy's  camj).  Xarvaez  chose  neverthe- 
1  'ss  to  regard  the  matter  seriously,  receiving  tho 
niessaiifo    as    an    insolent   detianco.      He   declared   ho 


-'(idiiiiini  sends  them  with  Velazquuz  de  Leon.  llii*t.  }Tc.r.,  144.  Thico.  t^ 
I'rihi)  Uernandc/,  t'ScrilKino. '  JJi'iiiaiula  ilr  ('''hallux,  in  IccvJndccta,  <'ol.  JJi>i\, 
i.  4H).  Vehizijuez  liivving  gone  on  a  mediatory  mission,  Chico  must  have 
luiii  sent  after  his  departure. 

-'  '  La  rospucsta ....  fuo  ])render  al  escribano  y  d  la  persona  quo  con  mi  pnder 
....Ins  eualfS  estuvieron  detenidos  hasta  (pie  Uegi)  otro  mens:ij(Ti)  (pic  yo 
eiivii'.'  '  Ksoribi  una  carta  al  diclio  Nai'vaez  y  otra  ;l  los  terceros,  dioiendoles 
cuiiiii  yi)  liabia  sabido  su  m.da  iatencion.'  ( 'or'c.i,  Curt'ix,  122-;^.  The  n-fer- 
lUi'o  to  a  messenger  indicates  (  M>rtes'uieaning  to  be  thatChico  preeedi^d  Wlaz- 
i|uezik'  Leon.  (Jomara  assumes  that  Coites' pretext  for  withdrawing  tile  proposal 
t'laii  interview  was  that  Narv.icz  had  declined  to  entertain  tiie  puiiits  ti>  iio 
tluie  discussed.  See  note  t!).  Chico  iiad  warned  him  of  tile  intended  treat  liery. 
Hi/it.  Mc.i:,  144.  'Y  que  sujiiessi;  que  no  aiiian  de  cantar  dos  gallos  en  vii 
iiiul.idar,  y  (pieaparejasse  hism.inos. '  //(/•;■(■/•((,  dec.  ii.  lib.  ix.caj).  xxi.  ISernal 
I'ia/  sends  the  message  with  Olnu'do,  'since  no  royal  notary  dare  c.iiry  it,' 
and  gives  Narvaez  tiiree  days  in  which  to  send  in  any  conimi.ssion  lie  may 
)Kis,scss  si;,'ned  by  the  king.  Without  such  conimi.ssion  he  must  leave  tlio 
iiiuiitry,  or  Cortes  will  seize  him  and  intlict  punishment  for  the  outr.ige  on 
AilluM  and  on  the  Indians.  Thia  ultimatum  was  signed  also  by  the  captains 
and  senile  soldiers,  i'iciudi:ig  IJernal  Diaz.  J/i.4.  Vcrilail.,  9'J  S.  An  answer 
WIS  demanded  iliroagh  tho  8,imc  niessuujjera.  Tai>ia,  lid.,  in  Icoibidcita,  Cul. 
l>v'--,  ii.  588. 


111; 


388 


TIIK  COrp  IX:  MAlTP.E  OF  COIlTl'lS. 


would  no  longer  show  forbearance  toward  tlio  traitcH-; 
he  set  a  jn-icc;  on  the  head  (»t'  Cortes,  announced  the 
estate  of  his  followers  to  be  confiscated,  and  j)ro- 
c'lainied  oj)en  war  against  them.-'' 

Inunecb'atel}'  after  despatdiing  his  ultimatum  Cortes 
broke  camp  and  followed  his  messengers  at  a  (juick 
march.^*  At  ]lio  de  Canoas,  or  La  Antigua,  Vela/.(nu;', 
came  up  with  letters  from  Duero  and  others,  Thi-y 
liad  probably  been  written  under  a  ])reconcertcd  ar- 
rang(>ment,  for  they  were  read  to  the  leaders  ami 
discussed,  the  result  being  a  unanimous  resolution  to 
advan(^e.  So  forward  they  went,  Cortes  exclaiming, 
•'Death  to  the  ass  or  to  hiui  who  drives  it !"-'•' 

Crossing  the  swollen  river  with  some  difficulty.™ 
he  hurried  on  to  Hio  Chachalacas,  over  a  league  from 
Cemjioala,  where  camp  was  formed  quietly  and  with- 
out tires.^*  This  sudden  movement,  coming  inunodi- 
atoly  after  Duero's  interview  with  Cortes,  confirms  the 
supposition  that  a  ]ilot  had  been  concocted  by  thcui. 
which  was  to  surprise  Narvaez  under  advantageous 
circumstances  arranwd  by  confederates.  There  wcm 
to  be  no  hall- way  measures;  all  must  be  staked  oa 
one  cast.^^ 

-'  '  Daiia  ilos  mil  pesos,  a  quien  matassc  a  ITcrnaiulo  Cortos,  o  a  floiiciilK 
(In  Saiidoiial. '  /Irmrii,  dvc.  ii.  lih.  x.  cap.  i.  'Truia  maiulado  do  JKcgi 
\'olaz(juc/,  <)iio  ;i  mi  y  A  ciortos  do  los  du  mi  compafiia  que.  ,  .  ,iios  aiiorca.sc\' 
Ciir/rii,  Ciirldx,  l'2\.  '  Jlizo  procoso  eii  forma  cout>'a  Oortt'S,  y  pur  su  .^cii 
toiioia,  lo  c'oiidciiu  ;i  imicrto.'  IxllUxochitl,  I  list.  Chick.,  300;  Goinarn,  Hi-'. 
Jh.r.,  14:{,  1  Ki. 

■^'■^  '  Dciido  a  dos  lioras  (pie  so  jwrtio  cl  Juan  Velazquez,'  says  ]jcrnal  I>i:i/, 
JfLif.    V,nl<vl.,  !).■). 

■■''•'  Implyiiii,'  tiiat  since  Narvacz  would  imt  listen  to  reason,  Corti'-s  or  W 
should  (lie.  '  Vilazquoz  dixo  al.  ..  .Cortes  (pie  adondc  yva  quo  yva  a  h 
caruesceria.'  'I'lslimmii't,  \\\  Covli'n,  Jtixulciiria,  i.  '24!);  ii.  !),  .")(>,  IS.V-ii.  (ii 
t!io  way  to  l\io  do  Canoas,  wlicre  tliey  a.'rivod  the  day  after  loaviu;,'  laiiiji, 
two  lio.u'^,  with  uavil  on  tlio  l)ack,  wore  killed,  an  incident  whicii  many  i  ;- 
teriirotod  as  a  ^iu;n  of  viotory.  Velazipu'z  iiaving  arrived  with  tho  mos-icii :(  r 
who  carried  tiio  ultimatum,  the  army  prooeeded.  Ilrnal  Dhiz,  J/isf.  Vrnluil.. 
D.'i.  '  Anduvimos  aipiel  dia  easi  diez  leguas.'  Tapia,  in  Icazbalcelu,  ('"I.  />"'■., 
ii.  5SS. 

•■''Twomen  were  drowned  in  crossing  thestream.  //(vrrrn.dcc.ii.lil).  x.cap.ii. 

^'  'Dos  leguas  do  los  contrarios.'  Tapln,  ltd.,  in  laizhalcrtd,  dtl.  />'"■ 
'Fuimos  a  dormir  a  vn  riaohiielo,  adoilo  estava  en  aipiella  sazon  vua  piieti- 
ohra  de  vna  legua  do  ("(^loal.'  Jji  riial  DUr.,  Hint.  I'crilai/.,  9().  I'lrsi  ott  her.' 
evidently  follows  the  orroneou.s  topograjiiiy  of  Solis,  who  confuses  this  itc  1; 
with  Kio  Canoas.    /Ii<f.  .Mc.r.,  ii.  S.") ;  < '(jW( w,  Itf-ihloii-in,  i.  '24!);   ii.  oi). 

•*-  *Cumo  yo  descuha  eviUir  todo  esciindalo,  pareciome  cpie  scria  el  iuiiiii>. 


I      tt    :  , 


isl 


MANUFACTlTvIXO  ENTHUSIASM. 


ssa 


Ciillin;^  liis  mon  round  him,  ho  inatli  ono  of  thoso 
siirriiit^  ;ij)])(jals  in  which  he  km-w  so  well  how  to  ani- 
iiiato  tlu'ir  spirit  and  touch  their  licart.  J  Ic  rcviewi'd 
tlnir  ri^ht  ti)  the  ooncjuost,  and  their  promises  1(.  hold 
the  eountrv  for  the  kin<jr.  "And  now  comes  iITh 
emissary  of  Sehor  Velazque/,"  Cortes  continued,  "full 
(if  envy  and  treacherous  desijjjn,  to  approjiriate  llie 
IVuit  of  your  liard-won  victories.  This  [)ompous  Xai- 
^ae/.,  while  seizinjjj  your  i-iches  and  clothinu^  himself 
ill  your  glory,  wouhl  load  you  with  imjiositions  and 
hiand  you  with  dishonor.  Will  you  suhmit  to  this? 
Will  you,  who  have  overcome  mighty  hosts,  who  have 
sei/A'd  eni])ircs,  who  even  now  hold  monaivhs  in  your 
hands,  will  you  place  your  necks  in  the  yoke  and 
liiiiiihly  submit  to  the  unjust  demands  of  this  instru- 
luent  of  your  ancient  enemy?  God,  who  has  always 
ht'cn  with  us,  will  still  light  on  our  side,  if  we  will 
he  true  to  him  and  true  to  our  king.  We  must  fi-dit, 
and  it  is  for  life;  ay,  and  more  than  life — for  honor 
and  glorious  inheritance."  Cheer  after  cheer  burst 
from  the  men,  while  the  captains  liastened  to  assure 
( 'mf  c's  that  they  would  follow  him  to  the  tUjath."'^ 

Although  it  was  generally  understood  that  coopera- 
liiiii  was  expected  within  the  enemy's  camp,  the 
ji'.ident  general  made  no  mention  of  the  fact,  lest  it 
might  render  the  men  less  self-ndiant.  lie  j)ointe(l 
I  Hit,  however,  that  their  opponents,  although  more 
nuiiierous  than  they,  were  unused  to  war,  elfeminate, 
disheartened  from  hardships,  and  discontented  with 
llicir  commander.  ITe  explained  the  arrangement  of 
Narvaez'  cam}),  and  divided  the  force  into  three 
jMilies,  under  the  command  respectively  of  Sandoval, 

yoii-.lc  uochi",  sin  scrsentido. . . .  y  jircmU'rlo  [Xarvaoz];  . . .  .ponino  losilciiic'.s 
i|iH  riaii  olji'il'x'cr  ii  la  justicia,  vn  especial  ijiic  ins  iiia.s  dcllos  vuiiiaii  por  fm  r/a. ' 
(■(.,■/- V.  i:,rt,i^,  l'.':}-4. 

■''Ho  also  statoil  that  offers  had  been  made  favorahh"  to  him  ahme,  ii'it  t> 
tlii;ii,  hinee  he  had  deeliiied  tliein.  'Mm  raid  asiio  I'l  ([iiieu  Id  aiiuija. '  Any 
(it!n  rcimrso  will  disL,'raeo  us,  was  tlie  coiieliiilinj,'  remark,  wliereiipoii  we  lit'ud 
liiiii  uptiii  our  shoulders  and  earried  hinj  round.  Tuyia,  Iti !.,  in  /rirJui/fi'/a, 
'../.  Jini\,  ii.  .'"•SS-O.  'llizo  muchas  ofertas,  y  prometimietos,  que  Keriamm 
t'"l..s  iiuiy  rieos.'  B<rnal  I)ia~,  IliM.  Vvnlml.,  JIS.  It  would  he  his  fault, 
not  theirs,  if  success  failed,    llcrixra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  ii. 


jl 
11 


■  !■  \ 


aoo 


TIIK  COLT  DE  MAITRE  01'  CORTl'S. 


C)litl,  and  hiinsolf,  the  position  of  tlic  fonnor  as  al^nia- 
fil  mayor  and  comandanto  on  tlio  coast,  and  tlif 
second  as  maestro  de  campo,  enlitlin;^  them  to  this  dis- 
tinction, yoimi^  as  tliey  were,  particulai'Iy  since  Coi-tcs 
retained  the  direction  of  atfairs.  To  the  former,  aidid 
by  JorLje  and  (jronzalo  Alvarado,  Alonso  do  Avila,  and 
eighty  men,  was  intrusted  the  task  of  attackiiiL,'  Xar- 
vaez'  special  fjuarters,  with  the  formally  worded 
command  to  seize  him,  dead  or  alive.^*  As  a  furtlici' 
inducement  toward  the  accom})lishment  of  this  im- 
])ortant  end,  rewards  of  three  thousand,  two  thousand, 
and  one  thousand  pesos  res})ectively  were  promised 
to  tjic  first  three  soldiers  who  slujuld  secure  the 
ji^eneral.^'^  Olid  received  the  important  order  to  cajitui'i' 
the  artillery,  from  which  the  _t,n'eatest  danL,^er  was  ti> 
be  ajiprehended.  With  him  were  Andres  de  Tapia, 
]^iego  Pizarro,  and  others.  Cortes  himself  was  t'» 
follow  and  render  aid  where  most  needed,  su])p.)itr.l 
by  Ordaz,  Grado,  the  brothers  C'hico,  and  o(1m  is.  " 
The  password  was  '  Es})iritu  Santo,*  suggested  by 
Ohiicdo  with  reference  to  pentecost  day,  on  wiii.  Ii 
all  these  events  took  place. 

While  occu})ied  with  their  preparations  a  desci'tci- 
arrived,  sent  by  Duero,  it  seems,  to  warn  Cortes  t!iat, 

"  'Gimzalodo  Sfuloual,  Al'^'uazil mayor <lesta  Xuciia  ]''spafia.  pm-su  Miiljcs- 
tail,  yousinaiiilo  ij  pri'mlays  1 1  iiicipo  de  ranlilo  du  Narv.U'/,  o  si  so  n.s  di  iVii- 
dinc,  iiiatadlf,  (|ite  assi  cDiivii'iie  al  fiTvicio  do  l)i()s,  y  do  sil  Ma„'cstad,  y  1  • 
])iiiidii(  11  vii  Oidor.'  Couiitersigiu'il  l>y  Socrotary  I'odro  nernaiidi/.  Hii-ifd 
J)!(r.,  Hist.  I'inliii/.,  OS;   'l'')iiii,  J,il.,h\  IrirJiu'atu,  Col.  J>oc.,  ii.  it'.H). 

a.  HiiTora  \vritos.'?(MH)  l.'.u'i  an  I  KXM)  pesos  (looro.  Curti'.s' acts  aro  s^iid  Iv 
till'  null  (if  \'cIa/()iK/;  to  hiivo  boon  jjroniptod  by  'un  diabolioo  ponsaniiiiitn  i' 
int\rii;d  osadia.'  Jiiiiutii'l '  ''■  ( 'm'"  (//(■•.•,  in  li-azhiilcdii,  C'l.  ]>'«•.,  i.  -Ml. 

^"Tlioabovo  aL.'re«s  .hi  ily  witii  Jloirora,  who  assi^Mis  .Sandoval  CO  nion, 
and  names  a  nuniborci  tlio  loading  nieniboi-s  of  each  l)ai'ty.  Tlio  partios  wenj 
to  koo|)  a  stone's  throw  apart.  One  of  {'ort.'-s'  sipiads  was  to  look  to  tlio  .  a- 
eii|ue's  jialaoe,  and  another  to  Alealdo  Yusto's  qnarters.  doc.  ii.  lili.  x.  e.ip.  iii. 
IK'  is  evidently  confused  on  many  p'lints.  and  several  names  are  guessed  ;it. 
llernal  Diaz  states  that  Pizarro,  with  (JO  young  men,  includinj;  himself,  win 
cliai-ged  to  captnie  the  artillery  ;  Sandoval  received  (10  men  ;  Velazcpie/  do  Leon 
nl.o  a  foi'cc  of  (JO,  wherewith  to  attack  Diejjo  Velazcpiez'  <piarter.s;  t'orti's  n- 
niained  with  a  reserve  of  "JO.  It  i.s  more  likely  that  a  higher  ollicer,  like  (>!i  1. 
received  the  order  to  capture  the  artillery,  rather  than  the  compaintivi  !y 
iinkuowii  I'izarro.  Velazciuez  de  Loon  does  not  appear  to  have  lieen  dctaiKd 
for  his  charge  till  afterward.  Cortt's  names  oidy  Sandoval  as  t!io  loader  ■  1 
one  party  of  SO  men,  ho  himself  following  with  the  reiuaiiiiug  170.  Car'.'H, 
I2\i.     Sulib  reverses  llerrera's  older.  JJi<>t.  Mex.,  ii.  01-2. 


i'i*  • : 


it' 


MA:,'(r/jvni:,'(;s. 


.".:)! 


advisi'd  of  his  npproacli  l»y  thr  Indians,'"  XarvjU'Z 
liitd  taken  alarm,  and  was  forniin^^  the.'  hi'st  j)art  of 
liis  troops  in  tlio  ticld''^  l)et\veen  liini  and  (V'n»|»oala. 
To  this  he  had  been  j)roini)tc(l  also  hy  the  more 
wateliful  of  his  captains,  who  had  not  failed  to  ol»- 
>i  rve  the  jj^rowing  syini)athy  foi-  the  rival  j^cnrral. 
This  most  unpleasant  elumi^e  of  tai-tics  disconcert  rd 
( '(jrtes  not  a  little,  and  for  the  time  he  could  do  nolh- 
iiii,'  hut  remain  in  cump,  protected  in  front  hy  the 
(leek.  Fortune  a;^aiu  came  to  the  I'escue,  howevi-r, 
ill  the  form  of  a  heavy  rain,  which  fell  all  Stmday. 
It  was  the  heginnin*^"  of  the  rainy  .season.^'-'  ^lost  of 
Xarvaez'  men,  unused  to  military  service,  and  ener- 
\ated  by  the  frivolous  inactivity  of  the  camp,  found 
this  highly  disagreeable,  and  began  to  com[»lain  at 
what  they  termed  an  unnecessary  pi'ecaution  again^;t 
an  insignilicant  foe.  The  friends  of  Cortes  did  not 
fail  to  take  advantage  of  this  i'ecling  by  ridiculing  the 
iiianteuvre,  representing  tliat  i»o  troops,  much  less  a 
liandlul  of  boasters,  would  think  of  atta(.'king  in  such 
Weather.  They  would  in  any  case  be  far  more  secun- 
within  their  strong  (piarters,  and  by  h'aving  an  ad- 
vance j)ost  in  the  held  timely  warning  (;ould  be  given. 


us  aoitearec 


'PI 


I  to  b 


e  reasona 


bh 


UKl  Since 


X 


irvae/  hv 


11' I  means  relished  the  exposure,  he  gave;  orders  to  i-e- 
turn  to  (piarters  before  dusk,  leaving,  however,  a  body 
"I"  forty  horsemen  on  the  }>lain  and  two  spies  at  a 
hrook  ibrd,  about  half  a  leau'Uc;  oif.     The  remaiiidi  r  of 


the  horses  were  kept  saddled  at  the  entrance  to  (ht 
camp,  and  the  men  were  instructed  to  .sleej)  on  ihcii 
anus,  ])repared  at  any  rate  to  I'tjoccrpy  the  field  in  t 


lie 


morn  111'.'". 


The  watchword  was  'S;i!ita  Maria. 


Cortes  was  occ 


upied 


i  in  d 


evisini<:  new  measures  wiun 


Tlif  st<!'.it  ciici(|Ui!  h:ul  romoiistnitcil  with  tlic  i,'tMR'i:il  on  his  o;in  li 


!i-stinii'j 


liiii  tliat  Maliiiciic  with  his  Tciih-.s  was  fur  (Ulhrriit. 


W 


nil  V'i'.l 


Ka-.t  ixjii'ct  it  lie  will  1)0  licre  and  will  kill  yuu.'  Althniiuh  tlic  wainin,' 
Was  reuiivt'tl  with  laughter,  yet  the  hint  was  not  lost.  JJi  iiiat  l>i<r.,  J/i.i'. 
I".  .■'/<('/.,  !t(i. 

'■''  Iv^'hty  horsemen  and  500  infantry.  '  Y  llcg6  casi  una  legua  ilo  ilouUo 
y<j  tstaiia.'  ('oit(\<i,  ('aita.<,  l'J3. 

^'' Latt,  Xqc.  Orb.,  i'^l;  Ilakliiijl's  I'oy.,  iii.  407. 


802  THE  COUP  DE  MAITRE  OF  CORTIIS. 

iiif(jrnicd  of  this  movoincnt.  Poiritlrifjf  out  to  liis  men 
the  effeminacy  and  imsoldierly  quahties  of  the  rabble 
Vvith  which  they  had  to  deal,  and  the  carelessness  and 
inefficiency  of  their  commander,  he  ordered  an  imme- 
diate advance  on  Cempoala,  where  they  would  now  be 
scarcely  expected.  "You  know  the  maxim,"  he  said, 
"  'ui)on  the  enemy  at  dawn;'  but  better  still,  we  will 
t.urprise  them  by  night.**  Let  each  strive  to  excel  his 
connadc  in  valor."  Those  words  were  received  with 
hearty  approval,  for  anything  was  preferable  to  sus- 
])ensc  in  a  dreary  bivouac  without  fire  or  comfort. 
Crossing  the  crock  they  marched  noiselessly  over  the 
plain,  through  the  rain,  drenched  and  hungry.  On 
reaching  the  brook,  near  the  town,  they  came  upon 
the  two  scouts  of  the  enemy,  Gonzalo  Carrasco  and 
Alonso  Hmtado;  they  captured  the  former,  while 
the  latter,  warned  by  the  cry  of  his  comrade,  hurried 
into  camp  to  give  the  alarm.  Carrasco  was  com[)elled 
under  threats  to  answer  a  number  of  questions  on  the 
])osition  and  ])lans  of  his  party,  and  was  menaced  with 
d(3ath  if  he  played  false. *^ 

A  cross  had  been  erected  at  the  ford,*^  probably 
during  the  first  march  to  Cempoala,  and  here  the 
army  knelt  in  all  humility  to  do  reverence.  Father 
Olmedo  then  gave  the  men  the  general  absolution, 
and  ttppcalcd  to  heaven  to  bless  the  efforts  now  to  be 
made  in  behalf  of  their  faith  and  the  king,  closing 
Avith  the  soul-stirring  assurance  that  victory  should 
be  theirs.     The  men,  one  and  all,  felt  no  doubt  that 


^"BotoUo,  kiidwii  as  the  Astrologer,  who  liad  mado  several  successful 
in'i'ilictions,  liail  assured  (^ortes  that  a  uigiit  attack  would  secure  him  tlio 
vicUu'V.   Ilcrrcf:!,  dec.  ii.  lil).  x.  caji.  xi. 

'  ('ortis  rallied  him  upon  his  eaptiu-c,  and  addressed  liim  as  coiiiiiadre. 
After  ohtainin,!,'  certain  information,  nmi'e  was  demanded.  'J'lie  ])ris<)!ier  ilc- 
elarcd  that  lie  knew  nothing  more.  '  Well,  then,  you  will  swing,"  said  ( 'orti  .■=, 
half  jestingly.  The  two  i)ikenienwho  held  the  rope  round  his  neck  took  tliis 
for  a  connnand,  and  hoisted  him.  Kangel  rode  up,  howevei',  and  sa\i'<l  his 
life,  hut  the  compression  of  the  throat  trouhled  him  for  .some  timl^  dei'.  ii. 
lil).  X.  cap.  ii.-iii.  Carrasco  warned  him  against  attacliing  the  ])owert':l 
Karvacz.  I'daiirrrt,  Vca/n)  AV/(■,^■,,  pt.  iii.  \'M  ;  Ta/iin,  I'lL.  in  Iiuz'kiIc'Iii.  Co'. 
J)oc.,  ii.  .^iSi).  Prescott  says  tliat  he  with  'Sp.artau  h(!roi.snr  remained  sikiil. 
jl/rjr. ,  1J.j7-S;  hut  I'rescott  has  evidently  not  understood  his  authorities. 

"  At  a  cross-road  a  little  farther  ou,  says  llcrrcra. 


THE  ENEMY'S  CAMP. 


303 


thcywcrc  about  to  fight  not  only  for  their  own  rights, 
l)ut  for  God  and  their  sovereign;  and  if  the  robl)er 
lould  feel  encouraged  iu  liis  lawless  pursuit  after 
luieeling  at  the  shrine  of  St  Demas,  surely  these 
Jioroes  of  a  hundred  lights  were  stronger  for  their 
icligious  faith.  Therefore  it  was  with  renewed  con- 
iidencc  that  the  men  buckled  tighter  tlicir  escau- 
piles,  and  pike  in  hand,  their  main  reliance,  they 
resumed  the  march  with  quickened  steps,  leaving  the 
baggage  and  horses  in  the  care  of  IMarina  and  the 
cairiers.  The  horsemen  stationed  in  the  field  were 
not  encountered,  thanks  to  Duero  who  was  one  of 
tlioni. 

It  was  just  past  midnight,  on  the  morning  of 
wliit-inonday,*'  when  they  entered  Cempoala.  Owing 
to  the  darkness  and  the  presence  of  troops  in  the 
liekl,  together  with  the  recent  marches  and  counter- 
iiiarclies,  the  presence  of  the  intruders  was  not  sus- 
jiected  till  they  had  almost  crossed  the  [)lnza.  The 
storm  was  not  wholly  past,  but  the  moon  ])eered  forth 
at  times  between  the  chasing  clouds,  dimly  revealing 
the  ])uildings  occupied  by  the  enemy.  These  con- 
sisted of  three  conspicuous  edifices,  rising  upon  [>yr- 
aiuiilal  foundations,  tlie  ascent  to  which  was  by  a  wide 
staircase  along  one  of  the  slopes.  The  highest  was  a 
temple,  known  as  Xuestra  Seilora  since  the  icono- 
clastic achieveniout  of  Cortes  therein,  and  this  was 
(»ecu[)ied  by  the  iroops  of  Diego  Velazijuez.  Next 
to  it  was  the  building  held  by  the  captain-general, 
guarded  by  the  whole  battery  of  guns." 

llurtado  had   arrived  nearly  half  an  liour  b(>foro 

and  given  warning,  but  instead  of  innnediately  (ailing 

to  arms,  Narvaez   lost  tune   with    fjuestious,  which 

chcited  only  that  his  e()nij)anion  had  been  s(>ize(l  and 

hat  he  fancied  he  had  hear<l  Spanish  voices.     Some 

'•' May '2Sth.  Cliimnljiuhi.  If'ift.  Coii'/.,  '277.  ri;iV!u;i'ir>  jimt  rtlicis  iissiimo 
it  to  1)L'  the  liight  lii'twoen  Siitiinhiy  and  Sunday,  but  t!..  aiitlioiilii's  aro 
pn;ty  clear  in  mentioning  the  follow  in,!,'  ni;L,'lit. 

'•  llstiniated  \>\  various  nutlioi'ities  at  frou.  tv,  elvu  to  uiuctccn  piuccB. 
'l\.s'.i:iioiiio,  iu  Cor.'cti,  JhsiUi'Kciti,  ii.  IJ,  108. 


li 


394 


THE  COUP  DE  MAItRE  OF  CORTES. 


T 


45 


of  the  captains,  friendly  ^o  Cortes,  ridiculed  the  storv 
as  a  dream,  and  entertained  the  general  with  spccu 
lations  about  the  projects  of  the  audacious  rebel 
While  so  occupied  the  alarm  of  the  sentinels  was 
heard.  Cortes  was  upon  them."  Narvaez  at  onco 
became  the  self-possessed  commander,  and  hastened 
to  issue  the  necessary  orders.  There  was  a  rusli 
to  arms,  and  the  confusion  was  increased  by  the 
appearance  of  innumerable  fire-Hies,  which  the  be- 
sieged mistook  for  the  fire-arms  and  spears  of  a  large 
army.*^ 

In  order  to  avoid  the  range  of  the  guns,  Cortes  lia  1 
kept  his  men  along  the  sides  of  the  approaches,  ami 
on  finding  himself  discovered  he  shouted,  "Close  vvi  It 
them !  At  them ! "  Fife  and  drum  joined  in  and  echocil 
the  cry.*^  Olid  rushed  on  the  battery,  ranged  along 
a  terrace  on  t)io  ascent  to  the  commander's  house.  So 
sudden  was  the  attack  that  those  of  the  artillerymen 
who  still  remained  loyal  had  time  to  dischariife  onlv 
one  gun,  which  killed  two  men.*^  The  next  instant 
Olid,  Pizarro,  and  their  followers  had  practically 
secured  the  pieces,  and  were  pressing  the  defenders, 
who    offered   little   resistance.     At    the    saiae    time 


*^  Expressing  the  belief  that  Cortina  would  be  foolhardy  enough  to  attiu  k 
in  the  luorniiig.    Tapla,  liiL,  in  fcrJittlceta,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  58'.*. 

*"  'IJegainiis  jiu.to  si  Ins  oentinelas  sin  que  iioa  siutiesen,  6  ilmn  huyemli)  i- 
diciendu:  Anna,  anna  I'  /(/.,r)!)0.  'Auisatlo  Xarnaez,  y  se  estaua  vistiendo  vna 
cota ;  y  dixo  atiuie  le  auisi),  no  teug  ys  pena,  y  mandu  tocar  al  arniiv.'  Jf  mm, 
dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  iii. 

^'  ikinal  Diaz,  Hisf.  Vcrilad.,  99,  calls  the  flies  cocayos. 

■'*' rivscott,  following  llorrcru,  makes  Cortt'S  shout  the  password  'Espiritn 
Santo,'  whicli  Bernal  liiaz  says  was  given  as  a  secret  word  for  nnitual  roco,' 
iiition. 

^'■•So  say  all  the  original  authorities  tluit  refer  to  it,  except  Rcriinl  Di.i/. 
who  claims  that  four  guns  were  fired,  tliree  balls  passing  overhead  and  t'l^' 
fourth  killing  throe  men.  Corti's  acknowledges  no  casualties  from  it.  Ta]ii;i 
even  intimates  tliat  no  disehargi;  took  place,  owing  to  tiie  fiiot  that  to  proti  rt 
the  toucii-JKiles  from  rain  they  had  bi'cu  covered  with  wax  anil  tiles.  i'<'\\- 
fused  l)y  the  snddiii  alarm  the  artilleri.sts  applied  the  match,  forgctt'ul  of  the 
wax,  and  'we  saw  that  tile  cluirges  failed  to  <;„  otT.'  RvL,  in  larJ/nlrctn,  <'"'■ 
7>()i'.,  ii.  ,")!(0.  IVriiaps  he  would  have  been  more  correct  in  saying  tiiat  the 
men  were  confused  by  the  glittering  bril)es  of  Usagre.  Ikicliiller  A.  IVii/ 
teatilies:  '  I)ixo  al  artillero  pone<l  fucgo  iv  estos  tiros ...  .jmso  fuego  e  ii'> 
salieron  los  tiros  <^  oyo  ile/ir  esto  testigo  cpio  avian  puesto  cera  en  los  dicli"- 
tiro.s.'  I'urti.-i,  /iV.s('i/(  )ic/f(,  ii.  So.  This  uuplicB  that  the  wax  hail  Ikjcii  smcand 
ou  by  accomplices. 


THE  ATTACK. 


395 


eiiod 
rusli 
'  the 
3  bc- 


attink 


II  rc'i'ii-' 

III  Di.i/. 
l;in<l  t'l'' 

T;ilii;i 

jiroti'i  t 

(.'on- 

ll  of  tlu' 

[tn,  ('■''■ 

Ihat  th'' 

L  IVn/- 

iio  e  11" 

,  (licli'"< 

kineaml 


Sandoval  ruslio  1  past  and  hurried  up  the  stair-way 
to  the  summit,  where  Narvaez  stood  to  receive 
liim.*"  A  volley  of  arrows  and  bullets  was  fired  at 
liim,  but  being  poorly  aimed,  out  of  consideration 
for  comrades  below,  he  escaped  unharmed.  Nothing 
daunted,  Sandoval's  followers  pressed  onward  in  a 
compact  column,  and  in  a  moment  they  were  on  tlie 
isununit  platform,  "Surrender!"  shouted  their  leader 
with  resolute  confidence,  to  which  Narvaez  responded 
with  a  jeer,  calling  on  his  men  to  spare  no  traitors. 
But  the  order  was  an  empty  one,  for  their  swords  and 
short  Spanish  lances  availed  nothing  against  the  line 
of  bristling  copper  points  on  the  long  pikes  of  the 
attacking  party,  and  step  by  step  they  were  driven 
backward  into  the  building.  What  they  did  with 
their  fire-arms  or  cross-bows  is  not  stated. 

Meanwhile  Cortes  was  doin<j  brave  work  below. 
One  body  engaged  the  cavalry,  unhorsing  with  tlie 
all-cfl:ective  pike  those  who  had  managed  to  reach  the 
saddle,  and  cutting  the  girths.  Another  body  turned 
their  attention  to  the  reinforcements  which  came 
lusliing  from  the  adjoining  quarters  to  the  scene  of 
action,  and  takinij  advantage  of  the  confusion  and  the 
darkness,  relieved  only  at  fitful  intervals  by  the  moon, 
their  cool  opponents  readily  disarmed  the  greater  num- 
l)er,  so  that  but  a  small  proportion  made  their  way 
through  the  besieging  lines."  While  thus  occupied 
tLuv  heard  a  shout  from  above,  "Victory!  Victory 
f'>;  Cortes!  Narvaez  is  dead!""  Cortes  immediately 
caused  the  cry  tc  be  taken  up  by  the  rest  of  his  men, 
whit'h  added  to  the  confusion  of  the  enemy. 

It  appears  that  Sandoval,  although  reinforced  by 

'"With  from  40  to  100  men,  are  the  ilitTorent  estimates. 

''  'Vinicii  loa  contrarios  li  nm-fitra  goiito,  creyt-ndo  i|\i»'  err.n  do  loa  suyos,  ft 
pro:.;untiir.  "jiiuc^  es  osto?"  (^asi  los  ])reiulii'n.'  Tnjiln,  AV7.,  in  /raJxiIri  tn.  Col. 
y'lv.,  ii.  olK).  'l)c  las  otras  dos  torros.  . .  .no  le  aeiuliero,  porq  dizi'ii  al,u'tiii'>s 
<|Ui'  .It!  hizit'ron  sordos,  otros  que  no  jiudioroii  llej^ar,  por  el  iiiniodinifnto  do 
lis  trojius  do  Cortes.'  Hcrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  \.  cap.  iii, ;  Canlona,  iu  (ortr.-i, 
I!  ■''(leiiriii,  i.  181-"2. 

- '  Uito'-ia,  vitoria  por  los  del  niibre  del  Espiritn  SAto,  q  niuerto  es  \arvac;r  • 
Jl' rnal  Did-.,  Jlist.  Verdad.,  1)8.  Even  this  authority  uow  siiouts  forth  the 
password  ! 


390 


Tin:  COUP  DE  MAlTRE  OF  CORTES. 


n  portion  of  Olicl's  party,  could  not  fflfect  an  entry 
into  the  building  to  which  his  pikes  luul  driven  those 
who  still  adhered  to  Narvaez,  a  number  having  passed 
over  to  his  side  before  this.  After  M'atching  the  vain 
skirmishing^  for  a  while,  Lopez,  the  ship-builder,  be- 
tliouglit  himself  of  setting  lire  to  the  dry  palm  roof 
of  the  otherwise  substantial  building.  The  besieged 
now  had  no  recourse  but  to  come  out,  which  they  did, 
L  "aled  by  Narvaez.  No  sooner  had  they  appeared 
oi.  )latform  than  Sandoval's  men  charged  them 

witl'  J  pikes,  and  the  commander  was  the  first  to 
receive  a  thrust,  in  the  left  eye,  which  bore  him 
down  as  he  cried  out:  ''Santa  Maria,  save  met" 
In  an  instant  Pedro  Sanchez  Farfan  was  upon  him,°^ 
and  he  was  dragged  down  the  steps  and  placed  in  a 
chapel.  Awed  by  this  mischance  the  rest  speedily 
surrendered. 

A  liere^  Fuentes  fought  valiantly  till  overthrown 
with  two  pike  thrusts.  "Our  Lady  save  me  I"  he 
cried,  still  clutching  the  standard.  "She  shall!"  rc- 
sjionded  Sandoval,  averting  the  pikes  of  the  excited 
soldiers.'"'* 

The  cry  of  victory  and  the  rumor  of  Narvaez' 
death  liad  stayed  the  stream  of  reinforcements  from 
the  adjoining  houses,  wherein  defence  was  now 
alone  thought  of.  Kecognizin^f  that  a  charo-e  on 
them  might  meet  with  more  determined  op})osition, 
Cortes  resolved  to  bring  the   enemy's  own   Ijattery 


•'''  Solis  assumes  t'.int  Farfan  gave  also  the  tlirust.  Bernal  Diaz'  text  leads 
one  to  suppose  tliat  Narvaez  received  tlie  thrust  hi^fore  his  followers  wen^ 
driven  into  the  building,  but  the  other  autiiorities  sUite  elearly  :  'al  siilir  de  su 
eauiara,  le  dieron  vn  pica(;o. . .  .Echaron  le  hie^o  niano.'  Oomord,  Hid  Mc.r., 
147;  0(v'i(A),  iii.  fllO.  Monjaraa  states  that  Narva<  ;  supplicated  for  liis  life: 
'HidultroH,  por  amor  de  Dios  no  me  niateys!'  Ttdiinoiiiu,  in  Corli'x,  lte--'i  lenria, 
ii.  .'>l,  iS.'i,  107  ;  i.  IKiS.  '  Alonso  Davila  le  saci')  las  diehas  provisiones  re.iles  ih' 
v.  M.  del  seno,  tenii5ndolo  preso  &  ahruzado  el  diclio  I'ero  Sanehez  Earfiin.' 
Jfi'indmln  de  Ci'lxillon,  in  Icuzbulcctu,  Col.  JJoc,  i.  44'2.  Tliis  occurred  somc^ 
time  aftiu"  tiie  capture.  Narvaez  called  upon  his  fellow-prisoners  to  witness 
tlie  deed,  l)ut  Avila  siioutcd  that  the  papers  were  merely  letters.  Tliey  were 
given  to  CortL^s.  'Las  avian  quemudo.'  Tculiiiwitiu,  in  Corks,  liesklcucui,  i. 
;i4."),  :«)-),  -i.lO;  ii.  f)2,  187. 

■'*He  died,  iiowover,  says  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdnd.,  99.  Hen  era  calls 
him  Diego  de  llojua,  whom  Bernal  chusses  as  a  captain. 


.     THE  CAPTURE  COMPLETED. 


397 


entry 
tboso 
)asftel 
Q  vain 
3r,  be- 
ll roof 

cy  (li*U 
ipeaved 
I  tlieiu 
first  to 
re  liii^iL 
'e  mo  I 
n  lirni;' 
2ccl  in  a 
speedily 

•rthrown 
ho 
re- 


I" 


ino : 


.all 


t" 


es-citcd 

iNfarvaez' 
uts  from 
vas    no\v 
largc   on 
)position, 
battory 


to  Ills  aid.^'  By  the  time  the  guns  wore  in  position, 
most  of  the  forces  of  Sandoval  and  Olid  were  free  to 
aid  Velazquez  de  Leon  in  the  task  of  reducing  the 
quarters  in  which  Salvatierra  and  Diego  Velaz(iuez 
still  held  out. 

They  were  summoned  to  submit  to  the  king  and 
to  Cortes,  under  pain  of  death,  but  gave  a  deiiant 
answer.  The  guns  were  now  brought  into  play,  and 
lired  first  over  their  heads  to  frighten  them.  As 
the  balls  came  whizzing  by,  the  blustering  Salva- 
tierra, w;  o  had  sworn  to  eat  the  ears  of  Cortes, 
declared  himself  sick.  His  fierceness  chanGfed  to 
abject  fear,  and  his  men  asserted  that  they  never 
saw  a  captain  behave  so  contemptibly.  The  shots, 
siinportcd  by  promises,  soon  brought  about  the  sur- 
render of  this  pyramid. 

The  last  to  hold  out  was  Diego  Velazquez,  a  bravo 
fellow,  well  liked  by  his  followers;  but  after  a  few 
more  parleys,  and  the  loss  of  three  men  from  well 
directed  shots,  his  party  was  also  prevailed  on  to 
descend  and  deliver  up  their  arms,'**'  the  leaders  being 
.secured  and  removed  in  irons  to  the  chapel,  the 
wounded  receiving  there  the  attentions  of  a  surgeon. 
Cortes  looked  in  to  examine  their  condition,  and  as 
the  whisper  reached  Narvaez  that  the  hero  of  the 
day  was  present,  ho  turned  and  said:  "  Sehor  Cortes, 
you  may  hold  high  the  good  fortune  you  have  had, 
and  the  great  achievement  of  securing  my  person." 


liaz'  tf>xt  kails 
loUoweis  well' 
l'ivU:iUril«BU 

L,  Hid  .i/<;..., 

Id  for  liw  1"''  ■• 
Ias  /,V-i  /<■'"•'"• 
luues  replies  <1>; 
LcUez  l-'iu-fan. 
Lccuvrca  boui.^ 
lers  to  witiK'-*^ 
Is.     They  were 
I   Uesid(»CHi,  I- 

Hen  era  calla 


•''  'So  retrajcron  A  una  torro  alta  de  nn  lilolo  do  aqucl  pucMo  casi  matro- 
cipiitos  lioni1)rcs,  6  muchos  do  los  de  eabidlo. . .  .salitTon  al  canipo. '  T<ijii', 
J!'/.,  ill  Icadinkftx,  Col.  Due,  SOO.  Ilcrrcra  says  tliat  .'{(X)  iiitrenclu'd 
tlicnisi'lvcs  till  the  morning,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  iv.  Corti'S  readied  the 
liiittm-y  just  ill  time  t()  prevent  a  catastroplie,  as  Tapia  relates.  A  liot- 
liliioded  young  companion  of  the  latter,  carried  away  liy  excitement,  ruslied 
tip  powder  barrels,  eight  in  nuiid>er,  and  shouted,  'Let  us  tire  the  ))()wdir 
and  spoil  it  for  the  enemy!'  Cleaving  a  barrel,  he  cast  a  ln-aiid  into  it, 
and  threw  himself  flat  upon  the  ground,  commending  his  life  to  (Jod.  It 
liapjit  lied,  fortunately,  that  this  barrel  contained  sandals,  which  liy  some 
iiii>take  had  been  mixed  up  with  tlie  ammunition.  After  waiting  in  vain 
II  w  liile  for  the  explosion,  the  madcap  discovered  the  reason  and  be^'aii  to  opi  n 
aiiiitlier  bai'rel.  At  this  moment  Corti'S  came  up,  and  learning  of  his  inteii- 
timi  Ik-  rushed  forward  and  snatched  away  the  l)raiiil. 

■"'  Including  aUo  Juan  Yusto,  Juan  Bono,  and  Gomara. 


808 


THE  COUP  DE  MAItRE  OF  CORTfiS. 


With  a  twinkle  of  malicious  merriment  Cortes  re- 
garded for  a  moment  his  fallen  foe,  whose  insuffer- 
able conceit  did  not  desert  him  even  here,  and  said: 


IitapaUpaa 


.TUaeal* 


^Iztaecihuatl 


Popocatepetl|p  H«lt.llap«  ^^^.^^^^ 

CaioluW  >oafrineo» 

QuuihquechoUAn"       Teorpeaca         „ 
Scgura  de  la  FVontera 

Tecaniarhttlco 


Baft' 


0  Ahullizapan 


"  Senor  Narvaez,  many  deeds  have  I  performed  since 
coming  to  Mexico,  but  the  least  of  them  all  has  been 
to  capture  you."" 


*'  Oi'^tdo,  iii.  510.  Bemal  Diaz  lengthens  Cort<5s'  reply:  He  thanked  God 
for  tlio  victory  and  for  giving  him  such  valiant  gentlemen  and  companions  tc 
aid  him.  One  of  the  smallest  things  he  liad  done  in  New  Spain  was  to  sccurf 
and  defeat  liim ;  it  appeared  more  daring  to  seize  an  oidor  of  his  majesty. 
Las  Casaa  relates  that  Narvaez  had  a  not  dissimilar  surprise  by  night  fron- 
Cuban  Indians,  during  his  campaign  for  Velazquez,  and  had  a  narrow  escape, 
niit.  I  lid.,  iv.  6-8. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 

May,  ir)-20. 

After  the  Battle — Victory  Made  Seccre — CoxDrcr  of  toe  CoN'grERED — 
A  General  Amnesty — Disposition  of  the  Forces— Affairs  at  the 
Capital — Insurrection  Threatened — The  Spaniards  Hold  a  CorN- 
ciL— ALVAiiADo's  Resolve — The  Great  Day  of  the  Feast— The 
Spaniards  Proceed  to  the  Temple — The  Grand  Displ.\y  there 
Witnessed — The  Attack  of  the  Spanl\rds — Horrors  upon  Horrors. 

CoRTi^s  was  exultant.  Durinjr  tlic  last  brief  hour 
how  completely  had  his  fortunes  changed  I  Again 
was  his  star  ascendant,  filHng  the  whole  heavens 
with  its  brightness.  Alas  now  for  jNIontezunia  and 
^lexico!  And  Velazquez;  this  was  his  fourth  at- 
tenijit  on  Mexico,  and  in  some  respects  his  greatest 
failure.  Instead  of  annihilating;  the  outlaw  with  his 
grand  army,  the  outlaw  in  one  fell  swoop  had  sc- 
oured the  grand  army,  and  was  now  master  of  all  the 
ships,  and  men,  and  munitions  of  war,  which  he  so 
niuch  needed  in  consummation  of  his  further  designs. 
It  seemed  to  be  the  fate  of  the  fat  governor  out  of 
his  solid  substance  to  feed  his  enemy  with  wealth  and 
honors. 


Before  it  was  fairly  light  Cortes  had  seized  and 
])laced  in  continement  such  persons  as  might  question 
liis  rights  as  victor;  the  remainder  on  surrendering 
tlioir  arms  were  permitted  to  go  at  large. ^     In  orchT 

'  Carfax,  124;  Cortfa,  Rtsideiicla,  ii.  12.  Bernal  Diaz  confirms  tliat  this 
ttas  ellectud  long  before  ilawni,  while  Hcrrera  states  that  IKK)  lield  out  till 
nil  iniiiiy ;  but  he  is  contrailiotory.  CaiTUsco,  whom  lie  assumes  to  be  free,  urged 
tliLin  to  fall  upon  the  attacking  l)arty,  who  were  scattered  to  plunder.     But 


400 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


i  '. 


to  make  more  secure  liis  nmgnificent  prize  before 
tlie  all-searching  sun  should  disclose  the  paucity 
and  poverty  of  the  victors,  Cortes  seated  himself 
in  state,  arrayed  in  a  wide  orange-colored  robe,  and 
ordered  the  conquered  troops  to  pass  before  him, 
and  swear  allegiance  to  the  king,  and  fealty  to  him  as 
cai)tain-general  and  justicia  mayor.  This  was  done 
by  nearly  all,  some  humbling  themselves  and  kissing 
his  hand,  while  the  late  hostile  leaders  and  old  ac- 
([uaintances  were  recognized  with  friendly  greetings 
and  end)races.'* 

Meanwhile  Olid  and  Ordaz,  each  with  a  corps,  set 
out  on  the  captured  horses  to  summon  stragglers  and 
seek  the  forty  troopers  in  the  field.  Duero  and  other 
fi'iends  of  Cortes  being  among  them,  little  persuasion 
was  needed  to  win  the  party  over,  and  shortly  after 
dawn  the  whole  cavalcade  came  in  to  the  sound  of  file 
and  drum,  shouting  vivas  for  Cortes.^  Hiijh  above 
this  noise  were  heard  from  a  window  the  voices  of 
two  women,  named  Ordaz,  filling  the  air  with  their 
loud  philippics.  "Villainous  DominicanosI"  they  cried 
to  the  soldiers  of  their  own  party,  "the  distaff  would 
better  suit  you  than  the  sword.  A  good  account  have 
you  given  of  yourselves!  Unfortunate  women  wt; 
to  have  come  to  the  wars  with  such  men  I"    Trulv 


this  was  not  done  for  want  of  .a  leader.  Nor  did  they  favor  his  advice  to 
plundiT  the  baggage  of  Cortes,  which  was  protected  only  by  Indians,  ami  to 
embark  with  Diegu  Velazquez.  Carrasco  accordingly  proceeded  alone  tu  tin- 
baggage  eanip,  and  securing  a  horse  and  lance  he  returned  and  urged  tii'iu 
to  follow.  Ho  had  evidently  supernatural  means  wherewith  to  penetrate  tlio 
besieging  force,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  iv.  Duran  allows  Cortes  to  form  anibu--- 
catles  and  leap  walls,  so  that  the  arms  are  secured  ere  the  men  of  Narvaez  can 
form  in  defence.  Hint.  linL,  MS.,  ii.  4.'>3.  Peter  Martyr  dispo.ses  brietly  "t 
the  matter,  and  assumes  that  the  chief  captains  of  Narvaez  were  soduccl. 
dec.  v.  cap.  v.;  Vastetlauos,  Vuroiies  ilustrea  de  Indian,  71-2;  (Julvaiio'x  J'>i.-<oir., 
144-5. 

'  'Cortes  se  mand6  prcgonar  por  Capitan  general,  y  justicia  mayor,  de  ami « 's 
exercitos.'  Carrasco  was  three  days  in  stocks  before  he  yielded  ol>eiliciH(. 
Ilcrnra,  ubi  sup.  '  Y  todoesto  era  de  noche,  que  no  amanecia.'  Uerual  Dm-., 
Hist.  VcrdiKl.,  !)9. 

^  '  Viua,  viua  la  gala  de  los  Romanes,  que  siedo  tan  pocos,  haT\  venciiln  ,-i 
Niirvaez  I'  to  which  (Juiddo,  the  negro  jester  of  Narvaez,  added,  '  IJeliuld  1  tin: 
Romans  never  performed  such  a  feat.'  Jtfnial  J)lnz,  Hist.  \'rril(ut., {)'.).  Hern  i.i 
speakg  more  at  length  of  the  saying.s  of  this  negro,  who  was  rewarded  with  a 
crown  of  golil  worth  GOO  ducats,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  iv. 


HONORS  TO  THE  VICTOR. 


401 


might  Xarvacz  exclaim  with  Xorxo.s,  as  lie  beheld  his 
tiiir  ally,  (^ueeii  xVrtemisia,  outwit  her  Athenian  jmr- 
suers,  "jVIy  men  fight  like  women,  and  my  women 
like  men."  The  Ordaz  women,  liowever,  fought  only 
with  their  tongues,  and  that  after  the  issue  of  battle. 
And  thus  relieved  they  immediately  descended  and 
did  homage  to  the  victor.  The  general  did  all  he 
could  to  check  this  excess  of  zeal,  which  he  feared 
might  engender  ill  feeling,  and  he  even  seized  some  of 
the  noisiest  enthusiasts,  although  they  were  aftcrv.ard 
rewarded. 

The  caciquo  of  Ccmpoala,  who  had  been  slightly 
wounded  during  the  battle,  appeared  like  the  rest  to 
oft'er  I'ealty  to  the  victor  by  crowning  him  with  flowers. 
Cortes  received  his  demonstrations  as  if  nothing  had 
taken  j)lace  to  mar  their  intercourse,  and  took  uj)  his 
abode  with  Catalina,  whose  hand  he  had  accepted 
during  his  previous  occupation  of  the  place.  The 
chiefs  vied  with  one  another  to  obliterate  their  un- 
fortunate mistake  by  increased  attention  and  hospi- 
tality, while  many  among  Narvaez'  men  thought  it 
necessary  to  excuse  their  tardy  surrender  by  pleading 
that  they  had  been  deceived  by  their  principals,  who 
had  assured  them  that  Cortes  was  a  traitor.  Great 
was  their  chagrin  in  the  morning  on  discovering  how 
\'v\\  the  victors  were  and  how  poorly  they  were  armed. 
And  where  were  the  much  talked  of  native  auxiliaries? 
At  the  same  time  they  could  not  but  admire  a  leader 
who  had  achieved  such  results  with  such  means. 
Xarvaez  and  his  supporters  declared  that  the  Nictory 
was  due  wholly  to  treacliery,  particularly  noticeable 
in  tlie  action  of  the  artillerists.*  In  this  there  wa 
nni(]t  ti'uth,  but  the  consummate  tact  and  soldierly 
i|Ualities  of  Cortes  shine  no  less  brightly  for  all  that. 

'  '  I  saw  Xiirvnez  in  Spain  in  IM."),  anil  heard  him  publicly  denouiipe  Cortoa 
11-;  :i  tiiiitoi-.  He  asked  hut  royal  pcrniissiou  to  prove  it,  faoe  to  fuee  w  ith  his 
cMiiiiy;  fiirtli(!rinoro,  ho  was  a  liar,  a  tyrant,  and  an  ingrate.  N.-vrvaez  hail 
liii  u  l)etrayeil  by  those  in  whom  he  contided.'  Uvicilo,  iii.  'M(>.  Still,  tlio 
<  liiiinicler  cannot  cxense  his  ctirelessness  nor  his  entering  into  parley  with 
Curtis;  and  he  told  iiim  so.  iii.  31G. 
lilsT.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    26 


402 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


J 


And  tlic  cost  of  this  j^lory  and  advantage,  how  in.si<jf- 
niiicant  it  was!  Four  of  Ijis  own  men  and  iiftoon 
of  the  enemy,  ineh.iding  a  ca})tain,  heside  a  nmnhcr 
wounded  on  both  sides;  tliis  was  all/ 

In  his  rejtort  to  the  king  Cortes  seeks  to  gloss 
over  the  occurrence  hy  stating  that  only  two  men 
were  killed,  intimating  that  it  was  on  both  sicks. 
There  was  a  deeper  reason  for  this  and  other  falst'- 
hoods  than  the  wish  to  hide  the  bloody  result  of 
fratricidal  conilict.  lie  was  still  doubtful  as  to  the 
view  taken  in  Spain  of  his  conduct,  and  could  not 
alford  to  prejudice  his  case  by  laying  bare  eveiy 
misfortune.  He  was  aware  that  even  to  the  im- 
])artial  observer  ho  must  appear  as  a  defaulter  in 
the  duty  owing  by  him  to  a  principal,  and  in  i\\c 
agreement  or  partnership  which  he  had  formed,  and 
also  as  the  usurper  of  an  expedition  fitted  out  in  the 
name  and  under  the  auspices,  at  least,  of  Velazcpiez. 
His  j)lea  rested  on  his  brave  and  masterly  con<|Uest 
of  a  rich  country,  and  on  his  election  to  independent 
connnand  by  a  party  formed  on  the  pretence  that 
the  superior  interests  of  the  sovereign  demanded  the 
immediate  subjugation  of  the  country.  But  his  ;ic- 
ce[)tancc  of  that  connnand  was  a  breach  of  duty  and  of 
contract;  the  right  of  the  party  to  act  as  it  did  was 
doubtful,  and  its  pretence  hasty,  or  perhaps  usurped 
from  Velaz(piez,  who  had  first  entertained  it;  while 
the  connnission  to  undertake  the  conquest  had  already 


■''  Bernal  Diaz  mentions  fifteen  fa  misprint  of  don  for  doce  »nakc.s  it  only  five] 
(loatlis  among  Narvaez'  men,  including  Captain  Kojaa,  Alferez  ]''uent('H,  win) 
vas  an  hitlalgr  of  Seville,  and  Carretero,  one  of  the  deserters  from  Corti''s' ex- 
plorora.  Cortes  lost  four.  //IkI.  IV/v/a*/.,  99.  Cortesprudently  mentions  to  tlio 
hintt  only  two  deaths,  but  leaves  it  uncertain  to  what  side  they  lielom.'!'!. 
Vui-lax,  r24.  Goniara  claims  them  for  Cortes,  and  states  that  Narvae/.  lost  his 
eye,  liis  honor,  and  sixteen  men.  Hixt.  Mex.,  148.  Cortt^s  lost  two  men  and 
one  wounded;  Narvaez  eleven,  lln-rcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  iv.  Cortes  fmir, 
Narvae/.  eleven,  besides  many  wounded  on  both  sides.  Vctancvrt,  Tfulm  Mi.r., 
pt.  iii.  1,'W.  Solis  supposes  that  two  wounded  of  Cort<58'  army  died,  makin;,' 
four  in  all,  wliile  Narvaez  lost  fifteen.  Ui»t.  Mex.,  ii.  101.  One  version  el.iiiiiH 
that  Xarvaez  lost  fifteen  by  arms  and  six  by  fire  in  the  burning  of  the  iiuarti'i  s, 
whieh  's  probably  an  exaggeration.  Narvaez  lost  all  his  property,  inchuliiiL; 
notes  oi'  hand.  Dimamla  de  Ccliaflog,  in  Icazbalri'tn,  Vol.  Doc,  i.  44'J.  'iln' 
testimony  in  Cortfa,  Jtmdencia,  i.  ii.,  varies  from  twelve  to  sixteen  iov 
Narvaez. 


A  MOST  LOVABLE  VILLAIN. 


been  oouferrod  on  tlic  latter.  Vclrtzquoz  held  brs'ult's 
llic  riL?lit  of  a  discoverer  to  this  coast,  and  ahovi*  all 
the  royal  grant  to  it,  vagiU'ly  worded  though  it  was  so 
far  as  indicating  the  situation  and  extent  of  territoi'v. 
He  had  a  right  to  claim  his  own;  though  circum- 
stances had  so  changed,  Cortes  claimed,  as  to  ren<k'r 
this  perilous  to  the  interests  of  God,  the  king,  and 
the  people,  which  rose  ahove  those  of  individuals;  and 
ill  ignoring  the  orders  of  the  audiencia  to  desist  from 
war  on  his  countrymen  he  followed  only  natural  law 
and  justifiable  impulse.  In  this  respect  Cortes  was 
equally  guilty,  since  his  duty  was  to  yield  to  the 
rightful  claimant.  He  pleads  in  his  letter  to  the  king, 
howi'ver,  that  self-})reservation  obliged  him  to  resist, 
lur  Xarvaez  had  determined  to  hang  him  an<l  several  of 
his  followers.  Here  he  again  hides  the  fact  that  favor- 
al)lc  teinis  were  at  one  time  ottered.  "Had  Narvaez 
cai'i'ied  off  the  victory,"  he  continues,  "it  would  have 
luH'ii  with  a  great  loss,  which  must  have  so  weakened 
him  as  to  surely  enable  the  Indians  to  succeed  in  their 
iiicditated  revolt.  This  would  liave  lost  the  country 
to  the  king  and  to  the  faitli,  and  twenty  years  would 
not  have  sufficed  to  regain  it.""  In  brief,  howsoever 
wi;  admire  Cortes,  however  much  we  would  prefer 
his  banner  to  that  of  Velazquez  or  Narvaez,  we  must 
aihiiit  that  he  had  hardly  a,  shadow  of  right  on  his 
side,  and  that  no  position  in  whicli  he  could  possibly 
]>lace  himself  was  tenal)le.  He  was  a  defaulter,  pirate. 
Usurper,  renegade,  traitor,  outlaw,  Jiypocrite;  bvt  hii 
was  a  most  loval)le  villain,  an  admirable  f=i'i'"'  t,  a 
laie  hero.  On  the  other  liand,  A'^clazcpiez  was  right. 
]>ut,  though  diK'ply  injured,  he  was  disagreeabk?; 
though  foully  wronged,  he  was  vancjuished.  And  tiie 
S)>anish  monan.'h  was  not  tiie  first  or  last  to  smile 
on  ini(|uitous  success,  or  turn  the  cold  shoulder  to 
whining,  disappointed  virtue. 

•^^Ovicdo  looks  on  Corti^s'  reasons  as  insufTicient  to  justify  liis  procedure, 
sucli  as  (inlcring  Narvaez  to  l)e  seized,  and  demanding  of  liini  to  exhibit  a 
royal  commission,  'as  if  CortiVi  had  been  appointed  by  the  king.'  Vcla/.iiiez, 
as  the  principal  who  sent  him  fortii,  had  every  right  to  remove  him.  iii.  310. 


r 


401 


ALVAHADO'S  MKRCILESS  MASSACRR. 


!' 

h 

[ 

j 

!| 

U 

■  1' 

■n 

•if 

(.;: 


!|:!  !'■ 


In  tlio*  course  of  the  nioniinuf  tlie  soldier  Bur- 
rieiitos,  who  had  hoen  stiiyin^  in  Chinaiitla,  arrived 
with  the  promised  Chiiiautee  warriors,  two  thousand 
ill  nuud)er.'  They  had  reached  tlie  reride/vou  on 
]»entccost  day,  as  ordered,  but  Cortes  had  found  it 
convenient  to  advance  on  Cempoala  sooner  tlian  Im 
had  intended.  An  iniposinj^  sight  they  presented 
as  tliey  marched  by  amidst  vivas  in  a  file  of  thiee 
abreast,  gorgeous  with  plumes  and  shields,  the  centie 
man  with  bow  and  arrows,  while  his  companions  on 
either  side  carried  the  formidable  pike,  tipped  with 
glistening  iztli.  It  was  fortunate  that  they  had  failed 
to  arrive  in  time,  since  nmch  bloodshed  was  saved 
thereby.  In  fact  the  soldiers  of  Narvaez  ex|)ressed 
a  fear  that  they  would  have  fared  badly  with  such 
o|)ponents.  Cortes  was  nevertheless  delighted  with 
their  coming,  since  this  proved  not  only  tli'  hicerity 
of  their  friendship,  but  showed  the  conqut  ^hat  he 
did  indeed  control  native  armies.  Distribui^..ig  sonu' 
beads  and  trinkets,  he  bade  them  return  peacealjly 
under  the  supervising  care  of  Barrientos. 

(Jne  of  the  first  measures  after  the  fight  was  to 
secure  the  fleet;  and  for  this  purpose  a  suitable  foicc 
was  sent  down  to  the  port  to  take  the  vessels  to  Villa 
liica,  and  remove  the  sails  and  rudders,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  escape  of  any  to  Cuba.®  Shortly  after,  when 
the  masters  and  crews  had  tendered  allegiance,  tlio 
vessels  were  i)laced  in  charge  of  Pedro  (]!aballej'i), 
captain  of  one  of  the  vessels  under  Xarvaez,  in  whom 
Cortes  liad  great  confidence."    The  fortress  was  again 

'  ]lei-nal  Diaz  places  the  number  at  1500,  whilo  Coballoa  raises  it  to  30!I0, 
under  Hcrcdia,  and  places  the  arrival  a  day  or  two  later.  Hi'rrcra  assiuuci 
that  tliey  carno  in  time  to  march  with  Cortes  on  Cempoala.  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  i. 

"  IJernal  Diaz,  Jiist.  Venlail.,  100,  itumes  Francisco  de  Lugo  as  tlie  captiiiii 
of  tiiis  party,  but  Tir.ado  states  that  ho  had  been  sent  back  to  Mexico  as  .1:1 
lulhercnt  of  Velazquez.  Cortes,  lies'idcncia,  ii.  (>.  '  Di()  con  los  once  navies 
que  el  dicho  mi  parte  alii  tenia,  al  travda,  6  les  fizo  quemar.'  JJrmainld  ''■' 
Ccliid/os,  in  Irazbdlrfla,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  442.  ]iernal  Diaz  also  intimates  that  ail 
but  two  vessels  were  destroyed  when  the  army  proceeded  to  Mi'xico  and  <in  • 
afterward.  UM.  Verilad.,  100.  It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  more  tlum 
a  few  were  destroyed,  because  unsea worthy.  Some  were  wrecked  a  kw 
months  later. 

^  'Por  Almirate,  y  Capitaii  do  la  mar al  qual  dizen  que  le  dio  prlmcrc 


ANDRftS  DE  TAPIA. 


40j 


ar- 

\  it 
i  lu; 
ntcl 
hiv*i 
3utri' 
IS  on 
with 
failed 
saved 

[•CSSCll 

I  sut'h 
I  with 
icevity 
liat  be 
r  soiue 
Jcoa\»ly 

was  to 

lie  t'ovc-'. 
,o  Villa 
to  pvi - 
■r,  wlieii 
iico,  tiio 
tballort', 
11  wUo\u 
^is  again 
[  it  to  noivv 

i-ra  assuiuis 
lib.  X.  Cil\>. '• 
1  the  ciiptain 
llexico  a«  :i'' 
loncc  navi"A 

lates  tliiit  all 
Xico  a,n'\  "1" 
It  move  t\iaiv 


oarrisoned,  witli  a  laro-or  force,'"  and  thither  were 
.sent  Narvaoz  and  Salvatierra  in  chains." 

As  for  the  rest,  Cortes  aj)]>ned  hiniscH'  witli  liis 
usual  skill  to  recompense  those  who  had  reinaiiH'd 
true,  and  to  conciliate  the  yet  unreconciled.  Jle  re- 
minded them  that  they  had  come  not  to  risk  tluMr 
lives  for  Velazquez,  i»ut  to  tj^ain  honor  and  wealth 
luider  the  banner  of  the  king,  and  he  was  |)re|)ared  to 
aid  in  this  by  oflerini,'  them  e(|ual  terms  with  his 
'.ctcrans.  As  an  earnest  he  restored  within  two  days 
their  arms  to  all  except  a  few  leaders,  and  oitlered 
liis  men  to  return  the  horses,  weapons,  and  other 
elfects  taken  by  them  as  spoils  of  war.'^    What  with 

lnu'iios  tcjufloa  (le  oro.'  Ilia  baptisiiinl  name  vas  either  Juan  or  Pedro.  Two 
vcssi'ls  were  still  exjieeted  to  arrive.  lUrinil  I >iiiz,  J/i.-t.  Vrriltnl..  I(K),  ll.'t. 
(';iliallero  was  i)robably  an  old  friend.  'IVdio  do  Maluenda  eriado  dc  Uiego 
\(  lii/.i|uez,  (|ue  venia  por  niayordonio  de  Nariiae/,  recogio  y  guanlo  los  naiiios 
y  t'ldo  la  ropa  y  hacienda.'  Gomaru,  Jlixl.  Mtx.,  14S.  liy  Cortes'  order,  adds 
jl'  rrei-a. 

'"  'Knvitiotros  docicntos  hoinbrca  A  la  villa  do  la  Veracniz. '  CortiUfCartan, 
I'J.").  Clavifjero  assumes  that  I'ortcs  at  this  time  already  gave  orders  for  re- 
ni'ivini;  Villa  l{ica  southward,  but  events  interfered  with  the  projeet.  Storia 
J/.sv./iii.  1-20. 

"  "Corti'S  lo  [Narvacz]  tnvo  prcso  con  niuy  lisperas  prisionos  tres  anos, 
]Hiii)  nias  6  nienoa,  e  con  guaitlias  que  nadio  no  lo  imdiese  ver;  i^  a<|Uellos 
]M>inl(PS,  lo  (juito  las  prisiones  (\  lo  tnvo  preso  otros  dos  ufios. '  So  .says  Narviiez' 
a_'fiit.  heimnvla  dc.  CvlinUox,  in  IcmhaUHn,  Col.  J>ijr.,  i.  H'2-'A.  The  testi- 
iiiuny  in  <  'urtrn,  Ih'Mdi-iichi,  reduces  the  term  to  two  years,  and  intimates  that 
.■^rvc  r;d  other  nieu  were  kept  at  Villa  Rica,  under  surveillance  at  least,  i.  'irlW, 
:{iiJ  :!.  et  8e(|. 

'^  Narvaoz  claims  to  have  been  robbed  of  1()0,0()0  castellanos'  worth  of 
ell'ects,  and  it  is  not  likely  that  his  ])ropt:rty  was  restored.  Sec  DemainUt  ilf 
C,  '.((//()<,  ubi  sup.  ]{ernal  Diaz  hail  to  surrender  a  horse  fully  accoutred,  two 
sunrds,  three  daggers,  and  othi'r  eti'ects.  //ift.  Wrtlail.,  UK).  Santji  Clara 
iiitiiiiates  that  the  horses  and  arms  were  not  as  a  ride  restored.  Corhn,  Itisi 
tliiirl((,  ii.  10!).  If  so,  compen.sation  was  probably  given,  acccrding  to  the 
l.'il  ii-ii>n  licclia  i>or  d  Sitlor  Aiiiln.i  dc  Tiijiid,  suhrc  Id  Coiii/iii.^hi  dc  Mcriin. 
Tills  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  documents  extant  on  the  earlier  period  of 
till'  eou(|uest,  but  it  is  unfortunately  only  a  fragment,  which  takes  up  tin- 
ii:iiiative  from  tlie  evo  of  leaving  Culifi,  and  carries  it  to  the  cajiture  ni 
N  uvaez,  relating  with  rather  uneven  completeiu's.^  the  principal  incidents 
ct  tlie  voyage  to  Vera  Cruz,  the  march  to  Mexico,  the  stay  there,  and 
till'  iii'crations  against  the  forces  of  N'ela.'.ijnez.  Andres  de  Tapia  a|i)n'ais 
from  Ids  own  statement  to  have  been  a  \^<h,r  iicpliew  of  Covernor  \'ela/i|iu/, 
t'l  \vliiini  lie  presented  himself  just  in  time  to  ji)in  the  expedition  of  Corli's. 
At  this  time,  says  J5ernal  Diaz,  he  was  about  '2-i  years  old,  of  good  Imild, 
with  a  grave  face,  slight  beard,  and  somewhat  ashy  complexion.  ///V.  I'w- 
(li'l..  •J4(}.  He  tookau  active  part  in  the  leading  wars  and  expeditions  during 
aii'l  aft<.'r  the  conquest,  and  Ixjcanie  one  of  the  most  noted  among  the  cap- 
tains, favored  by  Cortes,  with  whom  ho  was  frequently  associated,  accom- 
l:i;iying  him  also  on  a  voyage  to  Spain.  Settling  in  Mexico,  he  died  there 
I'liu'ciuUy,  long  after  lo'M,  to  judge  from  his  reference  to  this  date.     His 


«0$ 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


if: 


their  admiration  of  tlio  liberality  and  soldierly  quali- 
ties of  Cortes,  and  the  prospeet  of  spoedy  advance- 
ment, there  were  but  few  who  did  not  iunncdiately 
and  cheerfully  accept  the  terms.  But  this  was  by 
no  means  to  the  taste  of  the  aforesaid  veterans. 
Tliey  had  seen  with  envy  that  rich  presents  were 
niatle  to  the  conquered,  while  they,  whose  couraij^e 
and  devotion  had  achieved  such  nuii^niticent  resuhs, 
I'eceived  nothing,  and  were  even  told  to  ruturn  what 
they  regarded  as  lawful  spoils;  and.  further,  to  share 
with  tliese  late  comers  and  inteiuled  despoilers  the 
fruits  of  their  years  of  toil  and  victories.  A  geneial 
murmur  arose  find  maiiy  soldiers  refused  to  surrender 
the  a})})ropriated  elFects.  Captain  Avila  and  Father 
Olmcdo  being  requested  to  remonstrate,  did  so  earn- 
e.stly,  and  told  Cortes  that  he  acted  like  Alexanihn", 
who  honored  more  the  conquered  than  those  who  won 
the  battle.  He  and  all  he  possessed  belonged  to  liis 
conn-ades,  was  the  reply,  but  at  present  it  was  neces- 
sary to  conciliate  their  invaluable  acquisition,  whose 
{lid  was  needed  to  overcome  the  threatening  dangei-  in 
]\Iexico,  and  who  being  the  more  numerous  party  might 
otlierwise  rise  against  them.  Their  aims  etfected,  thi; 
entire  resources  of  a  vast  and  ricii  country  were  theirs. 
Olmedo  v»'a3  convinced  of  the  wisdoiU  of  the  course, 
althoun-h  he  considered  tliat  too  i>Teat  liberal  it  v 
had  been  slu)wn.  The  headstrong  Avila  presse  I 
tlie  point  with  his  natural  hauglitiness,  whereupeu 
Cortes  said:  "I  am  for  Mexico;  iho.se  who  plea'^e 
may  follow;  those  wiio  do  nor,,  may  Ijave  it  ah»iie. 
There  are  yet  wonvjn  in  Spain  to  bear  soldiers,  ' 
"  Yes,  and  captains  and  governors,"  retorted  Avila. 

narrative,  ns  maybe  supposed,  is  a  panegyric  upon  his  loader  and  )>;itiMn, 
and  some  .statements  have  aeoordingly  to  be  weighed,  l)iit  this  detect  iin|i:!ir.s 
the  importance  of  oidy  a  few  passages,  tlic  rest  being  higiily  valuable,  and 
many  of  them  unique  in  tlieir  testimony,  (luided  liy  a  reference  in  /.''/'/.  ''>' 
Aiildre-i  />■/(.,  xxii.,  Senor  Icazbalcetaof  M(!xico  obtained,  after  great  tioiiliK', 
a  copy  (if  tiie  apparent  o>-iginiil  from  tiie  Royal  Academy  of  History.  Midi  Id, 
entitled:  lii  Idcioit  (!•'  ali/iindn  cosits  il^  hts  i/w  (iriurli'roii  iil  Mil;/  Ihi^li'f  Si  ii"/' 
J)oii  Ifiriiaiiil'i  Cttrtri,  etc.  Thi.s  he  publi.slied  in  his  Ctih rrinii  <h'  Dn-iim'  r.l"'>. 
ii.  ."i.")4-!)4.  The  last  three  pages  form  an  a.ppcndi,\  of  brief  remarks  on  tlio 
inhabitants  and  resources  of  New  Spain. 


THE  FEAST  OF  TEZCATLIPOCA. 


407 


quail - 
vancc- 
liately 
ras  Ijy 
bcrans. 
s  were 
oura;j^e 
•esults, 
11  Avhat 
i>  share 
3rs  the 
nfcuoral 
iToiuler 
Father 
io  carn- 
xandor, 
'ho  won 
J  to  his 
s  iioccs- 
I,  ^vllose 
uvu'fi-  ill 
iniu'lit 

AHl,tlu> 

theirs, 
course, 
Derahtv 
presse'l 
^•eui)ou 
pirate 
t  aloiH'. 
Lhliers. ' 
I  Avila. 

[ml  ii;itn>n, 
Lot  iniiK'.ivs 

Jill  ll.l'l.  •!•'■ 
lilt  tpmlili'. 
Iv.  Mi.lri.l, 
\i>itir  Si  i'ioi' 
\n<'iiiti'  /.''"•••'• 
Yka  on  tho 


Cortes  (leomed  it  discreet  to  l)aiKly  no  further  words 
at  present.  So  spirited  a  tf)ngue  nuist  be  curbed  wit] i 
{lifts;  but  Cortes  awaited  his  (jpportunity  Ho  never 
foro'ot  anything. 

With  a  view  chiefly  to  divert  the  troubled  spirits 
two  cx])e(htions  were  sent  out,  each  of  two  hundred 
men,  mostly  from  the  ranks  of  the  late  enemy.  One 
was  (Urected  to  Goazaeoalco,  as  before,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Velazquez  de  Leon,  who  had  already  held 
this  conunission,  and  two  vessels  were  placed  at  his 
disposal  to  send  to  Jamaica  for  live-stock,  seeds,  an<l 
other  re(juirements  of  the  proposed  colony.  The  cither 
expedition  was  intrusted  to  Ordaz  for  the  occupation 
of  Panueo,  with  a  view  to  anticipate  Garay.  Two 
vessels  were  given  him  to  explore  the  coast.** 

Wliile  Cortes  was  thus  risking  all  on  the  cast  of 
fortune  at  Cenq)oiila  the  troops  at  Mexico  had  been 
exposed  to  even  greater  perils.  At  the  time  of  his 
departure  for  the  coast,  Toxcatl,  the  fifth  month,  had 
begun,  and  wit.'i  it  tho  most  solenm  festival  of  tlie  year. 
It  was  in  honor  of  Tezcatlipoca,  the  highest  of  the 
(Uvinities,  and  identified  with  a  supreme  god,  although 
less  conspicuous  in  the  daily  worshij)  of  the  people,  ibr 
they  appealed  rather  to  the  nearer  minor  deities,  whom 
they  regarded  as  intercessors,  than  to  their  supreme 
di'.iuity,  whom  they  greatly  feared,  and  who  was  \ eiy 
I'ar  away.  The  Mexicans  had  been  permitted  to 
hold  tho  celebration  in  the  great  temple,  which  had 

^^  domrirn,  ffisf.  X'r.r.,  140.  'Do^  di  is  dospiu's  ilo  ])roso  el  (liclii>\arv'"  , 
povipic  en  iii|iiella  oiuilail  no  so  poilia  SD.'iti'iu.T  taiiti  /.rente.  .(U.pueii''  iln 
I'apiUines. '  Cortes,  Ccirtai,  I'l't.  Ci:>rti';<  writes  that  liefoi-e  leaving;  inr  .Mexiun 
he  sent  Mexican  env()y,s  to  ohtian  the  friemlship  aiul  allei,'ianeo  <if  tile  lnrd  uf 
I'aniuo.  Thibi  wa.s  at  once  otl'ere '.  and  ii'^seiits  weie  exrhanged.  /'/.,  ."i(i  7, 
I-.").  144-45.  Cortes  wa.seitiier  deceived  or  lie  invente(l  the  story  to  cminieraet 
(■aiays  schemes.  IJenial  Di.az  names  Onlaz  for  (inazacoalco  .•iiid  \'el,izipiiz 
for  I'.inneo;  hnt  it  has  entirely  escaped  his  tnemory  or  notes  that  \ela/- 
(|iie/.  had  ah'eady  hcen  cliarged  to  form  a  colony  in  (ioa/acoalco,  for  «  liich  he 
was  also  lietter  litteil,  while  Ordaz  was  more  siiiteil  tor  roiiLjh  wariare  in 
I'fnincii.  This  author  gives  to  each  l'2t)  men.  twenty  of  tiuin  from  tli(^  raidis 
of  Coite",  '  poi'i'i  tenia  nias  exiiorieci;i  en  la  guerra.'  J/int.  Vn-iliid.,  KM). 
The  'JOO  allowed  hy  othc's  may  inclnde  the  ahip-orew.'e.  JJerrcra  places  300 
men  under  Ordaz.  dec.  ii.  lih.  x.  cap.  iv. 


408 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


been  partly  dedicated  to  Christian  worshiji,  on  con- 
♦  lition  that  no  liiiman  sacritiees  should  take  place." 
A  festival  of  this  prominence  could  not  fail  to  recall 
with  all  its  force  to  tlie  natives  the  indiijnities  to 
M'hich  thev  and  their  o()ds  liad  been  subjected.  We 
have  seen  how  narrowly  an  uprisin;^  on  account  of  the 
<)('cu})ation  of  the  great  temple  by  strange  religious  em- 
hlenis  was  esca|)ed,  and  how  it  was  restrained  only  by 
the  ])romise  of  the  s])eedy  departure  of  the  Spaniards. 
Jn-loie  Cortes  had  left  the  cajiital  he  saw  the  smoulder- 
ing tire,  and  it  was  this  that  led  him  to  strengthen  tlu' 
defences  of  the  fort,  to  obtain  extra  su])plies  from 
Tlascala,  and  to  enjoin  the  strictest  watchl'ulness  and 
moderation. 

The  hostile  feeling  was  by  no  means  diminished  by 
the  tidings  of  another  laruer  host  of  invaders  witli 
doubtful  motives.  At  a  meetini;  of  native  leaders  it 
was  admitted  that  the  promises  and  statements  of  the 
newly  arrived  Spaniards  could  no  more  be  relied  upon 
than  those  of  the  deceitful  Malinche,  and  the  deferred 
})ro[)osition  to  drive  out  or  to  kill  the  Spaniards  was  re- 
newed with  ardor,  A  better  opportunity  for  carrying 
out  such  a  measure  could  never  agfain  be  found.  The 
great  Cortes  with  his  cunninix  controllin<if  mind  v.as 
absent.  Tlicre  remained  only  a  small  force  in  charge  <  A' 
the  city,  and  the  troo])s  on  the  seaboard  wen-  divided 
against  each  other.  On  the  other  hand  a  nndtitudc 
of  pilgrims  were  ]>ouring  in  for  the  festival:  ami  wliat 
better  sui»jects  to  be  worked  upon  for  an  upiising  than 
these, an<l  what  better  incentive  than  religion  f  Ht'side 
the  a|)j)eal  for  vengeance  on  the  desecrators  of  tlieir 
altars  came  the  patriotic  call  for  the  release  of  an  op- 
jiressed  sovereign,  whose  iniluencc  was  still  suprt'iiie 
with  many,  and  the  alluring  prospect  of  securing  tlu' 
lich  spoils  in  ]iossessi(^n  of  the  8[)aniar(.ls  and  tlu' 
'J^lascahecs,  the  latter  still  more  detested  as  an  inferior 
race  which  after  years  of  contest  had  now  assumed  the 

"  l''..r  (It'soriiition  of  the  h'liat,  so  as  better  to  uiulcrstuiul  wh;it  follows, 
Bou  .Vi(//n,  AV'ts  ii.  ."{IT-'JI,  iii.  42-J-8. 


i'  II 


SUSPICIONS  OF  OUTBREAK. 


400 


^•allii\2^  attitude  of  master.  The  pn^parations  made 
(luriii_i^  the  late  fermentation  required  only  to  be  jier- 
ll'cted.  More  arms  were  made,  the  pe()[ie  were  stirred 
hy  passionate  appeals,  warriors  were  enrolled,  and 
other  measures  taken." 

The  utmost  seerecy  had  been  observed  by  the  eon- 
spirators,  but  with  so  many  eonlidanls,  aetuated  by 
lace  jealousy,  by  ties  of  friendship,  by  interest,  and  by 
one  above  all  otlicrs,the  love  of  woman. that  the  rumor 
vas  whispered  in  Alvarado's  ear.^*^  \'et  to  the  mis- 
tress, who  in  her  devotion  to  the  lover  foro-ot  her  duty 
1o  homo  and  kindred,  must  not  be  charu^od  more  than 
i-^  her  due.  Sharpened  by  the  remembranei3  of  past 
wronLj^s  suffered  on  battle-field  anil  stone  of  saei'ifiee, 
the  wits  of  the  Tlascaltecs  diseovereil  evidence  whieh 
their  hatred  failed  not  to  magnify.  Warninn's  were 
hardly  retpiired,  however,  to  indicate  that  somethinjj^ 
unusual  was  stirrinijf,  for  the  demeanor  of  the  Indians 
had  underi^one  a  yet  more  marked  ehan^w  Su[)})lies 
were  further  diminished;  servants  sent  to  market 
were  abused  and  ill-treated,  and  insoli'iiee  was  shown 
eVL'ii  to  the  Spaniards  tlu-mseU' s."  A  still  more 
alarniinjjf  siijjn  was  the  discovery  of  an  undermined 
wall.''^  and  after  obtaininix  furthei*  particidars  from 
a  devoted  Tezeuean  ehielV'  afterward  knt>wn  a>  Don 
Ifernando,  Alvarado  unsolved  to  ins[)eet  the  adjacent 
temple  where  the  chief  celebration  was  lu'ld.  J  [ere 
a  'iiv.Miber  of  suspicious  circumstances  were  noticeil, 
which  the  Castilians  readily  wroui^'ht  into  threati'iiiii'.if 
realities;  amon<^   them    several   vii-tinis   destined    for 


''(^viedo  I'ffors  the  couiK'il  niul  its  acts  only  to  tho  tiiiu'  iniiiUMHiitcly 
picit'iliiii,'  ("ortrs'  tU'jiiirture.   iii,  .'lO',). 

''  ■  llsto  atiniiiHon  nuuliaa  iinigins,  tk'  lasqaulisse  saliia  sii'ine  la  v<  nl.nl.' 
Ill  iTi  rii,  (lie.  ii.  111).  X,  cap.  viii. 

'  Nils  (|iiitaniii  l.i  coini'la  o  iniliiamlo  itcvr  t-Ha  no  nos  la  i|iiisiiM-ou  ilar  o 
ii'K  .vail  lie  |>a!os  a  las  naliorias  <■  ostando  lav.-inilo  una  yiidia  dr  l;i,s  niv'stiVM 
la  liaiiogaiiin  o  dc/iaii  o  puMicavan  iiuo  a-y  avian  dr  lia/cr  a  los  cspaiioK'.s. ' 
/.''((/)/'/•(•■.,  I'rnn-so  (•oiitni  .Itiiinali,  (ili.  Tliis  testimony  is  ooniiruiid  hy  a 
luiuilitr  iif  Id.s  fullowoiN. 

'■  '(^Mi  nuiclius  csualas  jiarasnliir  y  niatar  a  lo3  espanoli's.'  /(/.,ii7.  Marlin, 
ill  /•/  ,  I  U. 

'"  'Lu  prince  aooUum  Tccocoltzin. '  ItnuiH'urili'  Uourhouni^HlM.  Sut.  Vic, 


410 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


'  '   I  ■ 


sacrifice,  regardless  of  the  promises  <^iven,  while  some 
bloody  hearts  which  they  saw  testified  to  the  work 
already  done  by  the  knit'e.^''  With  the  victims  Alva- 
rado  seized  their  atteadants  and  certain  of  the  em- 
peror's courtiers,  from  some  of  whom  he  tortured 
a  confession.  In  this  manner  he  learned  what  lie 
already  partially  knew,  namely,  that  many  ai-ms  were 
prepared;  that  during  the  Incensing  of  Huitzilo- 
pochtli,  as  the  festival  was  called,  the  Christian 
emblems  would  be  cast  out  of  the  teni})le,  and  that 
the  uprising  was  to  take  place  at  the  conclusion  of 
the  feast. -^ 

A  seeming  confirmation  of  the  proposed  sacrilege 
came  from  ^Montezuma  himself,  who  sent  to  request 
the  removal  t)f  the  Christian  emblems  from  the  sum- 
mit of  the  great  temple,  pleading  as  high-priest  that 
the  presence  of  strange  images  must  prove  irritating 
to  the  worshippers  of  other  gods.  Alvarado  iiulig- 
iianth^  n^fused;  lie  would  rather  light.  The  Mexicans 
did  not  choose  to  see  their  festival  broken  up  before 
the  a|)pointed  time,  and  so  the  point  was  waived.  It 
was  then  arranged  that  the  Spaniards  should  attend 
the  ceremonies,  so  as  to  be  assured  that  no  indignitic:; 
would  be  oifcred  their  ima^xes.*'^ 


-^  'A  miinber  of  poles  -were  raised  in  the  court-yard,  destined,  as  I  wa^J  UM, 
to  impale  the  Spaniards,  one  taller  tlian  the  rest  npon  the  pyramid  'leiiy  iv- 
Borved  for  me.'  Alvarado,  in  liaininr.,  /Voi'cw  contra  Alviinvto,  (id. 

-'  Alvannlo'.s  statements  with  regard  to  reports  and  signs  of  revolt,  and  t) 
the  confes.sion  of  several  natives,  is  confirmed  hy  a  number  of  witness.  <, 
ineludin;,'  the  clergyman  Juan  Diaz.  /'/. ,  (10,  \l,i,  et  seij.  Tapia,  wlio  is 
arrayed  against  Alvarado,  intimates  that  torture  induced  the  natives  to  give 
the  confirmation  of  the  plot  us  desired  by  tlie  Spanish  captain,  and  that  the 
intei'pretcr  was  nnrelial)le.  One  witness  declares  that  tlie  uprising  was  ii:i- 
dcrstood  to  be  phumed  to  tidvo  place  witliin  ten  days;  anotiier  says  vn  tlio 
day  following  the  torture,  intimating  that  it  was  to  bo  after  tlic  great  dances. 
/(/.,  1)7,  b")0.  '.Vlvarado  dixo,  que  luego  le  auian  de  venir  a  dargucrra. . .  .ipic 
lo  supo  de  vn  I'a]),!,  y  do  dos  Priucipales,  y  de  otros  ^lexicanos.'  Bi  nial  Diuz, 
JJi.s/.  VenkvL,  lU-J. 

--Tapia's  testimony  to  this  and  other  criminating  points  is  particularly 
valuable,  as  lie  was  a  bitter  opponent  of  Alvarado.  TUl  latter  states  that 
Montezuma  tleclared  himself  powerless  to  prevent  ^'he  premeditated  sacriU '^• 
to  the  Christian  imagts.  Uamir-z,  Prorc.-'ii  ri"itra  Ah-imrlo.  'M't  ~.  ('>(l-7.  1'''^ 
tliis  ]dea,  if  maile,  nmst,  according  to  other  accounts,  l)e  interpreted  to  ;<pr''y 
only  to  jiagan  ceremonies,  held  almost  before  the  images,  and  which  nii-'!it 
be  regarded  :)'!  a  .'^acri'.cge.  'i'oniucmaila  writes  that  arms  had  been  collect.  I 
within  the  temple  and  everything  prepared  for  the  day  when  the  Spani.ad^i 


INFAMOUS  RESOLVE. 


411 


And  now  r->:-^cs  another  of  tlio.so  diabolical  deeds 
which,  done  in  the  name  of  civilization,  or  religion,  or 
any  other  entity  or  idea,  liDs  us  with  horror  toward 
the  gods  and  men  for  whom  or  by  whom  such  acts 
are  consummated.  The  lion  and  the  tiger  are  humane 
autl  gentle  beside  the  Spaniard,  harboring  thoughts 
born  of  bigoted  zeal  or  blind  apprehension.  And 
what  arc  his  thoughts?  These:  He  would  enter  the 
sanctuary,  the  holy  temple  of  his  god  and  their  gods, 
and  while  all  the  })eople,  while  priests  and  nobles,  the 
lli>\ver  of  the  Aztec  race,  were  celebrating  the  highest 
service  of  the  highest  festival,  he  and  his  men  would 
i'all  upon  them  and  hew  them  in  pieces!  And  this 
because  they  had  tired  <>f  liarljoring  and  feeding  them. 
They  desire  to  be  relieved  of  the  self-invited  guests, 
and  since  dismissal  does  not  avail  they  must  be  driven 
out  or  killed.  But  the  intruders  do  not  wi>h  to  l)e 
exterminated,  and  if  there  is  striking  to  be  done,  they 
pii)j)()se  to  strike  hrst. 

Pedro  de  Alvarado  was  no  such  man  as   Ilernan 


nttiiiiloJ  liy  invitation  to  witness  the  ilaiice  of  the  nobles.  At  a  given  si^nrd 
nu  evidently  .simultaneous  jittack  was  to  lie  niml^  on  the  assemhled  g\Kst3 
and  on  the  fort,  thus  takinj,'  the  Spanianls  at  a  disadvantjige.  Jars  stood 
jiveitared,  tilled  witli  cei'tain  liquids,  wherein  to  c(X)k  their  bodies  for  tlio  least, 
i.  -IMI-'JO.  The  general  inelination  of  those  wlio  follow  the  Spanish  version, 
ot  which  Tor((neinada,  usually  so  stanch  for  the  natives,  is  here  tlie  lust 
expiuent,  has  been  to  assume  t!iat  the  attack  was  arranged  forthe  dayof  thi- 
great  dances;  and  this  is  not  unlikely,  although  the  original  writers  ami  tin  ir 
c'mnieutators  appear  to  bo  ignorant  of  or  oblivious  to  eerUun  features  (if  t!io 
festival.  Another  view  has  been  to  jilaco  the  attack  during  the  installation  of 
the  new  inuigo  of  the  war-god.  'i'his  ceremony  belonged  to  the  preceding 
day,  a  fact  not  as  a  rule  understfxd,  and  therefore  the  Source  of  much  eon- 
fusion,  lira.sseur  ile  IJourbourg,  who  is  clearest  on  these  jioints,  assumes  that 
the  raising  of  tlie  idol  would  involve  the  easting  forth  of  the  Christian  em- 
blems, and  be  the  signal  fo?'  attack.  l>ut  evidences  are  conclusive  that  tlio 
natives  were  not  ready  on  that  day.  Tiiey  were  too  oecupieil  with  the  ecie- 
bration,  and  Alvarado,  with  his  small  force,  was  not  so  negligent  as  to  w.iit 
till  the  last  moment,  when  tlie  enemy  was  fully  jirepared.  He  and  several  of 
liis  men  indicate  clearly  onoiiu'h  that  they  attended  the  tenqile  at  the  installa- 
tion. The  uprising  must  tlieri  fore  have  been  appointed  for  the  followim.'  or 
even  a  later  day.  See  note  "J."),  ^'etaueurt,  Tiatro  Mi  .v..  iii.  l,'!!t,  is  among  tho 
autiiorities  who  follow  the  version  of  Toniuemada  in  general.  One  of  the 
fervid-minded  witnesses  of  Alvarado  repeats  the  account  of  ]iots  and  jai's  tor 
cooking  the  Spanianls.  Helps  sujiposes  tliat  Huit/.ilopochtli's  festival  had 
:iot  yet  been  entered  upon,  and  tiiat  Te/eatlipoca's  imagi"  is  tlu'  one  in  <[ius- 
tion :  but  the  Sjianiai  Is,  who  knew  thi'  ilifl'erence  between  these  idcjls,  all 
atlirin  that  the  eelebration  of  the  w.irgod  was  now  held.  See  L'amir-z,  I'ro- 
ciso  funlni  Alraralo,  Ut),  113,  130,  137,  and  loO. 


I  Mil 

it'-' 


m 


m 


I 


412 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


Cortc's.  lie  was  scarcely  fit  to  bo  his  servant.  Tlicre 
were  a  dozen  prominent  qualities  that  combined  to 
make  up  the  great  man  in  Cortes  which  were  absent 
in  Alvarado.  Both  of  them  were  loyal,  brave,  and 
merciless,  but  there  was  a  method  in  the  excesses 
ol'  Cortc's  which  tliose  of  Alvarado  lacked.  Cortes 
v.'as  deep,  Alvarado  shallow;  Cortes  was  patient  under 
atfront,  Alvarado  was  violent;  Cortds  was  cool  in  time 
of  danu^er,  Alvarado  was  excited— and  so  on.  And 
yet  Alvarado  was  a  gallant  cavalier. 

Tlie  Spaniards  now  held  a  council,  before  whicli 
Alvarado  placed  tlic  information  thus  far  obtained  of 
the  plot,  and  the  necessity  of  pronn)t  measures  w^as  at 
once  recognized.  They  did  not  believe  jMontezuma 
to  be  taking  any  active  part  in  the  conspii-acy,  but 
that  swayed  by  hopes  and  fears  he  was  allowing  liini- 
self,  with  his  usual  want  of  resolution,  to  yield  to  the 
strcjngor  will  of  his  courtiers  a  passive  consent  to  the 
efforts  for  liis  release.^^ 

Less  j)iudent  than  his  chief,  and  less  fertile  in  i-c^- 
sources,  Alvarado  did  not  look  for  preventives  to 
clieck  the  conspiracy,  but  to  what  he  regarded  as  a 
decisive  blow  to  crush  it,  such  as  that  administered  at 
Cholula.  lie  had  not  the  foresight  of  his  general 
with  regard  to  the  proper  adjustment  of  means  to 
ends,  nor  his  magic  inlluence  over  those  around 
him,  friend  or  foe.  He  remembered  only  the  good 
eifect  of  the  massacre  on  the  effeminate  Cholultijcs, 
and  felt  convinced  that  so  excellent  a  measure  inu>t 

'■'^  Tlim  received  support  from  his  neglect  to  interfere  v  "len  supplies  wcto 
cut  flown,  liven  Ta])iii  refers  to  a  chnnge  in  liis  disposition,  and  to  Alva- 
lado'ti  displeasure  tliercui,  but  his  words  may  apply  to  tlie  stoppa;,'e  eitli'T  "f 
s;i])|dies  or  of  presents.  /</.,. SO.  Want  of  jwwer  could  not  bo  ])lea(Ii'd  hy 
Montezuma,  l)eeause  a  few  days  later,  when  the  natives  were  far  nion.'  enibit- 
tereil  both  a^'ainst  tiio  Spainards  aiul  against  tlieir  captive  sovereign,  tim 
hitter  was  aide  iiy  a  mere  njipeal  to  stiiy  tlieir  onslaught.  Tlie  testimony 
speaiis  not  only  of  an  undenuiued  wall  and  sealing  laddei's,  but  of  wea|ioii.s, 
'porras  y  otias  arn)as,'  and  of  conspirators  within  the  fort.  /(/.,  (>",  ll.'i,  <'t 
se(|.  Uomara  says  that  his  love  for  the  Spaniards  has  l)ecn  denie<l  by  soiiii'. 
J/ixl.  Mtx.,  l.">4-5 ;  but  Bernal  Diaz  will  not  believe  Montt'zuma  guilty  of  cmi 
Kj)iracy.  //ist.  VvnliuL.  lO'i.  The  grief  of  the  Spaniards  at  his  death,  and 
tlie  care  taken  of  his  children,  indicate  that  they  and  the  crown  regarded  liitu 
aj  loyal. 


lia^i 


THFA*  PROCEKD  TO  THE  TEMPLE. 


41» 


answer  also  for  tlic  appjiroiitly  ahjoot  Aztecs.  It 
tlioroughly  suited  his  rash  dariniLi;  and  cruel  disposition, 
'i'o  attack  is  to  win,  was  his  maxim.  The  ditterenco 
ill  circumstances  hardly  entered  into  consideration, 
chief  among  which  was  the  smaller  forc-e,  unsup- 
])i)rted  by  the  neutrality  of  half  the  city,  as  at  C'ho- 
lula,  and  without  allies  (;losc  at  hand.  The  j^atherini^ 
i)f  so  many  nobles  and  military  leaders  in  connection 
with  the  war-god  celebration  provided  tlie  oppor- 
tunity desired,  since  this  would  permit  the  blow  to 
be  (Urected  against  those  who  were  looke»l  on  as  the 
promoters  of  the  revolt;  and  de[)rived  of  tlu'ir  leader-? 
the  j)eople  would  be  likely  to  abandon  any  furtlier 
attem[)t.     This  plan  met  with  general  approval.-' 

The  hour^^  having  arrived  for  the  visit  to  tho 
temple,^"  Alvarado  selects  half  the  force  to  accompany 
hini,-^  and  proceeds  thither,  armed  with  more  than 
usual  care.  Upon  those  who  I'cmain  iti  charge  of 
the  fort,  says  Tapia,  devolves  the  safer,  thougli  even 
more  cruel  task  of  slauglitering  the  greater  part  of 
the  courtiers  and  attendants,-**  who  have  this  day  pre- 
sented themselves  in  larger  numbers  than  usual. 

■"  'Logcspafiolealorequirioronal  diclio  D.  Pedro.'  Ramirez,  Pracctio  contra 
Alrnnt'lii,  loi).    Tupiii  prctoiulH  that  ho  objcotiMl.   /;/.,  ,'57. 

■'Alvarado  and  his  men  in  nioro  than  um:  instance  indirnto  th(!  day  wluMi 
thr  dough  idol  was  rai.se<l.  ///.,  (i7,  11.'?,  l.')4.  Ixtlilxouhitl  points  to  the 
f  illnwing  grcatcrday,  wliiuh  ho  dates  May  I  !tth.  Rclarlonct,  'tl'i.  Saha^un  is  not 
Miilelinito,  hut  his  editor  accepts  the  eiiief  (hiy,  calling  it  whiUsunday,  May 
■JTtli.  Hist,  i'oiiq.  (ed.  1S40),  0!).  In  another  place  lie  says  M^iy'-otli.  'J'fzrunt 
( II  his  ultiiiioit  tiLiupos,  "27 -i.  One  of  Alvarado's  men  states  that  it  was  a  Thura- 
ihiy.   /I'diniriz,  Proccim  contra  Alrarddo,  I'M. 

'''''  Tho  testimony  of  the  con(iuerors,  confirmed  by  native  paintings  and 
i(  .cirds,  leaves  no  douht  that  the  dance  of  tho  nobles  anil  the  massacre  took 
|il.u'e  in  tho  great  temple  adjoining  the  fort.  Rntiiircz,  I'roccxn,  ;{7ot  so(|.  Acf>sta 
^^^ites,  however,  that  they  occurred  in  the  ])alace,  ll'iKt.  /in/.,  't'2'2,  and  he  is 
p.nlly  right,  since  a  massacre  was  cairied  out  here  also.  ('lavi;,'('To  follows 
.\iosta,  and  assumes  that  tho  fort  is  meant.  ]to  argues  that  (ho  dance  was 
liild  tlu  rt^  so  that  the  emperor  might,  as  cnstomary,  be  jircsint,  and  that  a 
iiiiissacre  could  not  have  been  nndcrtakcn  by  .^o  few  Spaniards  in  tho  great 
t'liiplc,  where  the  ar.si'uals  were  .situated,  and  where  the  concourse  of  jieoplo 
iiinst  have  been  very  largo.  Sin'.i  J/('.<x.,  iii.  IIS.  Tho  Spaniards  had  for- 
1  i'l'icn  the  use  of  arms  duri.ig  >,iie  festival,  and  none  appear  to  have  been 
jii'iihu'ed  in  tho  temple.  Among  otiier  i)recaution8  Alvarado  ai)])carsto  h;ivo 
iii-isteil  on  a  small  atten<lance  beyond  that  of  nobles,  and  most  authorities 
sii  accept  it. 

'•'■  Toniuemada  says  50  men;  tlic  Tlascaltecs  are  seldom  counte<l. 

*''  HJue  no  qucdarou  sino  el  diclio  Montezuma  y  quin/.e  o  vi'yntc  criados,' 


'  'r  5 


■ '.  ■.'.  "     '  % 

8  [If-      1: 


414 


ALV^UIADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


The  Spaniards  with  tlR'ir  TlascaUcc  followers  arc 
weleoined  at  the  sanetuaiy  with  great  deiiioiistrations 
1)V  tlie  unsuspecting  nobles,  who  see  nothing  to  ap- 
prehend in  the  gleaming  arms,  since  the  Spaniards 
never  go  forth  without  weapons.  We  must  remem- 
ber it  is  a  gala  day,  and  the  court  presents  a 
magnificent  scene  with  its  festive  decking  of  gar- 
lands, festoons,  and  drapery,  and  its  gayly  attired 
audience.  A  procession  of  plumed  i)riests  and  pages 
march  by  with  swinging  censers,  chanting  weird  nuisic 
before  the  hideous  idols.  Behind  comes  a  file  of  nuns 
and  novices,  with  red  feathers  and  painted  faces,  sur- 
mounted by  garlands  of  toasted  maize,  and  bearing  in 
their  hands  llai2rs  with  black  bars.  Hidden  musicians 
strike,  and  the  dance  begins.  Joining  the  jiriests,  the 
consecrated  women  and  the  tyros  whii-1  round  a  large 
brazier,  while  two  shield-bearers  with  blackened  faces 
direct  their  motions.  A  conspicuous  figure  is  the 
ictaocale,  the  living  representative  of  the  god,  for 
wliom  he  is  fated  to  die,  like  the  more  prominent  proxy 
of  Tezcatlipoca.  Dressed  like  a  warrior  ready  for  the 
fray,  and  prepared  to  lead  in  the  chief  dances  as  is  liis 
duty,  he  seems  to  impersonate  the  omen  of  evil  wliicli 
hovers  over  the  scene. 

Presently  the  Spaniards  are  conducted  to  a  sepa- 
rate court,  wherein  are  assembled  several  hundred 
nobles  and  leading  men,  arrayed  in  rich  costumes 
glittering  with  gold  and  jirecious  stones.  The  centre 
of  attraction  is  the  new  image  of  Huitzilopochtli,  of 
tziutUl  dough,  its  jacket  wrought  with  human  bones. 
Before  this  ima<jrc  the  m'tzchualiztll  dance  now  begins. -^^ 
liings  are  formed  round  the  music-stand,  where  two 
leadtjrs  direct  the  movements,  the  highest  nobles  and 
the  most  aged  composing  the  inner  circles,  and  the 

si.ys  t!ie  charctc  cigainst  Alvar.ido.  Ramirez,  Prorpi^o,  4,  20,  37,  43.  Tlii^i 
gi'iionilly  ignoreil  part  of  the  inussacro  liiuls  also  indirect  contirniatiou  in  the 
tlitiusc  testimony  to  the  fimlinij  of  concealed  weapons  ainonj<  the  attendants 
of  Montezuma.    Alvarado  would  not  have  failed  to  punisli  them  for  this. 

-"■'  /xttilxochitl,  lieloi'ionrH, 4 1  "2.  '  Este baylc  cseemoel  Netoteliztli. '  ' Mazeiia- 
liztli:  quo  quiere  dczir  Merecimiento  con  trabajo. '  Goinara,  Hist.  Mcx.,  IJO. 


THE  DANCE  OF  DEATH. 


415 


younger  men  the  outer.  Wlien  all  is  ready  the  niusie 
strikes  up  lightly  to  a  well  known  tune,  and  the 
dancers  move  ofV,  chanting  a  song  bearing  on  the  event 
of  the  day,  and  on  gods  and  kings.^  Forewarned  as 
the  Spaniards  are,  they  see  treason  in  every  act  and 
Avord,  and  many  who  understand  somewhat  the  Aztec 
language  declare  that  the  songs  bear  distinct  allusions 
to  the  intended  uprising. 

As  the  dance  progresses  a  few  of  the  sokliers,  to- 
gether with  a  number  of  Tlascaltecs,  take  possession 
of  the  different  entrances,  while  the  rest  distribute 
tliemselves  in  suitable  positions  and  watch  for  the 
signal.^'  Instructed  by  his  native  allies,  Alvarado 
Avalts  the  time  when  the  Indians  shall  install  the  war- 
god  image  in  the  cha])el.  And  now  the  sanguinary 
moment  has  come.  Falling  on  the  asseuibly  with 
pike  and  sword,  some  strike  the  idol  and  some  its 
worshippers.  They  hew  down  the  priests  and  drive 
the  cruel  steel  through  the  bodies  of  the  nobles. 
Few  of  the  Indians  possess  any  wea])ons  with  which 
to  defend  tliemselves  from  the  sharp  Toledo  blades. 
Taken  thus  by  surjirise,  panic-stricken,  they  tread  one 
ujion  another,  and  then  fall  hel|)less  under  the  merci- 
less thrusts  of  the  enemy.  Their  first  impulse  has 
been  to  rush  for  the  gates,  but  lines  of  bristl'iig  j)ikes 
ehlige  them  to  press  back  against  the  crowd,  thereby 
increasing  the  confusion.  Some  attempt  to  climb  over 
the  high  walls,  some  to  hide  in  the  temple  buildings, 
even  burrowing  beneath  the  heaps  of  the  slain. 
]>cforc  an  hour  has  passed  there  is  nothing  left  in 
sight  deemed  worthy  Spanish  swords,  so  suddeidy  has 
this  brilliant  assembly  been  transformed  into  l<!ath- 

3'=  See  Xctt!re  Uncn,  ii.  CSS-!). 

^'  'Fue  al  patio  ilondc  estava  v\  Occliilohos  e  vi  iiiclia  peiito  junta  pnra  lo 
Puliii' 0  (lofciulioiHlolo  vciiia  inuclia  gciitc  los  (|ii.i;^:;  'u 'uousaroii  a  jxjltar  ooti 
iiosdti'us.'  I'uiiiifiz,  Pfoccxocoutni  Alv'i rinlo,y'ri .  Tliiii  is  a  in«-ie  oxciiso  cviilciitly, 
Miiicli  iionu  attempt  to  suppoit,  tloiiiiitolj'  at  least ;  l)iit  it  sounik'il  well  to  say 
t!iat  tlie  af"*^'"il  ^-i^ht  began  on  the  native  side,  as  had  the  plotting.  One  of 
llra.-sour  de  lioiirbourg's  unic^ue  niaimscripta  states  that  the  linst  attack  by 
the  S]>auiai'd3  was  upon  those  who  were  advaneiug  witii  the  idol.  IlUt.  Xa* , 
'  "'■,  iv.  'JS7.  'Kste  testigo  destizo  el  ydolo  (|iie  los  dichos  yndios  teniau  para 
b'Aiiv  Joude  estava  Nuestra  Senora,'  S'uiio  I'intt,  in  Itaininz,  134. 


m 


ALVARADO'S  MI^RCILESS  MASSACRE. 


k   :     I 


S(>nio  masses  of  mangled  bodies.  The  pathway  of  tho 
coiiqueiois  is  everywhere  shppery  with  the  blood  of 
their  victims. 

In  tliis  horrililc  butchery,  as  wo  have  soon,  tho 
lower  classes  suflored  loss  than  tho  nobles.  Desola- 
tion was  brought  homo  to  nearly  every  prominent 
family  in  tho  city.  Their  grief,  shared  by  depondauls 
and  adherents  throughf)ut  tho  provinces,  was  coiu- 
memoratod  in  })laintivo  ballads,  l)y  wiiich  tho  poop!;; 
k(?pt  alive  tho  hatred  of  their  oppressors  long  after 
the  conquest.  The  estimates  of  tho  killed  vary  I'rom 
four  hundred  to  over  three  thousand,  the  most  com- 
mon number  being  six  hundred;  and  as  this  generally 
refers  to  })rominent  personages  it  may  be  accepted  as 
not  too  low.^^ 

Finding  no  more  to  kill,  or  rather  no  more  worth 
the  killing,  the  Spaniards  and  th(}  Tlascaltecs  j^ro- 
coedod  to  })lun(ler..  Tho  reward  was  rich,  but  even 
in  tho  eyes  of  their  national  historians  odium  attaclicd 
to  every  trinket,  for  b}''  such  action,  as  llerrera  o\)- 
servos,  they  gave  currency  to  tho  charge  that  the  deed 
had  been  })rompted  by  avarice.  But  this  interesting 
occupation  was  destined  to  be  interrupted.     Shouts 

■'-'  TluMO  uere  from  300  to  400  dancers,  nearly  all  cliiofs,  and  an  audiomo 
of  from  'JODO  to  liWK),  says  Tapia;  and  from  tlio  wording  of  tlio  aocusatiim 
aj^ainst  Alvarado  it  appc.rs  tliat  all  the  chiefs  were  killed,  and  a  number  of 
tlie  rest,  besides  those  slauglitered  in  the  fort.  Ilaniircz  interprets  thi;  native' 
painting  to  signify  400,  most  likely  of  the  nobles  only,  I''.,  4,  .'>7,  -SO;  •)() ) 
killed,  Cortt'-i,  J^vskloicia,  1.  41;  over  (JOO  nobles  slaughtered  in  one  lionr, 
('alio,  in  (>vh<h),  iii.  550;  GOO  to  1000 nobles  and  caciques,  Oomnra;  over  100  I 
noble.s,  l.ilHl.rachitl,  IMnciniws,  A\'2,  and  Jlrassi'iir  tic  Bourhounj.  'File  tiiu 
grande  el  deri'anianiiento  de  sangre,  qu(!  corrian  arroyos  dclla  por  el  pat  io  conio 
agua  enando  nnielio  llu''ve.'  Sdlimjuii,  ll'iM.  Coin/,  (ed.  1S40),  100.  He  givis 
Kiokeniiig  details  of  truncated  bodies,  of  dismemberel  hands  and  feet,  ami  nt 
draggling  entrails.  Father  Duran  goes  to  an  extreme  in  his  account,  aceordiii,' 
to  wiiich  Alvarado  prompted  the  deed,  and  Cortes  executed  it.  From  ,SO.n) 
to  10,000  illiLstrious  men  were  summoned  through  Montezuma  to  as.'^iMiibli; 
in  tlie  temple,  in  order  to  permit  Cortes  to  kill  tliem  and  thus  become  mastir 
in  the  country.  Ho  places  ten  soldiers  at  each  gate,  and  sends  in  ten  to  coin- 
niit  the  Klaughter.  Ilist.  la<l.,  MS.  ii.  4.")()-9.  Laa  Ca.sasi3  not  so  absurd,  tiiis 
time  at  hiast,  but  close  behind  him  in  the  estimate,  for  he  states  tliat  thti 
slaiigliter  was  carried  on  in  different  parts  of  the  city  at  the  same  time,  avA 
in  one  ])lace  alone  about  2000  young  nobles  fell.    Prcscott  mi.sinterprcts  him. 

'Non  procul  I"!  palatio  aborant,  duo  circiter  inillia  juveuum  nobilium \il 

hos  se  contiilit  Hispanorum  Capitiineus,  &  alios  ad  relii[nas  urbin  jiartes,  in 
quibus  Ikc  ehoreie  celebraljantur,  inisit, . . .  .noucessabunt  celcbrare&,  lamciitari 
. . .  .calamitatem,'  etc,   llvjio.  liid.  Devastat,,  32. 


MOTIVIvS  AND  COXDK^[^'ATIO^^ 


417 


from  the  niaddciied  nuiltitudc  witliout  wore  soon 
liL'unl,  roai'iiiL?  in  rfs[)onso  to  the  <U'ath  ehiinor  ol'tlieir 
conntrynien.  Wai-ned  hv  the  o-naid  at  th(>  spates,  the 
jihuidd'ers  hastened  to  rejjfain  the  I'ort.  Yells  of  exe- 
cration greeted  them  as  they  issued  from  the  temple, 
and  showers  of  stones  and  darts  fell  thiek,  whih^ 
the  front  ranks  of  the  assailants  ])ress('d  them  with 
swords  and  elubs.'^     Short  as  was  the  distanee  to  the 


•'■'  Tapia,  and  others,  in  liarn'm,  38,  07,  l.'H.    Torqucinada  assumes  tliiit 

tlic  jiniis  iiscil   by  tlic  assailants  were  tlio.so  wliicli  hiul  het'ii  collootcd   for 

tliu  (lUtliR'ak  in  the  houses  iuljoiniuj^  thii  tt'inplu.   i.  4!M).     As  I'cganls  tlio 

motives  for  tlio  massacre,  the  Spanish  autliorities  seek  as  a  nik;  to  justify 

tlicin,  while  tlio  native  aeeounts  aiee(|ually  inL-iined  to  aseiihe  tlieiii  to  greeil 

i.r  to  wanton  eruelty.     Aecordini;  to  Salia},'un  the  eelel)ration  was  held  at  the 

iiistaneo  of  Alvarado,  who  slau^ihtered  tin;  devotees  without  known  eaiise. 

Il'int.  Colli/.,  '27  (ed.  1S40),  100.    Duian,  wiio  is  as  jirejudiecil  as  lie  is  lilundcr- 

iii_',  dates  the  massacre  after  the  return  of  ( 'orti's  fima  the  eoast.     Alvarado 

]Mi':iuades  him  t(j  secure  the  suhinission  of  tlio  country  hy  killin!,'  all   the 

lurd.s  and  chiefs,  and  they  are  accordingly  allurt'd  to  tluMr  deatii.  J/isf.  Iml., 

MS.,  ii.  4.")(J-7.     Las  Casas  inclines  to  a  similar  motive;  '(pio  m;iL;is  eres<'eret, 

dt  aui;eretur  in  his  provinciis  formido  illorum  crudelitatis.'  lu'/io.  !ihI.  Ih'- 

mMtil.,'M).    Nearer  the  truth  coines  Ixtlilxocliitl,  who,  while  disposed  toeredit 

his  countrymen,  dales  not  accusi;  the  Spaniards,  and  so  takes  the  prudent 

niidille  cour.se  of  casting;  the  blame  on  the  Tlascaltecs.      I'roiupted  by  the 

liiitrcd  bred  of  former  wrongs  inllicted  by  Mexicans,  and  by  greed  for  s[)oils, 

tiicy  invent  charges  of   treason  anil   speedy  revolt.     Aharado,   lieing  also 

I'.varieions,  is  readily  induced  to  bcdievc  tiiein,  an<l  considers  it  besides  a  good 

opportunity  to  olitain  control  by  dispatching  tiio  assemliled  ciiiefs,  nnaiineil 

a!  t.'ieyare.  Hint.  ('Jiir/i.,:H)0;  Ui'lai-Unn'x.  3S!),Ul>.    Ixtlilxociutl  is  not  to  blanm 

for  hii  assumption,  since  hisadniirt'd  guide,  the  biograjiluu'  of  (Jorti'S,  does  not 

attempt  to  defend  Alvara(h),  l)ut  merely  mentions  tiiat  lie  \\  as  inlluenced  either 

hy  reports  of  •  proposed  ui)rising  or  by  avaiice.   (iniiKirn,  Hint.  Mfx.,  lol. 

Tlie  connnentator  CIdmalpuin  says  bluntly  that  the  latter  motive  '  cs  mas  <hi 

creer.'  Hix'.  Cuikj.,  i.  '2H1;  JJcirMiii,  MoihId  Xikho,  lit;   J'r.iirro  y  (Jri'lbiiin , 

Vnriinc.t  Ilr.-^trrs,  !)2.    Vetii-.curt  ratlier  condenms  Alvarado  f<ir  acting  on  in- 

.'■;:liicient  evidence.  Tra/ro  Mcv.,  pt.  iii.  i;>'J-40.    Cortes' silence  respecting  the 

lar.se  maj'  be  attributed  to  his  usual  prudenc(!  in  suppressing  nni)leasant  facts. 

He  states,  however,  that  Montezuma  supplicated  him  not  to  be  annoyed  at  what 

had  iiappened,  since  he  regretted  it  as  nnicii  as  the  Spaniaiils.     This  implies 

t!i;it  the  Indians  were  regarded  as  originators  of  tiie  trouble.     Tlie  severity 

wiili  which  he  treated  the  emperor  on  his  return  to  Mexico,  notwithstanding 

the  ellorts  made  by  him  to  save  the  Spaniards,  indicates  still  more  strongly 

t'lat    (.'ortes   was    convinced   of    Mexican   treachery,    ('urt'n^,    Il'I}    et    seip 

l:i  the  letter  of  the  army  to  the  emperor   the  uprising  is  attributed   to 

Xarvaez' plots.   CaiUi  <ld  KJi'rrto,  in  /fmlmir/'i,  I 'of.  I'oc,  i.  4"J!t.      Jlerrera 

notices  the  native  versions,  particularly  tiiiit  which  accuses  the  'I'hiscaltees 

«'!'  having  trumped  up  charges  against  the  MexieauH,  but  he  atlirms,  'la  verdad 

fu  •,  ipie   pensaron  matar  los  Castellanos.'     Jle  thereupon  enumeiates  proofs 

ol  tile  j)lot.  dec.   ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  viii.     Tori|uemaila,  who  is  more  fully  ac- 

i|uaiuted  with  native  accounts,  condemns  tlicin  as  unrelialile,  ami  states  that 

Sah.igun  accepted  them  without  investigation,   i.  4S!)-!)I.     Tlie  eliargi!  that 

.Vlvarado  was  inlluenced  by  avarice  is  promptly  rejticted  by  lienial  l)iaz.    '  .No 

In  creo,  ni  nunca  tal  oi,  ni  es  de  crecr  (|ue  tal  hiziesse.'     His  motive  was  to 

iiisjiire  terror  and  inilict  such  injury  as  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  attacking 

IIlST.  Mfcx..  Vol.  1.    27 


418 


ALVARADO'S  MERCILESS  MASSACRE. 


fort,  niucli  time  was  occupied  in  reaching,'  It,  and 
liardly  a  man  csca[)e(l  injury.  Alvarado  was  suvordy 
wounded,  while  one  soldier  and  a  nund)er  of  allies 
were  slain. 

liitn.  That  thoy  intendcfl  to  attack,  Bernal  Diaz  fully  Iwlievps.  llinf.  IV,- 
ilniK,  KfJ.  Solia  is  fjiiitu  imlignniit  at  tho  Huppositioi)  that  avario(!  iitipcIKil 
thi!  Spunianls.  ll'iKt.  Mir.,  ii.  117.  According  to  Oviedcj  tht)  intcntii»ii  of  t!ic 
natives  was  to  kill  also  (.'orti'-s  on  his  return.  Ho  inserts  witiiout  ';i)innifiit 
thi!  viTsion  of  Cano,  Miarricd  to  .Montezuma's  dau),'hter,  that  avarice  was  tin- 
motive,  iii.  TtlO,  .'».■)().  Aco.sta,  M-lio  generally  adheres  to  native  vc^niioiiii,  doi  s 
n  it  a|)p!irently  find  them  reliahlo  in  this  case,  since  he  merely  says  thiit  .1 
•chisti.-icment' was  inllicted,  but  that  it  was  exees.sivc.  Il'ist.  /nil.,  ol':,'.  'I'lii- 
i  i  also  the  opinion  of  Clavigero,  who  believes  that  the  Spaniards  were  d. 
ceiviil  by  Tlasculti'c  stories  of  a  plot,  and  wished  to  anticipate  it,  on  tin- 
li'.'iiiciple  tiiat  'chi  a.ssalisco  vinco.  Checehessia,  la  sua  condottii  non  ]i\ii'> 
si'usarsi  d'impniden/a,  o  di  cruilcltii.'  S/oria  Mc'ix.,  iii.  II!).  This  view  lias 
been  widtdy  adojited,  even  by  tiio  modern  Mexican  historian  Carbajal  Ks|ij 
iiosa,  ])lagiarist  tliongh  ho  be.  Jllst,  Mcj\,  ii.  330.  His  confrere  HuHtamaiit  ■, 
lis  editor  of  Saliagun,  is  inclined  to  magnify  even  the  exaggerations  of  tli  • 
latter.  I'rescott  wavers  between  (^lavigero's  views  anil  disljelief  in  .Mviiiadn'* 
apology.  ])Ut  in  tx|)ressing  his  ojiinion  he  miscon.strues  ISernal  Diaz  mm  I 
raises  some  meaningless  questions.  Mcx.,  ii.  284-(J.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
t!ie  Indians  were  l)ent  on  mischief  A  largo  faction  had  been  hostile  to  lln' 
Spaniards  ever  sinc'c  their  arrival,  as  intruders  who  menace.^  the  existiii,' 
politic,  economic,  and  religious  order.  This  feeling  had  been  steadily  spread- 
ii'g  under  the  tlin'atenini^  attitude  vssumed  by  the  unbidden  guests  in  sei/iii,' 
the  emperor,  in  extorting  tribute,  and  in  assuming  mastery.  With  i.. 
occupation  of  the  temple  by  tho  Christian  end)lem3  the  climax  was  reacheil; 
and  now  the  whole  ])oi)ulation  becamo  possessed  with  a  desire  to  avenge 
nut  only  the  outraged  idols,  but  themselves  and  their  sovereign,  and  ti 
upiiold  the  tottering  throne.  The  ob-ervations  of  the  Spaniards  ami  tlie 
iep;irts  of  their  informers  were  correct  in  pointing  to  an  uprising,  to  taKi' 
])Iae(!  during  the  gathering  of  pilgrims  for  tho  war-god  festival,  when  the  re 
dueed  number  of  the  Spanish  garrison  favored  tho  design.  The  confession  "(' 
several  natives,  whethe.-  extorted  by  torture  or  not,  conlirmedthe  cliarges  aiid 
justilied  belief.  Alvarado  could  not  as  .1  prudent  command^l- ign(>re  theai, 
ami  duty  re((uired  him  to  use  prompt  measures  for  the  protection  of  his  fore  ■, 
and  of  the  interests  of  his  king  and  ".ic  expedition.  It  might  be  urged  liy 
tliose  who  seek  to  defend  this  kin<l  of  thing  that  seizure  of  the  victims  t'"i' 
iKjstages  would  have  been  equally  cli'ective  and  more  humane;  but  from  tlio 
preeedenco  established  by  the  general  lumself  at  Cholula  the  conduct  of  the 
rash  Alvarailo  is  scarcely  to  bo  wondered  at.  ('ortes'  object  had  been  t  > 
Kli'ilvo  terror  as  the  only  etiectivo  lesson  for  a  people  who  seemed  to  recogni.'" 
no  other  sway,  and  if  this  was  regarded  as  necessary  with  the  Choltdtee-, 
Alvarado  nuut  have  held  it  to  bo  <lonbly  so  now.  His  position  was  far  lue'' : 
critical  than  that  at  the  former  city,  for  his  resources  were  smaller,  th  • 
jirospect  of  aid  was  hopeless,  and  escape  was  cut  off.  Ho  had  to  strike 
jiromptly  and  strike  well.  Here  were  the  leaders,  and  hero  tho  temple,  whenia 
a  punishment  woulil  apparently  have  greater  eilc'et.  It  was  natural  to  suj' 
jiose  that  the  installation  of  tho  war -god  would  bo  attended  by  the  leadi  i'< 
or  representative  men  of  the  enemy;  and  to  level  the  blow  at  this  class  inu-t 
be  considered  as  less  cniel  at  least  than  to  strike  the  multitude,  as  at  Clmlul  1. 
Perhaps  the  recognition  of  this  w.as  a  reason  for  the  silence  of  Cortes.  All  tii;< 
discussion,  however,  as  to  the  minor  motives  prompting  a  dastardly  <lee(l  I 
do  not  regard  as  very  relevant.  I  am  very  sure  that  the  motives  of  tho 
Spaniards  in  this  massacre  were  not  plunder.  They  were  playing  for  a  hi'.'li'  i' 
stake,  for  the  whole  country,  and,  in  ease  they  won,  all  in  it  would  be  theirs. 
The  present  heavy  blow  was  but  ono  of  the  points  in  the  game. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

UnilSIXG    OF    THK    AZTKCS, 
May-Jink,  \r,20. 

CnAR.>    -^KR  OF  TIIF,  AZTKCS— SPANISH  QrAliTKIlS-  ThF.  Tity  IN  A  KM -(-0  ROW. 
IN<;  JIaTUKK  TOWARD  THE  InVADKRS-  PKRII.OfS  I'oSITIoN  OF  Al.VAKAlMi  — 

MoNTKZUMA  Called  to  Interfere — Failing  1'rovisions — Miracilofs 
Water— CoRTKS  to  the  Uescie— Rendezvois  atTlascai.a-  'Iiie  ('ity 
AND  ITS  I'Koi'LE — TiiE  Ar.my  Join.s  Alvaradu— Desfeuate  EncuINTERb. 


TiiK  Spaniards  liad  mistaken  sonicwluit  tlie  charar- 
ter  of  tlic  Aztecs.  Ground  to  the  dust  l>v  j)olitical 
despotism  and  blood}'  sujierstition,  their  features  liad 
assumed  a  melancholy  cast  and  their  form  the  attitude 
(if  humility.  Yet  beneath  all  slumbered  a  ferocity 
tlie  most  blood-thirsty  amonL>"  tlie  Xahua  nations. 
And  now,  though  their  nature  might  be  as  cold  and 
iiii})nssive  as  the  stone  of  the  pavement,  the  iron  heel 
of  the  conqueror  had  struck  fire  from  it. 

]}efore  the  fort  the  angry  throng  increased,  until 
tin-  whole  city  seemed  to  have  gathered  there.  On 
tlic  i-oi^fs  and  in  tlio  courts  fell  showers  of  arrows, 
stt'iies,  and  darts,  and  charge  after  charge  was  made 
at  tlie  entrances.  Attem])ts  were  also  made  both  to 
scale  and  undermine  the  walls,  and  some  resorted  to 
lettering,  until  it  seemed  to  the  besieged  as  if  the 
v.liolu  habitation  was  coming  down  upon  their  heads. 

The  structure  consisted  of  a  vast  irregular  j)ile 
of  stone  buildings,  one  story  in  height,  and  raised, 
like  most  of  the  pretentious  edifices,  on  a  pyramidal 
foundation,  which  was  low  and  difficult  to  undermine 
<  "1  1  )eat  down.  An  occasional  tower  relieved  the  monot- 
unv  of  the  outline  and  offered  a  view  over  the  neigh- 

(119) 


m 


L'I'PJSING  OF  THE  AZTECS. 


B  '-^^ 


IjorliooJ.  Beside  the  smaller  courts  inclosed  by  the 
buildings,  a  larger  yard  appears  to  have  been  f'jrnied 
]»y  a  stout  wall,  within  which  the  allies  had  erected 
temporary  shelter.  This  was  the  weakest  point,  and 
liere  the  battering  parties  were  chietiy  collected.  Tlie 
Hanks  and  curtains  of  modern  fortilication  were  want- 
ing, and  the  protection  of  tlie  wall  face  depended  on 
tlie  turrets  which  rose  here  and  there,  and  on  the 
parapets,  with  their  few  embrasures. 

Though  attemj)ting  no  sortie  beyond  the  inunediato 
vicinity  of  the  gates,  the  Spaniards  were  not  sparing 
of  powder  and  arrows,  and  })icked  off  the  more  \nv- 
sun)[)tuous  assailants,  while  tlieir  pikes  and  swords 
did  good  service  at  the  parapets  and  openings.  Tlie 
cannon,  however,  loaded  as  they  were  with  small 
shot  and  scraps,  which  brought  down  a  dozen  or  more 
at  a  time,  were  the  only  weapons  that  could  hold  the 
enemy  in  check.  On  one  occasion,  v,  hen  a  charging 
party  had  approached  in  a  somewhat  wavering  column 
to  carry  the  main  entrance,  the  cannon  charge^  faikd 
to  ex})lode,  owing  to  dampness.  This  the  assailants 
were  quick  to  ol)serve,  and  with  yells  of  encourage- 
ment they  rushed  forward,  and  were  soon  in  a  hand- 
to-hand  conllict  with  a  paity  wliich  had  sallied  to 
break  the  lirst  column.  The  Spaniards  plied  tlieir 
swords  and  pikes  with  desperation,  supported  by  a 
desultory  lire  from  tlic  musketeers  and  archers  of  the 
fort,  but  without  effect.  The  ga[)s  made  by  their 
Avoa[)ons  M*ere  quickly  filled  with  fresh  warriors,  a  in  I 
the  sallying  party  was  obliged  to  fall  back  with  the 
loss  of  two  soldieis,  who  were  captured  alive  and  di- 
voted  to  sacrificj.  It  was  a  critical  moment,  for  tli'; 
enraged  horde  was  about  to  follow  them  into  the 
quarters.  Just  then,  as  if  touched  by  Invisible  fire,  tiie 
powdei  ignited,  sending  from  the  cannon  its  deatii- 
dealing  missiles,  mowing  a  path  through  the  crowd  n^' 
pursuers.  The  Mexicans  were  appalled  and  speedily 
thrown  into  disorder,  of  which  the  Spaniards  were 
not  slow  to  take  advantar/c.     Nor  was  this  the  onlv 


iff' 


RAVINGS  OF  THE  BROKEN  HEARTED. 


421 


miracle  of  the  day;  for  it  is  alleged  that  the  virgin, 
and  he  of  the  dazzling  wliite  steed,  both  appeared 
lighting  on  the  side  of  the  Spaniards,  and  bringing 
defeat  and  confusion  upon  their  assailants,  as  at  Ta- 
basco and  Tlascala.^ 

Thus  closed  the  first  day  of  Alvcirado's  chivalrous 
doings,  d  iring  which  a  larije  number  were  wounded, 
although  there  were  but  six  killed,'^  not  including 
alUes,  xV  portion  of  the  quarters,  with  a  quantity  of 
auununiti.'U  and  supplies,  had  been  burned,  and  a  large 
breach  made  in  the  wall.  The  brigantines  were  also 
hurn"d,  the  bridges  raised,  and  barricades  erected  in 
(lilferent  parts  of  the  city;  while  tlie  supjily  of  ]»i'o- 
visions  was  cut  otf.  Even  after  darkness  had  stilK.'d 
tlie  I'ury  of  tlie  warriors  the  unhappy  ]ieo[)le  rcniaiiicd 
Ix'fore  the  Spanish  quarters,  and  witli  outstretched 
arms  and  dislievelled  hair  they  lifted  up  tlieir  voices, 
trying,  "You  are  doomed,  ycni  vile  things!  But  ibr 
vnur  thunder  and  your  fortress  walls,  curses  on  them, 
you  would  now  be  killed  and  cooked.  And  you  sliall 
be,  unless  you  instantly  release  Montezuma  and  d.'- 
j»art.  You  shall  nuH't  with  holy  death,  and  be  cooked 
with  cliilnioh.',  and  be  given  as  food  to  the  eagles  ami 
tlie  beasts,  \\)Y  your  tlesh  is  bitter,  as  we  have  foinid, 
and  not  tit  for  men  to  eat.  Why  does  not  the  earth 
swallow  vou  alive?  Oh  ve  ijodsl  ve  <>'odsI  unmi»\'ed 
all.  all  but  the  devilish  gods  of  these  devilish  men. 

'  Which  speaks  little  ti  the  credit  of  either  Mary  or  Santiago.  Jli'rnn'  />!■'•.. 
Ifi<l.  Virdail.,  Kl'J.  '  Otro  iiiiraglo.  . .  .t5  h\v  inny  m-coi-i).'  '  Va  ,se  i|ii'  hn 
iiKii'iluloa.  . .  .(liriiii  (Hie  ini  ociiiiuciou  eii  esto  ile  nii'a;,'lo.-;,  piles  no  lo;i  \  i.  e.i 
suprvllua.  ...('•  yo  liahio  ipie  (^-^to  >.'•  uiiis  se  ])iii'<1e  ■■  dehc  creer;'  for  ilil  tli  ■ 
liiili:ins  have  mysteriis  ami  miracles,  siu'i'ly  (Jod,  the  vir'gin.  and  th"  siiiit-s 
cdii'.d  cH'oct  grei.ter  deeds.  Oria/o,  iii.  .")11.  Ho  (juotes  from  Livy  and  oth'S'i 
ooiieeniinLC  the  reliable  miracles  of  Itomaii  tiiin's.  I'rescott  .Ind  otiiers  tra'is- 
fi'i'  the  miracles  to  the  siege  under  (Jort's  for  gi'(-ater  etleet.  lUistani.nit.', 
thi'  modern  champion  of  tlie  sluines  of  Mexico,  who  is  ready  to  iiphol.l  m:i\ 
drill  ,ittril)\ited  to  these  images,  is  rather  incredulous  aliout  miracles  rccorlii! 
ill  t:iviir  of  S[)aiiisli  cutthroats.  Sc(! '  '/liitinliitu/i.  llht.  C'iih/.,  i.  'JS.'$  et  seii  '  si 
11"  ii\  i'ssemos  miedo  do  esse  del  caliallo  lil.iiii'o,  ya  \osotros  estirii'dt  s  eoci 
il'is.'  died  some.  Or/V'/o,  iii.  .Ill,  while  the  more  valiant  adiU'il  that  'con  toilo 
i'4ii  nI  no  soltays  a  ^[()tecl;umacill,  y  os  vays  luego,  presto  sereys  mucrtos.' 
Cinii'irri,  /llsf.  Mr.,:,  l.'cJ. 

■  <'i,rt'':i,  Cnrt'i'',  1'27.  Bernal  Diaz,  ///-y.  Vfrihul.,  101-2,  says  siiven,  two 
having  lieeii  taken  alive.  'Mat<iron  a  IVfia,  el  i|Ueridode  Mote/ama, . . . .  Val- 
ili''i.i,  y  ■hian  Martin  Nurizcs.'    Jlenxni,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  \ii. 


!  i 


422 


UPRISING  OF  THE  AZTECS. 


But  our  mighty  ones,  wlioni  you  liavc  outrairc;!, 
shall  yet  give  ycni  your  deserts.  If  they  Jo  not, 
we  shall;  nor  shall  they  escape,  the  despicable  ones 
of  Tlascala,  your  slaves,  who  serve  you  as  women  and 
hire  out  the  wives  of  their  lords!"  Thus  raved  the 
heart-broken. 

So  critical  had  become  his  condition  on  the  second 
day  tliat  ^Vlvarado  appealed  to  Montezuma  to  exert 
his  inHuence  to  stay  the  assailants,  intimating  tliat 
if  the  Spaniards  perished  so  would  the  Aztec  king. 
]\[ontezunia's  overtures  were  not  received  with  en- 
thusiasm by  the  peojile;  nevertheless  aggressive  o[)er- 
ations  were  reduced  to  desultory  attacks.^  Water  was 
greatly  needed  by  the  besieged,  and  again  the  good 
Ibi'tune  of  the  Spaniards,  which  hardly  ever  forsook 
them,  came  to  their  aid.  Digging,  under  inspiration 
or  desperation,  they  struck  i'resh  water  within  the 
fortress,*  and  offered  thanksfjiving. 


I  'ht 


'  '  Tuvicron  gncrra  con  loa  yiidios  en  csta  Cibdad  dos  medios  diaa  (nic  fuc- 
ron  jiievcs  i;  vicruos.'  '(Jiiena  easy  dtia  dias.'  ijaprn  and  Fkircs,  iu  l!<iii)iri'~., 
Pmi;:t()  ciiiiirii  Alram'h),  LSI.  i;{t.  '  Diorou  batc;ia  liw  Moxicaiuis  ii  los  Ks- 
pafiok's  sieto  dias,  y  loa  tuvit'i'on  corcailoa  .'linte  y  tri's  dias.'  S(ilia</ini,  Ilhi, 
('()«</.,  21).  '(.'orcadiw  liis  esiiafiok's  uilio  dias.'  /</.  (I'll.  1S40),  10.").  '  lV'K':irn 
y  oombationin  la  casa  dit'Z  dias  arrro.'  Ooniara.  Hint.  Mn\,  l.")l.  'r()i'c|Ui- 
nuwla  explains  this  hy  assuniiiiLC  two  days  of  iiglitiug  and  eight  days  nt' 
close  siege,  with  attacks  upon  all  who  sallied,  i.  400.  .Sahagun  states  that 
Itzi[iianiitzin,  governor  tif  Tlateluleo,  aeeonipanieil  Montezuma  to  tlie  runt 
and  spoke  to  tiie  people,  rejuesenting  that  tiie  Spaidards,  as  the  nii;,'htiii' 
rael^  would  intlict  great  injury  on  tln'ui  unless  they  ceased  to  liglit,  and  tliiit 
tlie  emperor  wonld  lie  innrdeied.  The  Mi  xieans  responded  with  insults  an! 
missiU's,  liut  as  the  sohliers  inter|)os(Hl  their  shields  no  harm  w.is  done.  Thry 
appear  to  have  stoi)ped  active  operations,  how(.'ver.  Hist,  ('(iin/.,  "JS-O.  Tin' 
insults  ami  missile;  lielong  no  doubt  to  the  hiter  siege  nnder  Corti'^s.  l>ur;ni 
states,  however,  that  Montezuma  was  henceforth  looked  on  a;,  .m  accom[)liee 
of'  the  S|)aniards,  and  discarded  as  a  ruler,  it  being  I'csolved  to  kill  liiiu  and 
his  family,  /l/"/.  finl.,  MS.,  ii.  4(i.3.  Aeeotding  to  Oviedo  the  news  eanie  ;it 
thi^  time  of  the  victory  over  Narvaez,  'e  Monte(,'uma  numdo  ;'(  los  indios  i|Hr 
dexassiii  dc  ])elear  e  dexassen  V(!i'.;r  los  otros  chri])stianos.  ponpie  I'l  toijus 
juntos  iiintassen;  i''  aipiesto  se  e;ce  que  fui''  su  intento.'  iii.  .">I'J.  That  he  uuiy 
liave  urged  t!;1.9  w'lli  intent  or  as  a  bait  is  not  nulikely,  but  it  sliould  a))|ily 
eipiaily  to  Xarvaez'  num.  since  it  appears  that  their  defeat  could  not  yet  h.iv'- 
been  knowa.  When  known,  however,  it  mn-it  have  had  its  etl'ect.  '  (,)uaudo 
fc'.ipieron  iuiest;.l  vitoria,  ee-isaro  de  dalle  guerr.'i.'  ll'-nidl  Din-.,  l/i.tl.  Vcrilnil., 
10|.  Vet  (iomara  writes  tliat  on  learning  of  the  large  forces  coining  against 
them,  the  besiegers  resumed   tile  attiuk  at  one  time.    Hist.  Mcr.,  l,"il. 

'  T'lis  siiriiig  was  rediscovered  during  the  reign  of  Viceroy  lievilla  (iigede. 
Ihi.itiniiaiifc,  Mill).  I'U'ilad..  Mi.c,  7.  A  i)ool  of  sweet  watei-  was  tlic  chii'f  in- 
du'i'uient  for  foniuling  the  city  ou  this  site  iu  13'J5.  Native  Raws,  ii  ,"i.VJ-  01 ; 
V.  ;)4.')  et  se(|. 


ARMY  MOVEMENTS. 


J2) 


Communication  was  sliordy  afler  i-tabliK'u'd  lic- 
twcrn  Alvarado  and  Cortos.  Sevci-al  Tlascaltecs  and 
^  "holultecs  were  (K'spatched  liy  ditrii't'nt  routes  to 
the  coast,  and  a  ccjuricr  arrived  iVoni  Cempoala  and 
gained  entrance  to  the  fort.^  Ordering"  Velazquez 
and  Ordaz  to  abandon  tlieir  mission  and  direct  their 
niarcli  to  Tlascala,  Cortes  hastened  preparations  to 
Join  tlicm  t]ier(\  A  gari'ison  of  (»ne  luuuh'ed  men 
was  left  at  Villa  Rica,  under  Rodriu^o  Ran<>el,  a  rel- 
ative of  the  general,"  and  about  tliiity  men  remained 
at  Cem[)oala  to  take  charge  of  the  sick  an<l  wounded, 
and  some  baLrii'aixe,  with  orders  to  follow  as  soon  as 
possible. 

The  route  to  the  plateau  lay  partly  through  a  bleak 
and  desert  country,  and  the  inhai)itants  being  beside 
less  fi'iendly  than  before,  the  army  would  have  ibund 
itdirticult  to  obtain  suppli(\s;  butC^jrtt's  had  gathered 
exjterience  from  his  previous  marc]i,and  Tlascala  was 
entered  in  the  middle  of  June.''     A  hearty  reception 


•''  Colics,  Cartas,  126.  The  Spanish  inossciiL'tT  fi'otn  ^Fi-xioo  rctiinieil 
wniuiili<l.  I'lhr  .M(trl>ii\  (h'l'.  v.  cap.  v.  AMth  him,  fir  alxnit  tiii'  same  tiiin', 
iinivfd  tDiii'  thiols  si'iit  liy  Mniitu/iuna  to  iMnuplain  tliat  Alvarailo  had  at- 
tacktil  tiie  iKihk'S  without  caus<\  While  (lefeiuliiiir  tin'iiiselves  six  si)i(Her>< 
iiml  fallen.  Covtes  tolil  the  ehicfs  witii  stern  eountcnanee  that  he  was  re- 
tiiinini;  to  investigate  the  matter.  A  letter  was  sent  to  Alvarailo  enjoining 
liiiii  to  f^aiat'il  the  emjjeror  elosely.   Beriid/  J>ifiz.  /list.  I'lrilm/.,  1(11. 

''.\nil  the  zealous  aid  of  Velazquez  de  Leon,  who  di<l  so  mneh  toward 
Siii'urin!,'  the  Goazaeoalco  eotnmand  for  Corti's  whi'n  Xarvaez  sent  letters  to 
Mill  it  over.  (,'«/7('v,  Jii-tiilfiicid,  i.  4(l!l;  ii.  (i,  ',U.  1(1.">  (!.  He  is  accused  I'V  his 
enemies  of  iinjiicty  and  licentiousness,  an<l  as  oiu'  whom  the  general  favored 
aliiive  more  worthy  men.  Solis  assumes  that  Sandoval  nominally  I'ctaiiicd  the 
iniiimand  of  the  coast  iirovince,  Kangel  lieing  merely  his  lieutenant.  //(••-/. 
M-.r..  ii.  108. 

'  '  Llego  anuel  dia  [the  fii'st]  jX  la  Kinconada,  el  seL'undo  eaniiiio  niite 
Leij'Kis .  .  .  .  lego  a  Tlaxcalla  I'V  diez  y  seite  de  .hinio.'  '/'nri/ic  inddn,  i.  V.f2. 
lleirera  tells  a  long  story  of  suHeriiig  from  luiiiger  .'mkI  tliirst  diiiiii!,'  tlie 
march  through  the  desert.  Maiiincz  luid  Ojeda  Mere  sent  ahea<l  to  'rias<ala 
for  supiilies,  and  came  hack  \\ith  I'JOO  carriers  laden  with  fo«l,  l)ri',id, 
fruit,  and  other  refreshments.  Cortis,  among  others,  v as  found  starviiii.', 
»iid  a  nunilier  were  discovered  on  the  road  almost  dead.  .\li,  it  seems, 
Mill'  rescued,  dee.  ii.  lil>.  x.  cap.  vii.  There  are  si\fral  reasons  for  Im.-- 
li'viu'.'  tiiat  Herrera,  who  is  somewhat  confused  aliont  tiiis  period,  has  coii- 
foniiiled  the  jiresent  march  with  the  flight  from  Mexico  to  'i'lascala  of  a 
iiioiith  later,  when  the  peo|)le  were  really  stai'ving.  This  seems  coiilii  iiicd  liy 
till' eri'oiicous  statement  that  the  troops  arrived  at  'I'lascala  .l\dy  17th.  the 
time,  according  to  llerrera's  own  later  statitnent,  when  they  ii'ached  that 
place  after  the  flight.  The  account  also  intin\ates  that  the  starving  army  wa.i 
iii't  among  the  Otomi  settlements,  where   food  could  readily  he   obtained, 


.  i 


? 


¥• 


■': 


III 


alio 


i 


i. 


5  ''.  ' 


iH 


• 


424 


UPRISING  OF  THE  AZTECS. 


M'as  accorded,  and  more  cncourai^iiig  news  obtained 
fnjni  Mexico,  .sliowinjj:  tliat  the  .sie<;e  maintained  its 
passive  character.  Reinforcements  were  nevertheless 
ui'Ljent,  since  a  fresh  outbreak  mi<dit  at  any  time 
occur.  A  messa<xo  was  aufain  sent  to  <>ladden  the 
garrison  with  promises  of  speedy  rehef  ^ 

Including  the  troops  under  A'^elazquez  and  Ordaz 
the  muster-i'oll  sh(jwed  about  eleven  hundred  men, 
with  some  eighty  horses,  one  hundred  cross-bows,  and 
eighty  fire-arms,  besides  several  camion,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  ammunition.^  The  heart  of  tlie  company, 
however,  was  the  veterans  of  Cortes,  whose  superior 
discii)lino  and  familiarity  with  native  warfare  made 
them  doubly  reliable.  Eager  for  a  fray  with  the 
detested  Aztecs,  and  desirous  of  cxcusinsj:  their  reiusal 
of  men  a  month  before,  the  Tlascaltecs  offered  not 
only  su}.plies  but  large  reinforcements,  of  wliich  only 
two  thousand  were  accei)ted,  besides  a  small  number 
from  Cholula  and  Huexotzinco. 

The  more  northerly  route  by  way  of  C'alpuLdpan, 
recommended  already  on   the  former  marcli  as  tlic 

■without  the  necessity  for  Marijucz  and  Ojcda  to  go  ton  loajnics  farther,  to  the 
capital,  t!>o))taiii  it.  Tliesc  juul  other discrcpaiicies  arc  overlooked  hy  all  who 
refer  to  the  niairli.  rivseott  ilwell.s  in  partieidar  on  the  tmlieriuL;  frcnii 
thirst,  forgetful  of  the  statenii>nt  on  a  previous  jiau'c  that  tlie  rainy  .■^easmi 
liad  liegun  ahoiit  three  weeUs  before,  and  that  water  nnist  have  been  alinndaiit 
along  the  whole  route.  Solis  finds  that  the  etli'niinate  followers  of  Narviuz 
endured  the  .suH'ering  remarkahlj-  well.  ///.■•■,'.  M<  .c.  ii.  100, 

"  '  Knihii)  a  fray  iiartolonio  de  Ohnedo....a  Mote/,uina.'  Ilirwm,  dw. 
ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  vii.  It  is  unlikely  that  so  valuable  a  man  would  have  been  s-eut, 
while  all'aiis  wei'e  threatenin;^. 

'•'  Narvaez  lauded  with  about  000  soldiers,  including  80  horsemen,  I'JO  witii 
bows,  and  80  with  tire-ainis.  A  luunber  had  been  picked  up  at  Co/'.iniil, 
but  an  ((pial  ji;'o])ortion  ]ieri.shcd  by  shipwreck.  C'orti'.-t  had  about  'J."tO  mi'ii, 
and  "200  were  ])robably  lett  on  the  coast,  of  gariison,  guai'ds,  ;ind  invalid-:.  T" 
tl'i'  0.-)0  soldiers  thus  taken  may  be  added  at  least  l.")0  from  the  crews  of  the 
dismantled  or  destroyed  ves^cls,  rrescott  manages  to  mysterioUhly  increa.<ic 
t'.ie  Innsis  and  jirojcctilc  arms  bey<inil  what  he  previously  assigns  to  Narvae/ 
and  C'orti's.  One  thousand  inlantry,  100  hoiscmcn,  and  many  idlies,  say 
(iomara.'uul  Hcrrera.  The  I'rnlunrM  di'  l.'Jalili',  in  lrnzhah-il(i(  'nl.  hue,  i.  4'J"), 
iiidic.ites  SO  horsis,  licrnal  Diaz  places  the  figures  as  high  as  l.'iOO  soldier-*, 
including  00  or  07  hoisemen,  SO  archer'*,  80  nuisketeors,  and  '_'(>00  'lias- 
calti'c  warriors;  while  Corfu's,  with  .a  i)rudcut  (kvire  to  cover  the  substipieMt 
h'sses  at  Mexico,  reilnces  them  to  AOO  infantry  and  70  cavaliy.  Solis  gives 
the  reason  of  the  jtrofound  historian  for  the  small  nund)er  of  allies  taken  t^p 
Jlcxico:  'I'orno  eseandali/.ar  a  Motcznina,  o  poncr  en  deses[)cracion  ii  1'H 
ivbeldes.'  Hist.  Mlx.,  ii.  111. 


'<ykk 


TEZCUCO. 


425 


easiest,  wa.i  th':.-  time  selected,  partly  with  a  vi(.-\v  to 
obtain  provisions  more  readily.^"  As  the  lake  region 
was  a})proae]ied  evidences  were  seen  of  the  revolt  in 
deserted  villages  and  in  the  sullen  demeanor  of  tlie 
few  Indians  who  showed  themselves.  The  contrast 
was  chillii\Lj  indeed  as  com})ared  with  the  reeeption 
accorded  on  the  former  occasion,  when  the  jouriuy 
i-esend.)led  the  triumphal  march  of  gods.  Oppressed 
with  misgivings  the  army  entered  Tezcuco,  the  seat  of 
the  Aeolhua  kind's,  a  few  leaujues  north  of  ^lexiv-o, 
on  the  border  of  the  same  lake. 


It  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  the  coun- 
try, ranking  since  the  early  half  of  the  eighth  century 
as  the  ca[)ital  of  a  dominion  founded  by  Tezcatlipoca, 
the  later  supreme  deity  of  the  Xahuas.  After  the 
I'aU  of  the  Toltec  empire  it  took  the  leading  position 
in  Anahuac,  as  the  centre  of  Chichiinec  power.  The 
new  dynasty  fostered  the  inherited  culture  in  every 
way,  and  made  the  city  not  <»nly  the  political  capital, 
l)ut  the  Athens  of  the  country.  The  rise  of  tlie 
Aztecs  gave  it  a  rival  in  Mexico,  which  in  course  of 
the  lifteenth  century  assumed  tlie  political  sce{)tre, 
l»ut  Tezcuco  still  maintained  the  [)recedence  in  culture 
and  elegance.  It  was  said  to  contain  one  hundred  and 
fortv  thousand  houses,  distributed  amoniif  diflerent 
suburbs,  and  cxtendin<2f  with  their  smiling  Q-;irdens 
iVuni  the  border  of  the  lake  to  a  distance  of  from 
three  to  four  leagues.  The  six  divisions  of  the  city 
were  crossed  l)y  a  series  of  line  streets  lined  witli 
tasteful  and  costly  buildings.  Among  the  finest  struct  - 
ures  wei'e  the  two  palaces,  wdiich  are  claimed  to  ha\e 
iNceJled  those  of  Mexico.  The  older,  the  Huetecpan, 
wlierein  the  poet-king  Xezahualcoyotl  held  his  court, 
i'l inned  a  magnificent  niomiment  of  his  artistic  tastt'. 

'"Till?  ai'iival  at  Tezcuco  is  cviilonce  oiioiif,'h  that  a  more  uortliorii  mud 
^^':i>  tuki'ii  than  the.  one  prexious.  'i'liu  middle  route  by  Telapon  aiipiars 
Boiu.'w  hat  more  direct  for  Mexii'O,  liut  riMjuires  ii  detour  to  reacii  the  Acolliua 
eapital,  and  it  is  not  liliely  that  an  army  in  hurried  march  could  all'oid  tij  go 
<.'i!L  lit  it.-i  way.     lleiiee  the  Culpulalpaii  road  must  have  been  followed. 


iiit 


;! 


11 


f". 


!  :<  f 


423 


urnisixG  OF  the  aztecs. 


It  lay  up'.m  a  triple  terrace  bathed  by  the  lake,  and 
was  surrounded  by  an  immense  wall,  from  tit'tA-cn  to 
twenty-five  feet  high,  inclosing  two  large  squaivs. 
Within  this  precinct  were  the  council-chambei's,  the 
lialls  fc-r  various  arts  and  sciences,  and  the  royal 
apartments.  The  pleasure-grounds,  almost  hedged  by 
cetJars,  were  filled  with  shady  groves,  traversed  by 
labyrinthian  paths,  and  interspersed  with  well  stocked 
ponds  and  aviaries,  baths,  and  sparkling  fountains. 
The  new  palace,  which  occupied  a  smaller  space,  ex- 
celled in  imposing  architecture  and  in  comforts  of  the 
most  varied  character. 

Beside  these  there  were  a  mimber  of  summer  re- 
sorts in  the  neighborhood,  conspicuous  among  them 
the  fine  })alace  of  Tezcocingo,  a  p)rototvpe  of  Chaj)ul- 
tepec,  and  like  it  overlooking  the  capital  from  a  hill, 
two  leagues  to  the  cast.  An  aqueduct  of  stone  sup- 
plied two  reservoirs  on  the  summit,  M'hence  the  water 
was  distributed  over  grounds  intersected  bv  canals 
with  meandering  currents  and  picturesque  cascades. 
The  palace  lay  almost  hidden  within  groves  of  gigan- 
tic cedar  and  C3'press,  revealing  to  the  rapt  beholder 
])avilions  of  marble,  tessellated  pavements,  and  playing 
fountains  with  statuarj'  of  unique  form.^^ 


The  Spaniards  found  none  to  welcome  them,  but 
were  allowed  unmolested  to  take  up  their  quarters  in 
the  palace.  Shortly  afterward  a  canoe  arrived  iVom 
Mexico^'-  with  an  imperial  messenger  and  a  Spauiai'd,'' 
bearing  the  cheeriuij:  news  that  evervthin<jf  had  been 
(juiet  ill  the  capital  for  some  time,  and  that  su])plies, 
which  had  been  scantily  furnished  only  against  heavy 
payments,  had  now  become  more  liberal.  Montezuma 
sent  word  that  the  city  would  return  to  its  normal 

^^  f>Qc.  Xatlfc  Jlaccs,  ii.  1C2-3,  1G8-T3,  509;  v.,  passim;  MoloHiiin,  111.4. 

/;»/.,  isi-;?. 

'-  Corte.s  writes  that  lie  was  on  the  point  of  sending  a  Spaniard  to  Mi'xiii) 
with  Te/cucan  rowers,  a  chief  being  taken  as  hostage,  liut  just  then  canii  this 
cainjC.   ^'iirtdn,  \'27. 

'■'  Two,  named  Santa  Clara  and  Pedro  Hernandez,  says  Hcrrcra,  dee.  ii.  lil). 
X.  cap.  vii. 


RETURN  OF  CORTES. 


427 


oonditioii  the  moment  Cortvs  cnitoroil  it,  and  lio  ex- 
jiivssed  a  liopo  tluit  no  ill-will  would  b<j  entci-talned 
tcward  him  tor  what  had  hai)])ciiod,  since  tliis  had 
lic'cn  l.)eyond  his  control,  and  had  j^'ricvi'vl  him  as  nuicli 
as  the  Spaniards.  Reassurinj^  messages  were  for- 
warded to  Villa  Kiea. 

After  a  stay  of  four  days  tiic  army  proceeded 
from  Tezcuco  by  the  norther-n  shore  of  the  lake,  and 
(■ani|)ed  for  the  night  at  Tepeyacac,  the  terminus 
(tf  the  northern  causeway  from  Mexico.'*  On  enter- 
ing this  place  the  horse  of  Solis,  Casquete,  8te])ped 
into  a  hole  on  the  bridge  and  broke  a  leg,  throwing 
its  rider  into  the  water.  This  was  looked  on  as 
a  bad  omen,  particularly  by  an  astrologer  soldier 
named  ]>otello,  but  Cortes  made  light  of  it,  saying, 
"Troubles  at  St  John's  festival  bring  peace  for  the 
Year."''  The  followinLT  morninuf,  St  John's  dav,  tiie 
army  entered  the  capital.  On  all  sides  an  ominous 
silence  prevailed.  The  streets  were  desei-ted,  the 
houses  apparently  abandoned,  and  the  solitai'v  na- 
tive occasionally  seen  hovered  in  the  distant-e  like  a 
sliadow.*"  It  was  also  noticed  with  apprehension  that 
many  of  the  (^anal  l)ridges  were  removed.  On  approach- 
ing the  Axayacatl  palace  the  arrival  was  heralded  by 
trumpet  blasts,  which  called  forth  responsive  shouts 

"  '  Varh  on  Topcaqnillii,  luj^ar  a  lo;{U!i  do  ^loxioo.'  /(/.  X<>\v  the  sliriue  of 
'  luadaliijio.  I'rosL'ott  iissiiliios  tluit  the  Iztapiilapaii  road  wa.s  takon.as  Ixlorc, 
Init  it  wart  avoidoil  i)rol)ably  hooaiise  (uiti'.s  toarod  tlio  fort  Xolnc,  wliioli 
^.'iiai'doil  tlic!  ooiiti'c.  It  was  also  lougor,  and  had  luoio  iiiovabl''  liiid;j;os  than 
the  otiiur  oaiiMoways. 

'■''Riiias  i)or  Sau  Inan  ])a/.os  jiara  todo  ol  afio.'  Vilaiirvrt,  Trd/ro  Mrr., 
]it.  iii.  i;i!>.  'J'hc  following  day  a  dros-i  was  found  hanging  frotn  a  hoani.  and 
in  a  s(|tiarc  a  ])il(i  of  ln'oad,  with  ovor  ■")()l)  fowl,  without  a  gna''d.  This  ( 'orti's 
inusidi  rod  lews  favora!)lo,  and  said  'quo  seiiau  rihas  do  por  8ai.  inan.'  //<  rii  /•■', 
dii'.  ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  vii.-viii. 

'' '  I'ara  dar  i'l  ontondor  con  osto  (pto  olios  ostaban  (\r  guoi  ra  y  niuy  ofon- 
tlidos  do  los  ospanolo.s  (pio  ol  haliia  (lojado.'  .^(ihn'inii,  IIUI.  C'lii'/.  (<'d.  IStD), 
lOS.  J  lis  account  of  doscrtod  streets,  applied  to  ( 'ortes' lirst  ai'rival  in  Mexico, 
belongs  no  doubt  to  this  occasion.  Ouran  argues  that  had  the  niassacrt' t;d;cn 
lilaro  before  Cortes' arrival  ho  would  not  luivo  boon  allowed  to  enter.  I/is/. 
Iii'l.,  Ms.,  ii.  470.  K(pially  in  the  dark  is  Aeosta,  who  assumes  that  thu 
Jiidians  wore  <iponly  at  war,  l)ut  tlu'  iiwtoui  being  forest  every  foui'th  ilay, 
Corus  managed  to  enter  during  the  cessation  of  hostilities.  I/isl.  ///r/. ,  ,V2'J. 
Oviiilo  looks  on  the  uou-resistauce  of  the  Indians  us  a  wilo  to  ouLrap  all  tho 
>lia.i;ards.   iii.  JlO. 


Ik 


w 


428 


UPRISING  OF  THE  AZTECS. 


I. 


from  the  cfarrison.  Throwing  open  tlio  gates,  tlio 
besieged  received  their  dehvercrs  with  tlie  most 
extravagant  demonstrations  of  joy,"  For  greater  ac- 
commodation a  i)art  of  the  tro<)[)S  were  quartered  in 
the  gi'eat  temple  adjoining  the  fort. 

The  unpleasant  aspect  of  affairs,  so  apparent  during 
the  last  days  of  the  march,  had  ruffled  the  tem)>ei' 
of  Cortes,  and  his  treatment  of  Alvarado  was  not 
altogiither  cordial.  Still,  as  he  liad  ever  been  a  close 
friend,  and  as  he  was  an  invaluable  officer,  brave  and 
inlluential,  he  deemed  it  prudent  to  go  no  further  tliau 
to  ex})ress  a  curt  disap])roval  of  his  rashness.^'^  Indeed, 
an  in(|uiry  into  the  causes  and  results  of  the  massacre 
could  criminate  Alvarado  no  further  than  the  Cho- 
lula  affair  did  liimself  The  ca})tain  had  acted  in  full 
accord  with  his  party,  and  whatever  blame  miglit 
attach  must  l^e  shared  by  all.  Dissension  would 
never  answer,  and  so  the  matter  was  dropped.  ]>iit 
the  ill-temper  whicli  the  general  dared  not  wreak  on 
his  own  men  lound  a  ready  object  in  Montezuma. 
The  conduct  of  Cortes  in  this  respect  was  most  un- 
generous. It  shows  the  several  sides  of  humanity: 
how  odious  in  some  respects  are  those  who  appear 
to  the  best  advantage  in  otiier  respects.  This  ]»oor 
king  had  a  superstitious  sympathy,  a  maudlin  affec- 
tion for  the  captain,  who,  considering  his  own  in- 
famous  conduct   toward    him,   might   at   least   have 


"  Hcrrer.a  writes  nmusingly  tliat  CortL'S  shouted  before  the  closed  g.ites, 
'  Open  1'  '  Wlio  is  there?'  lU'inaudeil  Alvarado.  '  I,'  replied  Cortes.  'l>o  you 
ccimi'  \\ith  full  liberty,  and  power  to  eonuuand,  as  before?'  'Ves,  and  with 
\ictory,  iiiid  greater  forces.'  Alvarado  thereupon  oi^eucd,  kissed  hi.s  hainl, 
and  siurendered  tlie  keys  !  d''e.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  viii. 

''' '  Con  (jue  aventuro  la  mayor  parte  do  sus  fucrzas.'  Soli.<^,  /fi-^t.  M'.i\, 
ii.  120.  Or  ])erlia])s  becau.se  lie  liad  not  had  recourse  to  .some  safer  Tiiea.siiri-, 
nuchas  arresting  the  leaders  of  the  pro]iosed  plot,  for  hostages.  'Le  di.xo  nn:y 
enojado,  (/  era  muy  mal  liecho,  y  grande  desatino,  y  ])oca  verdad . . .  .no  Ic 
hal)lo  mas  en  ello.'  lii'rnul  Diaz,  Hist.  Ven/dd.,  102.  Cortes  would  hardly 
have  told  ium  that  he  lied,  since  his  statements  were  confiiined  by  so  many; 
tiiey  certainly  were  years  after.  A'etancurt  suppo.ses  tluit  Cortes  told  liini  he 
sliouKl  have  allowed  the  emjieror  to  attend  tlie  festival,  and  should  have 
awaited  the  attack  rather  than  opened  the  war.  Tmfro  Mix.,  pt.  iii.  140.  '  Uis- 
liimulo  por  no  eiiojar  a  los  ([ue  lo  hizieron. '  Uoinara,  Uisl.  Mcx.,  lol. 


ILL  HUMOR  OF  TIIK  OEXKIIAL. 


4'2a 


■ZUllKl. 

;,  Uii- 
iiuitv: 

|»{)(tV 

i    iu- 
luivc 


■d  g.iti"*, 

mil  with 
is  liaiul, 

.7.  M>.r., 

ixo  iHi'.y 

.1111    Ic 

I  hin-aiy 
:()  uuiiiy; 
hiui  U<-- 
ltd  li:i\e 
lO.   'Uia- 


saved  the  captive  nniieeessarv  iiiental  sufleriiiiif.  As 
Cortes  entered  the  tort  ^roiitezunui  stepjud  out  of 
liis  a])artmeiit  to  weleoiiie  liiin.  The  eiivahcr  passed 
1>V  tlie  kino;  in  loftv  disdain,  iynorini;  Ids  ])i'esen('e. 
Cut  to  the  quick,  the  monarch  slirank  back,  ap- 
parently more  stunned  Ijv  tins  treatment  tlian  l>y  the 
iate  terrilde  shiughter  of  his  subjects. ^^  He  retired 
deeply  chagrined  to  pour  his  sorrow  into  Olniedo's 
car.  "What  can  I  dof"  he  cried;  "he  loves  j^'old  and 
lame,  and  I  will  give  him  a  life-size  equestrian  statue 
of  lumsclf  in  gold  if  he  will  but  l)e  kind  to  me." 

With  the  arrival  of  the  main  forces  supplies  were 
stopped,  as  if  in  protest,  and  Cortes  became  oidy  the 
more  irritated.  Accordingly,  when  two  chiefs  ap- 
peared on  behalf  of  the  enq)eror  to  ask  for  an  inter- 
view they  were  repulsed  with  the  insulting  ejiithet 
of  'dogSi'  Velazquez  and  other  otHcers  remonstiated 
against  the  policy  of  this  rudeness  to  one  who  jiad 
interfered  to  save  his  troo[)S.  "  What  consideration 
can  I  have  for  a  doix?"  was  the  dastardlv  reioindei'. 
"Was  he  not  willing  to  treat  with  Xarvaez,  and  does 
lie  not  now  seek  to  starve  usf"  l*ersuaded  ])i'esently 
of  the  necessity  for  im]»erial  interposition,  headdi'essed 
the  chiefs  roughly,  "Tell  your  ma.ster,  ^Montezuma,  to 
Older  markets  to  be  held  at  once,  or  there  will  be 
trouble."  His  tone  and  gesture  were  sufhcient  indica- 
tions to  the  chiefs  of  the  insults  oft'ei'cd  to  them  and 
tlieir  august  lord,  and  they  failed  not  to  give  them 
full  I'orce  in  their  report.  In  answer  to  the  demand 
Montezuma  said  that  he  and  his  chief  officials  were 
jiiisoners,  and  that  nothing  could  be  eflected  without 
the  release  of  one  among  tliem.  Corti's  saw  the  neces- 
sity, and,  without  considering  the  result,  released  Cuit- 

'' Siilia  supposes,  however,  that  the  two  met  in  friendly  intcreoiivse,  iind 
tiiki's  IJernal  l)i;t/.and  Herrera  to  task  for  assei'tiiiu'  tlu>  contiaiy.  ///>'.  Mir., 
ii.  I  l'J-14.  He  I'efers  toCortt''s'  fiiendly  inessaj,'e  from  Te/ciuo,  wiiicli  isdoiilit- 
liil,  and  to  (T(jniava,  wlio  eertainly  allows  ( 'ortiVs  to  refer  to  Montrznnia  and  his 
idiirtiers  as  'ilogs.'  H'lsl.  Mix-.,  I,"),*}.  In  the  testimony  duringCortcs'  lesideneiii 
tl'.f  discourtesy  is  asserted.  Cor/in,  J'lxii/i'iir'ni,  i.  4'J  etc.  Clavigero  suggests 
'ih'era  diiopo  il  far  senibianza  di  credere  11  Kc  colpevole  dell'  incjuietudine.' 
islural  Mesf.,  iii.  1"21. 


!i 


480 


UPRISING  OF  THE  AZTECS. 


■:  .  t 


■»,  ::  i 


laliuatzin,  lord  of  Izt;n>tilapan,  tlie  einporor's  brother, 
jind  ^ciK'i'alissimo  of  the  army,  a  inaii  whose  hostihty 
to  everythiiiLj  Si)anish  was  well  known.  According 
to  A/tee  law  ho  was  the  most  j>rohal)le  suc<'essor  to 
the  throne,  aiid  therefore  particularly  dano'ei'ous.-" 

Cortes  was  beconnni^  foolhardy.  Whether  the 
brothers  were  in  accord  upon  the  measures  to  ho 
adojited  is  uncertain;  but  Cuitlahuatzin,  who  was  not 
only  bold,  but  ambitious,  had  evidently  determined 
on  his  course.  If  tl' j  ]\Iexicans  had  hoped  for  better 
pr(js[)ects  with  the  arrival  of  Cortes  that  hope  was 
now  dissijiated,  and  bitter  indignation  tilled  their 
])reasts.  Cuitlahuatzin  was  welcomed  as  a  liberator. 
His  constant  etforts  in  the  imperial  council  to  opjtosi! 
the  adniissi(jn  of  the  Spaniards,  by  force  if  neces- 
sary, and  his  services  for  the  cause  of  liberty  and 
religion  in  connection  with  the  Cacama  revolt,  were 
sutiicient  to  endear  him  to  his  brother  patriots. 
Strongly  urged,  he  accepted  the  leadership  of  the  in- 
surgents, a  position  for  wdiich  his  experience  and 
success  as  a  o-encral  had  well  fitted  him.  lie  becjan  1)V 
ordering  war  material  and  erecting  barricades.  The 
value  (jf  the  Chinantec  pikes  introduced  by  Cortes 
had  not  been  lost  on  him,  and  a  number  were  \n-o- 
vided,  barbed  with  the  vitreous  iztli.  Arrangements 
were  made  with  adjoining  towns  and  provinces  for  a 
su])ply  of  provisions  and  reinforcements  to  carry  on 
the  holy  war.^ 

The  S})aniards  soon  learned  what  was  brewing,  and 
first  in  this  way:  Ojeda  and  Marquez,  when  out  for- 

-'"  Kfitire  Rmrs,  ii.  I34-C;  v.  4(i2-4;  'II  y  joiguait,  commo  de  coiitume,  la 
cliargc  (hi  gram)  i)retro  do  Huitzilopoclitli.'  lirn.ismr  de  Jiourhounj,  llht.  SuK 
Civ.,  iv.  'M)U,  Noinara  assumes  that  Cortus  orders  a  chief  to  open  the  uiarktt. 
He,  oHended  at  the  insults  used,  goes  only  to  rouse  the  people.  Jlisf.  Me.r.,  I."i;!. 
Ixtlilxuchitl  supposes  that  the  chief  is  offended  at  the  reprimand  administeri'l 
for  delaying  t(j  open  the  market.  Jlift.  Cfiich.,SOl.  'Xlando  Hernando  Cortt-.s 
llamar  a  los  mas  principales  caualleros,  hizoles  vna  larga  platica  dizicdo,  (pic 
les  perdouaua  lo  passudo,  con  (jue  para  adelate  fuessen. . .  .amigos; . . .  .sin 
responder.  . .  .se  fueroa.'  llcrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lih.  x.  cap.  viii. 

'-'  Duran  enumerates  some  of  the  provinces  summoned,  as  Xilotepec  and 
Matlalt/.inco.  '  Mando  llamar  ii .  . . . Kncantiulores  y  Hechiceros  para  i|uc  ios 
asonibrason  y  los  mostrasen  algunas  visiones  de  noclie, ....  para  nue  alii 
muricscude  espanto.'  llisl.  lud.,  MS.,ii.  402-0. 


SiaXIFICAXT  CIRCUMSTANCRS. 


4:u 


ji'Ljinj?  early  in  tlie  moniitiir  of  the  dav  followiii'^  tlu-ir 
■  inival,  oltsei'ved  sfwral  suspicious  circuuistatifi-s, 
.•iiiHiHL''  others  hrolceu  i)i'i(!L,a's,  which  in  one  place 
ohhLjed  thrni  to  till  up  a  canal  lu'lore  crossing'  it. 
Here  and  there  tliev  saw  lars^e  collections  ot"  siinns 
i\\u\  other  weapons,  and  pi'cscntly  they  came  on  a 
pi'iest  with  dishevelle<l  hair  shoutinLj  Avith  wild  i>es- 
liculations  to  a  crowd  of  arini'd  men  They  huirietl 
liack  to  inform  the  {general,  guided  tiirouu,'h  intricate 
riMss-streets  hy  a  Tlasoaltec.  aVntonio  del  Hio,  who 
Ii.'id  heen  des])atclied  for  Villa  ]\ica  the  same  nioininn', 
ntui'ned  at  a  gallop  in  less  than  half  an  hour,  exciti-d 
;nid  bleeding.  The  streets,  he  said,  were  full  of  \v;ir- 
liors,  who  had  raised  the  bridges  and  were  a|ij)arent]y 
pi(  pared  to  attack.  Had  it  not  been  for  his  trusty 
sword  and  swift  horse  he  would  have  been  slain.  At 
this  moment  the  sentinels  in  the  towers  announced  the 
iipjt)'oaeh  of  a  vast  iiuiltitude  from  (htferent  directions, 
with  gleaming  iztli  weapons,  and  speetlily  the  neighbor- 
liood  was  alive  with  warriors,  whose  veils  rose  higli 
jibove  the  shrill  shell  and  doleful  drum.^-  Even  if  tliey 
(lid  not  inspire  the  full  measure  (jf  dread  intended  the\ 
|ii\'sented  a  striking  picture  in  their  painted  bodies, 
grotesque  with  patterns  and  brilliant  ct)lors,  with  no 
( Dvering  among  the  rank  and  file  save  the  raw  cotton 
on  the  head  and  the  universal  maxtli  round  the  loins. 
They  were  protected  in  part  by  the  chunaUi,  or  shield, 
;i  slight  bamboo  frame  covered  with  gaudily  ct)lored 
skin  or  reed-grass,  chietly  oval  and  round,  and  often 
large  enough  to  cover  the  whole  body.  Secured  to 
the  arm  it  left  the  hand  free  to  hold  the  bow  or  stone, 
while  the  right  managed  the  arrow  or  the  sling.    The 

-Torti's  describes  first  a  brief  .itt.ick,  then  a  sally,  aucceeilofl  b_y  a  fresh 
assjr.ilt  on  the  fort,  wliile  Bernal  Diaz  and  llcn-era  let  a  force  advance  aLjainst 
till'  Indians  before  they  reach  the  palace.  I  follow  Cortes  as  tlie  chief  guide, 
liciaiise  his  account  of  all  this  period  was  written  whil's  (piite  fresh  in  his 
mind,  and  appears  the  most  sensible  and  correct,  wliile  tlie  otiier  versions  de- 
li'iid  more  or  less  on  faint  recollection  and  hearsay.  Cortes  as  a  ndi'  did  not 
Wait  till  the  enemy  approached,  but  he  may  not  have  been  prepared  for  the 
sudden  attack.  Yet  it  is  pro'iable  that  he  wished  in  his  report  to  lay  the  re- 
.siion.sibility  of  the  attack  upon  the  enemy.  I  do  not  think  Cortes  inclined  to 
llli^il■(•prescllt  in  general  or  without  an  object. 


il'lll 


483 


UPRISIXO  OF   rilK  AZTHfS. 


];ilt('r  wMsjiM  implciMcMit  of  jj^reat  cfVcct  wltli  tlic  Azfocs, 
mIio  could  impel  till'  stoiu!  with  woiKleri'iil  jirccisioii 
and  force.  The  iiKna,  or  cliil),  with  its  knotty  head, 
and  tlu'  >iit(C((iin,  or  swonl,  toothed  with  i/tli.  weri^  well 
rej)re.seiiled,  while  hi^h  ahovo  eleanu'd  the  ohsidiaii  or 
copj)er  points  of  the  spoar.  One  of  the  ni(»st.  dreaded 
Weapons  was  the  tlacocldli,  or  javelin,  often  provided 
with  three  ])oints,  and  attached  to  a  cord  l»y  which 
it  could  he  recovered  lor  a  i'resh  cast.  Conspicuous 
anionuf  the  warriors  were  tin;  nobles,  thos(>  that  wei'e 
left  of  then>,  in  loi'ty  (piet/al  ])luinaL,'"e  on  a  head-d)'ess 
of  i^reen  feathei's  set  in  tii^er-skin,  or  in  a  L,n>ld  or  silver 
l)an<l,  which  i^ave  the  appearance  of  niet;d  lu-hnets. 
The  hody  was  covere<l  in  corselets  of  rvd,  gri-en,  or 
yellow  feathei's,  worked  with  <(()ld,and  S(»  airanecd  as 
to  indicate  the  coni[iany  or  district  to  which  the  weani' 
heloiiiU^ed.  Beneath  eleanied  occasionally  cuirasses  of 
jjfold  or  silver.  The  lind)S  were  covi'red  with  wood  or 
leather  ai'nioi-  set  with  feathers  or  u^old  plates.  A  more 
common  body  armor  was  the  cotton  tunie,  one  or  two 
tiuL^ers  in  thickness,  which  extended  to  the  knees  and 
elbows.  It  was  almost  equivalent  to  the  quilted  cotton 
jirotc'ctor  used  on  the  eastern  coast,  whose  ethcieiKV 
against  native  weapons  liad  caused  the  Sjianiards  t<» 
adoj)t  it.  The  tunic  was  adorned  with  feathers,  which 
oorrespondetl  to  the  uniform  in  color  and  arrangement, 
usually  in  the  form  of  an  animal.  !Many  were  distin- 
jLifuished  by  casques  in  the  form  of  eagle-heads,  and  in 
armor  spotted  like  a  tiger-skin,  indicative  of  the;  two 
orders  of  Quauhtin  and  Ocelomc,  eagles  and  tigers. 
At  the  head  of  the  tlifferent  colunms  appeared  otticers 
witli  small  drums,  painted  and  adorned  with  feathers, 
with  which  they  directed  the  inarch.  Beyond,  in  the 
centre  of  the  masses,  could  be  fcieen  banners,  with  de- 
vices in  various  coh)rs  and  forms,  which  the  Tlascaltecs 
pointed  out  as  belomjiniif  to  diti'erent  wards  and  to 
cit  ies  on  the  mainlancl,  a  sign  that  an  extensive  body 
of  troops  had  been  enlisted  for  the  war.'^^ 

^  For  war  customs  see  Xatice  Races,  ii.  400-32. 


TIIK  ATTACK. 


.\s    tlic    fori 


('(>>;    drew    near 


■^liii^ 


:ovs   a  IK 


I    1 


43:) 


iiwineii 


nppi'arrd  oil  tlir  rools  of  tin;  iifiL;lil>i>iMii^-  Imildiin^s, 
who,  togc'tlier  with  thost;  holow,  bi'Ljaii  (o  siinl  stones, 
arrows,  aii<l  darts  in  showers  upon  the  (ort.  TIu'  Sj)an- 
iards  I'esjxinded  with  a  si'ries  of  volleys,  <!ie  niiniher 
of  cannon  Itein;;"  inereasi.'d  to  twelve  or  iimre.  The 
iff'eet  was  merely  to  startle  them  I'oi'  a  mi»nienl,  and 
on  they  i)i\'ssed  over  dead  and  dvinLi",  ami<l  eneoui'- 
aL,nni^  sliout.s,  till  they  reached  the  sides  of  the 
wall,  where  the  dreackid  cannon,  at  least,  could  not 
desti'oy  them.  All  attemj)ts  to  scale  the  wall  |)rove(l 
I'liliK',  and  soon  their  etl'orts  wei'e  conlined  to  etl'ecliiijr 
hicaches.  With  their  rude  implements  this  was  slow 
work,  hut  they  pi;rsevered  with  i-eckless  ohstinacy, 
iciidorced  at  tVecjUent  intervals,  while  the  main  hody 
ke[»t  up  a  gallini;'  discharge  of  missiles,  and  oc('Uj)Ie(l. 
the  attention  of  the  besieged  with  continual  cliarLr^'S 
at  ditferent  ponits. 

This  passive  or  defensive  policy  did  not  suit  the 
Spaniards,  while  it  encouraged  the  A/.tees.  There- 
tore  t\>'o  corps  were  formed,  each  of  twt)  hundi'c^d 
iiien.  I)esides  allies,  under  Cortes  and  ( )rda/.  (  icaiing 
a  |;ath  with  a  volley  of  artillery,  they  sallied  in  dill'er- 
cul  directions  to  drive  back  the  assai 


ilant 


s,  who  lunriec 


I 


tor  safety  into  lanes  and  houses,  and  behin  I  barri- 
I  ades.  This  comparative  freedom  of  advance  ap])ears 
to  have  been  permitted  to  entice  the  S])aniards  into  a 
disadvantageous  position,  for  soon  the  natives  ri'aj)- 
piared  in  swarms  in  the  rear  and  along  the  llaidis, 
shnwei'ing  arrows  and  stones,  and  coming  to  close 
(jiiarters  with  spearj:  and  swords.  Tlu'  lieax  icsi  attack 
was  from  the  roofs,  on  which  large  su])plirsof  missiles 
had  been  collected,  and  from  which  commanding  posi- 
tion the  enemy  was  able  to  direct  the  dischai'gt's  with 
tiiiible  eti'eet,  ])articularly  u})on  the  naktid  TlascaJtecs. 
Several  8j)aniards  also  fell,  and  the  greater  number 
Were  woiuided.  Ordaz  received  three  cuts,  and  (  oit'-s 
a  wound  which  maimed  two  fingers  of  the  left  hand.'-* 

'"  'Sinistra'  mantis  digitis  tluobusi  mutilis.'    I'tler  Martijr,  l>c  lust  lis,  o. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  1.    28 


pii 


liiJii 


11  i 

: 

n*^'  V 

tdWtl^W. 

Wn 


3i.„ 


434 


UPRISING  OF  THE  AZTECS. 


The  assailants  were  comparatively  safe,  for  those  on 
the  roofs  could  be  picked  off  only  by  arcliers  and  mus- 
keteers, and  those  beh^w  took  refuge  when  pressed, 
<^niy  to  return  to  fresh  attack.  Efforts  were  made 
to  fire  the  houses,  but  this  was  slow  work,  since  they 
were  constructed  almost  wholly  of  adobe  or  stone, 
and  were  filled  with  defenders.  Nor  would  the  fire 
spread,  owing  to  the  detached  form  of  the  buildings, 
separated  by  alleys  or  canals,  so  that  the  torch  had  to 
be  applied  to  each. 

Thus  matters  continued  until  Ordaz,  who  Avas  en- 
gaged on  the  strcxjt  to  the  west  of  the  fort,  sent  word 
to  Cortes,  who  was  pressing  forward  in  the  direction 
of  the  Izta[)alapan  causeway,  that  he  was  losing 
ground.  Leaving  liis  own  forces,  the  general  hurried 
to  the  scene  with  a  few  horsemen,  and  heading  the 
charge,  drove  back  the  warriors  at  the  most  ex})o.sed 
point,  so  as  to  relieve  the  infantry  in  the  retreat 
which  was  now  found  necessary.  Returning  to  liis 
men  lie  found  them  also  retreating,  those  who  headed 
the  column,  including  Andres  Duero,  the  Cuban 
secretary,  having  been  cut  down.  "Shame  upon  you  I" 
exclaimed  Cortes  to  the  corps,  as  he  led  the  horsemen 
to  the  rescue  of  the  fallen  cavaliers.  Ho  was  just  in 
time  to  save  them,  for  a  moment  more  and  Duero,  at 
least,  would  liave  been  slain.  The  elated  warriors  I'cll 
back  before  tlie  charije  of  the  terrible  ^[alinche,  al- 
though  they  soon  recovered.  Cortes  then  conehultd 
to  retreat,  but  tliis  proved  no  less  dangerous  than 
the  a(l\an<'e,  and  atnong  otlier-  Lezcano  was  (h'ag'4'('<l 
fr(»m  Ids  ]iors(!  and  killed,  aftt  '  having  distinguisliid 
himself  for  bravery  and  exe<  ution.  The  fort  Iwnl 
meanwhile  sustained  an  activ  >  siege,  and  when  the 
retreating  corps  ap})r(\')c}ied  il  they  found  more  rnr- 
mios  in  waiting,  who,  fc^arful  of  losing  tlieir  j-riy, 
I'ushed   forward   with    greater  fury  than    ever.     An 


rort/'S  also  saya  'quodo  lunnco,'  Ciirffhi,  M2,  131,  yot  Ciino  riiliciilcs  tlio 
staU'iiiiMit,  and  dochu'ca  '  iiunca  fue  iiiaiicu  ilcllos  iii  k'  laltali.'  Of'n'o, 
iii.  ojI   'J. 


THE  AZTECS  GAIN  COURAGE. 


i35 


'uhI 


entrance  was  finally  effected,  the  forces  in  the  teTn[)lo 
beinjf  at  the  same  time  withdrawTi  fur  the  jj^reater 
safety  of  themselves  and  the  fort.'^' 

S\\elling  with  triumph  the  Aztecs  now  directed  all 
their  efforts  against  the  Spanish  quarter.'^.  Burning 
arrows  and  whirlinjx  brands  betjan  to  mimxlo  with  tlu>ir 
missiles.  xVlthouixh  the  buildinjj:  itself  was  of  stone, 
the  roof  and  portions  of  th./  outwork,  and  the  Tlas- 
caltc--  camp  in  the  yards,  were  of  inflammable  material, 
and  more  than  once  the  flames  burst  forth,  filling  the 
wliole  place  with  suflfocating  smoke,  and  calling  for 
the  greatest  exertions  to  subdue  them.  The  little 
water  at  hand  could  not  be  spared,  and  so  earth  was 
cast  up,  and  portions  '^f  the  wall  were  torn  down  to 
check  the  fire  and  to  stop  the  gaps.  The  assault  con- 
tinued all  day,  till  darkness  sent  most  of  the  warriors 
to  their  homes.^^ 


«  Cortf'i^,  Carfan.  128-9.  Bcviial  Diaz  speaks  of  a  sally  by  Onlaz,  with  400 
men,  before  the  natives  reach  the  fort.  Ho  is  sorely  beset,  as  related,  and  re- 
tiieswith  <a  loss  of  '2'.i  soldiers.  I/isf.  Virda'L,  lO'J-3.  Herrera's  iiccoimt,  .as 
usual,  is  coiifiisod.  After  Rio  returns  wounded  to  report  the  uprisiuf;  of  war- 
riors, five  horsemen  rally  to  reconnoitre.  The  following  day  Ojeda  luul  Mar- 
(ju','/  set  out  to  forage,  and  come  to  announce  the  approach  of  assailants.  Two 
hundred  men  now  m:dio  a  sortie  and  kill  a  multitude  without  losing  a  man. 
dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  viii.  It  ia  useless  to  follow  this  author  here  except  for 
incidents. 

"'  Hernal  Diaz  placcn  the  dead  at  35  soldiers,  besides  a  large  number  of 
allies.  Eight  f(  1!  -i.-'ing  the  iirst  discharge  upon  Ordaz' party  and  titteen 
more  before  he  regaiii>.'d  the  fort,  while  of  the  4(J  wonndcil  among  the  gr.r- 
rison  twelve  diod.  jlist.  Verdail.,  10.3.  Cortt^s,  with  his  usual  prudent  supi-res- 
sion  of  ev'!  news,  allows  four  deaths  and  over  80  woundetl.  He  uevci  icfers 
to  those  whii  die  of  wounds.     Goniara  follows  hi^.i.   Hist.  Mex.,  153. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


t   ] 


m 


ik , 


FIGHT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 

JCNK,    1520. 

The  Natives   CoxTmrE  thb  Assault — TiiKin   Fikiice  BnAVEnv— The 

Sl'ANIAKDS   BriLD   TURUETS— SllLL  THE   MEXICANS   PliOVE  TOD   StR(1N(1 

FOK  TiiEM  —  Montezuma    Called   to    Intercede  —  He  is   Insultko 

AND     StONKD     by    his     StTUJECTS  —  COKTKS    AlTKMl'TS    EdRESS     I!Y    THE 

Tlacopan  Causeway — Failure  of  Ebcoiiar  to  Take  the  Pyramid- 
Cortes  Gains  the   Slipi'ERy  Height — The  Gladiatorial    Comdat 

THERE. 

At  dawn  the  assault  was  renewed  with  the  same 
fierceness  as  before,  and  with  even  less  reojard  for  tlie 
sweeping  volleys  of  the  cannon,  which  were  fii'ed 
Avitliout  aim  into  the  packed  masses  of  the  nativ(,'s, 
hriiiging  them  down  by  tlie  score.  The  gaps  were 
(juickly  closed,  and  the  rapidly  repeated  shots  socined 
to  make  no  more  impression  on  the  surging  mass  than 
pebbles  dropped  into  the  boiling  surf.  It  was  a  criti- 
cal time  ibr  ('ortes,  who  seemed  not  yet  to  recogiii/o 
the  full  extent  of  the  danger.  He  felt  the  necessity 
of  open  connuunication  with  the  mainland,  for  obvious 
reasons,  and  to  this  end,  in  the  course  of  the  morning, 
lie  arranged  niiotlier  sortie  like  that  of  the  prece(hiig 
day,  but  ill  one  direction  only.  The  Indians  retired, 
us  before,  into  lanes  and  buiklings,  and  beyond  canals, 
raising  the  bridges  behind  them.  I3arri(^ades  having 
been  thrown  uj)  to  impede  the  advance  since  the  last 
sally,  some  guns  were  brought  to  the  front,  and  witli 
their  aid  a  few  of  the  obstructions  were  demohshed 
and  more  than  one  bridge  was  gained,  together  willi 
a  number  of  houses,  to  which  the  torch  was  ai)[)lied. 


FIERCE  EXCOUNTERS. 


437 


The  discharges  from  the  roof's  were  kej)t  up  with 
galHng  pertinacity,  althougli  the  effect  was  not  so  fatal 
as  during  the  preceding  day,  owing  to  the  experience 
then  gained.  The  forces  below,  who  had  retired  before 
the  charges  of  the  advance,  rolled  back  like  recurring 
billows,  and  in  ever  increasing  number,  upon  Hank 
and  rear,  as  if  to  overwhelm  them.  Such  were  their 
numbers  and  stubborn  recklessness  that  ten  thousand 
Hectors  and  Rolands,  says  Bernal  Diaz,  could  have 
effected  nothing  against  them,  and  soldiers  from  the 
Italian  war  swore  that  ne/er  among  Christians  or 
Turks  had  they  witnessed  such  fierceness.  Consider- 
able alarm  was  alsc  created  by  the  appearance  of  long 
])ikes,  like  those  of  the  Cliinantecs,  directed  particu- 
larly against  the  cavalry.  Forfunatcly  they  were  not 
numerous,  nor  were  the  pikomen  sufficiently  practised 
to  be  very  dangerous.  Worn  out  in  the  unequal  con- 
test Cortes  turned  to  gain  his  camp,  which  was  no 
easy  task,  since  the  natives  were  massed  in  greatest 
number  in  the  rear,  determined  to  cut  off  retreat. 
The  fort  was  gained,  nevertheless,  although  hardly  a 
man  escaped  uninjured,  while  about  a  dozen  were 
killed;  one  unfortunate  soldier  being  captured  and 
sacrificed  in  full  view  of  the  fjarrison.^ 

It  had  been  found  that  the  greatest  danger  to  tho 
sallying  parties  came  from  the  roofs,  whence  discharges 
could  be  directed  with  comparative  impunity  and 
with  greater  effect  than  from  the  ground.  In  order 
to  counteract  them,  three  manias,  or  movable  turrets, 
were  planned,  whose  occupants  were  to  devote  their  at- 
tention wholly  to  clearing  the  roofs  of  assailants.    Tho 

'  Bcmal  Diaz  mentions  the  doatli  of  ten  or  twelve,  bnt  Corti's  arkiiowl- 
cil,i;es  only  three  score  of  wounilod.  On  this  oceiision,  ajipiirently,  llci  ri'ra 
allows  Cortt'S  to  gain  Taciiba,  ■whither  he  might  luive  rctreiited  in  safety  with 
all  his  forces  and  wealth;  yet  lie  states  that  tho  return  light  proved  most  si^vere, 
the  fort  being  regained  with  difficulty,  J.fter  the  loss  of  two  guns  and  several 
soldiers,  one  taken  alive,  dee.  ii.  lil).  x.  eap  ix.  Soils  manages  to  trnnsfoim 
the  opi-ration  into  a  victory,  wherein  Cortes  stays  the  slaughter  out  of  nierey. 
I'reseott  is  quite  arbitrary  in  tho  use  of  the  chronicles.  He  combines  iUv  iii- 
eidi'tits  of  several  days  into  one  and  transposes  them  at  jjleasure,  with  the 
sole  aim  apjiareutly  of  presenting  an  (ixeitiuL;  descri|)tion  of  what  tlie  .siej.,'! 
iuij,'ht  have  bccu.    A  few  facU  urc  cluburated,  uud  Uie  ru^t  siuuiiliced  to  iitylc. 


m 


438 


FIGHT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


completing  of  these  machines  and  other  preparations 
Ivcpt  the  garrison  busy  all  the  27th  of  June,  so  that 
no  sally  was  made.  Ascribing  this  to  fear,  the  Indians 
became  more  pressing  in  their  assault,  and  more  pro- 
fuse with  their  insults.  "Dogs  I"  cried  some, "of  hunger 
and  thirst  shall  you  die!"  Others  shouted,  "Here  is 
u  piece  of  my  tortilla!"  at  the  same  time  flinging 
tliem  unpalatable  fragments  of  toasted  bread.  "  Eat 
it,  you  perjured  villains,  who  can  fight  only  on  the 
backs  of  animals;  for  soon  shall  your  own  bodies  bo 
cut  up  for  food  and  cast  before  the  beasts!"  The 
enemy  appeared  more  numerous  than  ever,  and  tlie 
roofs  and  yards  were  literally  covered  with  their 
missiles.  The  greatest  danger  to  the  Spaniards  lay 
in  the  operations  of  the  battering  and  mining  parties, 
who,  regardless  of  bullets  from  the  wall  turrets,  sought 
steadily  to  open  fresh  breaches.  Conspicuous  in  the 
hostile  camp  was  a  richly  dressed  Indian,  surrounded 
by  a  staff  of  finely  attired  warriors,  who  seemed  to 
direct  operations,  and  whose  orders  were  received  with 
the  deej)est  reverence.  This  personage  the  prisoners 
(Ic^clared  to  be  Cuitlahuatzin,  and  the  next  in  rank 
(^>uaulitemotzin.^  Charge  after  charge  was  made  by 
his  direction,  and  with  a  vehemence  that  threatened 
to  carry  everything  before  it;  and  loudly  rang  the 
yells,  whether  of  delight  at  some  advantage  gained  or 
of  fury  over  a  repulse. 

Thus  the  besieged  were  harassed  beyond  endurance. 
Large  numbers  were  wounded,  and  all  were  exhausted 
from  vigils,  hard  lighting,  trying  work,  and  the  want 
of  sufficient  water  and  food;  for  in  view  of  the  stop- 
])nge  of  supplies,  rations  had  been  reduced.  Those 
t)f  the  Narvaez  expedition  were  particularly  disheart- 
ened, and  bestowed  freely  their  maledictions,  first  ou 
Velazquez,  who  had  sent  them  to  such  a  country, 
and  then  upon  Cortes,  whose  i)romises  of  golden 
treasures  and   well    stocked   encomiendas  had   lured 

'^  Marina  askod  ^Idutiv.unia  if  a  lunv  kiiif;  IkkI  lireii  cliosen,  hiit  he  did  not 
tliiiik  tiay  would  elect  one  while  ho  lived.   I'lUiiicvrl,  Taiiio Mex.,  pt.  iii.  141. 


I' 


CORTES  SUES  TO  MONTEZUMA. 


480 


tliem  to  tliis  plioht,  Pcrceivino-  however,  that  unity 
of  purpose  alone  could  save  them,  they  stiflod 
regrets  and  showed  Cortes  that  somethint^  must 
immediately  be  done  to  stay  the  onslaught,  lest  the 
building  fall  about  their  ears.  It  was  exceedingly  dis- 
agreeable, but  it  must  be  done;  the  proud  Spanish 
general  nmst  sue  to  the  greatly  injured  cai)tivc  king, 
j)leading  for  his  influence  in  behalf  of  peace.^  Mtmte- 
zuma  had  all  these  days  been  closely  coniined  to  his 
rooms  brooding  over  the  insults  offered  him,  and 
apparently  indifferent  to  the  danger  from  without. 
Wiien  the  message  was  brought  ho  sullenly  said, 
"Why  does  Malinche  address  Idmself  to  me,  who 
care  no  longer  for  life?  I  will  not  listen  to  him,  for 
he  it  is  who  has  brought  mo  into  this  plio:ht."  lie 
intimated  further  that  the  promises  oi  tiio  general 
ciiuld  not  be  relied  upon,  and  that  his  words  carried  a 
d(juble  meaning.  Olmedo  and  Olid,  who  had  come  to 
urge  the  recpie.st,  had  recourse  to  soothing  words  and 
persuasion,  and  succeeded  in  mollifying  him  some- 
what.* He  replied,  liowever,  that  it  was  probably  too 
late  to  appease  the  Mexicans  by  promises.  "  They  have 
now  a  new  leader,"  he  said,  "who  is  resolved  to  spare 
no  Spaniard,  and  I  believe  that  you  have  all  to  (He  in 
this  city."°     Ncvei'theless  he  yielded,  and  as  befitted 


'  '  Fuo  acordado  do  dcmaiidallca  pazos  para  salir  do  Mexico, ...  .acovdo 
Cdrtcs,  (]Ue  ol  ^;iau  .Mouteriiiiui  Ics  liablus.su.'  Jlrriril  i>iii-..  Ilixf.  Vcriliul.,  J04. 
'  Mutt'c/iiina.  . .  .  dijo  4110  lu  sacascu....y  (juo  ol  liii.l)laria  a  lo.s  oapitancs.' 
('lu-tix,  Curlds,  rj!»-;iO.  Tho  latter  statcmi'iit  may  he  llrnera's  autlimity  for 
Kiyiii;,'  that  Moiiteziiiua  was  tlio  lirst  to  ]in)poso  spi;aking  to  the  Mexicans. 
ilee.  ii.  lib.  x.  ca[>.  x.  Observing  (juitlalniat/.in'.s  regal  authority  over  the  be- 
sir_'ing  forces,  Montezuma  was  seized  witli  a  lit  of  je.ilous  ala"iu  for  tliroticand 
lili'.  'Chiauio  Cortes, .  .  .  .pregandolo  inscantetnente  di  non  ditl'erir  ))iu  la  sua 
I'arlenza.'  '  'luriijfin,  Storin  Mm-i..  iii.  l'J4.  This  iui])lies  that  the  enipeior  was 
Hot  aware  of  the  vain  efi'orts  made  to  open  conimuuie.ition  with  the  miiidand, 
oi'  even  to  approach  it.  Cortes  had  to  urge  him  in  any  case  to  speak  to 
his  subjects,  an  unwelcome  tiisk  in  view  of  his  declining  inlluencc  and  of  tue 
i]iiTi'.\  partial  success  of  the  former  appeal. 

'  Among  otiier  reasons  it  wis  repn!scnte(l  that  Cortes  was  not  to  blame  for 
tie  .ate  massueiv.  'Que  si  la  indignacion  de  los  mexieanos  podia  tc'mi)lar.so 
c..  id  cusnigo  de  los  culpados. . . .  Ic  jpiometia  eastigar.'  So  s.iys  the  native 
\i  'sionof  TeiKuiiwc,  iiifuj'.lrndkioiie.t,  MS.,  cap.  vi.;  Chinialjiain,  //(«/.  t'oiiq., 
2N7-8. 

'  He  felt  *K>  eagerness  to  plead  in  behalf  of  those  who  had  caused  all  his 
iiiisfortiuics,  and  lie  was  only  too  cousuiuus  thut  hiit  pu^jilluuiniity  must  huvo 


V-l 


440 


FIGHT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


U  ;  ■ 


-  ',  I 


the  ni'Mnoiitous  point  at  issue,  he  arrayofl  himself  in 
the  richly  itcjowi'llod  robes  of  state,  and  phiced  upon 
liin  head  the  mitred  copilli,  beneath  wliose  precious 
featlK-rs  olcamed  the  rjolden  plate.®  Carefully  <;uarded 
h('  asct'iided  to  the  roof  and  stepped  to  the  para])et, 
pn^oc'dovl  by  a  courtier  who  bore  the  ti"iple  wand  of  the 
empire,  as  was  customary  on  such  occasions.  Instantly 
thu  tunuilt  was  hushed,  even  before  the  leaders  could 
issue  orders  for  a  stay  of  hostilities;  instantly  a  thou- 
sand heads  wore  bent  in  humble  adoration  before  the 
august  nuijcsty  of  their  sovereign.  This  attitude, 
however,  was  assumed  but  for  a  moment;  soon  those 
same  heads  were  held  higher  than  ever.  Tlion  the 
chiefs  (hvw  near  to  listen  to  the  unhap]iy  mon;n'ch. 

MoiitL/Aunti  had  appeared  with  a  fociing  of  mingled 
fear  .'(ud  doubt  as  to  what  his  reception  migjit  be, 
ond  I',e  did  not  fail  to  observe  that  the  accustomed 
reverence  wss  shown  only  for  an  instant,  involuntarily, 
as  it  wei-e,  and  that  silen«?e  was  promj^ted  ratb.er  i)y 
curiosity  than  respect.  The  urgency  of  the  moment 
demanded  that  he  should  speak,  but  it  was  rather  as 
su])pli<';int  than  ruler  that  he  turned  to  his  ]XM)])le. 

"  N'mii  ,  vi>  ill  arms,  my  children,"  he  said,  "in  hot 
battle.  Why  is  this?  You  will  be  slain,  and  there  will 
be  heai'd  througliout  the  land  for  many  years tiie  wail 
of  wives  and  httle  ones.  You  would  give  me  my 
liberty,  and  1  thank  you.  You  do  ii(»<  turn  from  iiu> 
in  anger,  and  I  thank  yon.  You  have  not  chosen 
anotlier  Idng  in  my  stead,  and  J  ♦li.ink  you.  Such  an 
act  would   displease  the  gods,  and    fniog  destrnclii)U 

•IcpiMdcil  liim  ill  tho  oycs  of  liis  snlijccts,  wliilr  Jlic  elevation  of  )u»  drotlnT  to 
tin'  leailirsiiip  iiiiist  liavo  (liiiiiiiisheti  tho  iuiluii)< '  wliiili  till  tlit'ii  may  !i  i»r 
roinaiiu'c!  w  itli  him.  Ho  oouhl  hardly  nviiid  .a  fooliiipt  of  jijiloiisy  iit  tlii'  t'ioii];!it 
of  this  t!i\a. ion  ;  ami  if  he,  (luring  iin  iuiimlso  (.)f  nngor  n^'iiinst  <'ort«s,  li.nl 
counsollcil  tho  proioi'din^'s  of  Ciiitlaloiatzin,  honou'folt  |)io((  ilily  holh  i,'no\iil 
and  tori'iliod  ,it  tho  xtorrn  ho  had  niisod.  }h'  also  haihoiod  a  wliolosomo  f '.ir 
of  Malinrlio,  and  tin' itiospict  of  his  spiody  dopaitnro  lul|io<l  to  utir  .inow  llio 
cniliois  iif  hope.  All  nii;,'ht  yot  ho  woil  :  tho  <  :ii)ital  mii.,'lit  be  sjiaroil  further 
desolation,  and  lio  at/iiin  ii'sunu'  his  former  gramloiir. 

'■  See  description  of  his  first  iiiootinj,'  with  Cortes,  Nn'irc  Iiurrs,  ii.  'rhi< 
/ip|ioaraiioi;  of  the  I'nipi'ror  took  plaee  on  the  'I'th  of  .hine,  as  ('orti''s  stites, 
bat  Horii.d  l)ia/.,  Horrrra,  ami  Ixtlilxochitl  place  it  respectively  on  the  .")th, 
(ith,  iiud  7th  day  uf  tlie  siege. 


MONTEZUMA'S  SPEECH. 


4il 


on  all.  And  sec!  I  am  no  prisoner.  Go  your  way; 
I  am  free.  By  divine  command  I  must  remain  the 
guest  of  the  Spaniards  yet  a  little  longer,  and  you 
must  not  molest  them,  for  soon  thev  will  return 
whence  tluy  came.  Alas,  my  people,  my  country, 
my  crown!'"' 

With  a  heavy  sigh,  and  midst  copious  tears,  his 
hcatl  fell  on  his  breast.  The  monarch's  strenufth  had 
indeed  departed.  The  people  knew  that  he  spoko 
falsely,  that  ho  was  little  bettc^  tlian  imbecile,  unfit 
to  be  their  sovereign.  Oh,  if  he  but  had  the  good 
fortune  to  die  while  lielping  them  to  grind  to  powder 
these  hated  enemies!  Only  a  littk;  while  ago  his 
words  would  have  been  received  as  the  utterances  of  a 
deity.  Now  the  scales  had  fallen  fi'om  their  eyes,  and 
they  saw  him  as  he  was.  Tiiey  could  bear  no  more. 
Jeers  and  groans  readied  him  from  every  direction. 
''Coward!  chicken!  Woman  to  the  Spaniards,  lit  oidy 
for  the  gown  and  the  spuulle!  Murderer  of  your 
noldes!"  Such  were  the  cries  which  now  reached 
liis  ears  as  he  sto(xl  stupefied  with  agony.  Presently 
cirne  a  shower  of  arrows  and  stones,  and  before  th(^ 
Sji.inish  guard  could  interpose  their  shields  several 
missiles  struck  him,  one  on  tlie  left  temple,  which 
caused  him  to  fall  senseless  into  the  arms  of  the 
bv-standers.* 


''  lUrrern,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  x. :  fli'mal  D'iaz,  Ifiyf.  Vrrdad.,  10-t.  'Xo 
nwfc'stAscu  i\  los  ostrani^cros  y  fiii'sen  .siis  amigos,  piios  su  jiersona  ofuriji 
riewio. '  T<:o-Miii'if,  Krrop.  Iradi'-ionc--,  MS.,  cap.  vi.  Cortes,  foUowcil  l)y 
^j^»lllaI•a,  .!,'ivi\s  him  m-<  tiino  to  .spi  ^k  ero  tlii'  jtcopli!  assault. 

'^Tlifv  woiilil  no  longer  ro('o.;ni/o  liiiii  as  enipcior.  etc.  Saying  tliii,  a 
chii't'  tlnvw  a  Mtone  wliicii  struck  Montc/,iiin;i on  tiic  forclica'l.  hitrni,  lli.->t. 
]'"/.,  .Ms.,  ii.  4(W.  Aoosta  attrilmtcM  liiis  tiist  throw  to  '  C^iiicnxtenioc,'  the 
!a*iM-  king  of  Mexico.  J/i^t.  /«/.,  .VJ.'?.  'Ma  io  no!  credo,' says  Clavigero, 
•S-  •■'•fi  Afins.,  iii.  12(J.  'Aunqii''  vii  ( 'astellano  tenia  cuydailo  dc  arrodclar  a 
.VI  it>v,uiua . . .  .le,  acertii  vna  pie.'ir.v  en  la-<  sienes.'  /A'/wrd,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  x. 
H.kI  not  the  Spaniards  held  up  a  shield  liefore  Moiite/.uni.i,  the  people  woidd 
have  known  it  w.is  he  and  lot  thrown  the  stone  which  killed  hint,  says  (^ano, 
hi-i  later  .ion-in-law.  Ovinln,  iii.  ,mO.  (ionii'r."  is  inclineil  to  Iwlieve  this, 
fur  lii.^  people  'no  lo  ipiisioran  ha/.er  )uaf<  i|je  sacar  se  los  ojos.'  Jlis/.  Mi'.r., 
'■"'4.  'Una  sai'ta  nlcauAi  al  eni|>erador  en  el  estoniago  (|ue  lo  atravezo  pin'  el 
li;iso,  y  nna  piedra  le  dio  en  la  sicn  i/ipiierda.'  The  i)eople  would  never  have 
thrown  missiles,  for  they  pitictl  him,  and  were  jirepnred  tool»ey  his  injunetioiia, 
'>it  C'uMina,  who  stoo  I  l)ehin(!  tli.  empei-oi,  made  .si^rns  that  the}'  shouM  cim- 
tiuuc  the  attack  without  regard  for   him  or  ior   the   monarch.     Tczozomoc, 


m 


;  (I  -i 


l-f 


:^M 


FIGHT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


i 


1^ 


Startled  by  tlie  crime  they  had  committed,  awe 
fell  upon  the  multitude  as  the  stricken  sovereign  was 
led  away.  Taking  advantage  of  this  feeling  Cortes 
beckoned  the  chiefs  to  a  parley  with  a  view  to  explain 
what  Montezuma  had  intended  to  convey.  He  had 
always  wished  them  well,  he  said,  and  felt  grieved 
to  wage  war  for  what  had  occurred  during  his  ab- 
sence.  He  desired  peace,  yet  the  desire  was  not 
prompted  by  fear,  but  by  consideration  for  their  safety 
and  that  of  the  city.  The  chiefs  replied  that  the 
Spaniards  must  leave  the  country  to  the  natives,  and 
depart  at  once.  That  was  exactly  what  they  wished 
to  do,  replied  Cortes,  but  they  would  not  be  driven 
away.  If  the  Mexicans  desired  them  to  go,  tliey 
must  al)andon  tlie  siege,  tear  down  the  barricade,  and 
retire  to  their  homes;  they  must  likewise  restore  the 
bridges  and  supply  provisions.  To  this  the  chiefs  de- 
clined to  listen,  declaring  that  they  would  not  lay 
down  their  arms  so  long  as  there  was  a  Spaniard  left 
on  whom  to  use  them."  The  evident  desire  of  tlie 
besieged  for  peace  served  only  to  encourage  the  lu- 

J'rrop.  trnilirlnnes,  MS.,  cap.  vi.  According  to  Bcrnal  Diaz,  the  four  chiefs 
M  ho  liiul  ajiproaohi'd  to  confer  with  liim  expressed  their  sympathy  for  liis  iiiis- 
fortuiies.  They  liad  now  chosen  as  leader  'Coadlabacan,  scfior  do  l/tapala]i.i,' 
and  liad  sworn  to  the  gods  to  continue  tlie  war  till  all  Spaniards  were  exter- 
jiiinated.  Yet  they  pr.iyed  daily  to  the  gods  for  his  safety,  and  if  all  h iiit 
Well  ho  would  more  than  over  be  their  lord.  They  had  hardly  finished  w  licii 
showers  of  missiles  fell,  of  which  thn^e  stones  and  an  arrow  hit  him,  on  tlir 
head,  arm,  and  leg.  Ilht.  Vcnlu'I.,  104.  '  Remorse  succeeded  to  insult,' ami 
they  tied,  says  Robertson,  Hint.  Am.,  90,  a  statement  which  Prescott  iuiprovis 
by  stating  that  the  scjuare  Ijefore  the  fort  was  left  empty.  But  remorse  niu.-it 
lia\'e  l)een  brief,  for  the  main  authorities,  CortOs,  (lomara,  Bernal  Diaz,  and 
Torqnemada,  either  declare  or  intimate  that  the  aa.sault  never  stopped.  '  ND 
por  eso  cesti  la  guerra  y  miiy  mas  I'ccia  y  muy  cruda  de  cada  dia."  Coiti\<, 
Cartas,  130. 

^'Ksta  Fortalcza  casi  no  ticno  exemplar,'  exclaims  Lorcnzuna,  forgetting 
that  Corti's'  firmness  was  <lnc  to  the  justifiable  fear  that  a  trap  was  intciulnl. 
Cortrf,  //!sf.  N.  Expaiia,  l.SO-7.  Cortc^.^  concludes  the  sentence  about  Monte- 
zuma's being  wounded  by  saying  that  he  dii  1  within  tliree  days.  He  therenp'Hi 
resumes  the  account  of  parleys  and  siege  operations,  leaving  the  inipressinu 
tliat  these  took  place  after  his  death,  while  sivli  wa?  not  the  case.  Neverthe- 
leris,  Goniara,  Herrera,  and  others,  Bernal  DiUi-  nut  excluded,  arc  misled,  liy 
this  vag\ieness  evidently,  into  extending  the  siege  ..nd  confounding  the  events, 
Bo  that  modern  historians  have  iill  more  or  less  reii.."^'ned  mystified.  Soiia 
assumes  that  during  Montezuma's  illues^;  the  siege  was  -onducted  only  hy 
ttraggling  ))artie3,  the  main  forces  being  occupied  with  crowdng  the  new 
emperor.  Hist,  Mc.i\,  ii.  loj-t).  Tliis  is  prubiJjly  due  to  a  miscous^nictiou  of 
Bcrual  Diaz. 


MAXTAS  BUILT. 


148 


lur  chiefs 

|r  \\h  mis- 

iipalap:!,' 

lol'C  i;xt>r- 

;ill    Wl'Ut 

ii'il  whi'u 

,11,  oa  tiif 

Isiilt;  iiii'l 

improMS 

irso  niii.-<t 

)ia/.,  ami 

led.      '  Nu 

lorgotting 
Liti'iiiU'd. 

it   MtMltu- 

[luM-cnp-iu 
|iH)r(.'ssi"U 
sevcrtlii-'- 
liislod,  by 
Lc  events, 
[tl.  Solis 
only  by 

luctiou  uf 


(lians,  and  tho  assault  was  renewed  with  an  increased 
ardor  tliat  taxed  the  defenders  to  the  utmost. 

And  now,  whatever  the  cost,  a  way  out  of  this 
]>lace  must  be  opened.  Cortes  knew  of  three  cause- 
ways which  led  to  the  mainland,  the  only  means 
(if  exit  for  his  forces.  He  knew  that  they  were  low 
and  narrow,  exposed  on  both  sides  to  the  attacks  of 
canoe  fleets,  and  intersected  by  a  number  of  bridges 
wliic'li  were  perhaps  by  this  time  raised.  Eacli  of 
these  openings  was  an  almost  impassable  chasm.  The 
southern  causeway  to  Iztapalapan  was  two  leagues  in 
length,  and  provided  with  seven  drawbridges,  besides 
a  strong  fortress,  which  rendered  it  impassable  to  an 
fiiemy.  The  northern,  leading  to  Tepeyacac,  was  one 
Icnufue  lonsr,  while  the  shortest,  conductinsf  westward 
In  I'lacopan,  half  a  league  distant,  was  broken  by  only 
throe  bridges.'"  Cortes  resolved  to  undertake  the  pas- 
sago  by  this  last  named  causeway.  During  the  night 
had  boon  completed  three  mantas,  of  light  framework 
and  planks,  each  to  hold  twenty  musketeers  and 
archers,  with  which  it  was  hoped  to  chock  the  as- 
sailants on  the  roofs.  These  mantas  werj  built  witli 
two  chambers,  provided  with  loop-holes;  the  upper 
ranged  on  a  level  with  the  house-tops  of  ordinary 
(MU'-story  buildings  of  the  city,  and  had  doors,  so  as 
to  allow  of  sallies  upon  tho  roofs." 

The  following  morning,  June  28th,  Cortes  placed 
himself  at  the  head  of  five  hundred  Spaniards  and 
over  three  thousand  allies,  and  took  the  direction 
of  tlio  Tlacopan  causeway.'^  By  a  sudden  charge  tlie 
cavalry  drove  back  tlie  Indians  and  allowed  the  free 
passage  of  the  mantas,  whicli  were  drawn  and  pushed 

'"  '  En  csta  aula  tres  no  mas,  y  t'n  la  d;  Yztapalapii,  sicte. '  Ifeirera,  dec. 
ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xi.;  Xativ<>  /I'rt'CS,  ii.  ")(!!  et  seij. 

^^f'ortis,  Cartas,  l.SO,  133.  'Qiiatro  ingoiiins. .  .  .ca  (jue  pudiosscn  yr 
Vuyute  y  cinco  honibres,'  says  Bernal  Diaz,  ///'</.  V^rlla<l.,  103.  'Ticm  man- 
tas ....  c^)  siis  ruedas ;  leuauan  ti'i'vnta  hoinhres  a  cada  vna,  cid)ierta  con  tahlas 
cnicstia.s  do  tres  dedos. '  Jlerreni,  loc.  cit.  Drawn  l)y  men  within,  add.'<  Peter 
Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  v.  '  CaV)ia  cada  vno  veynte  liondn'cs,  con  picas  escopetas 
y  balli'stiis  y  vn  tiro. '  Gomara,  J/int.  Me.i:.,  \'A. 

'-'  llerrera  uawLsely  assumes  that  the  tliree  towers  with  their  foroes  were 
respectively  directed  against  the  three  causeway  approaches. 


I'.-  i    i 


444 


FIGHT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


i 


.yi 


by  Tlascaltccs,  and  protected  by  bodies  of  infantry. 
A  cor})S  of  pioneers  accompanied  them  with  pickaxes, 
mattocks,  crow-bars,  and  ladders,  to  destroy  barricacks 
and  walls,  and  to  scale  buildings.  Four  cannon  \vero 
also  brought.  The  rear  was  protected  by  a  portion 
of  the  cavalry.  The  Aztecs  were  at  first  amazed  at 
the  curious  moving  turrets,  and  feared  that  they  might 
contain  more  terrible  destroyers  even  than  the  grapo- 
chiirgcd  guns;  but  finding  them  less  dangerous,  they 
continued  their  efforts,  and  fast  and  thick  poured 
the  stones  and  arrows  on  the  line  of  advance,  particu- 
larly on  the  engines,  which  were  severely  damaged. 
The  march  proceeded,  however,  with  more  or  less  inter- 
ru[)tion  till  a  raised  bridge  was  reached  on  the  main 
road,  where  the  Indians  had  gathered  in  vast  numbers, 
with  an  evident  determination  to  check  the  expedi- 
tion. The  turrets  w^ere  brought  alongside  the  houses 
adjoining  the  canal  in  order  to  clear  the  crowded 
roofs,  but  regardless  of  the  volleys  from  the  firelocks, 
the  natives  on  the  roofs  plied  their  missiles  only  the 
faster,  letting  fly  heavy  rocks"  upon  the  engine  cover- 
ings, so  as  to  render  them  untenable  and  hinder  the 
mancBuvring  of  the  cannon.  This  success  enabled  the 
■warriors  beyond  the  canal  and  behind  the  barricades 
to  maintain  their  assault  with  great  effect,  and  to  pre- 
vent a  further  advance.  They  gained  a  considerable 
advantage  by  a  change  of  tactics  in  directing  the  mis- 
siles to  a  great  extent  against  the  legs  of  the  S]ian- 
iards,  to  their  serious  discomfiture."  After  spentliiig 
the  greater  part  of  the  forenoon  in  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  destroy  the  houses  nearest  the  canal,  and 
to  fill  a  passage  across  it,  the  troops  retired  to  the 
ft)rt  greatly  disheartened.  Even  the  Tlascaltecs,  wlio 
were  usually  so  glib  of  tongue  in  replying  to  Aztec 
taunts,  for  once  held  their  peace." 

Meanwhile  the  battle  raged  fiercely  round  the  fort. 

''  '  De  tres  y  quatro  arrouas,  que  maltrataron  a  los  que  yuan  en  !os  in- 
gciiios,  y  rompicron  las  tablas.'   //enrni,  due.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xi. 
"  '  Hirioron  a  luas  ile  docieuto.s  Castellanos.'  Id.,  cap.  ix. 
'■■  'Nos  iimtarau  uu  espauol  y  liirieron  muckoa.'  CorUa,  Cartas,  130-1. 


PAILUr.E  OF  ESCOBAR. 


44S 


Tlio  temple  in  front  of  it,  since  its  evacuation  l)y  tlio 
Sjuiiiiai'ds,  had  been  occiij)ie(l  by  some  five  hiiiidi-ed 
]\[exican.s,  chosen  men/"  who  introduced  a  \ar*j;e  (|uaii- 
tity  of  ammunition  and  supphes,  and  bei^an  t<>  batter 
the  besieged  quarter.  It  was  tliis  sliower  which  had 
tiist  damaged  the  turrets  and  liarassed  tlie  mai-ch. 
Perceiving  the  danger  of  leaving  so  connnaiidiiig  a 
])(»sition  in  hostile  hands,  Cortes  had  sent  his  chanibcr- 
lai]i,  Escobar,  with  one  hundred  men"  and  some  allies 
to  dispossess  them.  This  was  no  easy  task,  for  the 
j)yramid  was  of  great  extent  and  over  eighty  feet  in 
lieiglit,  composed  of  a  series  of  abrupt  stone  terraces, 
each  receding  about  six  feet  from  the  one  beneath, 
and  so  arranged  that  the  ascent  led  along  the  entire 
ciivuit  of  each  ledge  befc^re  the  steps  conducting  to 
the  next  could  be  gained.^"  Twenty  men,  says  Cortes, 
could  have  held  it  against  a  thousand;  yet  the  one 
hundred  were  to  attempt  it.  Step  by  step  they 
fnught  their  way,  beneath  sliowers  of  arrows,  and 
against  javelins,  and  sword  and  lance  thrusts  from 
the  upper  ledges.  More  dangerous  even  than  these 
weapons  were  the  cumbrous  missiles  in  the  shape  of 
heavy  stones  and  timber  which  came  crashing  tlowii 
upon  them.  Three  times'"  did  Escobar  lead  his  men 
to  the  charge,  only  to  sec  them  repulsed  and  sent 
rolling  down  the  steps  and  over  the  ledges.  Finally 
he  sent  word  to  Cortes  that  the  task  was  impracti- 
cable. The  general  received  this  ncjtice  wdule  vainly 
battling  at  the  canal,  and  he  eagerly  seized  upon  it 
•1.S  excuse  for  changing  his  base  of  operation,  lie 
uurried  to  the  spot,  threw  a  cordon  round  the  pyr- 


"'■' Snhieron  alia  dos  vigas  roUizas  para  iksJe  alii  echarlas  sobro  las  cisaa 
roalis  y  liuiulirlas.'  Sahajiiii,  ll'ixt.  ('',!(<[.,  ,'m).  P<'ter  Martyr  sui)])iis('s  the 
tmiple  to  have  boon  long  held  by  tliu  ciicuiy,  but  this  is  contrary  to  what 
Ciirtcs  and  Sahagun  say. 

''Thri'o  hundred,  says  Ciomara. 

'^  I'or  a  full  description  of  tliis  pyramid  sno  N'atice  Uan'x,  ii.  570  et  sc(|. 
SuMU'  horses  had  been  taken  to  clear  the  approaches,  but  they  slipped  on  l;ho 
siiKiiith  pavement,  and  were  sent  back  as  unserviceable.  Burnal  D'cr.,  Hist. 
Vri-ildiL,  lOo. 

'■'  '  Aconietio  la  tres  o  quatro  vezes,  y  otros  tantos  dias.'is  Ooniara's  inter- 
pretation, ill  order  to  fill  up  the  time  assumed  by  him.   JJisl.  Mex.,  loG. 


t>. 


V^.  -  "O. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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2.0 


1.8 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  145S0 

(716)  873-4503 


^o 


o^ 


446 


nOIIT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


M  • 


amifl,  and  altliou<rh  badly  wounded  in  the  left  hand  ho 
immediatuly  led  his  men  to  the  charge.  The  Span- 
iards were  making  fair  progress,  when  two  heavy 
beams,  which  had  been  reserved  at  the  summit  for 
tiie  last  extremity,  were  loosened  and  sent  tumbling 
ilowii  the  side,  so  directed  as  to  sweep  to  destruction 
the  assailants  along  its  entire  length.  At  about  the 
centre  of  tlieir  terrible  passage,  full  before  them,  stood 
Cortes,  Immediate  death  for  himself  and  his  brave 
comrades  seemed  inevitable,  when  behold!  by  sonic 
unseen  finger  the  beams  were  turned  end  foremost 
and  sliot  harndessly  through  the  opening  made  for 
them  by  the  soldiers.  "Thanks  be  to  God  and  the 
virgin,  whose  image  was  placed  in  this  tower!"  cried 
Cortes,  as  without  the  loss  of  a  moment  he  sprang 
forward  and  speedily  gained  the  summit.  There  tlio 
fight  assianed  the  form  of  a  gladiatoritd  combat,  a 
hand-to-hand  and  lino-to-line  conflict,  poised  in  mid- 
air on  this  narrow  slippery  summit,  and  in  full  view 
of  the  whole  city.  As  if  by  common  consent  the 
combatants  bcdow  paused  in  t1  doody  work  and 
stood  breathless,  lost  in  the  re  thrilling  siglit 
above. 

At  the  eastern  end  of  the  platform  stood  the  two 
three-story  chapels,  over  fifty  feet  in  height,  origi- 
nally dedicated  to  Huitzilopochtli  and  Tezcatlijxxa. 
Against  this  the  Indians  had  massed  themselves, 
fierce  in  their  desperation.  The  Castilians  had  taken 
their  stand  at  the  other  end.  It  was  an  awful  situa- 
tion, dire  destruction  being  inevitable  to  one  side  or 
the  other.  With  nerves  and  sinews  strained  to  tluir 
utmost  tension,  they  stood  between  attacks  regarding 
each  other,  regarding  every  motion,  anon  picking; 
from  the  other's  number  with  javelin,  dart,  or  musket, 
as  they  were  able.  It  was  with  difficulty  the  >Spaii- 
iards  could  stand,  and  there  was  no  railing  roiind 
the  slippery  height;  but  fortune  again  assisted  l>y 
unveiling  the  sun  and  sending  its  blinding  rays  full  in 
the  face  of  the  enemy.    Every  now  and  then  the  sol- 


THE  LAST  DEFENDER  SLAIN. 


m 


(liiTS  charged  in  solid  jihalnnx  into  tlio  ccntro  of  tlio 
(tpjiosito  mass,  only  to  be  ol)li;^'ed  to  retire  under  the 
jiiessure  of  its  weight,  and  to  receive  the  counter- 
charge, encouraged  by  wildly  gesticulating  priests,  who 
ilitted  to  and  fro  in  bloody  robes  and  dishevelled 
liair.  Aware  of  the  inferiority  of  their  weapons,  the 
natives  sought  rather  to  seize  hold  of  the  S[)aniards, 
singly  or  in  groups,  and  with  the  recklessness  of 
(loomed  men  to  hurl  themselves  with  their  victims 
fidin  the  dizzy  height.  In  one  instance  Cortes  him- 
self was  selected  for  this  terrible  fate.  Inspired  to 
martyrdom  and  revenije,  two  younjif  nobles  watched 
their  opportunity,  and  a[)proached  him  on  their  knees, 
us  if  pleading  for  mercy.  Ere  he  had  time  to  con- 
sider the  situation  they  had  .seized  him  in  their 
aims  and  were  strufj<rlinij  to  tjain  the  edyje.  One 
moment  more  and  ho  would  have  been  dashed  to 
death,  but  by  putting  forth  his  whole  strength, 
nerved  by  desperation,  he  succeeded  in  freeing  him- 
self fiom  their  grasp.  Ojeda  was  singled  out  for  a 
similar  attempt,  and  would  have  perished  had  not  a 
(Genoese  come  to  his  aid.** 

For  three  houis  the  struggle  lasted,  while  one  In- 
(h:in  after  another  was  picked  ofl'  by  the  bullet  and 
the  arrow,  or  pierced  by  the  pik(j  and  sword,  or  sent 
lieadhjng  over  the  platform,  either  to  be  crushed  by 
the  fall  or  to  be  transfixed  by  tlie  Spanianis  on  tlio 
Kdgos  beh)W.  As  their  number  diminished,  many  a 
eiii'  sought  the  higher  martyrdom  l\y  lea[)ing  from  tlui 
saeied  spot  into  paradise.  Thus  melted  away  that 
lilted  band  of  Aztec  warriors.  At  the  ])ortal  (»f 
1 1  uitzilopochtli's  chapel  fell  the  last  defender;  and  two 
]'iiests,  one  of  them  the  high-))rie.st,  alone  remained 
ti>  otter  themselves  as  cai>tives.  On  entering  the 
(h.ipel  consecrated  to  the  virgin  no  traces  appeared 
•  >t'  the  holy  emblems,  only  evidences  of  id<jlatrous 


'"  Ojciln  npponrs  to  bo  tlio  sole  niithority  upon  which  Tlcrrora  rclios  for 
tliiM'  two  struus^lcs.  iloc.  ii.  lili.  x.  cap.  ix.  (Jhivigero  doubts  them;  yet  there 
i^  ii'thing  uiilikuly  in  cither  utteiiipt. 


m 


FIGHT  UPON  THE  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


rites,  and  upon  tlio  altar  stains  from  the  blaekeiu'd 
hands  of  the  temple  attendants,^'  In  tlie  adjoinint^ 
chapel  the  war-god  was  found  reinstalled  in  all  its 
j^littering  hideousness.  Some  consolation  for  this 
sacrile;jfious  intrusion  was  offered  to  the  victors  in 
despoiling  it  of  the  rich  ornaments,  while  the  cacao 
and  other  provisions  stored  here  by  the  j^arrisoii 
proved  a  prize  to  the  half-famished  {Spaniards.  Tin; 
Tlascaltecs,  so  long  deprived  of  meat,  j>ounced  upon 
the  bodies  of  the  slain  heroes  to  secure  them  fur  a 
feast,  which  should  not  only  satisfy  the  cravings  of 
liunger,  but  infuse  their  hearts  and  minds  with  sonic 
of  the  qualities  of  the  valiant  dead.^^  The  ciia|icls 
were  then  fired.  The  upi)er  portion  of  the  structuiv 
being  of  wood,  the  flames  rose  in  columns  heavenwai  <l 
lieralding  the  triumph  of  the  Spaniard,  and  striking 
the  Indian  with  awe.  It  was  a  great  and  thrilling 
feat,  this  fight  upon  the  temple  top;  and  so  the  natives 
regarded  it,  their  heart,  and  mind,  and  paintings  being 
all  stained  san<ruine  over  its  remembrance.'*^ 


an: 


"  It  was  related  aftoi-wnrd  th.'vt  wlicn  tlie  nativca  first  sought  to  roiiiovi> 
tlio  vii'L'iii  imago  tlu'ir  liamls  clove  ])o\verle.ssly  to  it  for  some  tiine.  and  li  tt 
tlifir  iiiaikH  upon  it.  Or'mlo,  ill.  .">I0.  Moiite/uina,  Ix^iug  tx>lil  of  this  inirailc. 
oi-derc(l  the  image  to  l>e  left  in  its  ]ilaee.  Afterward,  'pareeiit,  se^'iin 
BUpimos,  «|nc  el  gran  Montecuma  tenia  o  deuooion  en  ella,  «i  niiedo,  y  la 
inando  guardar.'  Jlmiul  JJi  r.,  Hint.  Viriinl.,  104,  10*2.  Others,  as  will  l'<; 
shown,  sujijiose  it  to  have  hei'U  saved  by  its  owner,  ViUafuerte,  ])i  r!i:i|'.-i 
wlu-n  ('orti'S  withdrew  the  troops  from  the  temple,  or  to  iiavo  lied  hy  its 
ow  n  miraeulons  power  to  the  shrine  at  llenieilios. 

''^  'Coniieru  do  lo8  caualleroa  Muxicauos  niuortos.'  Ileirera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x. 
cap.  ix. 

''^  ( 'orti's,  Cnrtds,  I.IO-I .  Aceording  to  ]ien;al  I)iaz  the  sally  with  the  engiiii'S 
was  directetl  against  th'"  temple,  whieh  he  appears  to  j)laee  at  aomo  itistaiu  •■. 
It  was  held  liy  ',WM  or  4()0((  Indians,  'all  chiefs,' and  cost  tlio  Spaniards  K! 
lives,  every  man  being  beside  wounded.  'J'liey  returned  hanl  pressed  by  tiifi 
enemy.  '  Se  mostro  (,"ortes  mui  varo,  conio  siepro.'  ///.</.  Vvnlml.,  10.'{— 1.  '  Mn- 
rieron  todos  (|uinientos  Indios,  eomo  valientes.'  Ooinnni,  ll'tst.  Mfr.,  \'u.  '  Ka 
trecientos  cauallero.s  (juo  alii  cst^mau  no  ([uedaron  soys  viuos.'  //ciriiu,  l'i>. 
(it.  This  author  describes  on  a  later  occasion  the  capture  of  a  tower  att'icle  d 
to  Montezuma's  own  |)alace,  from  which  missiles  fell  with  telling  etlect.  Cort'  * 
fjoes  with  'J0()  men  to  reduce  it,  and  is  hotly  received;  yet  the  Indians,  n  ly- 
iii;r  ujion  the  execution  to  bo  made  by  some  loose  beams  which  arc  t<i  Ih-  roll'-l 
down  u|)on  the  ivasailants  at  a  favoraiile  moment,  allow  the  Spaniards  to  rii>li 
1  >r\\iiiil  and  gain  the  tower,  putting  almost  every  occu[)aut  to  the  swonl. 
'I'his  story  is  proljubly  a  version  of  the  temple  light. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 


DEATH  ,0F    MONTEZUMA. 

JrNK,  1520. 

A  LtviVH  Death— The  Old  Tmi'kuiai.  P.arty  and  the  Xkw  PowEn  — 
Aztec  Dkkiante— pKuii-ors  Positikx  of  the  Spasiaiiks — F)i.sAri'<>iNT 
MENT  TO  Coktes  Anothek  Sai.i.v— The  Dyis<;  MosAiti'H  -He  hah 
NO  Desire  to  Live  —  His  KEJEtTioN  op  a  \ew  Faith  —  He  will 
None  of  the  Heaven  oe  the  Si'amaki»s — Commevks  his  Chiluuen 
to  Coktes — The  Chakacteii  ok  Montezuma  and  ok  his  JIeii;n. 


tlu 
w 


LoNO  before  this  the  Spaniards  liad  learned  that 


><)\ver  wliicli 


liad 


arisen    ni 


>ront 


eziinias   s 


tead 


as  of  a  ditllient,  <|UaHty  I'ntni  that  hitely  wieldml 
I'V  the  poor  eaLfed  njoiiareh,  whose  proml  spirit  *hey 
had  so  bhLjhted  and  hrou*,dit  h)\v.  Xo  Qiietzalcoatl 
nr  other  peisiuiaiLje,  fair  or  dark,  lieaven-desceiided  or 
•  •t'  ini))ort  infei-nal,  iniLfht  now  interpose  to  pi-event 
the  kiUinji^  and  eookiiiij^  of  the  strangers.  C'oi'tes 
had  thoU!j;ht.  tliat  tlie  late  sj>oliation  of  idols  would 
nil  the  peo|)le  with  awe  toward  hein^js  so  sn|)erior 
to  their  ^ods.  ]>ut  when  ho  threatened  that  if  they 
(lid  not  lav  d 
should 


own 


tl 


len*  aims   n<» 


remain  anve,  m 


t    a  man   of  them 
or  one  stone  Ix;  l«'ft  on  another 


tliiouj^lKHit  all  their  <'ity,  tlu-y  laut^lu'd  at  him,  the 
I'liests  ahettinj^.  "llow  -;peak  you  so  foolishly,"  they 
said,  "mortal  as  wo  now  know  you  to  I 
di   life  wo   are    pit- pare* I   t< 


evi'iy   h[)ani: 


o  wo   are    prtpare«l   to   sacniice,   i 


»e,  when 
•rili( 


for 


if 


ii<i'd  be,  twenty-tivo  thousand  of  our  own  li\^ 
Tiny  had  out  oiF  retreat  at  the  causeways,  so  that 
till'  lake  alone  was  open  to  exit,  an<l  here  the'y  were 
]>i(|>aro(l  with  Hoots  of  canoes  tilled  with  resolute 
lueii.     Even  should  tho   Sj»aniards  hold  out   against 


Hist.  Mkx.,  Vul.  I.    29 


( i*'i ) 


: 


'S 


¥ 


!§ 


!?    i 


li] 


i|: 


fS* 


■  t 


E* ! 


Ni- 


4.M) 


DEATH  OF  MONTEZUMA. 


assault,  luinfTor  and  thirst  must  ovoroonio  them  in  tlio 
ou<l.  "Tlic  truth  of  this  was  too  evidt-nt,"  ohscrvrs 
Cortc's,  "for  hunji^er  alone  would  liave  soon  killi'd  us." 

The  imperial  party, whieh  had  sunk  to  insiirniticanci! 
sime  the  elevation  of  Cuitlahuatzin  to  the  leadership, 
and  was  now  sustained  only  by  a  few  relatives  of 
Montezuma,  had  no  lonj^er  a  voice  in  the  direction 
of  aflairs.  Their  efforts  to  make  terms  with  the 
S|>aniards  mij^ht  have  gained,  puhlie  approval,  hnt 
the  and)ition  of  Cuitlahuatzin  stooil  in  the  way  of 
any  compromise.  To  release  the  stranwrs  would  !>«' 
to  rest«>re  JNIontezunia,  and  he  prelV'ried  t(^  occujiy 
the  tlirone  himself  He  was  also  covetous  of  mili- 
tary fame;  and  knowing  the  desperate  condition  of 
the  hesii'ged,  he  hoped  l)y  their  reduction  to  a<ld  to 
his  record  of  glorious  achievements.* 

The  soldiers  felt  the  peril  of  their  position  moio 
than  the  general.  They  had  been  cheeri'd  f»»r  ;i 
moment  by  victory,  only  to  find  how  barren  it  was; 
only  to  realize  that  many  such  triumj)hs  would  jhonc 
their  ruin.  In  order  to  counteract  this  growing  «lr- 
spondency,  Cortes  resolved  on  a  night  sally  with  half 
his  force.  The  Indian.s  being  unprepared  for  this,  the 
paity  advanced  with  comparative  impunity,  destrovi d 
several  bairicades,  antl  tired  a  large  number  of  houst  s 
along  the  Tlacopan  road,  where  the  roof  assault  liiid 
been  so  severe.  The  warriors  having  finally  gathcinl 
in  sufficient  force  to  render  retreat  advisable,  tlio 
Spaniards  destroyed  a  nund)er  of  buildings  in  tin- 
vicinity  of  their  (piarters  before  entering,  and  tliiis 
secured  additional  immunity.^ 

The  present  purpose  of  the  Spaniards  was  to  op'  ii 
an  exit  from  the  city.     At  a  council,  called  to  c  ii- 

'  In  Mnnuitrrit  ih  loQS,  Auhtti,  Col.,  Cihuacohuatl  ami  Tzilmncjvipocit,  in. 
brothers  of  Monte/uiiiii,  iin*  imiiieil  iu»  the  Icuil'-rs  of  i\w  opiMwitioii  |i,iity. 
coiini'cU'il  also  with  tln'  followors  of  Qiu'tailooatl,  whoal)horr»Mi  tho  i-nicl  i  itr.i 
of  till'  A/ti'i\s.  Tlu'v  smTi'filotl,  it  is  miiil,  in  introiliiuin^  jirovisidii^  t"i" 
the  lK'Nif;it(l.  Ihusg,  iir  df  Jioiirlioiinj,  Hist.  2^'at.  tVc,  iv.  317  IS.  lint  tin-  is 
doul)tfnl. 

'  'I  Ills  is  prolwbly  the  sally  which  llorrera iutrusta  t*>  Suluedo.  dec.  ii.  li'i.  x. 
cap.  viii. 


EFFORTS  TO  LEAVE  THE  CITY. 


4.-.1 


moro 

lor  a 

it  was; 

[\>r    (If- 

rhair 

;,  111"" 

rovrtl 

lOUStS 

t  ba.l 

e,  tho 
u  th'-' 
I  thus 

()  oyrw 

r,j-Kicnt/ii>. 

i-nifl  iit''^ 
isitiii-'  ''"■ 
Hut  till- 1* 


sidor  the  situation,  it  was  adiuittod  tliat  (U'lay  would 
(•lily  reduce  their  strenj^tli  without  (•orres])ondiMijf  ^aiu, 
and  with  the  prospect  of  ch)sin«^  more  ellectually  tlie 
jL^^ate  against  theni.^  It  was  a  great  disappointment  to 
Cortes  thus  to  abandon  his  hard-earned  advantage. 
There  were  those  who  would  exult  over  his  mis- 
iortunes,  and  never  could  he  hojie  to  win  favor  from 
the  king  excei)t  by  some  brilliant  success.  Jiut 
this  ho  would  yet  achieve,  God  willing,  or  perish  iu 
the  atteinpt. 

The  engines  were  strengthened,  and  every  prepa- 
ration was  made  to  meet  the  rapitlly  aecunudating 
(lilHoulties.  At  dawn  a  large  force  set  out  in  the 
(lii'ectiou  of  the  Tlacopan  causeway  to  secure  its  ap- 
jiroaches.*  The  advance  was  n»ade  in  the  order  of  tiie 
(lay  previous,  with  guns  and  pioneers,  and  with  cav- 
ahy  in  front  and  rear.  The  late  destruction  of  houses 
jiroved  of  no  considerable  advantage,  but  the  canniMi 
iK'ing  brought  to  play  on  the  barricades,  an  o|)eniiig 
was  soon  made.  The  engines,  with  their  ft)rtili»'d 
sides  and  covers,  proved  more  eflicient  than  fornunly 
in  checking  assaults  from  the  roofs.  The  soldiers 
accordingly  advanced  with  firmer  resolution,  and 
although  the  showers  from  the  house-tops  were  still 
troublesome,  and  resistance  on  the  streets  was  as 
lierce  as  ever,  yet  one  alter  anotiier  the  first  four 
canals  were  captured.  The  nearest  houses  weie 
ra/.ed,  and  with  the  debris  roadways  were  thrown 
acidss  the  chaimels. 

These  operations  were  carried  on  in  the  face 
of  ;i  bitter  onslaught,  and  occupied  the  entire  day. 
Evening  being  at  hand  the  crossings  were  left  in 
(liarge  of  a  strong  guard,  composed  of  the  freshest 
men,  while  the  rest  returned  to  the  fort. 

'  'Por  importiiiudnil  do  muchos. . .  .acordi')  <1e  snlir  della.'  Carta  ilcl  HJi'r- 
dl".  ill  I'-azha!ctt(i,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  4'J9.  '  Kl, . .  .cupituii  <lilata)>n  <le  cailii  dia  la 
ili^ liii  salidu,'  liiit  tlu!  orticcTs  insiiitc-d  that  ho  sliuuld  leave.  Seijuiula  Pruhunta 

(/--  /.' ;-(/-/,■,  ill  j,f.,  4v'3. 

' « 'lii\  igeio  <liri'Ct.s  the  operation  against  tlie  Iztnpnlnpan  road,  wliicli 
Wuuld  Ituvc  been  u  useless  iiiouuiuvro.     (Jurtes  is  explicit  euuugh  uu  the  |Hiiiit. 


4.-2 


DEATH  OF  MOXTEZUMA. 


;I1- 


Montezuiiiii  tlic  wliik'  lav  a-dvinjT:,  prostrato  a-dviiiLT. 
Hot  as  W'spasiaii  would  have  an  einpcror  dm — stand 
iii:^;  but  with  manhood,  and  the  a.s[)irationH  of  man. 
;iy,  oven  the  rej^ret.s  and  rcmor.se  incident  to  foilt  d 
endeavor,  all  crushed  he  was  killed  when  the  insults 
of  his  people  fell  Upon  him;  he  scarcely  heeded  thrir 
dui'ts  and  stones. 

It  is  not  necessary  always  that  breath  shall  ccast> 
bctbre  one  can  be  dead.  From  lanthe's  .spirit  fll 
the  shackles  of  .sen.se,  the  body  bein^jf  left  witli  it< 
animal  life,  l»ut  soulless.  And  thougli  corporal  IIIV' 
was  yet  present  in  Montezuma,  the  .soul  was  already 
IVcc:  the  accursed  aliens  had  done  their  worst.  Wlim 
the  mii^'ht  of  .sacretl  sovereii^nty  was  extini^uished,  tlir 
rcMuains  were  less  than  man,  though  they  walked,  and 
talked,  and  wept. 

( 'onipared  with  his  present  condition,  how  di<j^nir.  il 
and  ha})}»y  death  would  have  been  by  the  hands  o\'  lii- 
bi'other  priests,  before  the  j.(ods,  in  the  eyes  of  t!i.' 
nation,  on  the  sacred  sacrificial  stone!  Or,  like  tli.i; 
anionjj^  the  Massagetic,  told  of  by  Herodotus,  \\]i<> 
.'.acriHced  and  ate  their  ol<l  people,  holding  natuial 
(leatli  a  misfortune — even  this  or  any  other  ste[)])i!iLr 
down  and  out  would  have  been  preferable  to  tliu- 
(lying  like  a  silly  hare  in  a  trap! 

He  refused  food  and  any  attention  to  the  wound-. 
Mliieh  were  far  from  fatal.  He  tore  off  the  banda'4(  -. 
tlir(>w  from  him  all  medicines,  and  bared  his  body  t^ 
<lisease,  even  as  his  .soul  had  been  long  since  baiv^!, 
a:i(l  .stretched  out  his  hand  to  hasten  the  cold  stniiy 
gras|»  of  death.  What  a  farce  was  life,  and  honor.  -Awd 
majesty,  all  to  end  in  poverty  <iiid  disgrace!  Feeling 
th<'  all-'-hanging  momentat  hi  nd  Jie  sunmioned  CoHi' - : 
for  despite  his  long  maltreatment  he  entertained  a  kind 
of  affection  for  the  monster,  who  might  even  yet  pri'\  ■ 
to  be  the  demi-god  of  so'ue  far  away  incomprehensililc 
world.  Moreover,  the  Spaniard's  intellect  and  mm 
were  the  stronger;  he  was  his  son-in-law  and  prolci''!'' 
successor;  therefore,  tliough  his  jailer,  he  would  siicuk 


LAST  APPEALS. 


453 


tin'.- 

mud-, 
idam". 

()(lv  t" 

Ibaivd, 

sti'i'.y 

hv,  and 
foi'lin;^' 
(irt<'-- 
lak'nid 

1(1  arm 

[oba'i'l'' 
spt'ak 


witli  liiin.  And  when  lie  canio  MoiitczAuna  sa'd: 
'The  end  for  nie  a})jir()aehes,  ^lahiuhe;  it  is  even 
In  re.  You  eannot  harm  me  further,  noi-  lielp  \\\v  if 
VdU  woul(L  I  have  j>iven  you  all;  you  liave  taken 
;ill — my  liberty,  niy  kin«^dom,  my  hie,  and  that  Nvhi<h 
i>  more  to  me  than  kingdom,  hberty,  or  lile,  tin; 
atlection  of  my  jieople,  the  love  of  my  eounsellor.s  and 
fiitiids;  and  respect — resj)eet  of  self,  and  tliat  sacred 
ivsjK'ct  \vhieh,  living  or  <lead,  is  mine  hy  iidieritance, 
all'!  hy  virtue  of  my  ofliee.  ]5ut  I  would  not  ujthraid 
yon;  I  pra}*  only  that  my  ruin  will  benefit  you;  I  beg 
(if  vou  earo  for  mv  children,  and  I  conjure  vou  to 
avenge  me  on  my  rebel  subjects  and  their  leaders."" 
Moved  by  the  touching  appeal,  Cortes  promised 
;ill  tliat  was  asked  of  him,  while  remonstrating  with 
tlie  monarch  for  rejecting  food  and  medicine.  Mon- 
tr/,unia  then,  in  like  manner,  exh()rted  his  nobles  wlio 
Were  pris()n«'rs  with  him,  and  was  touched  by  tluir 
SHiTow  for  the  .sad  state  of  the  empire,  and  their 
manifestation  of  affection  for  himself  Father  Olmedu, 
\vli(»  liad  never  relaxed  his  efforts  for  the  captives 
Kinversion,  now  pressed  to  his  aid  the  general.  lUit 
in  vain.  All  else  these  beings  maledict  had  taken 
tVoia  liim;  they  should  not  now  rob  him  of  his  re- 
li.;i<>n.  His  faith  was  as  dear  to  him,  as  true,  as 
jiiire,  as  efficacious,  as  was  theirs  to  them.  Away 
with  another's  <j:ods!  Let  each  live  and  die  liy  liis 
own.  lie  was  high-priest,  too,  and  for  him  to  proxt; 
recreant  to  the  national  faith  would  oversjiadow  all  his 
I'l'i'iiier  crimes  condjined.  "What  is  this  they  would 
liave  of  me?"  he  groaned  within  himself  Then  turning 
>UiliK'idy  to  Olmedo,  he  asked,  "Do  S[)aniards  go  to 

••  111  a  /iririlefi'io  in  favor  of  the  d.-uif^littT  I>mi))i'1,  Cortis  refers  to  tliis  in- 
tcivirw,  Hoyiinr  that  tlilee  (hui),'lilers  wvvti  iutrusteil  to  liini.  No  iiUus.hh  is 
inaili'  to  imy  son.  The  ulVcetioimtc  terms  in  wliieh  lie  lierein  speaks  of  Mnn- 
ttviiuia  iiiiisl  1)0  due  to  jKjlitieal  reasons,  and  peiliaps  to  a  renaid  f.ii'  tlio 
I'lilicsses.  /'due",  \'irc>i<s,  in  Miuiiinn iilnit  lluiniii.  /,>/<,.  M.s.,(i7  S.  l{iiiiiiie/. 
li'lii  uli-s  tlie  idea  of  an  fijipeal  l)y  the  emperor  to  (.'irtcs,  w  ho  was  on  iinfiM  ndly 
t(i;iis  with  him.  .So-.  Mi  .i-.Hcoj.,  /^'o/<^■/^^•.  .'}.">!  (etsei|.  lUit  the<  Hi  h  tot  Niciite- 
i'iii:i.i  to  siive  till!  Spaniards  .shows  that  interooiir.-^e  had  Ixcn  reest:ili!islnd  ; 
hii!  Was  not  fortes,  as  the  iiiishand  of  one  or  more  of  liis  daiiyliiers,  tlie 
I'H'pur  person  to  protect  tiieir  sisters? 


4r)4 


DEATH  OF  MOXTEZUMA. 


IhiM  lioavon  of  y<nirH?"  "Assuredly,"  was  tlic  n'uly: 
"it  was  iiia(l(!  lor  thorn,  and  is  luld  l)y  ('hristiaii>, 
aj^aiust  all  (tlhors,  as  tho  reward  ot*  tlu'ir  j)Uiv  lulit  t' 
and  jjfcntlt'  ileeds,"  "Jt  is  imiouljIi;  I  will  noMi;  ol"  it." 
said  Monte/Auna,  who  I'roni  that  nionuMit  would  not 
li-;ti'n  to  a  word  of  Christian  exhoi-tation/'  If  was 
early  in  the  morning  of  the  DOth  of  June,^  three  ilays 


SI  1 


"Tho  quoxtioii  of  Ilia  convoi-sion  1ms  bom  imu'li  ilisotissctl.  'No  Ic  jnnl.) 
atr:i<  r  ii  ijiic  sc  lidlvifssc  Cristiaiio,'  say.-*  I'MTiiiii  l)ia/,  llist.  Vinlnil.,  Iit.i; 
tiinl  llori'pra  is  cvni  iiiorf  ''xplicit.  iK-o.  ii.  lil).  x.  ca|).  x.  ('i)rti's  aiiil  lii<  I"! 
lowers.  Martyr  ami  Oviotlit.  uivo  no  imlicatinnH  to  tiio  contrary.  I\tiil\  nhitl 
Btiitt's,  however,  that  ho  hail  learneil  si-veral  prayei-H,  anil  iveii  l>ej;4cil  tor 
liaptisni,  but  tiiat  the  rito  w;i.s  deferreil  'por  la  paseiia  siu'ilienti-.  ipie  <r;i  il.'  I,i 
ro-iiirroccion,  y  fiio  tan  tlesdieliailo,  (pie  nunea alean/i'i  tanto  bien.'  lift  i  'li'nl,  . 
'J:)!(.  Yet  he  adds  that  it  has  been  Kiid  "ipie  se  b;iuti/ii  y  .se  llanio  Itou  .lii.iii.' 
J!(liirioiics,4'>'i.  Aoeordinj;  to(i(Mnara  heask"d  for  ba])tisni  in  tiie  bei;innin'4  "f 
lent,  but  it  was  determined  t()iKntiK>no  tiie  rito  till  |tenteeost,  for  j,'i'eater'lle  t. 
an<l  as  more  apiirojiriate  for  Hoiiigli  a  l>er'ii)nage.  Owiii;.;  to  tlio  troiilih's  aii--.iu 
out  of  Narva''Z  arrival  nothinj,'  was  done  tlion.  'y  despues  do  herido  oluiii.i  :e 
fon  la  prissa  del  jielearl'  ///.<'.  .1/' c,  \7A.  Cortt's  had  persuaded  liiiii,  .si\-( 
\'i't:incnrt,  dnrin.i{  the  early  days  of  his  inii>ris<)nniont.  to  ai-cept  l>ai)ti.siii,  Mini 
lie  was  taken  to  the  temple  for  the  pnrpose,  but  at  the  last  moment  lie  ••xiiHr.l 
liiuiself  on  the  ground  tiiat  tho  Indians  would  eleet  another  lord  iind  at ta.k 
tliein  all  if  ho  al)andoiied  the  faith.  Tcittro  Mcr.,  iii.  1;{J-U.  Fathei-  l>iir:iii. 
<>n  tiio  contrary,  over  zealous  for  tho  natives,  anil  j>articularly  for  his  hin.. 
Monti'zuma,  as.serts  tiiat  trustworthy  men  had  vouoh'd  for  his  baptism.  I'.iiliv 
Olmcdo  had  also  expressed  belief  therein.  aUhoU);li  ho  had  not  be  'U  ]in'si  nt 
vlien  it  was  mlministered.  ///>/.  /;/(/..  MS.,  ii.  4  ir».  The  father's  meiiiniy 
must  have  failed  him  with  respect  toOlniedo.  (^imargo  has  also  been  as>iiiri| 
<>f  his  baptism,  with  Cortt^s  and  Aivarado  for  s|K>nsors.  //^-^  T/n-..  bii!. 
Tezoi'omoc, who  claims  to  have  investi};ated  the  ])oint,  declares  ex]>licit!y  tliit 
tlio  ri'.e  was  administered  on  his  death-bed,  when  ho  reecivi'd  tiie  ii:imii'  ■■! 
Chios,  and  that  ('ort<''s.  Olid,  and  Aivarado  weiv  tiie  sponsors.  I'i,;,i,',l,iri,,,i 
ill'  !•'  rulicd'i  tnvli'i'iiiiM,  firohinulo  i/iic  d  ('iii]Dr<i'li>i'  Mo'tithnima  ricih'ni  il  ^nhin 
nUfrdDii  iiti)  ill'  Ihiiitisiiio.  This  author  wrote  at  tiie  close  of  the  si\te  titli 
century,  and  follows  traditions  only,  nustiunanto,  in  modern  times,  lias  ;il>'i 
reviewed  the  ijuostimi,  and  follows  Tezozonioo  implicitly.  In  su])])iirt  tlicn"! 
he  (piotes  a  jiotni,  by  Captain  Angil  I'.etancourt.  wherein  he  retVi-s  t  >  M'lit.  • 
zuina  -IS  tlio  *  indio  /<f(i(//;a7<),' introduces  tlie  vaijMO  utterance  of  IxtliK'K  lui!, 
iind  even  attempts  to  misconstriU!  a  certiiin  expression  of  (\>rtes.  Monti  /uiu  i 
tells  tlio  latter  to  baptize  his  daughters,  !ind  this  Itiistamante  rei^anlsin  piMiif 
tiiiit  lie  liiins-.'lf  desired  the  rite.  Ue  does  not  suppose  that  the  rcli,'ioii  i<i  tin' 
vicious  Spaiiiard.-i  could  have  had  p-eat  attractions  for  him,  but  when  alii'it  [» 
die  hi'  accepted  it,  'as  tlie  drowning;  nitin  does  the  .miviiii;  jilaiik.'  .Vrticli' in 
('/I'liiii/iiiiiii,  Ifisf.  t  'o:ii;.,  i.  'JST-O.l.  Still  fuller  is  the  review  of  Itaniirc  ',  ^^llll 
follows  Torniiomada  in  pointin;'  out  tho  fact  that  neither  tJortOs  nor  .\lv;ir:i  li> 
ever  refciTou  totlii'ir  supposed  sp  >nsorship,  as  they  certainly  would  iiavi'  iliii,« 
ill  coiini!ction  with  so  distinguished  u  personage  had  tlioy  felt  enipowerci!.  Sn,-. 
Jfir.  (I'i'O;!.,  JMi'fhi. 

'  Cortes'  chronoloiry,  na  inflioatod  in  the  f'artan,  sliows  eloarly  that  In'  li!t 
Mexico  during  the  night  of  June  .'llHli,  as  will  be  demonstrated.  lb'  nlsK 
ininlies  what  Reriial  Diaz  ninl  llorreru  distinctly  assert,  that  eonsidi  niMi' 
lighting  tiKik  jilace  on  the  Titvcopan  road  between  the  time  the  corjis.'  «.i.< 
B  freiidered  to  tlie  .\ztocs  and  the  Spaniards  returned  to  their  ipiartr;''  l"'' 
pra-atory  to  ovuuuation.     llenco  the  death  must  have  occurred  early  vn  lliat 


CHARACTKR  OF  THK  MAV. 


iiftt'i'  tlio  trvliii^  sri'iu'  in  tlie  pivsi-uco  of  his  poojuo, 
that  the  luniiaich  hrtathod  his  last.  And  vwn  the 
S|taiiiar(ls  I'oij^ot  tor  a  nioniont  tluir  diahohsnis,  ami 
alloNVi'd  their  ininds  to  dwell  on  tlio  virtues  of  this 
luai^nifieent  heathen,  this  niiixhty  sovereiijfn,  their 
.s\v»'i't-teinj)ered  urisoner,  and  kind  and  j^i-nerous  lnjst." 
or  a  truth,  despite  his  pusilhininiity  with  reijard 
to  the  Spaniards,  which  was  indeed  little  else  than 
pardiMiahle  sujurstition,  this  man  was  in  many  re- 
spects not  unworthy  the  title  of  (ireat  so  freely 
Itctowed  uj)on  him.  Montezuma  was  hut  I'orty-one' 
;it  the  time  of  his  death,  and  had  wielded  the  sceptre 
for  nearly  ei<^hteen  years  with  wonderful  success. 
1  iider  him  the  Aztec  empire  ac(|uired  its  widest 
«xtcnt  and  oivatest  <jlorv.  While  his  armies  hy  well 
diiccted  t)perations  spread  the  terror  of  his  name  to 


>tant 


pr 


ov 


ions 
mces  anil  increased  the  national  domai.i 
iiy  fresh  coiKjuests,  his  suhtle  intrijjfues  scui-ed  ail 
vaiitai^es  at  home,  and  estahlislu'd  the  suj^i'macy  of 
Mexico  in  the  tripartite  alliance.  With  a  high  re<^ard 
lor  the  diufiiity  of  his  throne,  he  causetl  the  sovi.'rei<:fn 
to  l)o  worshipj)ed  almost  like  a  fjfod,  and  sustained 
till'  o'rundeur  of  his  surroundini(s  with  lavish  exj)endi- 
tiiie.  This  severe  and  ostentatious  |)ride  kept  him 
iil)ovi;  the  reach  of  his  people,  and  I'ailini;  to  untler- 
stund  their  wants  or  to  sympathize  witii  their  condi- 
tion, he  ruled  not  hy  love,  hut  hy  fear.  Thus  it  is 
that  we  lind  the  native  records  dwell  upon  his  iitful 

(l:iy.  n(>rrera  oonfinns  CortiV  tostiinoiiy  tlint  he  oouM  not  have  ilicd  Iti'fore 
till' Itotli,  l>y  Hiiyiiiir,  'I'li  i|niitro  ilias  si'  muriu.'  dn'.  ii.  lil>.  x.  i';ii).  \.  Jt  is 
iil-i>  ;,'fiiorally  iiilniiltod  that  hu  was  not  wimmli'il  licforo  tlii'  tliiiil  day  of  the 
»ii'i:i'. 

'■  •('ortca  lloro  jior  M,  y  todos  niu'stros  rapitaiics,  y  soldadn.s:  i-  lioiiil>ri-4 
luivii  ciitre  nosotros.  .  .  .<|tie  tan  llorado  fiif,  coiiio  .si  futia  iiiii'stm  padn'.' 
Urmil  /liir.,  Hist.  Verdiiil.,  1()4._  C'orti-H  Hj>eaks  lii<{ldy  of  liini,  'y  siniipn! 
tiivii  iiiiii  Itnona  voluntad  .1  los  Mspafioles, '  l>ut  this  is  in  tint  (h'('(|  pi-rst'iiti'cl 
t"  his  dan^'hter.  Sch!  /'rii'ili'iilo,  MoHiiiiiyii/nit  hntniit.  Ekj).,  MS.,  (i(J.  In  tho 
C'lrlds  ill'  is  n-forrcd  to  nieroly  as  u  captive  who  dies.  After  sjiyiii^,'  that  ho 
iifvir  con.sciitod  t<)  the  death  of  o.  S)Miniai-d  nor  to  injury  against  C,'i>rtfs, 
(liiiiiiiniadtls:  'Tamilian  aj'tinion  h)  cotniriodiffa.'  l/ist.  Mer,,  l.i-l  'i. 

'  t 'lavij,'iTo  says  54,  \nit  hfrnal  Uiaz,  who  wiw  so  much  in  Ins  conip.iny, 
I'oiiM  hardly  havo  l>c«-n  niistaki'ii,  and  tlie  coniparutivc  youth  of  iiis  cliildri'U 
aUo  indicates  that  4 1  is  more  curruct. 


I 


t 


\i\ 


%  '■ 


m  DKATI!  OP  MONTEZrMA. 

(•(>1<1-1)1<)(h1(«1  rruolty  and  snjxTstition,  not  us  a  tyraiif, 
Ijowcvt-r,  imt  as  an  adniinistrator  of  tlu-ii*  own  <  rml 
yi't  ri'vcrt'd  rites.  }[c  was  ri'imtcd  Just,  Imt  this 
«|uality  \va.s  to  l>o  found  ratlit'i*  in  the  intention  than 
in  the  aet.  Witli  all  Jiis  pride  lie  aj»iH'ar.s  to  have 
heen  most  afl'ahle  and  kind  to  those  with  whom  he 
came  in  contact.  The  SjKiniards  certaiidy  found  liiin 
so.  Tn  their  later  inti'rcourse  other  c«»nsiderations 
may  have  ruled  him,  however,  and  with  the  eunniiii,' 
and  secrecy  of  his  race  ho  may  have  submitted  to  the 
inevitahle  demands  of  circumstances.'"* 

Surrounded  by  fawnini,'  mini.sters,  wjioso  existence 
depended  on  ids  favor,  he  was  encourai^cfl  in  tlu;  e\- 
travau^ant  habits  of  a  maL^nificent  court,  which  )»ro- 
moti>d  their  schenu'S  at  tlie  exj)e!ise  of  a  tax-riddcii 
people.  The  ambition  to  extend  his  ianu^  and  power 
re<|uii'ed  the  maintenance  of  immense  armies, of  nunin- 
ous  ujarrisons,  and  of  costly  canipaii^ns,  which  pioved 
another  drain  on  tlie  j»eo])le.  Tliis  was  aULjmeiite(|  in 
subjected  provinces  by  the  extortions  of  im]>eii;il 
officers,  who  found  means  to  prevent  the  cry  of  the 
oppressed  from  reachin;^  the  tliro:  ^.  Perliaps  the 
most  terrible  infliction  was  the  levy  on  the  youth  of 
both  sexes  for  slaves,  and  for  sacrificial  victims  t^ 
a|)pease  the  bloody  appetite  of  Aztec  <2^o«ls — an  a|)|)t  - 
tite  which  had  increased  in  horror  with  the  abject 
superstition  of  this  otherwise  enli;nrhtened  monarch. 
Enlin^'htened  he  undoubtedly  was,  for  as  hijjfh-]))'iest 
he  had  become  versed  in  tlie  hiu^her  learniiiL?  (»f  the 
priesthood.  The  study  of  mythology  came  naturally  to 
him,  while  astronomy  and  natural  history  were  favorite 
subjects  with  the  loi'ds  of  the  lake  j)eoples,  the  I'oi-iih  r 
ctmnected  with  myths  and  divinations,  the  lattei-  illiH- 
trated  by  specimens  from  ditlerent  n^gions,  and  vo\- 

'"' '  Antes  ni  despues  Inivo  en  este  niiuulo  qiiion  Ic  ipuilaso  cii  in.i,i.'osta'l  V 

profaniilad.  .  .  .fueinuy  jiisticiero lecuinlioiun  imiy.s<'vci'(i,;uiiiiniei'n(ii|'i  y 

y:ai'ii>s'>. '  Ixtlilxiii'h'itl,  Hist.  <'h!rh.,  301.  'l>i/.eii  los  Imlios  <jut'  fiio  <■!  mcjur 
(k'  sii  liiiajc,  y  I'l  mayor  rt'y  lU-  MoxicD,'  Odiwini,  Hi<t.  Mc.v,,  1>V).  '  Fu  c/ii'''- 
8;>i'ttii,  inaLCiiirK'ct,  lil)i'ial<' .  . .  .sii-i  ;,,'iii.stiziii  ili'i;oiu'rava  in  cnidcltfi.'  ('lie-'  frn, 
I'^'luiia  .1/( ,•)>.,  iii.  i;{2;  Jhrrtni,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cu|t.  x.;   'J'or</ui'iiuula,  i.  4'J'J  OUO. 


TIIK  MAX  AND  TIIK  XATION'. 


4.-.7 


lo('tc;l  in  tlic  botanic  aiiil  zooV)<i('  tjardfus  of  ^Icxico 
and  otluT  cities.  Tlu!  studies  ni  'lis  yontli  had  gained 
tnr  liini  a  well  nioritod  ivspoct  IVoc.  his  j>riestly  con- 
I'lviL's,  and  the  prudence  aiul  saL,''acity  which  eontrolied 
the  Well  stored  uiin<l  coninian(h'd  attention  in  tlio 
.ouncil."  While  yet  a  youn;^'  man  there  soenud  t  » 
(ievelo|)  ([ualities  which  iitte<l  him  for  the  position  of 
liiLch-prit.'st,  also  as  counsellor,  to  which  his  jtrined, 
rank  paxisd  an  easy  way.  liesides  this  he  had  shown 
himsi;ll'  possessed  of  «^reat  coura^^e,  and  had  ostiiblished 
his  fame  as  a  <^(;neral  hy  many  victories. 

It  was  with  this  re[>utation,  as  zealous  and  hiirned 
]iriest,  prudent  't-' jsman,  and  hrave  soldier,  that  Jit> 
ascended  the  throne  in  150'J,  while  only  twenty-tlueo 
yvAV.-i  of  ;;  .  \  It  is  in  such  terms  that  his  colh-aLjue 
Xczahualjtilli  in  his  coronation  addivss  refers  to  the 
hopes  entertained  of  the  youthful  ruh-r."  ThoUL;h 
ever  a  devout  servant  of  the  <^ods,  the  cfTeminate 
pleasures  of  the  court  weakened  the  nerves  an<l  energy 
of  the  soldier,  till  his  warlike  ardor  survived  oidy  in 
a  taste  for  military  reviews  and  ibr  the  chase.  The 
•  aution  of  the  general  remained,  hut  timidity  saves 
few  leaders  from  disaster.  Vanity  and  desi<jfnintx  min- 
ist«.'rs  overruled  too  often  the  dictates  of  wisdom  in 
the  administration  of  aifairs."  His  path  had  heeii 
in'cpared  hy  able  predecessors,  and  answered  well  for 
the  policy  of  aggrandizement  which  l)ecame  th«;  lead- 
ing feature  of  his  reign.  In  this  his  natural  liberality 
and  talent  for  intrigue,  fostered  by  priestly  training, 
St  ived  him  well  and  procured  blindly  devoted  instru- 
iii^nts  for  his  plans.  Thus,  l)y  fair  means  and  foul,  the 
<nij)ire  was  raised  to  the  pinnacle  of  its  glory,  but 
iK't  being  of  a  natural  or  healthy  growth  't  proved 
unstable,  and  crumbling  under  the  strong  commotion 

' ' '  Ftio  mny  siihio,  puea  passaua  por las  cosas  nsai.  o  muy  necio  Tj  no  las  scnti.i . ' 
Oniiiam,  Hist.  Mex.,  15.J.  '  Kl  hoitibre  mas  siildoil-j  su  siglo.'is  IJuHtiiii.-iiit'/t* 
iiitii-prctation.      Ho  also  discovers  that  Muatezuiim  objected  to  sacriiictj ! 

i'ltin„ili„ii,i,  IIIM.   VnU'l.,  '-'O-'-.l 

'■'  S.e  yiitin-  ftaci'M,  ii.  140-.V). 

"  '  I'lireva aver caugiato  di  sestio,  siccomo  diccvano  i  suoi  sudditi. '  Clavi'jero, 
Stor.n  jy.w.,  iii.  i;ji>. 


458 


DEATH  OF  MONTEZUMA. 


I! 


created  by  the  approach  of  Castilians,  it  revived 
only  for  a  moment  in  the  present  uprising  like  the 
mental  illumination  preceding  death.  Montezuma 
could  not  have  failed  to  recognize  the  insecurity  of 
the  bonds  which  held  it,  and  influenced  by  the  pre- 
dictions of  its  downfall  he  readily  fell  beneath  the 
spell  of  the  superior  intellects  which  were  to  assume 
control.  It  was  his  misfortune  to  have  lost  the  san- 
guine energy  of  his  youth,  which  might  have  enabled 
him  to  rise  above  the  weaknesses  of  himself  and  his 
age.  Duty  and  honor  were  overcome  by  superstition 
and  absorbing  love  of  power,  of  life,  and  he  reaped 
the  natural  fruit  of  puerile  and  misdirected  efforts  by 
losing  both.  Resistance  might  not  long  have  delayed 
the  inevitable,  but  it  would  at  least  have  procured  for 
him  an  end  worthy  of  his  grandeur. 

Of  his  many  wives  may  be  named  the  princesses 
Teitlalco,  Acatlan,  and  Miahuaxochitl,  of  whom  the 
first  named  appears  to  have  been  the  only  legitimate 
consort."  By  her  he  left  a  son,  Asupacaci,  who  fell 
during  the  noclie  triste,  and  a  daughter,  Tecuichpo, 
baptized  as  Isabel,  married  consecutively  to  Quaulitu- 
motzin,  the  last  Mexican  sovereign,  to  visitador 
general  Alonso  Grade,  to  Pedro  Andrade  Gallego, 
and  to  Juan  Cano  de  Saavedra.  She  had  children 
by  the  latter  two,  from  whom  descend  the  illus- 
trious families  of  Andrade-Montezuma  and  Cano- 
Montezuma. 

By  the  Princess  Acatlan  were  left  two  daughters, 
baptiacd  as  Maria  and  Mariana.  The  latter  alone 
left  offspring,  from  whom  descends  the  Sotelo-Monte- 
zuma  family.  By  the  third  wife  came  to  the  emperor 
the  son  Tlacahuepantzin,  known  after  baptism  as 
Pedro  Yohualicahuacatzin  Montezuma,  whose  de- 
scendants, the  condes  de  Montezuma  y  de  Tula, 
intermarried  with  the  noblest  families  of  Spain,  and 


'*  So  Cano,  the  son-in  law,  declares,  Oviedo,  iii.  549,  and  so  Cort(?s  inti- 
mates in  the  jrrivilcqio  to  Isabel,  whom  he  calls  'su  legituna  hercilcru,' 
cijpcciully  commended  to  him. 


WIVES  AND  CONCUBINES. 


450 


■liters, 

lontc- 
ipcror 
^m   as 

Tula, 
ami 

k«5s  iuti- 


connected  the  name  with  the  highest  offices  of  ijtate, 
and  with  the  title  of  grandee." 

"  Of  the  rest  of  the  imperial  wives  and  concubines  nothine  iweitivc  is 
known,  save  that  a  number  of  them  and  their  daughters  were  libcruUy  be- 
stowed, as  a  mark  of  imperial  favor,  on  prominent  personages,  inchidiiig 
Spaniards.  After  the  conquest  they  sank  into  obscurity,  althou;4h  some  of 
tlium  still  managed  to  maintain  a  certain  consideration  among  tiic  uativos, 
despite  their  poverty.  Bcrnal  Diaz  claims  that  he  received  one  of  the  concu- 
bines; upon  Olid  was  bestowed  a  daughter,  and  upon  Cortus  two,  it  is  said, 
one  baptized  as  Ana,  the  other  as  Iniis.  Two  witnesses  decLire  that  Isal)ci 
nko  '  cinco  meses  questava  casada  con ....  Gallego  e  que  ]iario  una  fija  y  que  liura 
del ....  Cortes."  Cortes,  Resulencia,  ii.  242, 39, 244;  i.  (j3, 1)9, 221, 203.  Tiie  tlireo 
daughters  confided  toCoi"t(5son  their  father's  death-bed  were  not  in  the  Span- 
ish quarters  at  the  time,  at  least  not  all  of  them,  but  were  found  after  the 
conquest  and  baptized.  Tlie  eldest  and  legitimate,  the  attractive  Tccuiclqw, 
was  then  the  wife  of  the  last  and  captive  sovereign,  Quauhtcmotxin,  her 
cousin,  who  had  married  her  chiefly  with  a  view  to  strengthen  his  hold  on 
the  throne,  for  she  was  i^jo  young  for  tlio  married  state.  iSho  was  l>uptix.ed 
as  Isabel,  and  her  Indian  husband  liaviug  been  (txccuted,  Cortus,  on  liis  return 
from  Honduras,  gave  her  in  marriage  to  the  hidalgo  Alonso  Urado,  of  Al- 
cantara, who  had  succeeded  Avila  as  contador,  and  n  )W  Iicld  the  position  of 
visitador  general  of  New  Spain.  In  consideration  partly  of  Giudo's  services 
nnd  partly  of  Isabel's  rank,  the  captain-general  bestowed  as  dower,  in  tlio 
ciupeior's  name,  the  town  of  Tacuba  (Tlacopan),  with  the  villages  and  farms 
subject  to  it,  together  witli  the  title  of  senora  thereof.  The  deed,  which 
recounts  the  services  of  her  father  and  the  intrusting  of  his  daughtci-s  to 
(Ji)rtc3,  is  signed  by  him  as  captain-general  and  governor  of  New  Sjuiin,  and 
dated  June  27,  1523.  It  is  given,  among  other  lx>oks,  in  Monumenlos  Domin, 
Exp.,  MS.,  05-8.  Grado  dying  soon  after,  without  issue,  she  married  I'eilro 
Audradc  Gallego,  by  whom  she  had  one  son,  Juan  jVn<lrade,  tlie  founder  of  the 
Andradc-Montezun'.a  family.  This  branch  inherited  the  Villa  Alta  villages, 
ill  Oajaca,  and  other  estates,  wliicth  in  1745  were  bought  up  by  the  crown  for 
a  pensionof  3000  pesos,  continued  by  the  Mexii;an  government  in  irregular  pay- 
mcnts.  A  member  of  this  lirunch  was  tlie  bishop  of  Cliiapas  a  few  years  later. 
i'lr.'lllcacloii  de  ias  Mercedes,  MS.,  14- IS.  M.  Fossey  descriixis  a  visit,  in 
1S49,  to  the  poverty-stricken  yet  proud  descendants.  Mfxique,  497-500.  Tlio 
omission  of  Gallego's  middle  name  has  led  the  critical  Alaman,  among  others, 
to  .issunic  that  this  family  descends  from  Isabel's  iifth  marriage  with  Juan  An- 
(h'iide.  I'rrscof's  Mfx.  (Me.x.  1844),  ii.  31.  Nor  is  Prescott  free  from  error 
in  connection  with  Montezuma'si  descendants.  The  Andradc  branch  bocanio 
allied  t  >  the  Condes  de  Miravalle,  and  a  ilaughter  of  this  house  was  the  wife  of 
(iLiicral  IJarragan,  who  became /«Ys»/e/i<(!  iiiterliioi>i  the  republic,  thus  raising 
a  (ksccndant  of  Montezuma  once  again  to  the  supreme  place  in  the  country. 
Tile  Princess  Isabel  w.is  marrif  1  a  fourth  time,  to  Juan  Cano  de  Suavedra, 
by  whom  she  had  five  children,  tlio  inheritors  of  the  Taculja  estates,  also  ex- 
elian;;ed  for  a  pension  which  wai)  continued  by  the  republic.  Of  tlio  PrLice-ss 
Aeatlan's  two  daughters,  Mariaaud  Mariana,  the  former  Icftno  issue.  Mariana 
inairicil  the  conquistador  Juan  do  Paz,  bringing  a  dower  of  three  towns,  and 
after  his  death  slie  took  for  husband  the  coniiueror  Cristiibal  de  Valdenaiua. 
liy  liini  she  had  a  daughter,  Leonor,  who,  marrying  Diejro  Arias  Sotelo, 
L'ave  origin  to  the  Sotclo-Montezuma  f  miily.  FoiiKcra,  Hist,  llwkiidii,  i.  4  14. 
riiis  work,  with  its  coUaction  of  nfiicial  papers  and  extracts,  gives  a  mass  of 
iiifonnatiou  about  the  imperial  d<!scendants  and  estates.  Prescott  ccinfiuiiuls 
tlie  ninther  and  daughter.  Mix.,  ii.  351-2.  Viceroy  M'indoza,  in  a  de  patch 
tn  til"  emperor  of  Dcv.  mber  10,  1537,  refers  to  the  death,  three  weeks  liefo;-o, 
of  N'alderrama,  and  speaks  of  children  by  the  former  husband,  wliieli  are  not 
fiiliiiitted  in  Fonseea.  AtcA.'co  and  Ciirilnuvi,  ('ol.  Do',,  ii.  208.  Cortes  i\fers 
to  tluec  sons  of  Montezuma :  tlic  heir,  wlio  fell  on  the  causeway  during  the 


4G0 


DEATH  OF  MONTEZUMA. 


noche  fristc,  and  two  si.  -iving  boys,  'one  said  to  be  insane,  the  other  para- 
lyzed. '  On  leaving  Mexico  he  took  with  him  one  son  and  two  daughters,  his 
concubines  prol»fibly,  all  of  whom  pt^rishcd.  Cartas,  13."i,  133.  Sahagiin  names 
two  sons,  wlio  perished  on  that  occasion.  Hint.  Conq.  (ed.  1840),  l'2*i,  120. 
Ixtlilxocliitl  gives  them  different  names.  HUt.  t'/iich.,  3U2.  Cano  gives  the 
name  Asupacaci  to  the  heir,  or  only  legitimate  son,  the  brother  of  his  wife 
Isiihel,  and  states  that  he  was  killed  by  Qnauhtcmotzin,  who  feared  him  as 
tiie  only  rival  to  the  throne.  Ovitdo,  iii.  541).  Brasscur  do  Bourbourg  follows 
him.  but  prefers  the  name  of  Cipocatzin  for  the  young  prince,  while  Axayoca 
is  also  applied.  Cortes'  version  is  more  likely  to  be  correct,  however.  One 
of  the  surviving  sons,  'Signer  di  Tcnajoccan,'  C'lavii/ero,  Storia  Meax.,  iii. 
133,  was  baptized  with  the  intervention  of  his  sponsor,  Rodrigo  de  Paz, 
and  died  three  years  after  the  conquest,  '  y  se  enterrb  en  la  Capilla  de  San 
.Joseph.'  I'ctancvrt,  Teatro  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  144.  This  author  assumes  that 
the  youth  fled  with  the  Spaniards  from  the  capital  and  hid  at  Tcpotzotlan. 
The  othfr  prince,  son  of  Aliahuaxochitl,  daughter  of  the  lord  of  Tula,  and 
niece  of  Monteznma — baptized  as  Maria,  says  Vctanciirt — received  the  name 
of  Don  Pedro.  He  accompanied  Cort(5s  to  Spain  in  1.52S,  it  appears,  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  and  made  repeated  appeals  to  the  em|)cror  for  a  main- 
tenance  in  accordance  with  his  rank.     At  first  some   trifling   favors  were 

f ranted,  and  he,  together  with  a  cousin,  was  educated  by  the  Franciscans  in 
ladrid.  I'wja,  t'eduiario,  85.  President  Fuenleal,  of  the  audiencia,  and  other 
prominent  persons  having  added  their  I'ecommendation,  regular  pensions  an  1 
encomicndas  were  bestowed,  including  the  town  of  Tula,  the  seat  of  his 
maternal  grandjiarents,  upon  which  was  based  the  second  title  of  Condcs  de 
Montezuma  y  do  Tula,  conferred  on  his  grandson.  The  line  expired  on  the 
male  side  with  the  great  great-grandson  of  the  emperor,  whose  daughter  mar- 
ried Sarmiento  do  V'alladares,  duke  of  Atlixco,  and  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  thus 
raising  the  name  again  to  the  highest  position  in  the  country.  Prescott, 
following  Humboldt,  Esmii  Pol.,  i.  191,  203,  calls  Valladares,  by  mistake,  a 
d'.'sccndant  of  Montezuma.  The  cousin  of  the  vice-queen  married  Silva,  the 
first  marquis  of  Tenebron,  whose  descendants  inherited  the  title  and  estates 
from  the  other  branch,  and  became  grandees  in  1705.  Their  pension  amounted 
at  this  time  to  40,000  pesos,  says  Bemi,  Titulondc  Costilla,  which  rcpreseutcil 
ill  ])art  the  encomiendas  withdrawn  bj'tho  government.  The  republic  recog- 
nized this  portion,  as  it  had  the  pensions  to  the  other  branches.  Shortly 
after  the  independence  of  Mexico  the  holder  of  the  title,  Alonso  Marcilla  do 
Teniel  Montezuma,  came  ever  with  the  intention  of  asserting  his  claim  to  tlio 
throne  of  his  forefathers,  but  the  prudent  possessors  of  the  power  thought  it 
best  not  to  admit  him,  and  he  passed  on  to  New  Orleans,  there  to  put  an  end 
to  his  life  some  years  later.  Prescott  understands  that  the  septuagenarian 
ha<l  been  disappointed  in  love.  Mc.i:,  ii.  352.  Several  members  ot  the  Sp;ini.sli 
nobility  have  intermarried  with  this  line,  among  them  a  branch  of  the  Guziiiaii 
family,  whence  the  claim  made  for  the  consort  of  Napoleon  III.  of  havini' 
Montezuma's  blood  in  her  veins.  Gondra  gives  a  portrait  of  a  member  marriud 
nto  the  Mendoza  family.  Prcamtt'n  Mex.  (cd.  Mex.  1845),  219.  One  of  tlio 
i.nc.  Padre  Louis  de  Montezuma,  wrote  the  Hiatoria  del  Emperador,  which 
has  been  consulted  by  Alaman,  Diarrt.,  i.  app.  ii.  158.  Clavigero  gives  a, 
genealogic  table  iu  Storia  Mesa.,  iii.  235,  and  Carbajal,  while  plagiarizing  the 
statements  and  blunders  of  others,  adds  a  few  of  his  own.  Hiat.  Mex.,  ii. 
378-88.  In  Foiiaeca,  /list.  Hacienda,  i.  455  et  seq.,  are  to  be  found  several 
valuable  extracts  concerning  titles  and  estates;  also  in  Rentes  Cddulna,  MS., 
i.  pt.  i.  5,  ii.  4 etc.;  Certificacion  de  las  Afercedea,  MS.;  Mex.  Mem.  Hacicudi, 
l''^.'fS,  35-0;  Fuenleal,  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdeiiaa,  Col.  Doc,  xiii.  '111. 
The  family  name  has  been  spelled  in  different  ways,  also  by  its  possessors,  n 
Motczuma,  Muteczuma,  Moctezuma,  Mocthecuzoma,  Motecuhzuma,  Moteuli- 
zuina ;  but  Montezuma  is  the  most  common  form. 

'I'lic  ffiaforia  de  las  Indias  de  Niieva- Eapaila  if  Talaa  de  Tierra  Firme,  liy 
Fatli'T  l)i'\u;o  Duran.  is  claimed  by  its  author,  in  the  introtluetory  to  chapti  r 
Ixxiv.,  to  be  devoted  essentially  to  the  life  and  rule  of  this  monarch,  'cuy;i 


DURAX  AND  ACOSTA. 


Ml 


vida  6  histdria  yo  eseribo.'  Tl»e  preparation  of  the  work  was  more  iHrcctly 
prompted  by  a  compassion  for  the  maltreated  natives,  whose  champion  ho 
constituted  liimsclf,  in  common  with  so  many  of  the  friars.  This  spirit  led 
him  naturally  to  color  the  occurrences  of  the  conquest;  and  a  non-critical 
acceptance  of  whimsical  legends  and  statements  in  favor  of  his  prott^ges 
tends  furtlier  to  reduce  the  value  of  the  work.  His  deep  interest  in  the  abo- 
rigines and  their  history  may  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  ho  was  boin  at 
TcEcuco,  of  a  native  mother.  Franco  wrongly  calls  him  Pedro,  and  (Jlavigero, 
Fernando.  He  professed  as  a  Dominican  at  Mexico,  in  1550,  with  missioni^iy 
aspirations,  no  doubt,  but  a  delicate  constitution  and  constant  sufTcring  con- 
tiiicd  him  rather  to  the  monastery,  and  directed  his  efforts  to  researches  and 
writing.  Castcllanos,  Defensn,  28,  attributes  several  works  to  him,  and 
E'»uiara,  liih.  Mex.,  324,  the  compilation  of  the  Dominican  history  of  Diivila 
I'udilla,  though  not  the  style  and  form.  Du\'ila  also,  'scrisso  la  Storia  antioa 
de'  Mossicani,  servendosi  <le'  matcriali  raccolti  gi.^  da  Fcrdinando  Diirau 
Domenicano  da  Tezcuco;  ma  qnesta  opera  non  si  trova.'  Claviijero,  Sloria 
Mess.,  i.  13.  But  this  may  be  a  mistake.  A  similar  rewriting  would 
have-  greatly  improved  the  His'oria  de  la-i  Indian,  which  is  exceedingly 
unpolished  and  slovenly,  full  of  repetitions  and  bad  spelling,  and  show- 
ing great  poverty  of  expression.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  relieved  by  an 
admirable  portrayal  of  character  and  knowledge  of  human  nature,  and  by 
a  minute  study  of  the  eftect  of  conversion  on  the  natives.  The  work  con- 
sists of  three  tratados,  the  first  in  78  chapters,  giving  the  history  of  Mexico 
from  its  origin  to  the  conquest,  terminating  with  the  expedition  to  Hon- 
duras. This  was  completed  in  1581,  while  the  other  two  were  finished 
two  years  before.  The  second  tratado,  in  2.1  chapters,  treats  of  Mex- 
ii;an  divinities  and  rites,  and  the  third,  in  two,  or  more  properly  nineteen, 
chapters,  of  calendar  and  festivals.  Patlre  Duran  dietl  in  1588,  leaving  tho 
manuscripts  to  Juan  Tovar,  Ddr'dn  Pwldln,  I/inf.  Fmd.  Mex.,  051,  wlio  gave 
them  to  Acosta,  then  occupied  in  preparing  his  Natura  Novl  Orhitt,  and 
otlier  works.  The  contribution  came  most  opportunely,  and  was  used  chielly 
f'lr  his  account  of  Mexico,  as  ho  frankly  admits,  tliough  giving  the  credit  to 
Tovar,  who  may  have  claimed  the  authorship.  On  the  strength  of  this  state- 
iiii'iit  Clavigero,  with  others,  ooufimia  the  claim  to  tho  'nobilissimo  Gesuita 
Messicano  '  Torquemada,  i.  170-1,  ii.  120,  himself  not  spotless,  takes  ad- 
vantage of  tho  confession  to  rail  at  Acosta  for  borrowed  plumage,  mutilated 
at  tliat.  The  manuscripts,  now  in  the  Bibliotcca  Nacional  do  Madrid,  aro 
vritt<'n  in  double  columns  and  illustrated  with  numerous  plates.  Pinelo, 
L'/iitoine,  ii.  711,  refers  to  them  as  in  two  parts.  A  few  copies  have  been  taken, 
mine  forming  three  volumes.  A  set  obtained  by  Jos6  Fernando  Ramirez,  one 
of  Maximilian's  ministers,  was  prepared  by  him  for  publication,  but,  owing  to 
till!  death  of  the  imperial  patron,  only  the  first  OS  chapters  were  isaue(l  at 
Mexico,  1807,  in  one  volume,  witli  notes  and  considerable  changes  of  tiic 
style.  Tiiis  mutilation,  as  some  term  it,  may  havo  l>een  a  reason  for  tho 
seizure  of  tho  whole  edition,  together  with  tlic  separate  plates,  by  tho.  repul)- 
lican  government.  Only  a  few  copies  escaped  this  fate,  one  of  which  I  suc- 
ceeded iu  obtaining.  Although  independent  issue  was  long  withheld  from 
l>iiian,  he  has  at  least  enjoyed  the  h(mor  of  being  a.ssociatcd  with  one  pos- 
sessed of  far  greater  fame  than  he  himself  could  ever  hope  to  achieve. 

The  motives  which  impelled  Joseph  de  Actista  to  write  on  America  M'ero 
quite  pretentious.  Among  the  many  f 'panisii  l«)()ks  on  tlie  New  World,  he  says : 
'  I  have  not  seene  any  other  author  which  treatesof  the  causes  and  reasons  of 
these  novelties  and  wonders  of  nature,  or  that  hath  made  any  sear-  'i  tliercof. 
Xeitlier  have  I  read  any  booko  which  maketh  mention  of  tlie  histories 
of  tile  autient  Indians,  and  naturall  inhabitants.'  With  a  view  to  lepaif 
these  omissions  he  issued  De  Kntrra  Novi  Orhin  Uhri  dro,  ct  de  I'muivlua- 
I'li/iie.  F.iidtKjiii't,  npvd  /inHximn.  nire  d<'  Procrrawla  Indorrm  Salrte  lAhri  m x, 
tSahnantieu3,  1589.  Tho  first  part,  /)c  Nntiirn,  is  a  philosoiihic  dissertation 
on  ])liysical  features,  on  the  probable  knowleflge  among  tho  ancients  of  a 
w  estcrn  hemisphere,  and  on  the  origin  of  the  Indians.     The  second  part,  in 


462 


DEATH  OF  MONTEZUMA. 


six  books,  bearing  a  separate  imprint  under  1588,  though  published  only  in 
connection  with  the  previous  two  books,  treats  entirely  of  the  method  and 
progress  of  Indian  conversion.  The  Natura  was  translated  into  Spanish,  and 
incoi'porated,  with  some  amendments,  in  the  Ilisloria  Nalvral  y  moral  de  la» 
Indian,  Scvilla,  1500,  dedicated  to  Infanta  Isabel,  which  treats  also  of  Indian 
history  and  customs,  and  refers  briefly  to  the  conquest.  The  work  achieved 
threat  success,  and  was  reproduced  in  numerous  editions,  in  nearly  every 
language,  though  often  without  Acosta's  name,  and  in  distorted  form,  as  in 
Du  Bry  and  some  Gennan  versions.  This  may  not  be  considered  bad  treat- 
ment bv  those  who  charge  Acosta  with  plagiarism,  although  he  frankly  ml- 
mits  nllowing  a  number  of  authors,  among  them  '  es  vno  Polo  Ondegardo, 
aquien  communmente  sigo  en  las  cosas  de  el  Piru :  y  en  las  materins  de  Mexico 
loan  do  Touar  prebendado  que  fue  de  la  Iglesia  de  M'>xico,  y  agora  es  religioso 
do  nucstra  Compa&ia  de  lesvs.  £1  qual  por  orden  del  Virrcy  hizo  do  Martin 
Enriqucz  diligete,  y  copiosa  auerigaciS  de  las  historias  antiguas.'  See  p.  3!)0. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  the  interest  and  value  of  the  work  are  owing  chiefly 
to  the  circumstance  that  the  original  authorities  have  remained  sealed,  until 
lately  at  least;  for,  despite  its  pretentious  aim,  the  pages  are  marred  by 
frequent  indications  of  the  then  prevalent  superstition  and  credulity.  The 
Procvrando  Indorvm  Salvtc  is  more  in  consonance  with  the  character  of  the 
Jesuit  missionary  and  scholastic. 

Bom  at  Medina  del  Campo  about  1539,  he  had  in  his  fourteenth  year  joined 
the  Society,  to  which  four  brothers  already  belonged.  After  studying  and 
teaching  theology  at  Ocana,  he  proceeded  in  1571  to  Peru,  where  he  became 
the  second  provincial  of  his  order.  Returning  to  Spain  seventeen  years  later — 
'  post  annos  in  Peruano  regno  exactos  quindeciem,  in  Mexicano  &  Insularibus 
duos,'  says  the  dedication  of  1588  to  Philip  II.,  in  De  Natvra  of  1589 — he 
gained  the  favor  of  the  king,  occupied  the  oflices  of  visitador  and  superior, 
and  died  as  recto,  at  Salamanca,  February  15,  1000.  Several  other  works,  in 
print  and  manuscript,  cliiefly  theologic,  are  attributed  to  him — see  Camm, 
104-13 — among  them  Dc  la  criatica  de  Oijro,  dedicated  to  Filipe  III.  in  159*2, 
which  was  also  a  borrowed  text,  irom  Xenophon,  and  remained  a  manuscript 
in  the  lloyal  Library. 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 


LA  NOCHE   TRISTE. 

JnNE  30,  1520. 

TuE  Captive-Kivo  Drama  Carried  too  Fab — Better  had  the  Span- 
iards Taken  Montezuma's  Advice,  and  have  Departed  while 
Opporttjnity  Offered — Diplomatic  Valce  op  a  Dead  Body — Ne- 
cessity FOR  AN  Immediate  Evacuation  of  the  City — Departure  from 
the  Fort — Midnight  Silence — Tn«  dry  Roused  by  a  Woman's 
Cry  —  The  Fugitives  Fiercely  Attacked  on  All  Sides  —  More 
Horrors. 

And  now  what  must  have  been  the  feelings  of  the 
invaders,  who,  Hke  the  ancient  mariner,  had  killed 
the  bird  that  made  the  breeze  blow  I  For  assuredly 
they  were  responsible  for  the  emperor's  death.  Indeed, 
the  direct  charge  of  murder  against  Cortds  has  not 
l>cen  wanting,  even  among  Spanish  chroniclers;  but 
this  was  owing  greatly  to  the  effort  of  the  general  to 
extricate  the  army  from  its  desperate  situation  while 
the  enemy  was  supposed  to  be  distracted  by  grief  and 
engaged  in  solemn  obsequies.  We  may  be  sure,  how- 
ever, that  the  Spaniards  did  not  kill  Montezuma;  that 
they  did  n  ''  '^ven  desire  his  death;  but  regarded  it 
at  this  juncrui^e  as  the  greatest  misfortune  which  could 
happen  to  them.'  For  in  the  vast  evolvings  of  their 
fast,  unfathomable  destiny,  they  were  now  all  like 
sea-gulls  poised  in  mid-air  while  following  a  swiftly 
flying  ship. 

'  According  to  the  version  of  the  rabid  Duran,  based  on  native  paintings 
and  narratives,  the  bodies  of  the  prisoners  were  found  in  the  fort  after 
its  evacuation,  that  of  Mont<izuma  witli  five  stabs  in  the  breast,  /list. 
J  ml.,  MS.,  ii.  477-9.  Acosta  seems  ratlier  to  favor  the  story,  improbable  as 
soveral  of  its  points  arc.  Hid.  Ind.,  5*24.  To  some  extent  it  rests  on  the 
statement  repeated  by  Ixtlilxochitl,  which  assumes  tliat  Cacamr.,  who  hud 

(403) 


404 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


It  is  interesting  to  note  the  manoeuvring  on  both 
sides  over  the  dead  monarch,  who  having  minis- 
tered so  faithfully  to  his  enemies  while  living,  must 
needs  continue  in  the  service  after  death.  The  hostile 
chiefs  were   called  and   informed  of  the  sad  conse- 

ina<lo  liimsulf  particularly  obnoxious  to  the  Spaniards,  was  killed  witli  47 
sUiha  hetorc  the  fort  was  evacuated.  J  fist.  Chich. ,  301 .  A  more  severe  account  is 
found  in  a  manuscript  fragment  in  llamirez' collection,  written  by  a  Tezcucan, 
wlierein  it  is  related  that  a  sword  was  thrust  into  the  intestines,  'jwr  la  parte 
b;ixa.'    The  Ixnly  was   thereupon  taken  to  the  roof,  as  if  to  address  th(! 

Jieople.    A  stone  struck  the  liead,  and  now  the  Spaniards  proclaimed  thiit  tliis 
lud  caused  the  death.  Soc.  Mex.  O'coi/.,  Bolctin,  x.  302.    This  is  substantially 
repeated  in  Ixtl'ilxochitl,  lid.,  4.')7.     A  stronger  testimony,  however,  cuiues 
from  Saliagun,  who  states  that  Cortt^s  recommended  to  liia  followers  the  mur- 
der of  tlie  prisoners  in  order  to  terrify  the  natives  and  to  assume  the  mastery. 
*  Y  lo  primero  que  hicieron,  fue  dar  Garrote  &  Motecuhpuma,  y  ii  Itzfiuauht/.in, 
S(!nor  do  Tlatelolco,  y  ^  otros. '  Version  in  Tonjuemcuia,  i.  498,  and  in  Sn/ia- 
yiiii,  IIi.it.  Conij.  [ed.  1840],  113.     The  issue,  modified  by  tlio  cnsor,  merely 
states  that  the  bodies  were  found  near  a  stone,  Teoaioc,  outside  tlie  fort.  /</. 
[ed.   1829],  31.     This  account  has  received  its  chief  8upi>ort  in  the  7»n.«t 
admission  of  Tornuemada;  and  when  lie,  the  otherwise  zealous  cliampion  of 
the  conquerors,  taKes  such  a  view,  others  may  be  iiardonod  for  accepting  it.   '  Y 
que  csto  aia  sido  asi,  puede  ser  posible,  pues  para  tencrso  por  scgiiros,  io 
avian  prendido;  y  vicndo  agora,  que  no  bastalia  la  prision,  vsarian  de  oste 
vltimo  medio,  para  ver  si  lo  aplacaban,  y  atemori^aban  estos  Mexieanos.' 
i.  498-9.     Brasseur  dc  Bourbourg  accepts  the  version,  and  adils  that  Moiiii'- 
zuma  was  told  of  his   fate  and   urged   to  accept   baptism.     'On   rt'pandit 
nnssitot  la  nouvelle  de  sa  mort  commc  s'il  eflt  cxpiriJ  naturellenient. '    HeiRe 
even  the  soldiers  did  not  know  of  tlie  murder.  Hint.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  .T?()  1. 
ISustamante,  of  course,  adopts  anything  Saliagun  may  say  against  the  Sjiaii- 
iards;  and  Carbajal  takes  Torquemada's  view.  IliM.  Mex.,  ii.  37").  as  docs 
Btdtrami,  eager  for  any  sensation.    Mrx.,  ii.  14.').     Vetancurt  seeks  to  recon- 
cile conflicting  opinions  by  assuming  that  when  Montezuma  died  Itzquauht/ia 
and  several  other  prisoners  were  murdered  anil  cast  out  together  with  the 
emperor's  body,  in  order  to  terrify  the  Mexicans  and  occupy  their  attention 
while  tho  Spaniards  huiTicd away.  Teatro  Mex., nt.  iii.  14'2.    'lononpossopcr- 
suadenni,' says  Clavigero,  'che  gli  Spagnuoli  si  risolvessero  a  toglier  .'i  vita 
ad  uii  Re,  a  cui  doveano  tanti  beni,  e  dalla  cui  morto  non  potevano  a.«»pett;iisi, 
Be  non  molti  mali.'  Sloria  Mess.,  iii.  131.     Solis  cannot  believe  fortes  guilty 
of  an  act  so  bad  and  reckless.  Jlist.  Mex.,n.  150-1.     Prescott  disposes  of  tlio 
chiirge  as  an  'absurdity'  and  a  'monstrons  imputation.'  JHsf.  Mex.,  ii.  \\'1\ 
It  must  bo  considered,  liowcver,  that  the  Spaniards  did  seek  to  profit  by  tlio 
death;  and  scruples  about  '  killing  a  dog  of  an  Indian,'  as  they  had  so  hitcly 
termed  him,  could  not  have  weighed  with  such  men  when  their  inteicst.s 
were  concenied;  how  much  less  when  their  lives  were  at  stake?    The  whole 
argument,  then,  may  be  said  to  depend  on  the  question  whether  Montezuiiia 
was  more  valuable  as  captive  or  as  corpse.     If  tho  people  manifested  little 
respect  for  tho  living  ruler,  the  Spaniards  could  have  had  no  reason  to  ex[iiit 
more  for  the  dead.     His  death  would  only  have  loosened  the  bontl  which  ^till 
restrained  a  vast  number,  whether  of  kindred  or  of  mere  subjects,  ami  j;i\<  ii 
the  hostile  leaders  fresh  motives  and  strength  for  their  operations.     Bcsiilcs, 
Montezuma  must  have  retained  a  grea*  inlluence  outside  the  city,  wliitli  a 
fugitive  army  would  have  found  of  service.     The  recognition  of  tins  inilii- 
cnce  is  sliown  by  the  efforts  made  to  "ve  the  imjierial  children,  as  notii  d 
even  V)y  the  most  rabid  accusers  of  the  Spaniards.     It  may  ho  meiitiomil 
tliat  no  charge  is  brought  forward  in  the  residencias  either  against  Cortcs  or 
Alvarado. 


THE  EMPEROR'S  BODY. 


465 


t:wv  1. 

sjian- 

uhtziii 
tlio 

;entioii 

i8<)  jn-T- 

'\  vitii 
ttavsi, 
guilty 
of  tlio 

liitMy 
I  little 

yXJilH-t 

cU^till 

I  giv.u 

losiili'^' 

hi-li  ;v 

iiiilu- 

loti'   'I 

itioiii'il 

rtcs  or 


qucnces  of  their  outrage  on  tho  emperor.  The  body 
woukl  be  sent  to  them,  so  that  they  might  accord 
it  the  last  honors.  The  leaders  replied  curtly  that 
they  had  now  a  new  chief,  and  cared  no  longer  for 
Montezuma,  dead  or  alive.  The  corpse  was  neverthe- 
less carefully  arrayed  in  fitting  robes  and  given  in 
charge  of  two  prisoners,  a  priest  and  a  chief,'  with  in- 
structions to  carry  it  to  the  ISIexican  camp,  and 
explain  the  circumstances  of  the  death  and  the  grief 
(if  the  Spaniards,  On  appearing  outside  the  fort  a 
leader  motioned  them  back,  and  would  probably  have 
used  force  but  for  the  priestly  character  of  the  bearers, 
beliind  whom  the  gate  had  been  closed.  A  few  mo- 
ments later  they  disappeared  from  view.  The  disre- 
spect shown  the  living  was  not  spared  the  dead.  As 
the  corpse  was  borne  through  the  streets  jeers  and 
insults  foil  from  lips  which  formerly  kissed  the  ground 
on  which  the  monarch  had  stood.  Many  declared 
that  a  coward  like  IMontezuma,  who  had  brought  so 
many  misfortunes  on  the  country,  was  not  worthy  of 
even  ordinary  burial.^  The  imperial  party  managed, 
however,  to  secure  the  body,  and,  assisted  by  those  to 
whom  the  royal  blot)d  and  high  priestly  character  of 
the  deceased  outweighed  other  feelings,  an  honorable 
though  quiet  cremation  was  accorded  in  the  Celpalco, 
M  here  Sahagun  intimates  that  the  ashes  remained.* 

^  Apanecatl,  according  to  Brasaeur  do  Ikiurbourg,  ///><.  Xat.  fir.,  iv.  3.32. 
JicriKil  Diaz  sends  those  men  to  carry  tho  nowri  of  tho  ch-ath,  and  following 
tlic'iii  were  six  hi.s^li  per'-onages  and  most  of  the  captive  priests,  carrying  tho 
ImmIv.   Hint.  VenUul.,  10."). 

''  Stones  were  thrown  upon  the  eortcgp,  and  it  was  driven  from  quarter  to 
r|U:!rter.  Finally  Apanecatl  took  refuge  in  tho  palace  wliero  Cuitlahuat/.iu 
licl  1  forth,  and  apjicaled  to  him,  only  to  ho  repulsed  hy  hia  courtii'i-s.  Tiio 
l""ly  was  nevertheless  secured  by  a  friendly  jifirty.  Mantincnt  NuhiiatI,  Io70, 
ill  JlriixKCur  de  Uuiubounj,  Il'u^t.  S'a'.  i'iv.,  iv.  333. 

'  '  llicieron  todus  las  solemnidades  que  s^olian  hacer. .  .  .Mocthecuzoina  lo 
ciitivniron  en  Mexico. . .  .algunos  dccian  nial  de  Mocthecuzonia  jKiniue  hal>iA 
i-iil'i  iiiuy  cruel. '  llixt.  ('out/.,  31.  '  Vinuw  (J  hizieril  nuiy  gran  llauto,  q  liiii 
(•iiiins  las  gritaa,  y  aullidos  q  por  61  dauan.'  Jivrnol  Diaz,  Iiinl.  Vrnhiil.,  MK"). 
'lli/ierou  muy  gi'an  llanto,  para  ontorrar  al  rey  en  Cliapultepec.  ilomurn, 
II'-'.  .lAc'.r. ,  l."4.  Ilerrera  combines  these  two  authorities  in  saying  '  le 
iltuiernn  do  enteiTar  en  el  nionte  de  Chapultepe(iue,  porquo  alii  se  oyo  vn 
(.'i-aii  llanto.'  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap,  x.  IIo  forgcits  that  Chapultepec  lay  three 
iiiilr.-i  oil'.  Torqneniada  corrects  Ilerrera,  and  insists  that  the  '  Copaloo'  M'aa 
Hist.  Mkx.,  Vol.  I.    30 


466 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


Shortly  after  the  body  had  loft  the  Spanish  quarters 
Cortes  sent  a  fresh  message  to  the  Mexicans,  belioviiii;- 
that  hy  this  time  the  presence  of  the  august  dead 
might  have  had  its  eft'ect  on  them.  He  pointed  out 
the  rc'spoct  due  to  the  remains  of  a  sovereign,  and  pro- 
posed a  cessation  of  hostilities  with  that  view,  aiitl 
till  they  had  elected  a  successor,  one  more  worthy  than 
the  present  leader,  who  had  driven  them  to  rebel.' 
The  chiefs  rejJied  that  the  Spaniards  need  trouble 
themselves  about  nothing  but  their  own  safety.  Tlie\ 
might  come  forth,  they  added  tauntingly,  to  arrange 
a  truce  with  their  new  leader,  whose  heart  was  not  so 
easily  moulded  as  that  of  Montezuma.  Respect  i'nv 
the  emperor,  the  Spaniards  replied,  had  made  them 
hitherto  lenient  toward  his  people,  but  if  they  re- 
mained obstinate  no  further  mercy  would  be  shown, 
and  not  one  Mexican  would  be  spared.  "Two  days 
hence  not  one  Spaniard  will  be  alive!"  was  the  retort. 

Hostilities  were  thereupon  resumed,  and  Cortes 
did  not  delay  the  prearranged  attempt  to  complete 
the  capture  of  the  approach  to  Tlacopan.  The  j)i-es- 
ence  of  the  imperial  corpse  had  either  a  retardiii;,' 
influence  on  the  movements  of  the  enemy,  or  else  the 
Spaniards  sallied  unexpectedly  and  fought  with  greater 
energy,  for  the  four  remaining  bridges  were  gained 
with  little  difficulty,  and  twenty  horsemen  passed  on 
to  the  shore,  while  the  infantry  and  allies  took  posses- 
sion of  the  route,  and  began  filling  in  the  channels 
with  debris,  so  as  to  form  a  solid  path,  or  to  repair  the 

the  place.  Ho  gives  spocimens  of  the  insults  ofTeroil  during  the  citination. 
i.  490.  'Kataban  iniligiiailos  contra  dl.'  /xt/ilxor/,itl,  llixt.  Chirh.,  301.  It 
has  Itecn  asserted  by  some,  says  Duran,  that  the  allies  were  scattered  t»  tlio 
winds,  as  unworthy  of  preservation.  Hist.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  479.  Aoostji  attiinpts 
a  modification  by  stating  that  the  bo<ly  being  contemptuously  rejected.  ;i  ser- 
vant bunied  it,  'ypuso  sus  cenizas  diide  pudo  en  lugar  harto  desei'liaili>. 
JfiKt.  I  ml.,  TvlA.  The  burial-place  has  certainly  not  lx;en  pointed  out  tn  pn.s- 
terity.  According  to  Saliagun,  the  body  of  Itzquauhtzin  was  'cast  tmtir 
from  the  (|uartei-8,  together  with  that  of  Montezuma,  and  was  taken  in  rliar;:i; 
by  his  subjects  of  Tlatelulco,  by  whom  he  was  greatly  beloved  and  numniivl. 
ubi  sup.  'i'o  'cast  forth'  the  Ixxlies  could  have  lx>en  only  a  needless  insult, 
which  Cortes  was  too  prudent  to  inflict  on  the  people. 

*'Quc  alcasscn  a  su  primo  del  Montezuma,  que  cnin  nosotros  estau.i.  por 

Rey.'  Jknicif  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  105.     'Di.xo  Cortes el  se  qucria  lii.UiU' 

a  aus  hunras. '  Ihrrcra,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  x. 


HOLLOW  PEACE  PROPOSALS. 


407 


tcrs 

lead 

()\it 
pro- 

an<l 
tliau 

The}- 
rani^*' 
lOt  so 
L't  for 
them 
oy  re- 
liown, 
)  days 
retort. 
Cortes 
inpleto 
pros- 
ardin',' 

se  til'-' 
rroater 

gained 

sed  on 
posse;«- 
lannels 
»air  the 

itiniition. 
,  301.     It 

i-oii  to  tii^; 
.  iitt^'mpts 
tol,  :>  '^^■''•, 

ut  t"  Vf] 
:a8t  I'oi't" 

in  rli:ll':^'! 

inourui'il. 
,C93  in>^"lt> 

^stana.  V^ 
Via  hulUir 


bridges  at  the  deeper  places.  At  this  time  a  messen- 
j^^er  arrived  with  the  announcement  from  the  chiefs 
who  were  directing  the  siege  of  the  fort  that  they 
were  willing  to  treat  for  peace.  Leaving  the  forces 
in  charge  of  Velazquez,  Cortes  hurried  with  sonic 
liorsemen  to  ansv,'er  the  welcome  summons.  The 
chiefs  proposed  that  if  pardon  was  granted,  them  f«»r 
past  offences  they  would  raise  the  siege,  repair  the 
bridges  and  causeways,  and  return  to  peaceful  inter- 
course. In  order  to  arrange  the  conditions  they  de- 
manded the  liberation  of  the  captured  high-priest. 
This  was  at  once  agreed  to,  and  after  some  discussion 
messengers  were  despatched  to  different  parts  of  the 
city,  bearing  orders,  it  was  said,  to  stay  hostilities. 
It  is  somewhat  singular  that  the  astute  Cortes 
should  have  given  su(rh  ready  credence  to  proposals 
so  advantageous  to  himself.  Yet  this  appears  to  have 
been  the  case.  Delighted  with  the  happy  adjust- 
ment of  affairs,  he  ordered  prepared  a  grand  supper ; 
but  he  had  hardly  seated  himself  at  table  before 
tidinjjs  reached  him  that  the  Mexicans  had  returned 
to  the  attack  on  the  causeway,  largely  reinforced  l)y 
laud  and  water,  and  were  regaining  the  bridges  taken 
that  day.  The  conference  had  been  a  ruse  to  throw 
the  Spaniards  off  their  guard,  to  obtain  the  release  of 
the  high-priest,  from  whom  besides  much  information 
was  expected  about  the  condition  of  the  besieged, 
and  to  gain  time  for  bringing  up  reinforcements." 
Fearful  that  his  retreat  would  yet  be  cut  off,  Cortds 
ji^alloped  back  to  the  causeway,  threw  himself  on  the 
enemy,  recovered  the  bridges,  and  was  soon  in  hot 
jAirsuit  of  the  flying  Mexicans.  He  had  not  pro- 
ceeded far,  however,  when  the  Indians,  who  had 
rushed  for  safety  into  the  lake  and  the  canals,  were 

'  Prcscott,  following  Clavigcro,  assumes  that  the  whole  was  an  artifice  to 
lilwratc  the  two  captive  priests,  one  of  whom  was  indispensable  in  the  event 
of  11  coronation.  Mcx.,  ii.  338.  Brasseur  do  Bourl>ourc;  supposes  that  the  par- 
ley was  conducted  by  the  party  favorable  to  the  Spaniards,  and  duped  by  the 
sti'on;L;ur  faction,  which  never  intended  to  adhere  lo  the  arrangement.  JJitit. 
Sal.  Civ.,  321. 


'468 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


oncouraGfCfl  to  return  to  the  attack  and  cut  off  tlio 
cavalry.  With  furious  charges  they  drove  the  guaid 
from  tlie  bridges,  and  began  to  destroy  them  and 
remove  the  filling.''  The  causeway  swarmed  again 
with  foes,  and  the  water  r<»und  it  was  alive  with  canoes, 
whence  myriads  of  missiles  were  directed  against  tlic 
hoise?nen  as  they  pushed  their  way  back.  On  reach- 
ing the  last  causeway  breach,  nearest  the  city,  tiu' 
j'iders  feared  they  would  be  overwhelmed,  for  hei-c 
the  enemy  was  gatliered  in  m^^'^.scs  and  had  destroyed 
th(^  passage.  Nothing  was  left  for  them  but  to  take 
to  the  water,  midst  a  storm  of  stones  and  darts,  whilt- 
lines  of  spears  and  javelins  pressed  against  them  from 
the  land  and  from  canoes.  The  party  was  thrown  in 
disorder,  and  one  rider  was  pitched  from  his  saddle 
<luring  the  melde,  obstructing  the  passage  to  the  rest.^ 
(fortes  remained  the  last  to  cover  the  retreat,  and 
single-handed  now  and  then  turned  on  the  swarming 
warriors,  striking  with  the  energy  of  despair.  Eag(  i' 
to  secure  the  great  general,  the  enemy  pressed  heavily 
upon  him,  and  but  for  the  stout  armor  protectiii;^" 
himself  and  the  horse  he  would  certainly  have  jxi- 
islied.  As  it  was,  he  received  two  severe  wounds  in 
the  knee,  besides  many  scratches.  The  last  Spaniard 
having  left  the  bank,  Cortes  rang  loud  his  San  Pedin 
cry,  and  clearing  the  way  he  leaped  his  heavily  ladrii 
horse  across  the  chasm,  six  feet  in  width,  and  quickly 
left  behind  him  the  discomfited  crowd.  "Had  nnt 
(vrod  helped  me,"  he  writes,  "that  moment  would  have 
been  my  last."  Indeed,  it  was  already  rumored  in  tho 
city  that  he  was  dead.  It  being  found  im[)ossible  to 
hold  tho  causeway  bridges,  a  guard  was  left  only  at 
the  others,  while  the  remainder  of  the  troops  returned 
to  the  fort,  worn-out  and  demoralized.^ 

'  'Coino  lo8  peones  cataban  cansados  y  hcriJos  y  atemorizados; iiiiij:iino 

1110  signiiS.  A  cuya  causa,  despu(^s  de  pasadas  yo  las  piicntcs ....  las  hallc  toiiiu- 
tla.t.'  CortH,  Cartas,  134.     Where  had  ho  left  his  prudence? 

"  '  H:dl<5  (\,  todos  los  de  caballo  que  conmigo  iban,  caidos  en  ella,  y  un  calmllo 

BUC'lto.'  Id. 

'•' With  a  loss  of  over  twenty  men.   Benin!  Diaz, /fist.  Vcrdud.,  \0'>.    'I'liis 
author  places  all  the  fightiug  on  the  causeway  on  one  day,  u  Thursday,  tlio 


EVACUATION  RESOLVED  ON. 


400 


ocs, 

tlie 
hevf 
oyed 
take 
,vhilo 
from 
\n  in 

rest.^ 
b,  and 
rniin'4 

uavily 
jct'uvj; 

ids  in 
uiiavtl 
'cdi'" 
la(Uu 
iicUly 
d  not 
liavt) 
111  the 
))lc  to 
idy  at 

Ul'Ufd 


I  „in|.'nno 
lUe  toiiia- 

luculwUo 
sdiiy,  the 


Tjonjv  since  it  had  l)Con  agreed  anionj^  the  Span- 
iards tliat  the  city  must  bo  evaeuated;  time  and 
method  wore  the  only  questions.  The  former  of  these 
was  now  resolved  on  by  the  council:  it  should  be  thi;.* 
vwrv  nijjfht.  It  was  safer  to  meet  the  issue  now  than 
later.  The  enemy  was  hourly  reinforced.  Perilou-; 
indeed  was  the  undertaking  to  pass  with  luggage;, 
war  stores,  prisoners,  and  women  over  the  broken 
causeway  in  the  darkness;  but  to  remain  was  death. 
])otello,  the  astrologer,  had  declared  for  this  time, 
and  so  it  was  determined.  For  Botcllo  was  wise  and 
prudent,  knowing  Latin  and  the  stars;  he  had  foretold 
the  greatness  of  Cortes,  and  had  recommended  his 
night  attack  on  Narvaoz,  and  general  and  soldiers 
believed  in  him.'"  Had  he  lived  a  century  or  two 
later  his  words  mi-j^ht  have  been  emploved  as  the  vox 
stf'flarum  bv  the  almanac  makers.  The  Mexicans  had 
said  that  they  would  make  it  a  time  of  sore  distress, 
any  attempted  escape  of  tiiO  intruders,  a  time  when 
men  must  struggle,  and  women  would  pray  and  weej); 
and  if  so,  it  were  no  worse  for  the  fugitives  that  black 
night  should  fling  her  mantle  over  the  bloody  scene. 

Since  the  Indians  were  supposed  to  have  destroyed 
the  crossing  at  the  causeway  channels,  a  portable 


(!;iy  of  evacuating  Mexico,  ami  the  day  following  the  surrender  of  Montezuina'i 
I'i'ily.  Jlcrrcra,  who  is  far  more  confused,  has  a  sally  on  tliia  day  iu  three 
(li  -ritioiis,  one  being  the  Tlacopan  road;  but  the  oiierations  on  the  latter  route 
are  tinly  partially  told,  and  the  rest  referred  to  the  third  day  of  the  gjegc. 
There  are  also  several  contradictions  to  aid  in  confusing  the  many  wiio  follow 
liiiii.  Ilei-rira,  dee.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xi.  Prescott  abandons  liiins'.'lf  to  the  guidance 
(if  Clavigero  for  the  occurrences  of  these  days,  but  endjellishes  the  narrative 
with  Homc  incidents  belonging  to  tiie  siege  of  Alvarado. 

'" '  Botello. . .  .afirnio  que. . .  .supiessen  quo  moriria  el  o  su  hcnnano,  y 
al^'iiMos  de  la  eopania,  y  qui  so  saluaria  el  Capital),  y  otros  nuichos,  y  ninguno 
si  s;i]ian  de  dia.  Iferrent,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xi.  '  Hora  lo  creyescn,  liora  no.' 
<!n.„fu-ii,  l/int.  .l/f,('.,  1.")!).  '  Anteponenclo  le  vaue  osservazioni  di  <|uel  nuiscliino 
^"Mato  alia  luce  della  prudeuza  militare,'  in  the  indignant  connuent  of  (  l.ix  i- 
gi'i-fi,  tiio'ia  ilAcw.,  iii.  13.">.  Ihit  there  is  no  doubt  that  'militjiry  prndcmc' 
li:;(l  more  weight  in  the  matter  than  Botello's  words,  and  that  the  result  wa.s 
not  due  to  his  advice.  Solis  casts  the  blame  of  crediting  the  'ignorant  cl:ar- 
l:it:in'  Hotello  chiefly  on  the  majority  of  the  council,  to  whom  Cortes  yieldeil. 
y/'-'.  .I/c.c,  ii.  171-2.  In  order  to  lull  any  suspicions  among  the  Me.\i^;uis, 
siiy.  r.ernal  Diaz,  a  leading  priest  and  some  other  captives  were  sent  to  Iho 
-M  xicau  oamp  with  a  propo.sal  to  surrender  all  the  gold  if  the  Spaniards  were 
all'jwod  to  leave  iu  peace  eight  days  later.  Uiiit.  Vinlcul.,  105. 


I 

( 

I 

i 


€0 


LA  NOCIIK  TRISTE. 


hi'ldgo  was  made  with  wliicli  to  offi'ct  tlio  pnssai^o. 
Two  inoie  would  j)r(»l)al)ly  have  lx»en  made  had  time 
and  convenience  perniittinl,  hut  tnisCortune  willed  it 
otherwise.  It  was  aijreed  tiiat  a  larjre  [)ortion  of  the 
ffK'cts  iinist  l)e  left  hcihind  in  onler  not  to  eneundxi- 
tiii;  march,  hut  the  gold  demanded  special  care.  The 
royal  olVicials,  Meji'a  iind  Avila,  were  chari^ed  to  secure 
it,  and  (or  this  piu'posc  a  numher  of  carriers  were  as- 
siijHed,  the  <jeneral  uivinij  also  one  of  his  own  mares. 
Tlieir  convov  was  intrusted  to  a  hodv  of  infanti'v, 
under  Alonso  de  Escobar."  The  secretary,  Hernandez, 
and  the  royal  notaries  were  called  to  testify  that  all 
had  been  done  that  was  possible.  There  still  remained 
a  larj^o  quantity  of  the  bulky  jewels  beloni^ing  to  tlie 
kin<^,  besides  a  masst)f  unappropriated  treasure,  which 
could  not  be  intrusted  to  carriers,  or  for  which  no 
carriers  were  found,  and  rather  than  leave  them  to 
the  'Indian  doffs'  Cortes  announced  that  the  soldiers 
might  take  all  they  wished — after  permitting  his  favor- 
ites tlie  first  selection.  Ho  warned  them,  howLvei', 
that  the  more  they  took  the  more  their  safety  would 
l)e  endangered.     The  adherents  of  Cortes  do  not  a[)- 

iK-ar  to  have  been  eager  to  encumber  themselves,  ai\d 
i'ernal  Diaz  shared  this  prudence  in  taking  only  four 
chalchiuite  stones.  The  men  of  Narvaez  practised 
less  restraint,  and  many  loaded  themselves  with  tlu' 
metal.  Cortds  was  ifterward  chargea  with  haviu' 
appropriated  a  consi*  jrable  share  of  the  wealth  thus 
thrown  open;  he  ce  ainly  had  funds  with  which  to 
.send  for  horses,  war  .  aterial,  and  supplies." 

"  Lfjnldi',  Si'fjundn  Proh.,  in  a~J>n>refa,  Col.  Dor.,  ii.  4'24.  For  carryincr  t!ip 
royal  trcnanros  'los  tlio  sictc  ca  illos  hcriilos,  y  cojos,  y  vn;i  ycgn.i,  y  iiir.ilins 
Iiulios  Tlascftltecas,  que  scguii  xeron,  fucron  mas  de  ochcnta.'  Bemal  l>in:, 
J/ist.  Vfidad.,  100. 

'■'  Bernal  Diaz,  for  instance,  states  that  he  had  hardly  taken  the  four 
chaleliiuitea  for  liis  share,  from  a  collection  in  a  mat,  when  Cortes  gave  orilers 
to  his  mayordomo  to  secure  it.  loo.  cit.  His  pcncliant  for  appropriating'  hi'%'>-' 
Kliares  to  himself  is  well  known.  Greed  of  gold  was  not  now  his  motive,  lio«'- 
ever,  but  rather  a  prudential  care  to  secure  means  for  his  plans,  .and  iie  eoiiM 
hnr<lly  neglect  tlieni  when  taking  so  great  care  of  tlie  royjil  poi'tion.  Martyr, 
Goiimra,  and  HciTcra  estimate  the  treasure  at  700,001)  ancats,  chiolly  in 
bulky  jewels  aceordin^  to  (Joniara.  Bernal  Diaz  reckons  in  pesos,  w hie! i  iiiny 
mean  pesos  do  ore.     Peter  Martyi'  assumes  it  to  have  been  the  general  fuiiJ, 


ASSKJXMENT  OF  DUTIKS. 


«w 


Saiuloval  was  anjio'mtoil  to  load  the  van,  witli  two 
liiindreil  infaiitiT  and  twenty  horsonicn,  assisti-d  by 
Ordaz,  Andres  dc  Tapia,  and  otlior.s.  With  liini  went 
lil'ty  men  under  Captain  Magarino  to  carry  the  hi'dgc. 
They  were  pledijed  to  remain  at  their  post  to  the  i.ist, 
and  were  escorted  by  a  select  body  of  infantry  and  allies. 
l\)r  the  middle  were  destined  the  baggage  and  treasure, 
the  prisoners  and  the  sick,  under  a  l"!'ge  escort,  su[»er- 
vised  by  Cortes  himself,  who,  with  Olid,  Morla,  A\  ila, 
and  other  captains,  and  a  s})ecial  force  of  one  hundred 
men,  were  to  render  aid  where  needed.  Tin;  ailillery 
was  intrusted  to  tw)  hundred  and  lifty  Tlascaltecs  and 
lifty  soldiers,  and  the  rear  was  i)laced  in  charge  of 
Alvarado  and  Velazquez,  with  thirty  horsemen  and 
about  one  hundred  adherents  of  Cortes,  with  most  of 
the  men  of  Xarvaez.  The  allied  foj'ces,  of  whom  a 
luunber  appear  to  have  returned  hoUK.'  during  the 
inaction  of  !Mt)ntezunia's  captivity,  and  who  had 
sutl'cred  greatly  during  the  siege,  must  still  have 
uumbored  nearly  six  thousand  men,  including  car- 
riers, distributed  among  the  three  divisions."  AnionLT 
the  prisoners  Cortes  enumerates  the  legitimate  son  of 
^lontezuma,  and  two  of  his  daughters,  probably  those 
bestowed  on  the  general  in  marriage.  King  Cacama 
and  his  younger  brother  and  successor,  and  several 


fi  in  which  the  royal  fifth  had  Iwen  set  apart  only  at  the  last  moment,  but 
liiit  iipi)«rtiniicil.  <lec.  v.  cap.  vi.  Solis  assumes  that  71)0, (KK)  pi'Sos  luiiiained 
iiiitr  tho  liinj,''8  portion  liad  1)0011  deiluetetl.  Hist.  Mej-.,  174-.").  OnoN.itncss 
iNtiiiiatos  tliat  over '2,(.KX).()()0  pesos  wore  lost  durin;,'  that  niulit.  Cnrfi'---,  /'ini- 
(IcKcia.  ii.  414.  The  Cartu  >/tl  Kjircito  reduces  the  loss  to  4(K),(MH)  pisos  de 
oiM.  Another  witness  states  th»t  .'$<'■;, 000  castoUanos  roinaiiied  \\\w\\  tlu-  sol- 
diers were  told  to  help  themselves;  afterward  the  jreneral  eonii)olled  tiiem 
t  1  surroiulor  what  had  l)een  thus  given,  only  to  keep  it  for  himself.  CorlrM, 
1'  '^di  iiriii,  i.  241-2.  '  Lo  demits. . .  .lo  dimos  y  roiiartimns  jmr  his  osj)iifi(iles 
Jiara  (|ue  lo  sao.isen,'  saj's  Cortos,  Cartux,  13.">,  wiiieli  inny  ho  int<'r|>ret»'tl 
as  either  giving  or  intrusting.  Whatever  may  have  heen  loft  after  the 
Simninrds  hatl  taken  theii'  loads  was  gleaned  by  the  allies.  Oumttiii,  Hint. 
M'l.,   \-,Q. 

"  Bernal  Diaz  gives  Sandoval  100  young  unmarried  soldiurs,  with  Francisco 
tie  Acovodo,  the  dandy,  Ordaz,  Tapia,  and  eight  or  nine  of  Xarvao/.'  nun,  cap- 
tains on  his  stair.  To  Corti^s  he  gives  .W  men,  and  adtls  ]i.  V.  de  Tapia  to  ids 
i'tiiil'.  //;.</.  Venlnd.,  10.").  This  author  is  contradictory,  howevi  r.  llcrrerfi 
l>l;u'e.s  Antonio  de  Quifiones  as  Sandoval's  chief  aid,  and  Olid  and  Oi-rla/  in 
till  rear.  doc.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  .xi. ;  (lomara,  Ifi.tt.  Mux.,  100;  (Joitc.i,Carl  !./<,  lo4; 
Ilamim,  Proceno  contra  Alvarado,  30  et  acq. 


m 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


other  high  personages."    The  sick  were  to  be  carried 
in  hammocks  and  behind  riders. 

It  is  tlie  evening  of  the  30th  of  June."  Fiery 
copper  has  been  the  sky  that  day;  the  sun  blood-red 
and  moon-hke,  turning  day  to  night,  when  night  is 
so  soon  to  be  employed  as  day.  As  the  hour  a}>- 
proachcs,  a  fog  sets  in,  which  thickens  into  mist  and 
denser  moisture  until,  to  favor  the  Spaniards,  provi- 
dence turns  it  to  a  drizzling  rain,^''  thus  to  veil  their 
movements,  and  make  substantial  the  silence  of  the 
city,  the  lake,  the  distant  wood;  and  thereupon  all 
join  fervently  in  the  prayer  of  Father  Olmedo  and 
commend  their  lives  to  almighty  God. 

About  midnight  the  order  is  giver  to  marcli." 
Stealthily  they  creep  down  the  temple  square  and 


it 


"Hervera  adds  a  brother  of  Montezuma,  and  Sahagun  names  two  sons. 
Jlint.  CdiK/.,  .'J;J.  So  does  V^etaueurt,  talthough  he  assumes  that  one  was  saved. 
Tcatro  .1/('i-.,pt.  iii.  14"2-;i.  Ixtlilxoohitl  gi\'es  a  longer  list,  inelnding  two  .s(jiis 
of  Montezuma,  and  two  sons  and  four  daughters  of  Nezahualiiilli,  of  Tezcucn. 
One  of  tlie  daughters  cseaped,  but  it  was  not  the  beloved  of  Cortes,  who  had 
been  baptized  and  named  Juana.  Caeanui  is  not  included  in  the  list,  bceaiisi; 
he  is  nssnuied  to  liave  l)een  stabbed  to  death  before  the  fort  was  evacuiited. 
Hist. (hull. ,?>0'1;  liildcioiici,  ',i'M.  With  the  prisoners' division  went  Marina, 
t'lc  interpreter,  tlio  Tla.sealtcc  princesses  Luisa  and  Elvira,  and  some  ollur 
women,  protected,  says  Bernal  Diaz,  by  30  soldiers  and  ',i(M  Tla.sealtecs. 

■'  Tliis  date  is  based  on  Cortes'  letter,  wherein  he  places  tlie  arrival  on 
Tlascala'.s  border  on  Sunday,  July  Sth.  after  giving  a  clear  account  of  the  in- 
termediate days.  Any  doubt  alwut  this  <late  is  removed  by  the  testimony  in 
Lcjafi/c,  Sr'jiniila  Prohaiiza,  in  Irir.halcita,  Col.  Due,  i.  4'j;i,  wheri'in  tlic 
leading  eajitains  state  that  the  siege  lasted  six  days.  This  testimony  also 
clears  \ip  iho  oidy  doul)tfiil  point  in  Cortes'  account  of  the  siege  operation.-*, 
■where  he  di.^posesof  the  wounding  and  death  of  Montezuma  in  one  isentence, 
and  then  I'esuuies  tlie  description  of  the  fighting  in  a  manner  that  h.is  as.si.sti'd 
to  mislead  (lomnraand  nianv  othe 's  into  extending  the  stay  in  Mexico  till 
July  lOtii.  I.xtlilxochitl  ado'p^.^  this  date,  yet  in  the  li,ln<-h>nvs  .'«).»,  41-'  I.!, 
lie  stjites  tltat  the  siege  lasted  only  seven  days.  15ernal  l>iaz  places  the  eve  nf 
the  departure  on  a  'rhui'.s<lay,  July  10th  [with  Cortes  it  is  Saturday],  yet  \w 
dates  the  battle  of  Otumba  just  one  week  later  than  Cortis.  Il^d.  I'rrfii'l., 
10.'),  lOS.  This  latter  date  induces  Zamacois  to  change  the  date  <if  llight  to 
JulySth.  ///.sV.  .l/';/.,iii.  4!)(i-7.  '  L;i  nott"  (Id  I  Luglio,'says  Clavigcro..s7ti(v''i 
^f'S•'.,  iii.  i;{."i,  but  i.is  re.'isons  for  the  date  are  wrong,  and  the  term  he  ilsis 
may  apply  also  to  the  nigiit  following  tiiat  adopted  in  the  text 

'"  Tlie  Spaniards  recognized  this  as  a  favoring  shield  direct  from  (loci,  .^.iv.^ 
Duran,  //Is',  /ml.,  MS.,  ii.  ■<7:}-4.  " 

'•  Ojeila  ■•••IS  instruete<l  to  see  that  no  somnolent  or  sick  person  was  Ictt. 
lie  found  oiu!  man  asleep  on  the  roof  anil  roused  iiini.  //rrrt  ri(,  dec.  ii.  lil>  n- 
cap.  xi.  (lom.'Ta  takes  the  ti'oulile  to  deny  tlie  statenieiit  of  Caiio  tliaf  -7'* 
men,  ignorant  of  Cortes' de]iarture,  were  left  behind  to  perish,  ilriido,  in. 
io\.     A  latir  note  will  explain  the  cau.se  of  thi-j  rumor. 


THAT  FATAL  SHRIEK! 


473 


rival  oil 
tho  iii- 

iiiiiiy  ill 
in   Uii: 

)ny  al.-^'> 

•vatioiis, 

..llll'llCl', 

iiHsi;-itcil 
\ii'i>  till 

.0  OVO  "f 

.  yi't  li'> 
'Jwl., 
kli-Ut  to 

[ho   UHr.-J 
toil,  t-.iVS 

Iva^  l>'tt. 
li.  lil>.  ^• 
)liat  -'T't 
\ktlo,  111. 


roach  tlio  Tlacopan  road.**  Tho  streets  are  vvhoUy 
deserted.  All  is  quiet,  save  the  dull  rumble  of  tramp- 
iiiijf  soldiers.  The  blessed  rain,  or  some  supernatural 
interposition,  seems  to  keep  the  whole  city  within 
doors.  And  if  this  kind  power  will  but  have  patienc^e 
and  not  desert  them  for  one  brief  hour — ah,  it  is  so 
easy  for  Omnipotence  to  help!  Along  the  road  like 
a  }>hantom  the  army  moves.  The  van  picks  up  the 
i;uard  at  the  canal  c  ossings.  The  causeway  is  almost 
ivached.  Already  they  begin  to  breathe  freer;  a 
feeling  of  intense  relief  steals  into  their  breasts, 
and — brother  of  God!  what  noise  is  that?  It  is  the 
|)ii'rcing  outcry  of  a  woman" — niay  the  foul  fiend 
seize  her! — breaking  upon  the  stillness  like  a  warn- 
ing note  from  the  watch-tower  of  Avcrnus.  On  the 
instant  the  war-drum  of  the  Tlatelulco  temple  sends 
forth  its  doleful  sound,  chilling  the  fuj^itives  to  the 
voiy  heart's  core.  Quickly  its  tones  are  drownetl  by 
tlie  nearer,  shrillc  trumpet-blasts  and  :3liouts  of  war- 
riors, echoed  and  reechoed  from  every  quarter. 

Meanwhile  the  advance  column  had  reached  the 
sixth  bridge  crossing,-"  the  first  to  connect  with  tho 
causeway,  and  had  obliged  the  ]Mexican  picket  to 
rot  ire,  after  exchanging  a  few  shots.  The  portable 
bridge  was  here  laid,  and  the  van  crossed  with 
(luickened  steps,  folk  ^ved  by  the  centre  with  the  bag- 
gage and  artillery.  At  this  juncture  the  enemy  fell 
upon  the  rear,  rending  the  air  with  their  yells,  send- 

'■^  Tlio  ravaging  sallies  of  tho  proecdiiig  <lays,  which  liml  involvoil  the  do- 
strni'tion  of  liouscs  in  the  vie  inity  ami  aloiiLT  tho  approaclu'.s  to  Tlaoopaii,  had 
c'vi.lcnMy  obliged  the  onomy  to  rotire  from  these  streets  and  sock  slieltt'r  t'l>e- 
wlii  TO  for  the  night.  Os-ieilo  assiunos  that  (xjrtt^a  led  the  way,  but  l)ia/  and 
llivifra  lot  him  advance  oidy  when  the  first  troops  are  guided  into  Tlacopan. 

'■'  '  I'asanm  euatro  acc(|uia.s,  y  antes  i[\\<)  pasaseii  las  deinas  salio  vivi 
laii.'rr  i\  tomar  agua  y  vii'ilos.'  Sii/i(tiiiiii,  Ilitt.  ('<iiii/.,  ',V2.  '  A  devil,  without 
iliiiilit,"  adds  Caniargo,  who  dcscriljos  lier  as  a  keeper  of  an  eatingdiouse,  and 
iiidi.atos  exactly  the  location  of  her  house.  Jlist.  TIa.v.,  1(!7.  Cortes  states 
th.it  the  nlann  was  given  by  the  gu.""d  at  tho  lirst  broach  held  by  the 
Ml  xicans,  wiiere  the  |)ortabK'  bridge  was  laid  down.   Cartas,  lltti. 

■'  Sahagun  names  tiiia  .'^lictlautouco,  and  tlio  next  tsvo  TUuxtecayoean  an  I 
retlacalco.  In  another  |)laee  he  names  tho  first  Teepaut/inco,  and  the  second 
or  third  Tolteacali.  Hist.  Coii"  ,  loo.  cit.,  and  [od.  1840]  \'2\  '2.  Tonnioniad.,, 
(,'ivos  tlie  soconil  l>reacli  of  the  causeway  tho  latter  name.  The  names  blK)uld 
iHnlidily  be  written  Tecpantzinco,  TolfocaAcalulco,  and  I'etkicalc  j. 


474 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


injr  tlieir  missiles  fast  and  furious,  while  from  the 
cross-roads  issued  a  swarm,  with  lance  and  sword,  on 
Alvarado's  flank.  Over  the  water  resounded  their 
cries,  and  canoes  came  crowding  round  the  causeway 
to  attack  the  forward  ranks.  To  add  to  tlie  horrors 
of  the  tumult,  several  men  and  horses  slipped  on  the 
wet  bridge  and  fell  into  the  water;  others,  midst 
heart-rending  cries,  were  crowded  over  the  edge  by 
those  behind.  All  the  rest  succeeded  in  crossing, 
however,  except  about  one  hundred  soldiers.  These, 
it  is  said,  bewildered  by  the  bottle  cries  and  death 
shrieks,  turned  back  to  the  fort,  and  there  held  out  for 
three  days,  till  hunger  forced  them  to  surrender  and 
meet  the  fate  of  sacrificial  victims  at  the  coronation 
feast  of  Cuitlahuatzin.'** 

The  half  mile  of  causeway  extending  between 
the  first  and  second  breaches  was  now  completely 
filled  with  Spaniards  and  allies,  whose  flanks  were 
harassed  by  the  forces  brought  forward  in  canoes  on 
cither  side.  Dark  and  foggy  as  the  night  was,  the 
outline  of  the  Indian  crews  could  be  distinguished 
by  the  white  and  colored  tilmatU  in  which  many  of 
tliem  were  clad,  owing  to  the  coldness  of  the  air. 
Fearlessly  they  jumped  to  the  banks,  and  fought  the 
Spaniards  with  lance  and  javelin,  retreating  into  the 
water  the  moment  the  charge  wcs  over.  Some  crept 
up  the  road  sides,  and  seizing  the  legs  of  the  fugitives 
endeavored  to  drag  them  into  the  water.  So  crowdeJ 
were  the  soldiers  that  they  could  scarcely  defend 
themselves;  aggressive  movements  were  out  of  the 
question. 

Repeated  orders  had  been  transmitted  to  Magariiiu 
to  hurry  forward  the  removal  of  his  bridge  to  the 
second  channel,  and,  seeing  no  more  soldiers  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  the  first  opening,  he  prepared  to 

'•'  This  native  rumor,  as  recorded  in  the  niannscripts  used  by  Duran,  //'■•''. 
fml.,  MS.,  ii.  47<>-7,  is  probably  the  foundation  for  Cano's  statenicat,  tliat 
(Jorti'rt  abandonetl  'I'O  men  in  the  fort,  llerrera  reduces  thcni  to  lUO.  'U'nu 
Ki!  bohiieroii  a  hi  torrc  del  tenipio,  udonde  so  hizierou  fuertes  ties  diua.'  aoc. 
ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xii. 


HARD  FIOnXING. 


475 


obey,  but  the  structure  had  been  so  deeply  imbedded 
in  the  banks  from  the  heavy  traffic  that  his  men 
labored  for  some  time  in  vain  to  lift  it,  exposed  all  the 
rthile  to  a  fierce  onslauglit.  Finally,  after  a  number 
of  the  devoted  band  had  succumbed,  the  bridijce  V\a3 
released,  but  before  it  could  be  drawn  over  the  cause- 
way the  enemy  had  borne  it  down  at  the  other  end  so 
as  effectually  to  wreck  it.**  The  loss  of  the  bridge 
was  a  great  calamity,  and  was  so  regarded  by  the 
troops,  hemmed  in  as  they  were  between  two  deep 
clianncls,  on  a  causeway  which  in  width  woukl  hold 
only  twenty  men  in  a  line.  On  all  sides  were  enemies 
thirsting  for  blood.  Presently  a  rush  was  made  for 
the  second  channel,  where  the  soldiers  had  already 
begun,  in  face  of  the  foe,  to  cross  on  a  single  beam, 
which  had  been  left  intact  when  the  bridge  was  de- 
stroyed. As  this  was  an  exceedingly  slow  process, 
many  took  to  the  water,  only  to  receive  their  death- 
blow at  the  hands  of  the  watermen.  Some  were  taken 
prisoners;  some  sank  beneath  their  burden  of  gold; 
the  horses  found  a  ford  on  one  side  where  the  water 
was  not  above  the  saddle 

The  canoes,  however,  were  as  numerous  here  as 
elsewhere,  and  their  occupants  as  determined;  and  the 
horsemen  had  the  greatest  trouble  to  keep  their  seats 
while  resisting  them.  The  general,  being  at  the  head, 
sutlered  most.  At  one  time  some  Indians  seized  him 
bv  the  legs  and  tried  to  drag  him  off.  The  footing 
of  the  horse  being  so  insecure,  the  attenn)t  would 
probably  have  succeeded  but  for  the  prompt  aid  of 
Antonio  de  Quiilones,  and  Texmaxahuitzin,  a  Tlas- 
caltec,  known  afterward  as  Antonio.  Olid,  who  also 
came  to  the  rescue,  was  almost  overpowered,  but 
managed  to  free  himself  by  means  of  baekluuuled 
hlows  from  his  muscular  arm.  One  of  the  cavalry, 
Juan  de  Salazar,  the  page  of  Cortes,  then  took  tho 

'■"'  I'ernal  Diaz,  Hist.  VcrdaiL,  lOG,  assuinea  that  tho  enemy  bore  it  ilowu 
liil'oix'  thi'  l)a<,'gay;c  train  had  crossed,  and  that  the  channel  was  tilled  in  con- 
sii|in.inje  with  ai'tillery,  ba^gaye,  und  dead  bodies.  CJoniara  guts  the  biiJgo 
acrusd  the  second  breach.    Both  must  be  mistaken,  however. 


476 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


lead  to  clear  the  way  for  the  rest,  only  to  fall  a  victim 
to  his  zeal.  The  next  moment  his  master  had  gained 
the  bank,  and  thereupon  directed  the  troops  by  the 
ford« 

Thus  in  the  darkness  the  wild  roar  of  battle  con- 
tinued, the  commingling  shouts  and  strokes  of  com- 
batants falling  on  the  distant  car  as  one  continuous 
moan.  The  canoes  now  pressed  on  the  fugitives  in 
greater  number  at  the  ford  than  in  the  channel. 
Sandoval,  with  his  party,  had  swum  the  channel 
before  the  Mexicans  assembled  there  in  great  num- 
bers, and  was  now  leading;  the  van  down  the  cause- 

•  •  • 

way,  scattering  the  assailants  right  and  left.  Little 
regular  fighting  was  attempted,  the  Spaniards  being 
intent  on  escaping  and  the  Mexicans  quickly  yielding 
before  the  cavalry,  taking  refuge  in  and  round  the 
canoes.  With  greater  hardihood  and  success,  how- 
ever, they  harassed  those  on  foot.  On  reaching 
the  next  channel,  which  was  the  last,  the  fugitives 
found  with  dismay  that  it  was  wider  and  deeper  than 
the  others,  and  with  bitter  regret  they  saw  their 
mistake  in  not  bringing  three  portable  bridges.  The 
enemy  was  here  also  gathering  in  ever  increasing 
force,  to  watch  the  death  trap.  Every  effort  to  clear 
a  passage  was  stubbornly  resisted,  and,  the  soldiers 
growing  more  irresolute,  a  rider  was  sent  to  brini,' 
Cortes.  Before  he  arrived,  however,  Sandoval  had 
already  plunged  in  with  a  number  of  the  cavalrv, 
followed  by  foot-soldiers,  who  seized  the  opportunity 
to  fiiU  into  the  wake,  by  either  holding  on  to  tlie 
trappings  of  the  horses  or  striking  out  for  them- 
selves. The  passage  was  extremely  difficult,  and  ukm  e 
than  one  horseman  reeled  and  fell,  from  the  unitcil 
pressure  of  friends  and  foes.  Those  who  folio wn  I 
suflered  yet  more,  being  pushed  down  by  comrades, 
struck  by  clubs  and  stones,  pierced  by  spears,  or,  most 


■■''  Caiiiargo  relates  the  incidents  of  the  passage  in  detail,  and  says  that 
("ortos  foil  into  a  hole  as  the  enemy  pounced  upon  him.  The  two  dclivcrcis 
di.iputed  the  lionor  of  havinj;  rescued  the  general.  Hist.  Tlax:,  109. 


THE  DREADFUL  BRIDGE. 


m 


liorrible  of  all,  drawn  in  by  dusky  boatmen,  who  care- 
fully guarded  them  for  the  dread  stone  of  sacrifice. 

With  five  horsemen  Cort(?s  led  a  body  of  one  hun- 
dred infantry  to  the  mainland.  Accompanying  this 
force  was  a  number  of  carriers  with  treasures  secured 
by  the  general  and  his  friends.  Leaving  the  gold  in 
charge  of  Jaramillo,  with  orders  to  hold  the  entrance  of 
the  causeway  against  assailants  from  the  shore,  Cortes 
leturned  to  the  channel  where  Sandoval  had  taken  a 
stand  to  keep  clear  the  bank  and  protect  the  passage. 
Tidings  coming  that  Alvarado  was  in  danger,  Cortes 
proceeded  to  the  rear,  beyond  the  second  channel,  and 
i'ound  it  hotly  contested.  His  opportune  arrival  in- 
i'used  fresh  courafje,  as  with  ijallant  charires  he  relieved 
the  troops  from  the  terrible  pressure.  He  looked  in 
vain  for  many  comrades  who  had  been  placed  at  this 
}i()st,  and  would  have  gone  in  search  of  them  had  not 
Alvarado  assured  him  that  all  the  livinij  were  there. 
]  [e  was  told  that  the  guns  reserved  for  the  rear  had 
for  a  while  been  directed  with  sweeping  effect  against 
the  ever  growing  masses  of  warriors  around  them;  but 
linally  a  simultaneous  attack  from  the  canoe  crews 
on  either  side,  and  from  the  land  forces  to  the  rear, 
impelled  by  their  own  volume,  had  overwhelmed  the 
narrow  columns  nearest  the  city,  together  with  their 
cannon,  killing  and  capturing  a  large  number,  and 
tlirowing  the  rest  into  the  panic-stricken  condition 
from  which  he  had  just  extricated  them. 

Leavinsf  Alvarado  to  cover  the  rear  as  best  he 
C(nil(l,  Cortes  hastened  to  direct  the  passage  of  the 
iiiiddlo  channel.  What  a  sight  was  there!  Of  all  the 
Moody  terrors  of  that  dai'k,  sorrowful  night,  this  was 
th(^  most  terrible!  A  bridjje  had  been  wanting,  and 
liihold,  the  bridge  was  there!  With  dead  and  living 
fugitives  the  chasm  on  either  side  the  slippery  beam 
had   been   filled,"  and  now    the   soldiers   and   allies 

'"El  foso 80  hinclui hasta arriba ; y  loa de  la retrognarilia  pasnron  sobre 

li>s  imiertos.  Los  capafioles  que  aqul  quedaron  inuertos  fucron  trt'scicntos,  y 
lit  liis  tlaxcaltccaa  y  otroa  indios  ainigos  fueroii  ma»  de  doB  mil.'  Sahn'jiin, 
Uift.  Coi,q.  (cd.  1840),  I'J'J. 


; 


m 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


were  rushing,  heedless  of  the  groans  beneath  them, 
across  this  gory  support,  still  narrow  and  full  of  gaps, 
to  be  filled  by  the  next  tripping  fugitive.  Scattered 
pell-mell  on  the  bank  lay  the  baggage  and  artillery, 
abandoned  by  the  fleeing  carriers,  which,  proving  only 
an  obstruction,  Cortds  ordered  it  thrown  into  the 
channel  in  order  to  widen  the  crossing. 

But  the  end  was  not  yet.  Great  as  had  been  the 
woe,  it  was  yet  to  be  increased  at  the  last  and  wider 
channel.  Hero  was  indeed  a  yawning  abyss,  having 
likewise  a  single  remaining  beam,  whose  narrow  slip- 
pery surface  served  rather  as  a  snare  than  a  support.'^ 
The  necessarily  slow  motion  of  the  train  had  enabled 
the  Mexicans  to  come  up  in  swarms,  and  like  sharks 
surround  the  chasm.  Harassed  on  every  side,  and 
with  an  avalanche  rollin<r  ajjainst  the  rear,  the  re- 
treating  thought  only  of  escaping  the  new  danger, 
and  at  once.  They  threw  aside  their  arms  and  treas- 
ures and  plunged  in,  bearing  one  another  down  re- 
gardless of  any  claims  of  friendship  or  xiumanity. 
And  woful  to  hear  were  the  heart-rending  cries  from 
that  pit  of  Acheron.  Some  begged  help  of  Mary  and 
Santiago;  some  cursed  their  fate  and  him  who  had 
brought  them  to  it,  while  many  sank  with  muto 
des|)air  into  the  arms  of  death;  and  over  all  roared  the 
wild  cries  and  insults  of  the  ]\Iexicans.  In  stronij 
contrast  to  the  panic-stricken  men  appeared  a  woman, 
]\Iaria  de  Estrada,  who,  with  shield  and  sword,  faced 
the  enemy  like  a  lioness,  standing  forth  among  the 
men  as  a  leader,  and  astonishing  friend  and  foe  with 
her  prowess.*" 

Cortes  did  all  he  could,  as  became  an  able  com- 
mander and  valiant  soldier,  to  save  his  men.  He  was 
indefatigable  in  his  efforts,  being  everywhere  present, 
encouraging,  guiding,  and  protecting.  Yet  his  posi- 
tion was  most  trying;  there  were  that  night  so  many 

"•■  Ramirez,  Procexo  contra  Alrarado,  4,  53,  68. 

■■"'  '  Casi)  csta  Sefiora,  coii  Pedro  Sanchez  Farfan  [who  seized  Narvacz],  J 
dieroiilc  on  ]<Inconiieudtt  ol  Pueblo  de  Tetela.'  She  morriod  a  sccoud  time, 
aud  died  in  Pucbla.   Tortiuenuula,  i.  504. 


F^VLL  OF  VELAZQUEZ  DE  LEON. 


HI 


brave  soldiers  given  over  to  despair,  so  many  cars 
deaf  to  commands  and  prudent  counsel.  Unable  to 
do  more  at  the  channels,  he  hastened  to  look  to 
those  who  had  crossed  and  were  proceeding  in  strag- 
gling bands  to  join  Jaramillo.  Heedless  of  companies 
or  officers,  the  soldiers  had  banded  in  parties  of  a 
score  or  two,  and  sword  in  hand,  where  this  had  not 
been  thrown  away,  they  were  hurrying  down  tho 
causeway.^''  The  assailants  fell  off  somewhat  beyond 
the  last  channel,  and  finding  the  advance  compara- 
tively safe,  guided  by  his  soldierly  impulses  Cortds 
aijain  returned  with  a  few  horsemen^  and  foot-soldiers 
to  cover  the  remnant  of  the  army.  The  rear,  com- 
])osed  chiefly  of  the  Narvaez  party,  were  approaching 
the  last  channel,  but  under  the  continued  onslaught 
])anic  had  seized  them.  They  made  hardly  an  effort 
to  defend  themselves,  and  like  the  Indians  during  tlic 
massacre  by  Alvarado  they  huddled  one  against  tho 
other,  offering  their  backs  as  a  target  for  unsparing 
attack.  Among  this  number  was  the  loyal  and  noble 
A\'lazqucz  de  Leon,  who  shared  with  the  Tonatiuh  the 
command  of  this  section.  How  he  fell  is  not  known, 
but  he  never  crossed  the  last  breach.'^' 

Alvarado  had  been  wounded  and  had  lost  his  horse, 
ill  common  with  most  of  his  party.  Finding  it  im- 
|)0ssible  to  control  the  men,  he  gathered  a  small  band 
I'ound  him  and  souijht  the  channel,  leavinjj  the  rest 
to  look  to  themselves.^    On  reaching  the  spot  he  saw 

^'  Benial  Diaz  formed  one  of  a  band  of  50,  who  were  repeatedly  attacked 
with  arms  ami  midst  insults.  lie  quotos  some  of  the  low  expressions  used, 
Jlmt.  Virdiid.,  100. 

''  One  authority  states  that  Cort<53  was  nearing  Tl.icopan,  when  Olid  and 
titlicrs  called  out  to  him  that  the  fugitives  were  accusinj^  tlie  captains  of  ah.iu- 
(loniiig  them,  and  urged  that  they  should  turn  back.  '  It  is  a  miracle  to  have 
escaped,'  was  his  reply,  'and  fewer  will  be  left  if  we  return.'  Haying  this  ho 
liL-.ided  a  dozen  horsemen  and  a  few  foot-soldiers  and  galloped  back.  ISciuial 
J>kr.,  IIM.  I'erdail.,  lOG.  IJut  Cortes  was  not  the  man  to  wait  in  such  a 
cuao  till  entreaty  came.  '  Yo  con  tres  6  cuatro  de  caballo, '  he  says,  '  y  hasta 
vcinto  pcones,  que  oaaron  qucdar  conmigo,  me  fui  en  la  rezaga.'  Cartas,  I.'}."). 
He  tal;cs  the  palm  from  all  American  conquerors,  exclaims  Ovicdo,  iii.  .'{20. 

'"^  Zamacois  makes  atonement  for  a  lack  of  research  by  inventing  douglity 
deeds  for  this  hero.   Hist.  Mej.,  iii.  417-18. 

'"Among  the  soldiers  contributed  in  later  times  by  Garay's  expedition 
was  one  Ocampo,  who,  fond  of  scandal  and  pasquinades,  libelled  many  of  the 


480* 


LA  NOCHE  TRISTE. 


a  confused  mass  of  struggling  humanity  in  the  water, 
but  the  sohtary  beam  which  spanned  it  was  vacant, 
and  steadying  himself  with  his  lance  he  sprang  swiftly 
across.  Narrow  and  slippery  as  was  the  beam,  it  was 
no  insignificant  feat  for  a  wounded  man  to  cross  upon 
it,  but  time  magnified  the  performance  to  something 
mii'aculous.  When  Alvarado  came  to  the  channel,  it 
is  related,  no  friendly  beam  spanned  the  wide,  deep 
gap.  His  life  turned  on  brief  resolve  and  instant  ac- 
tion. Lithe,  strong,  and  determined,  even  though 
wounded,  he  was  not  yet  ready  to  yield  all.  With  a 
searching  glance  into  the  troubled  pool  and  across 
the  awful  chasm  ho  stepped  back  for  a  preparatory 
spring.  Then,  rushing  forward,  he  planted  the  long 
pike  upon  the  yielding  debris  and  vaulted  across, 
to  the  wonder  of  all  witnesses.  The  Indians,  says 
Camargo,  prostrated  themselves  in  admiration,  and 
tearing  up  grass,  ate  it,  with  the  exclamation,  "Truly, 
this  man  is  the  Tonatiuhl"  So  runs  the  story,  })rc- 
scrvcd  by  tradition,  and  by  the  name  yet  given  to  the 
spot,  '  Eif  Salto  de  Alvarado. '^^ 

captaina,  among  theiu  Alvarado,  declaring  that  he  had  left  Velazquez  with 
over  '200  men  to  die.  Jii-riial,  Diaz.,  ll'mt.  Vvnlad.,  lOG-7.  The  charge  came 
forwai'd  in  the  rcsidencia,  but  Alvarado  brought  witnesses  to  prove  thiit  lie 
h:al  lost  all  control  over  the  men,  and  could  do  nothing  else  than  to  save 
himself,  wounded  and  unhorsed  as  he  was.  There  were  other  witnesses  v,  ho 
did  all  they  could  to  blacken  his  fame,  and  to  attribute  to  his  neglect  of  duty 
a  great  portion  of  the  loss  sustaineil  during  that  sad  night.  liamiri'Z,  J'roccio, 
4,  .38,  53,  C8,  and  288.  P-unirez  decides  against  the  accused.  ]5nt  Alvarado 
was  admittedly  brave,  recklessly  so,  and  it  must  bo  regard.-^d  rather  as  Iiis 
misfortune  that  a  panic  seized  the  men.  Perhaps,  as  conunauder  intrusted 
witli  tliis  section,  ho  sliould  have  remained  longer  at  his  post.  This  siguiii^il 
death,  and  such  men  as  then  comprised  hia  command  he  reganled  as  lianlly 
worth  dying  for.  lie  chose  to  save  life  at  the  expense  of  a  blemish  on  liis 
lionor.  More  it  never  amounted  to,  for  the  court  absolved  him.  lie  rodeoim'il 
the  fault  afterwai  d  by  brave  achievements. 

"'  Camargo  intimates  that  several  Tlascalan  chiefs  of  the  expedition  testi- 
fied to  the  feat.  Jlist.  TIax.,  1G8;  and  Gomara  adds  that  several  followcis 
tried  to  imitate  it,  but  failed,  and  were  drowned.  Hist.  Mex.,  ITiQ.  Contia- 
dictory  as  Bemal  Diaz  is  about  the  incidents  of  the  night,  ho  strenuously 
insists  that  the  channel  was  examined  during  the  following  siege  nnd  fi"uid 
to  bo  too  wide  and  too  deep  to  allow  of  such  a  leap.  Ifist.  I'crdaa.,  10".  'I  I'i^ 
8  )litary  denial  of  a  story  which  has  been  adopted  by  almost  every  writir, 
fnun  Ovicdo  to  Prescott,  linds  support  in  testimony  during  the  hero's  iv-i- 
duncia,  wherein  it  is  distinctly  stated  tliat  ho  crossed  the  channel  on  a  li\id 
beam.  His  own  testimony  gives  assent  to  tlio  charge  so  formulated,  altlimuli 
hitherto  he  hatl  no  doubt  allowed  the  other  version  to  be  believed,  liuiitni ;, 
Procvso,  4,  53,  08  et  acq. 


RETREAT  TOWARD  TLACOPAN. 


461 


Cortds  and  liiy  small  band  of  rescuers  came  up  as 
Alvarado  appeared,  pike  in  hand  and  bleeding,  ac- 
companied by  a  few  stragglers.'^  Among  these  was 
Juan  Tirade,  who,  in  gratitude  for  his  deliverance, 
elected  at  this  bridge  after  the  conquest  a  hermitage 
to  San  Acacio,  known  also  as  Do  los  Milrtires— - 
martyrs  to  avarice,  as  Torquemada  intimates.'"  The 
badly  wounded  wore  now  mounted  behind  the  horse- 
men,^ and  repelling  the  foes  who  still  pressed  on  them, 
Cortes  in  person  covered  the  remnant  of  the  army  in 
its  retreat  toward  Tlacopan,**  losing  in  this  final 
struggle  the  gallant  Captain  Morla.^  The  route  lay 
tlirough  Popotla  village  or  suburb;  and  here,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  Cortes  seated  himself  on  a  stone  to 
weep  over  the  misfortunes  of  this  Sorrowful  Night.'" 

IJy  a  similar  process  of  annealing,  gold  is  made  soft 
and  iron  hard ;  so  by  misfortune  the  wise  man  is  made 
wiser  while  the  fool  is  hardened  in  his  folly. 


liity 

Lis 
itt.l 
liiiil 

•iiy 

lli:4 

sti- 

■Vfl-S 

Itni- 

l>ly 

|UII<1 
llii 


'-  Seven  Spaniards  and  eight  Tlaacalteca,  all  badly  wounded.  Bernal  Diaz, 
nut.  rcn/ad.,  106. 

■"  '  Dur(>  poco  este  nombre,  pnes  tampoco  Ics  convcnia  ii  los  niucrtos,  que 
il);in  oiirgailca  de  Ore'  Moiian/.  IiuL,  i.  504.  Zamaeois  describes  the  site  as 
lie  fountl  it  not  long  ago.  Hint.  Mrj.,  iii.  421-3.  Bernal  Diuz  implies  tliat 
tlio  '  martyr '  name  was  given  in  honor  of  those  captured  and  sacritioed  during 
till'  siege,  a  year  later.   y/?V.  VerdwI.,  153. 

^'.Vlvarado  Wiusi  taken  on  Ctamboa'a  horse,  Laao  on  Sandoval's.  Ramirez, 
J'ro'isn  contra  Ali'iintdo,  G9,  119. 

^-•.•Vlvarado  said  that  only  the  dead  remained  behind,  but  Olid  insisted 
tliat  a  number  were  still  fighting  tlie  enemy.  Cortea  accordingly  went  back 
nu^iiii  and  rescued  several  more.  (\i,-<t'i)~ie<la,  in  Id.,  44.  13ernal  Diaz  also  states 
tiiat  ("ortiJa  returned  as  far  as  the  bridges.    ///.s<.  Verdad.,  100. 

" '  The  same  who  sprang  into  the  sua,  oil  Yucatan,  to  replace  the  rudder  of 
Ills  vessel,  unsliipped  during  the  storm. 

^'  La  Noche  Triste,  as  it  has  ever  since  been  called.  Amid  so  much  tliat 
is  foinantio  the  tendency  to  furtlier  romance  is  often  uncontrolhible.  Tlio 
tnitli  of  this  statement  is  open  to  grave  doubts.  '  Llegii  [Alvarado]  it  Cort(Vs, 
<inr  cstaba  en(,'ima de  unas  gradas  de  un  qii,  sentado  di(;iendo  muchas  lastimas. ' 
"'■'"''I,  iii.  514.  Zamaeois  descriljes  the  enormous  tree,  yet  standiui,',  vliiuh 
sluiikd  the  stone  and  beai-s  the  name  of  'Arbolde  taNoche  Triste.'  Jliit.  Mij., 
iii.  4_'l.  Prescott  improves  the  occasion  by  allowing  the  army  to  file  past  in 
s:iil  clilapidation,  regardless  of  the  fact  that  tiu'  amiy  was  already  gathered  in 
TIariipan.  Mcx.,  ii.  371-2.  Testimony  contirma  the  statement  of  Cortes  that 
'I'lii  I'll  la  rczaga,  pelcando  con  los  indios  hasta  llegar  4  una  ciudad  que  se  dice 
Tuoiiba'  [Tlacopan].  Cartas,  135-6. 


Hht.  Mkx.,  Vol.  I.    31 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

RETREAT    TO    TLASCALA. 

July,  1520. 

Fatal  Mistake  of  the  Mexicans — A  Brief  Respite  Allowed  the  Span- 
lABDS— The  Remnant  of  the  Army  at  Tlacopan — They  Set  out  for 
Tlascala— An  ever  increasing  Force  at  their  Heels— Rest  at 
THE  Tepzolac  Temple— CoRTi:3  Reviews  his  Disasters— The  March 
Continued  amidst  Great  Tribulation — Encounter  of  the  Gkank 
Army — Important  Battle  and  Remarkable  Victory — Arrival  at 
Tlascala — The  Friendly  Reception  Accorded  them  There. 

What  would  Emperor  Charles  have  said  to  Hcrnan 
Cortes  had  they  met  on  the  morning  after  the  Sor- 
rowful Night !  It  is  related  of  Xerxes  that  with  u 
golden  crown  he  rewarded  a  pilot  who  had  saved  his 
life,  and  thereupon  ordered  him  beheaded  for  having' 
sacrificed  in  the  operation  the  lives  of  so  many  of 
his  Persian  subjects.  Now  Cortes  had  not  saved  the 
emperor's  life,  nor  yet  the  emperor's  gold;  he  had 
sacrificed  many  lives,  and  had  little  to  show  for  thoiii. 
Had  Charles  been  there,  and  had  he  valued  Spaniaids 
as  did  Xerxes  Persians,  he  might  have  cut  off  the 
Estremaduran's  head;  but  Cortes  was  yet  worth  to 
Charles  more  than  all  that  had  been  thus  far  lost  in 
New  Spain. 

Prosperity  implies  ability;  adversity,  weakness  of 
mind  and  character.  In  the  high-souled  and  clii\al- 
rous,  prosperity  tends  to  yet  loftier  heights,  while  ad- 
versity sinks  the  unfortunate  still  lower;  nevertheless, 
the  fortitude  and  dignity  which  come  to  the  really 
great  under  misfortune  are  among  the  grandest  sights 
in  this  universe.     I  have  said  that  Corf^cs  might  liavc 

(482) 


IN  THE  MORNING. 


ridden  to  Mexico  over  palm  branches,  midst  liosannas, 
liad  he  but  known  it;  but  had  ho  done  so,  there  would 
have  been  no  greatness  attending  the  act.  The  door 
of  peaceable  exit  from  tlie  city  of  Mexico  had  long 
1  >een  open  to  him ;  but  to  have  accepted  Montezuma's 
invitation  hence  would  not  have  raised  Cortes  in  the 
estimation  either  of  himself  or  of  his  soldiers. 

After  all  the  terrible  disasters  of  the  Nocho  Tristc 
the  Spaniards  were  not  wholly  forsaken  by  fortune, 
though  they  called  it  the  irrepressible  Santiago  on 
his  milk-white  steed  who  caused  the  Mexicans  to 
neglect  their  opportunity  of  vigorously  pursuing  the 
fugitives  beyond  the  last  channel,  and  in  their  help- 
less stlite  to  exterminate  them.  Yet  we  cannot  help 
asking  why  Santiago  did  not  come  to  their  assist- 
ance sooner,  and  save  them  untold  woe.  The  Span- 
iards, however,  were  not  captious  in  their  criticisms 
of  benefactors,  and  so  a  small  stone  was  erected  on 
the  Tacuba  road  in  honor  of  the  mounted  saint.*  If 
wo  would  have  the  real  cause  why  the  Mexicans  did 
not  follow  up  the  Spaniards,  we  may  find  it  in  their 
greed  for  spoils,  as  Sahagun  observes,  which  detained 
the  warriors,  especially  round  the  channels.  A  thor- 
ough search  was  soon  instituted  by  them ;  the  canals 
were  dragged,  and  quantities  of  arms,  baggage,  and 
personal  effects  were  secured,  beside  the  gold  and 
jewels  which  had  been  taken  by  the  Spaniards.  Their 
own  dead  they  decently  buried,  while  those  of  the 
Spaniards  and  their  allies  were  more  summarily  dis- 
posed of,  and  the  whole  road  cleared  of  obstructions 
and  whatever  might  infect  the  atmosphere.^ 

According  to  Gomara  the  discovery  of  the  bodies 
of  Montezuma's  son  and  heir  and  other  princes  cre- 
ated such  sorrow  tliat  pursuit  was  on  this  account 
suspended.     It  seems  not  unreasonable  that  the  na- 

'  'Esto  despuea  lo  declararou  los  mismos  Indios.'  Vetancvrt,  Ton  fro  Mrx., 
pt.  iii.  14,3.  Nor  do  they  omit  the  ever  recurring  story  of  tlie  virgin  imago 
casting  dust  into  the  eyes  of  the  pursuers. 

■'  The  Tlascaltcc  and  Cenipoalan  bodies  were  thrown  among  the  reeds,  and 
till;  Spanish  into  deeper  water.  Sahajun,  JIUl.  Com/,  (cd.  1840),  l'JG-7. 


RRTREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 

tivoa  sliould  liiivo  ('liar<x»'(l  tlicir  rleafli  wounds  to 
the  Spaniiinls,  wlio,  rutlKT  than  soo  men  like;  KiiiLj 
Cacaina  free  to  create  niiscliief,  should  have  preferred 
to  dispateh  them,  offcrin<^,  Medeadike,  a  hrihe  to 
reverence  and  love  with  a  view  to  retard  the  Colchian 
pursuers.''  Althouj^di  this  accusation  could  not  he 
pioven,  their  death  was  nevertheless  to  he  avenged. 
At  least  forty  Sjjaniards  and  a  nuinher  of  allies  had 
heen  captured  during  the  night,  and  at  the  ohsequies, 
which  were  of  the  most  imposing  order,  they  added 
solemnity  to  the  occasion  by  yielding  their  hearts' 
Mood;  while  those  who,  according  to  native  tradition, 
turned  back  to  hold  the  fort  for  three  days  before 
they  swelled  the  throng  of  victims,  were  reserved  for 
the  coronation  soon  to  follow. 

The  respite  from  close  pursuit  had  enabled  the 
fugitive  army  to  join,  in  detached  groups,  the  nucleus 
already  gathered  under  Jamarillo  in  one  of  the  scjuaros 
of  Tlacopan,*  the  capital  of  the  smallest  tripartite 
state,  half  a  league  from  Mexico.  A  sorry  spectacle 
was  this  remainder  of  the  brilliant  army  which  liad 
so  lately  entered  Mexico  as  conquerors.  A  haggard, 
bleeding,  ragged  crowd,  dreggy  with  mire  and  smeared 
with  gore,  many  without  weapons,  and  without  a  ves- 
tige of  their  baggage  and  war  stores.  When  Cortes 
arrived  with  the  last  remnant  flu:  -un  was  rising,  jhrI 
fearing  the  danger  of  an  attack  in  the  narrow  streets, 
such  as  had  made  the  sallies  In  Mexico  so  disastrous, 
he  hastened  to  conduct  his  men  into  the  open  iieM. 
Tiie  movement  was  made  none  too  soon,  for  iniuie- 


'  Diiran  and  Ixtlilxochitl  make  the  murders  take  place  in  the  Sji  iiiish 
quarters,  as  we  have  seen.  Sahagun  permits  two  of  Montezuma's  sons  to  lall 
Ijotwoen  the  last  channel  and  Popotla,  while  guiding  the  fugitives.  ///^■^  '  '"/"/• , 
o'.i  (ed.  1840),  122.  Gomara  assumes  also  that  the  pursuers  may  have  been 
content  with  the  injury  inflicted,  or  cared  not  to  renew  the  fight  on  more  open 
ground.  Hist.  Mcx.,  lUl.  Solis  attributes  the  respite  wholly  to  the  discovery 
of  the  bodies.  J/ixt.  Max.,  ii.  IS.V-G. 

*  'Llegado  ti  la  dicha  ciudad  de  Ta^nba,  hall(?.  toda  la  gento  rcmoliiiaila 
en  una  plaza,  que  no  sabian  donde  ir. '  i  -tc^.  Cartas,  13fi.  'Hasta  cetr.i  'le 
Tlacuiian  hasta  nn  lugar  quo  so  llama  lilihnran.'  Sahnijitn,  1114.  Coikj..  ■'!•'■ 
'  Tacuba. .  .  .is  at  the  present  day  chiefly  noted  for  the  large  and  noble  c'liur^.li 
which  was  erected  there  by  Curtez.'  Lot  robe's  liambler,  I'JS. 


TOTOLTEPEC  TEMPLE. 


48.1 


(liatoly  after  the  .scouts  gave  warning  of  approacliing 
liosts,  magnified  to  a  liundred  thou.sand  or  ni(»re, 
speedily  the  war  shrieks  aguin  broke  on  the  cars  of 
the  startled  troops.  The  Mexicans  had  sent  word  to 
Tlacopan  and  the  neighboring  towns  to  intercept  the 
fugitives,  and  assistance  coming  with  the  dawn  tlicy 
joined  in  the  attack." 

A  Tlascaltec  chief  had  recommended  a  northward 
course,  round  the  lakes,  as  the  least  exposed  to  pursuit, 
and  offered  himself  as  guide."  The  march  was  accord- 
ingly directed  north-westward  through  some  maize- 
tields,  with  Cortes  leading.  The  enemy  were  upon 
them  before  the  rear  left  the  city,  and  several  soldiers 
fell  in  the  onslaught.  A  short  distance  before  them 
rose  the  hill  of  Totoltepec,  Bird  Mountain,^  sur- 
mounted by  a  temple  with  several  strong  buildings,* 


*  Gomara  assumes  that  the  Tlacopan  pooplc  were  not  aware  of  the  broken 
condition  of  the  troops.  Now  they  joined  the  40,000  Mexicans  who  had  set 
forth  prepared  for  pursuit.  JliM.  Mex.  ,101.  '  Yii  auian  venido  de  Mexico .... 
<lar  mandado  a  Tacuba,  y  a  Escapupiilco,  y  a  Tenayuca,  para  quo  nos  saliesscn 
111  encuentvo. '  Benial  Diaz,  Hist.  I'erdad.,  100.  The  Mexicans  were  disgu8t»;<l 
with  those  of  Tlacopan  for  their  neglect,  /lerrera,  dec.  ii.  Ijb.  x.  cap.  xii. 

*  '  Un  Angel  do  Guarda,  6  San  Pedro,  como  otroa  quiercn,  <S  Santiago 
Apostol,'  observes  the  enthusiastic  Loreuzana.  CorUn,  Hist.  N.  Esjxiua,  14.'). 

'  'Totolpec'  iHlUxochitl,  Hist.  Chic.'t.,  .302;  Toltotepec  is  Vetancurt's  mis- 
spelling.    'Cerro  llamado  de  Muteczuma.'  Loreiizana,  ubi  sup. 

' '  Una  torre  y  aposeuto  fuerte.'  Cortc-i,  t'urtiu*,  1150.  '  Vuas  caseria.s  q  en 
vn  cerro  ^stauan,  y  alii  jiito  a  vn  Cu,  e  adoratorio,  y  como  fortaleza.'  Jicnial 
Oiitz,  llixt.  Verdi (cL,  107.  'A  este  templo  llainaron  de  la  Vitoria,  y  despuca 
iiucstra  Seftora  de  los  remcdios.'  Her  rem,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xii.  Saha,^'un 
calls  the  rise  Acueco,  and  places  upon  it  the  Otomi  village  of  Otoncapulco. 
llUt.  Conq.  (ed.  1840),  l'2-2.  Vetancurt  follows,  Tmlro  Mix.,  pt.  iii.  113,  while 
Ciiinargo  calls  it  Tzacuyocan.  The  variations  in  Sahagun's  editions  lead  Tc"-- 
i|Uomada  to  say  that  the  Spaniards  moved  tlie  same  day  from  Otonca!|iulco 
jnicblo  to  Acueco.  an  Otoml  village,  i.  i'>04-5.  This,  lirasiicur  de  Bourboui;;' 
i'lUows.  The  Spaniards  may  have  passed  through  it  on  dorarting,  but  would 
liiirdly  move  from  a  stronghold  tt">  n  probably  open  village  while  surrounded 
l>y  enemies.  If  foou  was  the  object,  the  able-bodied  soldiers  M'ould  have 
made  a  sally  for  it.  It  appears  that  the  army  camped  for  the  niglit  on  tlio  hill 
now  occupied  by  the  Remedioa  shrine,  and  in  the  fortress-liko  tcmiilc,  to 
which  a  small  village  was  att.ached.  Alzate,  however,  who  took  pains  to  in- 
quire into  the  subject,  fouu.l  that  the  natives  applied  the  name  Otoncapulco, 
not  to  the  Remcdios  hill,  but  to  the  mountain,  three  fourths  of  a  league  o(T. 
'•n  this  mountain  he  found  the  ruins  of  a  strong  building,  and  none  on  the 
liill,  whence  he  assumes  that  the  camp  was  not  made  on  the  site  of  tiie 
slirino,  but  on  the  mountain.  Gacetas  de  Lit.,  ii.  4o7-9.  Bustamante  accepts 
this  view,  but  Archliishop  Lorenzana,  whose  testimony  in  the  matter  nuist 
he  reliable,  says :  '  Se  conscrvan  aun  algunos  vestigios  de  la  antigua  Fortaleza, 
y  csta  se  ha  convertido  dichosamente  en  el  cc-lebrc  Santuario  de  N.  Sra.  ile 
los  liemedios.'  Cortes,  HUit.  N.  Espaha,  p,  xiii.     He  also  intimates  that  the 

\ 


Sa 


48G 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


and  a  small  village.  This  appeared  an  eligible  spot 
for  the  rest  which  they  so  much  needed.  Crossing  the 
Tcpzolac  Creek,  at  its  foot,  Cortes  ordered  the  advance 
guard,  under  Ordaz,  to  capture  it,  while  he  faced  the 
pursuers.  Little  resistance  was  offered  at  the  temple, 
but  the  general  was  hotly  pressed,  as  the  enemy  per- 
(icived  that  their  prey  was  about  to  escape.  At  this 
juncture  it  was  said  that  the  Virgen  de  los  Remedies 
appeared,  and  by  casting  dust  into  the  eyes  of  the  foe 
enabled  the  Spaniards  to  effect  their  escape  with  little 
loss  into  the  temple.  "By  this  time,"  writes  Cortes, 
"we  had  not  a  horse  that  could  run,  or  a  horseman 
who  could  lift  an  arm,  or  a  foot-soldier  who  could 


move 


"O 


A  few  additional  intrenchments  were  thrown  up, 
and  the  necessary  guards  posted  to  watch  the  baffled 
enemy,  who  perceiving  the  strength  of  the  place  con- 
tented themselves  with  flinsjinij  their  missiles  and 
filling  the  air  with  shouts.  Feeling  comparatively  se- 
cure, the  troops  abandoned  themselves  to  rest  round 
blazing  fires.  The  food  found  in  the  place,  although 
insufficient  for  thu  demands  of  the  half-starved  men, 
afforded  some  comfort,  which  was  increased  by  grateful 
sleep.  ^"^ 

Thus  were  refreshed  the  .ounded  and  disheart- 
ened. And  with  grateful  hearts  the  remnant  of  the 
brave  army  returned  thanks  to  God  for  deliverance. 
Some,  however,  attributed  their  escape  to  the  presence 
among  them  of  the  image  of  the  Virgen  de  los  Reniu- 

Otoncapulco  name  is  misapplied.  Hence  it  may  be  assumed  tliat  the  coiniumi 
njiplication  of  Otoncapulco  to  this  hill  is  due  to  a  misinterpretation  of  Sali:iguii  s 
versions,  which  have  been  greatly  tampered  with,  for  that  matter,  and  tliiit 
tlic  ruins  mentioned  by  Lorenzana  had  disappeared  by  the  time  Alzato  « x- 
nmined  the  place. 

'•  Cnrtn'<,  136  j  Cahrera,  Encudo  Armnn,  110.  'Aqui  se  seflalh  mucho  (.011- 
Vnlo  Domingucz,  honibre  diestm  y  valicnte.'  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xii. 
Prcscott  makes  several  blunders  and  omissions  in  connection  with  tliia  d  ly. 

'"  A  few  stragglers  managed  to  reach  the  camp,  and  among  theiii  "iio 
Sopuorta,  who  l>.a(f  escaped  death  by  feigning  it.  Ilcrrern,  ubi  sup.  S;iliiii;uu 
KtJitc!»  that  Otomis  from  Teucalhuican,  and  from  the  immediate  ncighlii'i' 
liooi],  no  doubt,  brought  food,  and  invited  the  Spaniards  to  the  former  town, 
a  few  leagues  from  there.  Hist.  Conq.,  .33.  Torquemada  follows  him,  but  t!i« 
story  is  probably  an  exaggeration. 


VfRGEN  DE  LOS  REMEDIOS. 


487 


dios,  which  Rodriguez  de  Villafuerte  is  said  to  have 
afterward  placed  in  the  great  temple  of  Mexico.  It 
had  been  brought  here  by  the  owner,  although  some 
supposed  it  might  have  come  over  of  its  own  accord, 
as  it  is  said  to  have  miraculously  done  in  later  times 
when  detained  in  Mexico  against  its  will."  Some 
years  after  the  Noche  Triste  it  was  found  on  this  hill 
under  a  bush,  by  a  converted  cacique  named  Juan  de 
Tobar,  who  kept  it  for  a  long  time,  and  then  by  divine 
direction  built  a  hermitage  for  it  on  the  hill,  where  it 
had  been  found.  The  many  miracles  reported  of  the 
shrine  induced  the  City  of  Mexico  in  1574  to  adopt 
it  as  a  patron,  and  by  the  following  year  the  simple 
chapel  was  replaced  by  a  fine  temple  worthy  of  the 
sanctity  of  the  image  which  has  absorbed  so  large  a 
share  of  holy  pilgrimage." 

The  review  held  on  Remedies  Hill  revealed  the  full 
extent  of  the  blow  suffered,  "one  which  Spaniards 
alone  could  have  endured,"  says  Peter  Martyr.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  siege  the  army  mustered  twelve 
hundred  and  fifty  Spaniards  and  six  thousand  allies, 
with  arms  and  ammunition  in  abundance,  and  now 

"  It  haa  been  shown  previously,  by  tesllr!  ony  not  accessible  till  later  years, 
that  the  iinasc  placed  in  the  great  tetnplc  ".as  a  piotuve  on  a  tablet,  while 
that  of  lleineilios  is  a  doll.  Dut,  of  criiirsc,  tue  iniaL;e  that  couhl  move  through 
the  air  could  also  tran&fvjrni  its  shaj,.;  13i>nial  Diaz  assumes,  as  wo  liavc 
seen,  that  Montezuma  iiad  ordered  the  image  to  be  cared  for ;  yet  many  believe 
that  Rodriguez  secured  it  before  or  after  the  inassiicro,  while  the  more  pious 
prefer  to  suppose  that  he  could  inii  find  it,  for  want  of  time,  perhaps,  and 
that  it  moved  miraculously  to  the  camp.  AcoKta,  lfi.il.  Ind.,  ^fl\;  Lctlilxnchitl, 
Hist.  Chic/i.,  .302.  After  the  departure  of  tl'.e  troops  the  image  hid  itself  on 
the  spot,  or  llodxigucz,  tired  of  the  burden  whicii  had  saved  his  life,  ungrate- 
fully left  it  there.  It  is  also  supposed  to  have  been  earricil  to  Tlascala  ere  it 
reappeared  on  its  later  site.  Calinrn,  Escudo  AnixiK,  10(!  et  seq. ;  Alamnn, 
DisiTt.,  i.  122.  "  renzana  accepts  it  as  the  image  from  Mexico's  temple. 
Cviiin,  J  list.  i\  .    ../lailn,  138. 

'^  It  has  frequently  been  brought  to  Mexico,  and  is  still  brought  to  avert 
epidemics  and  other  ills,  to  brmg  rain  or  other  blessings.  When  deta.ui'd  it 
would  travel  back  of  its  own  accord  to  the  s'arine,  a  proof  of  which  was 
atlbrded  by  the  travel  stains  on  the  dress.  One  rainy  nigiit  itanv/cd  covered 
with  mud.  Lalrobc'n  Jiamhler,  13.3.  Thompson  describes  it  as  'alittli' i.lahastcr 

doll,  with  the  nose  broken,  and  the  eye  out about  eight  inches  high,     iler 

Wiirdrobe  and  jewels  are  valued  at  over  $1,000,000.  Ik  -olU  .tioii.i,  103-!l. 
H'.'  gives  an  account  of  the  veneration  for  the  imag*  and  its  inii  aculons  j.  iwer. 
The  '  ..-.ory  of  its  origin  and  worship  is  to  be  found  in  a  multitud .  ,il  '.«><>;;8, 
amDUt,  which  may  he  mentioned,  Medina,  Chrdii.  S.  JJIei/o  Jfrx.,  .30 'Jt  ioi|.; 
Cabrera,  hJucudo  Armas,  100  ct  seq.;  Uitnlamanle,  Atcin,  Pkdad.,  Jicf.,  l-u2. 


488 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


\ 


little  more  than  five  hundred  soldiers  and  less  than 
two  thousand  allies  remained."  The  baggage,  artillery 
and  ammunition,  intrusted  to  the  trains  of  carriers,  had 
all  been  lost,  and  a  great  portion  of  the  arms  carried  by 
the  men,  so  that  only  twelve  battered  cross-bows  and 
seven  firelocks  could  be  counted.  What  better  com- 
mentary could  we  have  on  the  night's  disaster  1  The 
side  arms  were  fortunately  better  preserved,  and  there 
were  twenty-four  horses  left,  now  the  only  formidable 
element  of  the  army."  Of  the  treasure  none  could 
tell  what  had  been  saved,  the  holders  keeping  the  fact 
secret.  It  was  whispered,  however,  that  Cortds  had 
taken  good  care  of  tlie  portion  appropriated  by  liiiu, 
Bernal  Diaz,  among  others,  insisting  that  with  the 
first  party  conducted  by  the  general  to  Tlacopan  went 
a  number  of  carriers  with  gold  bars  and  jewels. 
Among  these  is  said  to  have  been  some  of  the  royal 
treasure,  but  the  officers  declared  that  it  had  all  buoii 
lost,  including  the  mare  with  the  fifth  proper,  and  the 
account  books  and  records.  The  loss  of  the  papers, 
however   unfortunate   for   history,  must   have   been 

'^Corte8  prudently  limits,  and  wo  must  add  untruthfully,  the  loss  to  liO 
soldiers  and  some  2000  allies.  It  is  with  a  view  to  this  catiniato  that  lie  rcihicd 
the  force  brought  into  Mexico  to  570  men,  to  which  ..lust  be  added  the  1 10 
composing  the  garrison.  Deducting  the  I.jO  lost,  .'500  remain,  and  since  lio 
would  hardly  overestimate  the  number,  lor  obvious  reasons,  this  figiwo  is 
probably  near  the  truth.  Bernal  Diaz  nnisters  1,'?00  at  Tlascala,  and  h;is  SO 
at  Mexico.  Deducting  from  this  800  men  stated  to  liave  been  lost  licfoio 
entering  Tlascala,  not  counting  those  who  fell  in  other  provinces,  leaves  aljoiit 
580;  yet  lie  acknowledges  only  440  alive.  y/;«<.  re/'f/rw/.,  lOS  ct  seq.  liunvia 
is  also  contradictory,  admitting  in  one  place  500,  and  in  anotlier  'less  than'} ") 
Boldiers  and  000  allies.  Oviedo  reduces  the  soldiers  to  ;{40.  iii.  r)l.'J.  \it:iu- 
curt  adopts  Bernal  Diaz'  440  soldiers  and  Herrera's  (iOO allies.  Trcscott  liasiily 
declares  (iomara  as  nearest  to  the  truth,  yet  he  depai'ts  from  him  in  the  ri'sult. 
With  regard  to  the  allies,  lie  reckons  the  full  number  of  all  who  wore  l)nin,'lit 
to  Mexico,  while  it  is  pretty  obvious,  from  figures  ami  facts,  tL.tt  a  piiitioii 
must  have  been  allowed  to  return  home  during  the  inaction  of  tlie  eiiii"  rm'a 
captivity.  The  list  of  losses,  as  given  by  different  authorities,  standi  as  fal- 
lows :  150  soldiers,  over  '2000  allies,  Corttx;  over  200  soldiers,  over  2(100  aliis, 
Li'jalik,  Prohaiiza;  nearly  200  soldiers,  over  1000  allies,  Solin;  'MM  woldiii's 
over  2000  allies,  at  one  bridge,  Saharjiin,  122;  450  soldiers,  4000  allie?  d-'ninrt, 
followed  by  Ixtlilxochitl,Clavigero,  Camargo,  and  others;  over  500  soldirn  in 
all  New  Spain,  i^arta  del  Ejiirito;  over  000  soldiers,  Jiohertsm;  ovt.r  000  sol- 
diers, JS.  r.  de  Tiiiiia,  in  liamirn,  Prorem  contra  Alvmado,  38;  NOO  sci 'icn 
ill  all  New  Spain,  CorUs,  h'fHidencia,  i.  42 ;  870  soldiers  in  all  New  Spain,  '  • .  "'d 
Diaz ;  1 170  soldiers,  8000  allies,  Cano,  in  Ooicdo,  iii.  ,551. 

'*  The  loss  in  horses  varies  from  45,  in  Cortes,  to  50,  in  Lrjiddc,  PrJimi'-'i, 
.both  acknowledging  24  left. 


VAIN  REGFvETS. 


489 


rather  convenient  to  Cortds,  at  least,  who  had  a 
fancy  for  adjusting  facts  and  figures  to  suit  his 
schemes." 

Deeply  stricken  was  Cortds,  and  bitterly  did  he 
repent  of  the  mistakes  which  had  contributed  to  this 
sad  result:  of  having  left  Alvarado  in  charge  to  follow 
his  rash  bent;  of  having  treated  Montezuma  and  his 
rhiefs  so  inconsiderately  on  his  arrival;  and,  above 
ii'  the  faulty  arrangements  for  the  flight  by  night.*'' 
j  I  o  harl  been  the  greatest  conquest  yet  undertaken 
ill  the  New  World,  and  his  the  greatest  disaster. 
The  men  of  Narvaez  had  suffered  most,  partly,  it  is 
said,  because  they  were  most  eager  to  burden  them- 
selves with  gold,  but  rather  because  they  were  inex- 
perienced, and  assigned  chiefly  to  the  rear.  It  was 
the  gaps  in  the  ranks  of  his  veterans  that  touched 
Cortes  most.  Gone  was  the  dear  dandy  Francisco  do 
Salcedo,  whom  slovenly  comrades  should  no  more 
trouble!     The    cavalry,    so    sadly    depleted,    missed 

'^ '  Perdido  fv  t<.do  el  oro  y  joyas  y  rona,'  etc.  Corliss,  Cartas,  135.  It  had 
boen  -oufided  t  >  'il.'i:;raltcc3,  and  wa8  nearly  all  lost,  says  thnir  chief.  Camar<jo, 
Jlisl.  TIax.,  ]  i'.'J-~0.  The  ofticers  testified  afterward  before  public  notary :  '  So 
]i"'r{li6  to(l(<  :■!  di"li'.  oro  <5  joyas  de  SS.  AA.,  6  mataron  la  yegua  quo  lo  traia.' 
L'jai  Ic,  /Vu'ifi  ■'-.<',  iu  fcadxilceta.  Vol.  Doc,  i.  42.>.  Two  witnesses  during  the 
icsideic;-  oi  ■'  '  pit  ■if!  .jtated  that  the  general  had  two  marcs,  ono  given  to  carry 
the  royul  tron  -iHfv,  aivi  tiio  other  laden  with  his  own.  The  latter  being  lost, 
Ik;  cliiiincti  l''C  o  vir  t<  ho  his,  and  in  this  manner  appropriated  45,000  pesos 
(ir  more  which  iK.%i,cd  to  the  king.  Corids,  JieKUUncia,  i.  69,  101-2.  Not 
Iniiir  jifter  the  retreat  he  called  on  all  to  declare,  under  penalty,  what  gold  they 
had  saved  of  that  taken  from  the  unappropriated  piles.  From  those  wlxo  did  so 
tlu'  treasures  wore  taken,  althougli  it  was  understood  that  tliey  had  been  given 
to  thini.  All  this  Cort<5s  kept.  /(/.,  101-2,  241-2;  ii.  402.  Many  refused  to 
Hiin'('ii(U'r,  and  since  the  leaders  had  also  secured  shares  from  the  conunoii 
pill',  the  order  to  reveal  possession  thereof  was  not  enforced,  says  IJernal 
1  >ia/.  lie  iidds  that  one  third  was  to  be  retained  by  the  possessor  ua  a  reward. 
('iirti'.ske]itasaforced  loan  what  had  been  surrendered.  Iliat.  IVn/m/.,  117-18. 
The  loa^i  .'  treasture,  that  thrown  away  by  carriers  and  pressed  soldiers,  or 
Kiiiikcn  ^  .'  '  their  bodies,  has  lieen  estimated  at  from  several  hundred  thousand 
jicsds  ,1  •,  :!  two  millions,  in  the  values  of  that  time;  to  which  Wilson  sarcas- 
ticiiUy  t.lii  >  '•  hat  ' nothing  M-as  really  lost  but  the  imaginary  Ireasuif,  now 
ffiiiwn  int;!..' ■.  iieuily  large,  and  which  had  to  be  accounted  for  to  the  emperor. 
Tlic  ('oiiquk'aUor  waa  too  good  a  soldier  to  hazard  his  gold;  it  was  therefore 
ill  tlic  advance,  and  came  safely  oflf.'  Cowr/.  Mcx.,  412-13. 

'''  '8i  esta  cosa  fuera  de  dia,  \x>r  ventura  no murieran  tantos,'add8  Gomai-a, 
//A1^  J/cc,  lOl.  While  grieving  ho  recognized  'el  nianifiesto  milagro  que  la 
rt  Vila  de  los  angeles  su  al)Ogada,  el  apostol  San  Pedro,  y  el  dc  los  cgcjrcitos 
K>|)iirii>li>s  Santiago,  hubian  hecho  en  habcrse  escapado  dl.'  IxtlilxochUI,  IIIhI. 
Chirli.,  !lv')2.  Vetancurt  moralizes  on  the  flight  as  a  cliastisement  by  CJod, 
^vho  saved  tlie  remnant  to  spread  the  faith.   Ttatro  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  145-0. 


490 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


amonj;  its  number  the  dashinof  Ldres"  and  the  bravo 
Morla.  Neither  could  Botello  be  injured  by  tho 
curses  freely  given  him  for  his  false  reading  of  the 
stars."  The  death  which  most  deeply  moved  Cortes, 
however,  was  that  of  the  true-hearted  and  brave 
Velazquez,  wh»  <.  standing  and  influence,  as  a  relative 
of  the  Cuban  gj  jr  and  as  a  man  of  high  birth, 
had  so  greatly  as,,  ed  the  general  in  carrying  out 
his  schemes.  Cortes  had  in  return  conferred  on  him 
some  of  the  most  important  commissions,  ever  re- 
garding him  as  among  the  truest  of  his  friends.  With 
him  had  died  his  native  wife,  Elvira,  the  daughter  of 
the  Tlascaltec  lord  Maxixcatzin,  and  nearly  every 
prisoner.^' 

With  so  many  lasses  to  deplore,  it  proved  a  solace 
for  Cortds  to  find  present  his  favorite  captains,  San- 
doval, Alvarado,  and  Olid.  His  interpreters  were 
also  here,  and  foremost  the  loving  Marina,  whose  life, 
together  with  that  of  Luisa,  Xicotencatl's  daughter, 
was  due  to  the  zealous  care  of  the  latter's  brothers. 
IMartin  Lopez,  the  ship-builder,  also  survived,  and 
the  sight  of  him  assisted  to  give  the  tlioughts  of  the 
general  a  hopeful  bent,  rousing  in  his  enterprising 
spirit  projects  for  vengeance  and  recuperation.  Rem- 
na'its  though  they  were,  his  forces  were  still  larger 
than  those  with  which  he  had  overcome  Narvaez, 
and  which  he  had  till  then  regarded  as  sufficient  for 
the  conquest  of  the  empire.  The  experience  gained 
and  a  knowledge  of  the  country  were  in  themselves 
an  army;  and,  thank  fortune,  he  had  some  gold,  and 
better  still,  allies.  Tlascala  was  now  his  hope.  Ev- 
erything, indeed,  depended  on  the  little  republic,  and 

"  On  a  later  page  Bemal  Diaz  says  he  fell  at  Otumba.  Hist.  VerdaJ., 
107,  240. 

'*  Herrera  attempts  to  save  somewhat  the  reputation  of  the  astrologer  by 
the  statement  that  ho  prophesied  death  for  himself  or  his  brother. 

'•  Every  one,  say  Cortes  and  Herreraj  but  Ixtlilxochitl  states  tliat  one 
sister  of  King  Cacama  was  saved,  and  he  intimates  tliat  one  or  two  nt  his 
brothers  also  escaped.  He  is  contradictory,  however.  IJint.  Chich.,  30i,  .UK). 
The  one  who  escaped  must  have  been  Cuicuitzcatl,  the  newly  made  kiiij,'  nf 
Tezcuco.  Braeaeur  de  Bourbourg  adds  two  of  his  brothers,  probably  from 
miaiuterpreting  Ixtlilxochitl.  JJist.  Nat,  Civ,,  iv.  339. 


AT  C.VLACOAYAN. 


491 


^^hethe^  it  would  afford  him  shelter  and  aid.  He 
knew  that  the  loss  of  so  many  of  its  warriors  under 
liis  banner  had  brought  wide-spread  affliction,  which 
might  turn  to  hatred  toward  him  as  the  cause. 
Thereupon  he  talked  to  the  Tlascaltec  chiefs  who 
were  yet  alive,  and  endeavored  to  stir  in  them  the 
thirst  for  revenge,  anJ  *^xcite  their  desires  for  rich 
spoils  and  increased  domain.* 

Besiegers  and  besieged  sat  watching  each  other  the 
whole  day,  but  the  latter  made  no  signs  of  stirring. 
Thinking  that  they  would  not  venture  forth  for  some 
time,  many  of  the  former  began  to  file  off  homeward, 
leaving,  nevertheless,  a  strong  force  round  the  hill. 
Cortt^  feared  that  the  morrow  would  bring  them 
back  with  reinforcements  and  make  escape  difficult. 
Trusting  again  therefore  to  the  darkness,  now  joined 
to  the  more  advantageous  circumstance  of  an  open 
field,  he  set  forth,  leaving  the  fires  blazing  to  lull  the 
watchfulness  of  the  foe.  Eight  captains  were  ap- 
pointed for  the  different  sections  to  maintain  the 
arranged  order  of  march,"  Cortes  with  a  portion  of 
the  cavalry  taking  the  rear,  as  the  post  of  danger. 
The  rest  of  the  horsemen  led  the  van,  while  the  sound 
infantry  formed  a  cordon  for  the  centre,  wherein 
the  wounded  were  carried  in  hammocks,  or  hobbled 
along  on  hastily  prepared  crutches,  a  few  being  taken 
up  behind  the  horsemen.  The  rear  had  hardly  left 
the  temple  before  the  enemy  were  upon  them  with 
swords  and  lances,  many  of  the  captured  and  recov- 
ered weapons  of  the  Spaniards  being  now  used  against 
tlicmselves.  But  the  attack  was  not  severe,  partly  be- 
cause  the  pursuers  had  been  reduced  to  irregular  bands 
from  the  mainland  settlements,  whose  chief  object 
\\  us  plunder.     At  dawn  the  town  of  Calacoayan  was 

^^  Ixtlilxochitl  names  some  of  the  chiefs  to  whom  these  offers  were  made. 
ni<t.  Chich.,  302. 

'^' Avila,  a  veritaHe  martinet,  maimed  a  soldier  with  a  blow  for  stepping 
from  tlie  ranks  to  pluck  some  fruit.  Hirrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap,  xii.  The 
Bumc  story  has  been  told  of  Avila  in  Cempoala. 


492 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


sighted,  and  on  approaching  it  the  mounted  scouts 
came  in  a  ravine  upon  an  ambuscade  formed  by  its 
warriors.  BeHeving  tliem  to  be  numerous  the  horse- 
men galloped  back,  and  joined  by  others  returned  to 
charge.  It  is  related  that  the  leader  haltinnf  for  a 
moment  to  arrange  for  the  attack,  a  soldier  ii  ecamo 
impatient,  and  hoisting  an  improvised  flag  0,1  his 
lance  he  called  out,  "Santiago!  follow  me  who  dare!" 
The  rest  responded,  and  the  enemy  was  routed  with 
slaughter.'**     The  town  was  ransacked  for  food  and 


CltUUtepeo" 

oZarnmolco? 



TePoteoti^ 

%^Zuinpaiigo 

Teaculhuacaa° 

A 

oTeotUiuacun 

Cttlacoayan" 
TUcopan  e  j 

«.aco     *^'""^                     "HueyoUlpan 

Vezico      i 

^^^ 

Znltepeo 

4 

K 

fe 

Tlascala           Ji 

1* 

^a. 

, 

M 

^ 

^^ 

ft                         |{ 

3P  Irtaccihuatl 

»co       £1^^ 

• 

^                         ^ 

p.- 

.^,.     HuexotEii 

Popocatepsll; 

if? 

'"  Cholul* 

oHuitzilapon 

^Acatzln^ 

QuaubqueclioIIano 

Tepeaca" 

0 

0 

Quecholac 

ItEucan 

Tecomachalco  ^ 

fired  as  a  warninfj  to  the  assailants.  The  march  was 
resumed,  and  the  plain  of  Tizaapan  reached,  but 
owing  to  the  fight  at  the  town  and  the  constant 
skirmishing  only  three  leagues  were  made  that  day. 
Toward  sunset  they  reached  the  hamlet  of  Teucul- 
huacan,  and  took  peaceable  possession  of  the  temple 
for  the  night.'*' 

*'^  Cortds  allows  the  five  scouts  to  defeat  the  enemy,  who  are  frightened  l)y 
the  supposition  that  a  larger  force  is  upon  them.  Cartan,  137.  Herrera  is  more 
explicit  with  regard  to  the  ambuscade,  and  makes  Ordaz  lead  up  the  reinforce- 
ments, dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xii. 

'■'*  '  Mas  no  cenar.'  Oomara,  Hid.  Mex.,  162.  Sahagun  staten,  however,  tliat 
this  was  the  town  to  wliich  the  Otoniis  had  on  the  preceding  day  invited 
tliem,  chiefly  because  they  were  related  to  the  Otomis  of  the  Tlaflcaltec  division 
umler  Cortes.  Hist.  Com/.,  34-5.  A  risky  proceeding,  if  true,  for  an  isolated 
community,  on  whom  might  fall  the  vengeance  of  the  hostile  Mexicans.    lu 


SAHAGUN  AND  BRASSEUR  DE  BOURBOURQ. 


403 


At  noon  on  the  3cl  the  march  was  resumed,  witli 
quickened  steps  and  with  less  interruption.  Though 
persistent  in  harassing,  the  pursuers  fled  whenever  tlio 


tlie  account  of  the  route  followed  to  Tlaacala  Cort(^s  ia  still  the  Ixjst  guide,  for 
he  not  only  kept  a  record,  but  wrote  his  report  wliile  the  occurrences  were 
\vi  fresh.  He  is  wanting  in  details,  however,  and  fails  to  give  names  to 
localities.  These  omissions  are  remedied  hy  Sahagun,  who  now  seems  more 
rehahle.  Otlier  authors  are  vague  or  misleading  for  the  route,  hut  the  oc- 
casional incidents  told  by  them  are  noteworthy.  Bemal  Diaz  indiciites  only 
(uie  stopping  place,  Quauhtitlan  evidently,  before  Otumba  is  reached.  Camargo 
skips  to  a  place  adjoining  Otumba,  and  Ixtlilxochitl  takes  the  army  to  Quaun- 
xinialpan,  a  place  which  modern  maps  locate  south  of  Remedios.  He  rusumes 
the  northern  route,  but  names  some  towns  that  cannot  be  identified.  Gomara 
adheres  pretty  well  to  Cortes,  but  his  conunentator,  Chimalpain,  supplies  names 
for  places,  which  differ  from  Sahagun  and  indicate  a  deviation  from  the  ex- 
treme northern  course,  as  will  be  seen.  Torqueniaila  follows  chiefly  Sahagun, 
wlioni  he  recommends.  Orozco  y  Berra  has  closely  studied  the  journey,  and 
throws  much  light  on  it,  more  so  than  any  otlier  writer;  yet  his  concluiiona 
are  not  always  satisfactory.  Ilinerano  del  Ejercito  Espat'iol,  in  3Ifx.  N^ot. 
("iiulwl.,  240  et  seq.  I  have  already  spoken  at  length,  in  Native  Races,  iii. 
231-fl,  on  the  life  and  writings  of  I'athcr  Sahagun,  and  will  here  refer  only 
to  the  twelfth  book  of  his  Uiaforia  General,  inserted  by  Bustamante,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  set,  under  the  title  of  llisloria  de  la  ('on(juis(  „  de  Mexico. 
This  copy  is  from  one  found  by  Mufloz  in  the  Franciscan  convent  of  Tolosa, 
ill  Navarre.  Another  copy  of  the  twelflii  book,  in  possession  of  Conde  de 
Cortina,  claimed  as  the  true  original,  was  published  separately  by  the  same 
editor,  at  Mexico,  1840,  with  lengtiiy  notes  from  ("lavigero  and  other  writers 
to  complete  the  chain  of  events,  and  to  conunent  on  the  suppression  in  the 
former  issue  of  statements  concerning  Spanish  misdeeds.  It  has  also  an  a<hli- 
tioual  chapter.  Neither  copy,  however,  corresponds  quite  to  that  used  l)y 
Torquemada,  who  in  more  than  one  instance  quotes  passages  that  arc  startling 
compared  with  the  modified  expressions  in  the  others.  The  severity  of  the 
friar  toward  Spanish  conquerors  was  no  doubt  a  strong  reason  for  the  sup- 
pression of  his  work.  The  twelfth  book  begins  witli  Grijalva's  arrival  and 
the  omens  preceding  it,  and  carries  the  narrative  of  the  conquest  down  to  the 
fall  of  Mexico.  According  to  his  own  statement,  on  page  132,  it  is  founded 
to  a  great  extent  on  the  relations  given  him  by  eye-witnesses,  soldiers  who 
had  assumed  tlie  Franciscan  robe  and  associated  daily  with  the  friar;  but 
much  is  adopted,  with  little  or  no  eriticpie,  from  superstitious  natives,  the 
vliole  forming  a  rather  eonf using  medley,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  extract  the 
many  valuable  points  which  it  contains.  This  difliculty  is,  of  course,  not  en- 
countered by  such  followers  as  Bustamante  and  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  and 
similar  supporters  of  native  records  or  anti-Spanish  versions. 

Ill  the  Native  Races  I  give  the  traits  which  characterize  the  French  abbe 
and  his  famous  works  on  Central  American  culture  and  antiquities,  and  it 
remains  only  to  refer  briefly  to  his  versiim  of  the  conquest,  comprised  in 
the  fourth  volume  of  the  Ilialoire  dcs  Nnlloii'f  ClriliHi'en.  His  pleasing  style 
lends  attraction  to  every  page,  but  his  faults  become  more  conspicuous  from 
tin;  comparison  presented  by  a  vast  array  of  authorities,  revealing  the  indis- 
creet and  enthusiastic  readiness  to  accept  native  tales,  or  anything  that  favors 
the  hypotheses  by  which  he  is  ruled,  and  in  the  disposition  to  build  magiiiticoiit 
structures  on  airy  foundation.  His  version,  indeed,  strives  rather  to  narrate 
tlie  cmuiuest  from  a  native  standpoint,  and  to  use  Spanish  chronicles  only  as 
supplementary  authority.  To  this  end  he  relies  chiefly  on  the  now  well 
know  n  writings  of  Sahagun,  Ixtlilxochitl,  Camargo,  and  Tonjucmada,  and  it 
i-i  hut  rar.'ly  tliat  he  is  idjle  to  quote  the  often  startling  original  manuscripts 
possessed  only  Ijy  himself. 


I   I  I 


494 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


cavalry  charged,  and  took  refuge  on  the  hill-slopes,  fling- 
ing witli  their  missiles  jeers  and  insults.  "Women I" 
they  cried;  "cowards,  who  fight  only  when  mounted  I 
You  are  going  whence  none  of  you  shall  escape !"  The 
latter  threat  was  frequently  heard,  but  its  meanin;^' 
failed  as  yet  to  be  understood.  There  was  a  worse 
enemy  than  the  Mexicans,  however,  and  that  was 
hunger,  which  made  itself  severely  felt,  "althougli 
Spaniards  can  endure  its  pangs  better  than  any  oilier 
nation,"  vaunts  Gomara,  "and  this  band  of  Cortes' 
better  than  all."  Eagerly  they  scanned  the  road  side 
for  fruit  or  roots,  and  many  ate  grass,  while  the  Tlus- 
ealtecs  threw  themselves  upon  the  ground  and  begged 
their  gods  to  take  pity  upon  them.'**  One  soldier 
opened  a  dead  body  and  ate  the  liver,  and  when 
Cortes  heard  of  it  he  ordered  the  man  hanged,  but 
the  sentence  was  not  executed.  The  route,  at  first 
craggy,  passed  through  the  towns  of  Quauhtitlan  antl 
Tepotzotlan,  along  the  lake  of  Zumpango,  to  Citlal- 
tepec,  where  camp  was  formed.  The  inhabitants  had 
fled,  but  food  was  there  to  eat,  and  even  to  carry  on 
their  journey,  and  there  they  remained  all  the  next 
day.^*' 

"  '  Mordiendo  la  tierra,  arrancando  yeruas,  y  alpado  los  ojos  al  cielo,  dezian, 
dioscs  no  nos  deanmpareys  en  este  pcligro,  pues  teneys  poder  sobre  todos  lips 
liombres,  hazed  que  con  vuestra  ayuda  salgamoa  del.'  Ilerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x. 
cup.  xii. 

■•'*  Hcrrera  conforms  to  Cort<'3  and  Gomara  in  admitting  a  stay  of  two 
liights  at  one  place,  but  makes  this  Ti-copatlan,  called  '  duck  town,'  from  its 
many  fowl.  This  is  evidently  Tepotzotlan.  But  it  was  not  near  the  hiko 
like  Citlaltepec,  and  'duck  town  applies  rather  to  a  lake  town,  in  this 
region,  at  least.  Cortes  also  writes,  in  Cartas,  137,  'fuimos  aquel  dia  pur 
cerca  do  unas  lagunas  hasta  que  llegamos  &  una  poblacion,'  and  this  docs  ii<>t 
apply  well  to  Tepotzotlan,  which  lies  a  goodly  distance  from  the  lakes,  i\'- 
quiring  certainly  no  march  along  '  some '  lakes  to  reach  it.  Hence  the  CitlaltciK'c 
of  Sahagun  must  be  meant.  This  author,  however,  supposes  the  Spaniaids  to 
stay  one  night  at  each  place.  Jiht.  Uonq.,  36  (cd.  1840),  129.  Ixtlilxocliitl 
calls  the  place  after  Tepotzotlan,  Aychqualco.  Hist.  Chich.,  302.  At  Tepot- 
zotlan, says  Vetancurt,  some  of  the  people  remained  to  receive  the  Spaniards— 
this  is  in  accordance  with  one  of  Sahagun's  versions — and  here  remained  to 
Jiide  the  son  of  Montezuma,  whom  he  supposes  to  have  escaped  with  the  tronps. 
Tmfrn  ^fex.,])t.  iii.  144.  According  to  Chinialpain's  interpretation  the  S]i,iii- 
iiirds  stay  the  two  nights  at  Quauhtitlan,  and  tlience  proceed  by  way  of  Iva- 
ti'poc,  now  San  Cristobal,  skirting  the  northern  shore  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  and  mi 
t  >  Otuiuba.  I  list.  Couq. ,  i.  304-5.  This  route  certainly  appears  the  most  dii  iit, 
but  there  is  no  authority  for  it.  The  sentence  from  Cortes  might  no  doiilit  I'C 
adopted  equally  well  for  tliis  road ;  but  Sahagun,  Ixtlilxochitl,  and  llci'iera 


A  HOST  AT  HAND. 


405 


On  the  morning  of  the  5th  of  July  they  skirted 
the  lake  and  turned  westward  to  Tlascala,  pursued  by 
increasing  forces;'*  owing  to  which,  or  to  the  rough- 
ness of  the  road,  or  to  the  guide,  less  progress  was 
made  than  on  the  previous  day,  and  camp  was  pitched 
at  the  deserted  hamlet  of  Xoloc.  The  following  day 
they  proceeded  toward  the  Azaquemecan  Mountains, 
and  halted  at  the  town  Zacamolco.'*^  Observing  a 
mysterious  movement  among  the  Indians  on  the  slope, 
Cortds  get  out  with  five  horsemen  and  a  dozen  foot- 
soldiers  to  reconnoitre.  After  skirtingr  the  mountain 
he  came  in  sight  of  a  large  army,'"'  with  a  portion 
of  which  he  came  to  close  quarters,  the  fleet  natives 
liaving  gained  on  the  foot-soldiers  in  making  the  turn 
of  the  hill.  In  the  m61(5e  Cortds  was  badly  wounded  in 
the  head.**  He  retreated  to  camp  and  had  the  wound 
bandaged,  and  the  forces  were  hurried  away  from  the 
town,  which  appeared  too  exposed  for  an  attack.  The 
Indians  pursued  them  uo  closely  that  two  men  were 
killed  and  a  number  wounded,  beside  four  or  five 
horses.  One  of  the  animals  died,  and  although  the 
troops  deplored  its  loss,  the  meat  proved  acceptable, 
for  roasted  maize  with  a  little  fruit  had  been  their 
only  food  for  several  days.*     Camp  appears  to  have 

name  towns  which  lie  east  and  north  of  the  Zumpango  Lake,  and  during  the 
rainy  season  now  prevailing  the  passages  between  the  lakes  were  rather 
swampy.  Tezcuco  was  beside  too  close  for  tlie  fleeing  army,  Alaman  accepts 
t.iu  route  south  of  Zumpango,  Divert.,  1.  122,  against  which  nearly  lill  tlie 
aliovc  reasons  apply. 

'"•Nos  convenia  ir  muchaa  veces  fuera  de  camino.'  CorWs,  Carton,  138. 
Owing  to  the  guide's  inefficiency,  adds  Gomara,  liUt.  Mcx.,  1G2. 

'^'  Sahagun  also  calls  the  mountain,  or  the  slope,  Tona.  His  confusing 
Versions  sometimes  reverse  all  the  names.  Cortes  places  it  two  leagues  from 
the  last  camp. 

■"  '  Detr.is  did  [hill]  estabauna  gran  ciudad  de  mucha  gente.'  CorUs,  Cnrtns, 
138.  Zacaniolco  is  also  called  a  large  town.  There  could  hardly  be  two  large 
towns  so  close  together  in  a  district  like  this,  so  that  the  other  must  have  been 
Tt'otihuiican,  '  city  of  the  gods,'  with  its  ancient  and  lofty  pyramids,  sacreil  to 
all  Anilhuac,  and  one  of  tlie  chief  centres  of  pilgrimage.  For  description  of 
ruins,  see  Xative  J!ar<s,  iv.  529-44. 

'"'Con  un  golpe.  de  piedra  en  la  cabeza  tan  violento,  que  abollanno  las 
arnias,  lo  rompici  la  primera  tunica  del  cerebro.'  So  Solis  defines  the  wound, 
which  afterward  grew  dangerous.  J/iat.  Mex.,  ii.  203.  He  supposes  that  it 
Was  received  at  Otumba. 

'"'Le  comieron  sin  dexar  [como  dizen]  pelo  ni  huesso.'  Gomara,  Hist. 
Mix.,  1(J2.     'La  cabeza  cuijo  a  siete  o  ocho. '    The  horse  was  Ganiboa's,  on 


406 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


been  formed  for  the  ni^ht  in  a  liamlet  among  the 
hills,  the  enemy  being  left  on  the  opposite  western 
slope  of  the  range. 

A  serious  encounter  being  apprehended  the  next  day, 
additional  crutches  and  hammocks  were  prepared  for 
those  of  the  wounded  who  had  hitherto  been  carrier! 
on  horseback,  so  as  to  leave  the  cavalry  free  in  its 
movements.^^  Before  dawn  on  July  Tth^'^  the  maixli 
was  resumed,  in  the  hope  of  eluding  the  forces  in  the 
rear,  little  suspecting  that  this  was  but  a  wing  of  the 
main  body  now  preparing  to  surround  them.  They  had 
proceeded  about  a  league,  and  were  on  the  point  of 
entering  the  large  plain  of  Otumba,^  when  the  scouts 
came  galloping  back  nith  the  information  that  the 
whole  field  was  filled  with  warriors  in  battle  array. 
The  hearts  of  the  Spaniards  sank  within  them.  They 
were  hoping  to  escape  an  enemy  such  as  this.**  Cortes 
ordered  a  halt,  and  with  his  captains  talked  over  the 
situation.  Retreat  was  out  of  the  question,  and  to 
turn  aside  would  be  useless.  "We  must  charge  upon 
this  host,"  said  Cortes;  "we  must  make  our  path 
through  its  very  centre.  Remember  your  dead  com- 
rades; remember  your  God;  comport  yourselves  like 
Christian  soldiers,  and  this  idolatrous  horde  will  melt 
before  you  like  the  morning  mist."  He  thereupon 
issued   the  necessary  instructions  for  charging  and 


which  Alvarado  was  saved  after  his  leap.  Ilerrera,  ii.  x.  xii. ;  Dental  Diaz, 
J /Int.  Verda-I.,  107.  Ixtlilxoehitl  pnys  tliat  Ziiiacatziii,  of  Tcotihuacan,  kilknl 
it — ho  whom  we  shall  find  leading  the  enemy  on  the  niorroM'. 

''  '  Y  pareci(!)  quo  el  Espii-itii  Sauto  me  alumbr6  con  esto  aviso,'  cxoliiima 
Cortds,  Cartas,  139.  Many  a  soldier  carried  a  comrade  on  his  back.  Gomara, 
J  J  ill.  Mfix:,  103. 

''^  According  to  Cortes,  whose  dates  I  have  already  shown  to  be  rcliahlo. 
Ho  makes  it  a  Saturday.  Prescott  makes  it  the  8th,  a  mistake  wliicli  iius 
been  copied  by  several  writers,  including  Brasseur  do  Bourbourg  and  Carb^ijal 
Espinosa. 

"^  'Llanos  de  la  provincia  de  Otupam.'  The  battle  taking  place  mar 
Mctepcc.  Ixtlilxoehitl,  Hid.  Chirh.,  .302-3.  Plain  of  Otiimpan,  also  omUhI 
Atzta<)uemecan.  Camanjo,  Hist,  'flax.,  170.  '  Los  Llanos  deApan.'  'ElValle 
do  Otumba.'  Loretnana,  in  Cortes,  Hist.  N.  Espaua,  xiv.  148.  Clavigoro  calls 
ii  the  plain  of  Toiiun,  derived  from  Sahagun,  who  applies  the  name  to  the  sh[)ti 
of  tlio  range  bordering  it. 

' '  Following  the  intimation  given  by  Sahagun,  Torquemada  states  that  tin; 
enemy  came  pouring  iu  from  rear  and  sides  to  surround  the  troops,  i.  50S. 


A  BRILLIANT  DISPLAY. 


497 


resisting,  and  for  protecting  the  disabled.  The  horse- 
men were  to  ride  with  loose  rein,  lancing  at  the  faces, 
so  as  to  break  the  enemy's  lines,  and  open  a  path  for 
the  infantry,  who  were  to  follow  and  thrust  their  side- 
arms  at  the  bowels  of  their  assailants.^ 

Commending  themselves  to  the  virgin,  and  invoking 
the  aid  of  Santiago,  the  troops  advanced  and  entered 
the  plain,  skirted  on  the  east  by  the  lower  ranges  of 
the  Tlaloc,  which  inclosed  in  the  distance  the  town 
of  Otumba.  The  sight  was  as  grand  as  it  was  terri- 
fying. In  every  direction  were  seemingly  endless 
columns,  with  flowing  plumage,  brilliant  shields  of 
varied  designs,  and  above  and  beyond  those  a  forest  of 
glittering  iztli  points.  "It  was  the  finest  army  Span- 
iards ever  encountered  in  the  Indies,"  exclaims  Bernal 
]Jiaz.  Their  number  was  legion,  and  the  richness  of 
their  attire  signified  the  presence  of  the  strength  and 
nobility  of  the  empire.  The  original  estimate  was 
doubled,  and  that  was  increased  fourfold,  until,  like 
Don  Quixote's  sheep,  two  hundred  thousand  seemed 
small.  Aware  of  the  route  taken  and  the  destination 
of  the  Spaniards,  Cuitlahuatzin  had  sent  orders  to  the 
caciques  of  Otumba,  Teotihuacan,  Calpulalpan,  and 
adjoining  region,  to  mass  their  forces  here  and  exter- 
minate the  intruders.  This  order  came  most  oppor- 
tune, for  at  the  time  a  fair  was  held  at  Otumba, 
which  attracted  a  large  concourse,  from  which  volun- 
teers were  readily  obtained  for  so  laudable  an  object, 
represented  not  only  as  easy  of  achievement,  but  as 
j>rofitable  from  the  spoils  that  were  to  follow.  A 
strons?  force  from  the  lake  region  had  come  to  form 
the  nucleus  of  the  army,  the  command  of  whicli  was 
assumed  by  Cihuacatzin,  lord  of  Teotihuacan.^" 

' '  While  they  were  halting,  writes  Ojeda,  a  big  Indian  with  club  and  shield 
advaucud  to  challenge  any  Spaniard  to  single  combat.  Ojeda  resi)onilod,  but 
in  iiilviuieing  against  the  man  his  negro  slave  followed  him,  and  either  the 
fiiglitof  two  frightened  the  native  or  he  sought  to  decoy  them,  for  he  retreated 
into  ii  copse.   Hcrrera,  ii.  x.  xiii. 

^"  Camarrjo,  Hist.  Tlax:,  171-2;  Torquemnda,  i.  509.    Ixtlilxochitl  spells 
the  name  Zihuatcatlzin,  and  Oviedo  calls  it  Xiaquetenga,  based  prol):ibly  on 
tliat  of  the  Tlascaltec  chief.  Duran,  llisl. /ml.,  MS., ii.  480.    '  La  Qor  de  Mexico, 
y  ilf  Tezcuco,  y  Saltocan.'  licnial  Diaz,  Hist.  Vvrdad.,  108. 
Hist.  Mkx.,  Vol.  I.    32 


<IOS 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


The  sight  of  the  sorry  remnant  of  the  Spanish 
army  was  greeted  by  the  native  liost  with  triumphant 
shouts,  trumpet  blasts,  and  the  clashing  of  weapons. 
Nothing  should  now  prevent  their  escape ;  they  were 
doomed  1  Cautiously  the  Indians  advanced  to  sur- 
round them;  for  though  the  wounded  and  bedraggled 
band  was  small,  it  still  looked  viperish.  Like  tlio 
French  in  Egypt  the  Mexicans  might  have  said  that 
the  centuries  were  looking  down  on  them  from  the 
mystic  towers  of  Teotihuacan,  consecrated  to  the 
sacred  past.  It  was  natural  enough  for  them  to  i'cv\ 
glad  and  proud;  surely  the  invaders  had  brought 
them  misery  enough  to  justify  any  return.  But  kt 
them  not  forget  that  there  arc  still  strong  men,  now- 
nerved  to  desperation.  And  just  beyond  the  mountain 
fringe,  toward  which  pointed  their  holy  banner  of  tlks 
cross,  was  a  promised  land,  'the  land  of  bread,'  and, 
as  they  hoped,  of  trusty  friends. 

Cort(5s  did  not  wait  for  them  to  advance  too  near  ho- 

With  head  and  arm  bandaged 
the  cavalry,  which  in  parties  of  five  rushed  at 
the  enemy,  lancing  straight  at  the  face,  and  opening  a 
way  for  the  infantry,  which  followed  at  a  quick  pace, 
thrusting  sword  and  pike  as  they  had  been  directed.^ 
This  tactic  disconcerted  the  natives  somewhat,  ami 
discarding  their  projectile  weapons  the  front  ranks 
seized  on  lances,  two-handed  swords,  and  heavy  clul)s, 
encouraging  one  another  by  shouting  the  names  of 
their  towns  and  districts.  After  breaking  the  lines 
the  horsemen  turned  to  open  another  path  in  tlio 
direction  of  the  infantry,  throwing  the  Indians  in  a 
disorderly  pressure  one  against  the  other,  and  kec^pini,' 
them  in  a  state  of  apprehension  as  to  where  tlic 
mounted  avalanche  would  next  roll  over  them.  Agaiu 
the  horsemen  turned,  dashing  close  along  the  Hanks 
of  the  troops,  scattering  the  intermediate  assailants  ni 
confusion,  and  rendering  them  an  easy  prey  to  tlio 

•'  Solis  clears  the  way  with  volleys,  but  only  seven  muskets  remainuil  and 
BO  ammunition. 


fore  ho  made  a  charge 
he  led 


"fo 


Wl  iK^es  hi 
ordiuary  ] 


DESPERATE  FIOHTINO. 


40a 


foot-soldiers.  Swift  as  the  wind  the  gallant  Sandoval 
flow  past,  crying  to  his  comrades:  "We  win  to-day, 
senores!  We  win  to-day,  God  helping  us!"  Maria 
do  Estrada  was  likewise  there,  cheering  onward  the 
men,  and  sharing  danger  with  the  foremost  of  the 
brave. 

It  would  indeed  seem  to  persons  of  less  confidence 
than  the  Spaniards  that  some  supernatural  power 
had  been  necessary  on  this  day  to  deliver  them. 
Nor  did  the  Tlascaltecs  belie  their  fame  as  warriors, 
for  they  fought  like  lions,  as  the  soldier- chronicler 
declares,  the  chief  Calmecahua  being  particularly  con- 
spicuous for  his  bravery.^ 

For  a  while  the  horsemen  had  it  all  their  own  way, 
chiefly,  as  Cortes  observes,  because  the  enemy  con- 
sisted of  such  disorganized  masses  as  to  prevent  one 
another  either  from  fighting  or  fleeing;  but  as  they 
became  more  used  to  the  Spanish  tactics  they  offered 
firmer  resistance.  The  horse  of  the  general  being 
so  severely  struck  in  the  mouth  as  to  become  un- 
manageable, Cortes  dismounted  and  turned  it  loose 
to  seek  another.  The  injured  animal,  seemingly  im- 
bued with  its  master's  spirit,  dashed  at  the  enemy  in 
mad  career,  creating  quite  a  panic  in  its  course.  The 
cavalry  took  advantage  of  the  confusion  to  follow, 
partly  with  a  view  to  secure  the  animal;  after  re- 
jTjaining  the  main  body  they  indulged  in  a  brief  rest. 
The  heat  no  less  than  the  fighting  had  tired  out  both 
men  and  horses;  but  there  was  for  them  little  respite, 
for  no  sooner  had  the  foes  observed  their  inaction 
than  they  closed  in  round  them  with  renewed  courage. 
'*  Thrust  well  and  deep,"  came  the  order  to  the  soldiers, 
"  for  they  are  all  chiefs !"  And  so  they  seemed,  fi'om 
their  rich  dress,  their  elaborate  devices,  and  their 
glittering  ornaments.  Cort(is  now  mounted  a  horse 
whose  viciousness  had  hitherto  consigned  him  to  the 

• 

"  Camargo  states  that  he  lived  to  an  age  exceeding  1.30  years.  Heroes  in 
all  a<j;es  have  enjoyed  the  privilege  of  not  being  tied  down  to  laws  governing 
ordinary  mortals. 


m 
it: 


500 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


M 


baggage  department,*'  and  again  the  cavalry  formed, 
this  time  in  more  compact  order.  But  the  enemy, 
ever  relieved  by  fresh  men,  maintained  the  firmness 
with  which  they  had  begun  the  charge,  and  both 
horsemen  and  foot -soldiers  found  the  pressure  bo- 
coming  greater  and  the  fight  hotter.  Thus  the  battle 
continued  during  the  greater  part  of  the  forenoon, 
the  natives  evidently  as  fresh  as  ever,  and  the  Spaniards 
visibly  failing.  **Wo  thought  surely  that  this  was  t(j 
be  our  last  day,"  writes  Cortes,  "in  view  of  the  great 
strength  of  the  Indians  and  the  little  resistance  they 
could  find  in  us,  tired  as  we  were,  and  nearly  all 
wounded,  and  faint  with  hunger." 

A  feeling  of  suffocation  and  deathly  despair  comes 
over  the  Spaniards  as  the  dusky  host  fold  them  in 
closer  and  yet  fiercer  embrace.  Hot  falls  the  blood- 
reeking  breath  upon  their  faces,  as,  flushed  with  suc- 
cess and  sure  of  their  victims,  the  foe  lay  hold  of  the 
Spaniards  to  drag  them  away  to  the  sacrifice.  Rare 
offerings  to  the  gods,  indeed,  are  these  magnificent 
menl  And  such  they  will  surely  become  if  Mary, 
Santiago,  or  the  ready  genius  of  Cortes  appears  not 
(]uickly  to  the  rescue!  But  how  shall  there  be  rescue? 
What  rescue  is  there  to  the  sinking  ship  alone  in  mid- 
ocean?  Can  this  Cortds  for  the  release  of  his  com- 
rades baffle  death  like  Hercules  for  the  release  of 
Alcestis? 

So  it  would  seem.  Behold  yonder  grand  personage, 
borne  aloft  in  open  litter,  high  over  the  others,  with 
plumed  head-dress,  and  above  it  the  gold-net  standiu-d, 
the  tlahuizmatlaxopiUi,  set  with  precious  feathers,  nnd 
secured  to  his  back  by  a  staff,  according  to  custom/^ 

'"All  '11-natured  brute,  which  attacked  the  enemy  with  teeth  ami  hoofs.  Ho 
did  f^ood  service  all  through  the  following  campaign,  till  he  fell  in  one  of  tho 
last  Itiittles  of  the  great  siege.  Camari/o,  1 1  ml.  Tlax.,  172. 

*"  '  Dur<')  CBto  terrible  eonflicto  por  mas  de  cuatro  horos ....  Llegado  cI  nio  lio 
dia,  con  el  intolerable  trabajo  de  la  pelea,  los  espailoles  comcnzaron  A  desniayar.' 
Hifili'iiiiiii,  IJM.  Conq.  (cd.  1840),  132. 

■' '  En  vnas  Andas,  vn  Caballero  mand.ardo,  ft>n  vna  Rodela  Dorada.  y  <|iie 
la  Vaiidera,  y  Sefial  Real,  quo  Ic  sa'ia  por  las  Espalda'i,  era  vna  Red  de  ( Mn, 
"ue  los  Indios  llamaban  I'lahuizniatlaxopilli, que  le  subia  diez  palmos.'  T'lr^jw- 
mada,  i.  501).     '  Su  vandera  teudida,  con  ricas  annas  de  oro,  y  grandcs  peuacliod 


BRILLIANT  ACHIEVEMENT 

n  foathered  armor  of  rich  d;  ^°'™''  "^  ""^  ""'/ 
».alous  care  the  banner  an    en.^™'  .«"»'•<''«*,'  with 
renewed  efforts  and  brCln   r    ''^f'"^  «io  rest  to 
""<!  h«  purpose  for  weal T  woef-fi  ^f'?^  ^"^^  '"'". 
I"s  comrades  are  aware  o?  The     ,  ?"''.*■'">«'  befo.o 
for  he  comes  as  canfntr  71    .  '''"oftam's  approaeh- 
'loath  of  tke.7s^^Xt^:  """rt  "^ ''"  ''-"««■ 
"f  the  'inportance  attaehodlv     P"'^"  '"  '»'«"  aware 
l>o  general,  and  to  the  ^l  L    '•'™'  ^^  *«  !«■•«»'>  of 
I"  Leso  centre  all  the  W  „  Th"*?  "'^  "i"  «*^"''"''. 
«  theirs  so  long  as  thevT™"  i'^'Tf  "»"'*•  ^''-''^-'^s 
low,  and  the  Indian  r^ZI^T'.^f  °?,«  "^"'W'lt 
juncture  Cortes  does  norM  t!   I  °''-     ^™"  «'  tlis 
'■m.ness  and  spirit  amonl  t  i  r'"*-"''™  ^^<'  """-eased 
approaches.    If  ere,  tlien  !s  f  ,         T' "^  *''«  ''""ner 
-.  all  the  brave  m;nS",'"'^'^"f<''>'"><:«,"iore, which 

'"yuounted  follow.ers,^oLinT  *\f  "i"'*  "'"t'""  to 
•irid  as  ,f  he  would  tl.^1^  ""  "'"  "acred  insio-nii 
i"to  his  brief  words  fc  "■?  '^'''-^  ""SW  "f  SiS 
--ak  with  them?  We'-tToTr  'l^'f^'^^-  K 
onores,  let  us  close  with  them  f  tS^J""^  ^^  P^'ter, 
I'lit  knew  that  the  nev  m„  i  ^"^  »  "an  there 
-M  determine  ^t^^Z^^^li^'y^K 

;(}t"r^*^nlT:,eatt?t  '--  "^  ™« 

i.^wr^d;s:^^p-;^tlfl^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

l>'^  unruly  horse  of  Cort"  tenri.''^''  ff""''-  ^>'1'"<' 
"""•ard  overturns  the  1   ter  of      °  '""'  ":"-««i-^tini,dy 


'""■''  "l^.toaVers^to'lhe  g,,,„„,r-  f^^^™'»»i;"<;.  '""I 

'■7  Lis  breath      'rS^^,:,it;;.'!'^ 
^nlo.  u'Ml..  T.,_  '    ,   ^   victory! 


;•"- His  lance  inU:^b:l;':,^-tSe^i;;;7 


602 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


and  seizing  the  sacred  banner,  presents  it  to  the  general 
as  his  rightful  trophy." 

The  welcome  cry  of  Cortds  electrified  the  whole 
Spanish  line,  while  the  warriors  lately  so  triumphant 
stood  stupefied  with  dismay.  With  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  palladium  their  courage  had  fallen,  while 
the  Spanish  soldiers,  with  the  confidence  and  strength 
of  joy,  rushed  from  wing  to  wing  upon  them.  The 
warriors  wavered;  then,  with  one  more  searching 
glance  in  the  direction  of  the  guiding  emhlein, 
they  became  convinced  that  their  leader  had  in- 
deed fallen.  Consternation  followed ;  the  panic  from 
the  centre  overtook  the  more  distant,  and  valiantly 


J 


"  Tlie  accounts  of  this  incident  vary  greatly.     According  to  Bcnial  Diaz 
'Cortes  di(i  vn  encuetro  cS  el  cauallo  al  Capita  Mcxicano,  qle  hizo  abatir  su 

vadora quio  siguib  al  Capitan  q  traia  la  vandera  que  aun  no  auia  caido  del 

eufuentro  que  Cortes  lo  dio,  fue  vn  Juan  de  Salamanca,  natural  de  Outiuoi-us, 
con  vna  buena  yegua  ouera,  que  le  acabf)  de  matar. '  Hint.  Verdnd.,  108.  Tlie 
banner  could  not  have  fallen  without  the  general,  (iomara  intimates  that 
Corti's  charged  alone  against  the  '  capitan  general,  y  dio  le  dos  lau(,;adiis,  du 
que  cayo  y  murio.'  Hist.  Mcx.,  1G3.  This  is  also  .substantially  the  vii'w  of 
l>urau  and  Coinargo.  Herrera  leaves  the  impression  that  Salamanca  aluiie 
folhnvs  Cort(?8  in  the  charge,  and  cuts  oiT  the  head  and  banner  of  tlio  com- 
mander after  liis  chief  had  wounded  an<l  overthrown  him.  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap. 
xiii.  Torquema<la,  Clavigero,  Preseott,  and  others,  also  assume  that  CortOs 
lances  the  generalissimo,  but  they  let  the  cavalry  follow.  Sahagun,  wlio 
obtained  his  information  from  participants  tliat  afterward  became  friars, 
merely  states  that  Cortds  and  one  other  led  the  cliarge,  which  resulted  in  thu 
overthrow  of  the  general  and  his  banner.  Hht.  Caitii.  (ed.  1840),  1.3'2.  Cortis 
is  still  more  reticent  in  saying:  'quiso  Dios  quo  murio  una  persona  (Kilos, 
que  dobia  ser  tan  principal,  quo  con  su  muerte  ceso  to;la  aquella  gmiiu.' 
(.'urtoK,  1.31).  Tlio  assumption  that  Cortt^s  ovci-threw  the  commander  with 
his  lanco  rests  cliiefiy  on  tlio  fact  tliat  Cort(5s  as  leader  of  the  cliargo  n^cciwM 
credit  for  overytliing  that  happens.  Writei-s  also  forget  tliat  tlic  coii'-iiamler 
Wiis  carried  aloft  in  a  litter  the  better  to  observe  the  movements  of  the  avmy. 
His  burdened  caii'iers  would  with  greater  likeliliood  have  been  overthrown 
by  the  horses  or  in  the  disorder  created  by  thuir  advance.  This  supposition 
is  confirmed  by  Cortes'  reference  to  the  affair,  wherein  he  gives  cretlit  to 
nc.ie  for  the  act,  his  usual  custom  when  some  one  else  perfonned  a  noto- 
wiirthy  deed.  He  was  seldom  chary  in  giving  credit  to  himself  for  nchiivi'- 
nieiits,  as  may  bo  gathered  alone  from  his  account  of  the  stay  in  Mcxii'o 
City,  which  announces  tliat  he  it  was  who  tore  down  tho  idols,  who  captitrt.l 
tilt!  tcmjiio  after  another  had  failed  to  do  so,  who  single-handed  co.  c''  "l  the 
retreat  of  his  comrades  on  the  Tlacopan  causeway  on  the  morning  prectdiiii; 
tho  night,  and  wlio  with  less  than  a  score  that  'dared  stay  with  liini'  pro- 
tected tho  retreat  of  tho  last  remnant  from  the  city.  The  supposition  rec'ivi's 
furtlior  snjiport  from  the  permission  given  by  the  emperor  to  Salauianc.i  to 
add  to  his  c.icutclieou  the  trophj'  taken  from  the  connnander.  Tills  iiii|ilirj 
tliat  although  tho  victory  mvis  due  to  CortOs  he  could  not  have  inllictcil  t!i'J 
mortal  wound.  Salamanca  became  alcalde  mayor  of  Goazacoalco,  Bcrnul  J>im, 
niit.  Ventad.,  108,  111. 


A  DECISIVE  BATTLE. 


0O» 


who 
I  tl'.o 

■Uns, 

:v\i.' 

with 
lOoivtM 
iiuick'V 
aniiy. 
;hrowu 
usitiiiu 
xlit  to 
uoto- 
L'hiovi!" 
Moxioo 

ntuii  A 
"^  1  the 
.t.rdins; 

u'  I'l'^*- 

laiK^i  to 
jiniplii'i 
lU'.l  tho 


as  they  had  fought  before,  as  cravenly  did  they 
now  flee.*' 

Forgetful  of  wounds  and  hunger,  and  regardless  of 
tlie  imminent  danger  attending  such  a  course,  the 
Spaniards  pursued  the  foolish  fugitives,  thrusting  and 
slashing  at  them  until  they  had  killed  twenty  thou- 
sand— a  round  figure,  truly,  and  one  which  accords 
well  with  the  estimates  of  the  entire  force.  But  after 
all,  what  the  natives  had  hitherto  suffered  must  have 
been  little  compared  with  the  present  slaughter,  for 
their  dead  lay  very  thick  along  the  line  of  retreat. 
Hardly  one  among  the  Spaniards  had  come  off  scatli- 
loss,  while  few  of  the  poor  Tlascaltecs  were  left  to 
share  in  the  rich  spoils." 

After  recalling  the  troops  from  their  bloody  pursuit, 
the  first  care  of  Cortds  was  to  see  that  the  wounded 
soldiers  had  rest  and  refreshment.  Then  a  solcnm 
thanksgiving  service  was  held,  and  right  earnestly  did 
they  all  join  in  its  oflfering.  Cortes  ascribed  the  vic- 
tory to  St  Peter,  as  with  his  name  on  his  lips  he  had 
made  the  miraculous  charge.  But  Santiago  was  the 
soldiers'  favorite,  as  they  declared  he  was  proseiii  and 
fouirht  with  them;  and  near  the  village  of  Tenexcalco 
a  chapel  was  afterward  erected  to  commemorate  his 
appearance.*^ 

Obviously  this  battle  was  the  most  important  so  far 
in  the  New  World;  and  it  must  ever  be  regarded  as 
one  of  the  moPo  lurr^nrkable  in  history.  The  natives 
wore  probably  much  leas  numerous  than  the  estimates 
of  tlie  boastful  victors;  still  they  were  immensely 
f^uporior  in  number  and  condition  to  the  Spaniards, 
enfeebled   by  recent  defeat,   by  wounds,  and   want. 

'''Los  principales,  H  aaro  cO  grfi  Ilanto,  fl  cuerpo  de  su  general,' aays 
Ilonvra;  but  this  ia  iloiujifiil,  to  judge  also  from  liia  subsequent  observations. 

*' '  Muriei'on. . .  .casi  todos  los  aminos  do  los  espafioles,  y  algunos  dc  olios 
niismos.'  Sahaniin,  Jlist.  Conq.  (ed.  l!S40),  13"2.  Solis  aoknowledijes  only 
woinidctl,  of  whom  two  or  three  died  afterward.  Uitil.  Mex.,  it.  '2().'{.  Curie's 
did  not  escape  aiUlitioual  wounds,  from  which  he  was  soon  to  sulFer  intcn.scly. 

''1'iie  natives  were  purticuhirly  rcatly  to  testify  to  this  supernatur'al  aid, 
n.i  ('aniargo  rehites,  /fi-t.  Tlax.,  17'2,  perhaps  for  their  own  credit,  aa  good 
cuuvurts  and  brave  wan-iors. 


l1 


504 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


Further,  the  latter  had  no  fire-arms  wherewith  to 
terrify  the  natives,  only  swords  and  pikes.  Their  main 
advantage  lay  in  their  horses,  their  discipline,  and  the 
genius  of  their  leader;**  all  strengthened  oy  the  enthu- 
siasm born  of  a  national  pride,  and  a  certain  knowledge 
that  failure  meant  utter  destruction. 

Fatigued  as  all  were,  and  weakened  from  battle, 
Cortds  resolved  nevertheless  to  push  on  toward  Tlas- 
cala  the  same  day,  fearing  that  the  enemy  might  bo 
shamed  into  a  rally,  or  receive  such  reinforcements 
to  their  already  immense  numbers  as  to  encourage 
them  to  return.  In  this  he  was  not  mistaken,  for 
Cuitlahuatzin  had  ordered  Tezcuco,  Chalco,  and  neigh- 
boring districts  to  send  larger  forces,  and  so  insure  an 
assumed  victory  for  the  Otumban  army.  The  rein- 
forcements appear  to  have  been  already  in  motion 
when  news  came  of  the  defeat,  accompanied  by  the 
rumor  that  a  Tlascaltec  army  was  on  the  way  to  aid 
the  Spaniards.  The  hasty  march  eastward  of  the 
fugitives  offered  in  itself  sufficient  encouragement  lor 
straggling:  marauders  from  the  surrounding  villaijos  to 
follow  in  their  wake  and  harass  them  with  occasional 
missiles.*'' 

By  night  the  town  of  Temalacayocan**  was  reached, 
and  here  the  army  obtained  some  food  and  camped 
in  and  around  the  temple.  Badly  wounded  as  ho 
was,  Cortes  took  charge  of  the  watch,  for  sleep  had 
no  power  over  his  mind  at  that  moment.  Befoi'o  him 
rose  invitingly  the  ranges  of  the  Tlascaltec  border, 


♦"  '  Never,'  WTitcs  Ooinara,  'did  a  man  show  sncli  prowess  as  he,  and  iiovcr 
were  men  so  well  led.  He  by  liia  own  personal  etl'orts  saved  them,'  J  lis/. 
Mex.,  1(5.3.  'So  tuno  la  vitona  despues  de  Dios,  por  el  valor  de  Covti's.' 
Jli'rrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xiii.  Wliilo  quite  prepared  toii])hold  the  gencial 
as  a  hero,  IJernal  Diaz  takes  exception  to  this  praise  as  unjust  to  his  iii:iiiy 
followers,  wiio  not  only  did  wonders  in  austiuning  him,  but  in  saving  his  litV. 
Jlisf.  \'inlnil..  111. 

*'  Ixtlilxochitl  assumes  that  another  ai'my  was  encountered  anii  ;-i)utid 
with  great  slaULrhter,  a  few  leagues  ahead,  at  Toyocan.    Hint.  Clu'-h.,  IVYX 

*''  IxtliLvofhitl.  Chimalpain  calls  it  Aimm,  which  appears  to  have  been  situ- 
ated farthi'r  north.  Lorenzana  rcf(!rs  to  all  this  extent  as  the  i)l:iius  of  .\\r.\n, 
the  name  whicii  it  now  bears.  Cainargo  names  the  jjlains  of  Anauteiuii.  Ta- 
eiicatitlau,  and  Atlmoloyan  as  traversed  by  the  army  to  reach  Tlascala.  IH  t. 
Tlax.,  172. 


DISMAL  FOREBODINGS. 


606 


where  he  hoped  to  find  a  haven.  It  was  only  hope, 
however;  for  Cortds  came  not  as  before,  heralded  as 
the  invincible  conqueror,  to  whose  braver}'  and  deeds 
the  warlike  republic  was  delighted  to  ofter  homage; 
nor  with  the  vision  of  the  mighty  Montezuma  bend- 
ing before  him;  nor  with  the  prospect  of  entering 
to  assume  control  of  a  great  empire.  All  this  was 
changed.  He  had  lost  his  former  prestige,  and  could 
present  himself  only  as  a  fugitive  to  seek  protection 
for  a  remnant  of  his  army.  And  this  at  the  hands  of 
those  who  might  yet  smart  under  the  stigma  of  defeat 
by  a  handful,  and  who  might  now  find  it  prudent  and 
convenient  to  accept  the  friendship  and  wealth  of  the 
victorious  Aztecs.  What  if  the  people  of  Tlascala 
should  reject  him?  "We  were  not  very  confident  in 
finding  the  natives  of  the  said  province  faithful  and 
friends  of  ours,"  writes  Cortes;  "for  we  feared  that 
they,  on  seeing  us  so  dismembered,  might  seek  our 
lives,  in  order  to  recover  the  liberty  which  they 
formerly  enjoyed.  This  thought  and  fear  kept  us  in 
as  great  an  affliction  as  when  we  marched  ilong 
harassed  by  those  of  Culiia.""  Nevertheless  he  sought 
to  clieer  his  men  with  hopes  for  the  best,  and  to 
remind  them  how  necessary  it  was,  now  above  all,  to 
guard  their  conduct  so  as  to  give  rise  to  no  jealousies 
or  unpleasantness,  since  even  a  petty  quarrel  might 
raise  a  whirlwind  to  overwhelm  them.  Should  God, 
however,  noc  permit  them  to  rest  in  Tlascala,  they 
must  recall  their  many  glorious  victories  over  greater 
forces  than  could  henceforth  be  brought  against  them, 
and  be  prepared  with  stout  hearts  and  vigorous  arms 
to  meet  the  issue. 

The  march  was  resumed  in  the  morning  with  tlie 
usual  precautions,  although  the  pursuers  fell  off  as 
the  border  was  approached.  Soon  the  Spanianls 
reached  a  fountain  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  close  to  an 
ancient  fortress,  which  marked  the  boundary  of  the 

*'  Cnrtna,  140.  '  Puca  qviizA  subiainos  cicrto,  que  nos  auian  de  ser  Iculea,  6 
qui'  voluutad  tcniiau.'  BenuU  JJiaz,  lliat.  Verdcul.,  108. 


f 


606 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


republic.""  Resting  there  for  a  while,  they  drank  of 
the  water  and  were  refreshed.  Then  they  passed  on 
to  Hueyotlipan,  a  town  of  three  or  four  thousand 
families,  about  four  leagues  from  the  capital.'^  Hero 
food  was  obtained  in  sufficient  abundance,  yet  not 
without  the  stimulus  of  presents.  The  women,  how- 
ever, were  most  sympathetic  in  their  offers  to  tend 
the  wounded,  although  only  too  many  were  deep  in 
mourning  and  clamoring  for  vengeance  for  brothers, 
sons,  or  husbands,  who  had  fallen  during  the  retreat. 
The  captains  did  their  best  to  console  them  with  the 
prospect  of  speedy  victories,  with  bitter  retaliation  on 
the  hated  Aztecs.  Whatever  doubt  yet  remained  of 
Tlascaltec  disposition  was  dispelled  in  the  afternoon 
by  the  arrival  of  the  lords,  including  the  ruler  of 
Huexotzinco,  with  a  large  suite,  bearing  provisions 
and  other  presents,  and  cheering  the  hearts  of  the  dis- 
comfited with  the  most  cordial  greeting.  They  still 
showed  admiration  for  the  white  heroes,  and  extended 
a  sympathy  for  their  sufferings  which  displayed  itself 
even  to  tears.  This  feeling  was  particularly  strong  in 
Maxixcatzin,  the  most  powerful  of  the  four  chiefs, 
who  gently  upbraided  Cortes  and  his  captains  for  not 
havinff  listened  to  his  warninjjs.  Remonstrances  wore 
now  out  of  place,  however,  and  he  and  his  could  only 
bid  them  welcome,  and  tender  their  estates  and  ser- 
vices. They  were  to  regard  themselves  as  in  their 
own  house.  Their  escape  from  the  plots  and  over- 
whelming forces  of  the  Mexicans  had  raised  them  and 
their  prowess  in  the  estimation  of  the  Tlascaltecs,  and 
they  were  prepared,  as  friends  and  as  vassals  of  the 
Spanish  king,  to  shed  their  last  drop  of  blood  in  tb . 
task  of  avenging  the  common  injury  suffered  at  the 
hands  of  their  ancient  enemies.  How  inexpressibly 
dear  is  the  prospect  of  revenge  I     The  hatred  of  the 

''"  Brasseur  <le  Bourbourg  gives  to  a  village  here  the  name  of  Xaltcloko. 
Hint.  X(if.  Civ. ,  iv.  352.  Ixtlilxochitl  refers  to  it  as  Huexoyotlipan,  and  states 
tliiit  C'itlalquiauhtzin  came  up  with  fooil  and  presents  from  the  lords. 

'  Curtea  calls  the  town  Gualipan ;  Berual  Diaz,  Guoliopar ;  Gomoia,  Una- 
zilipun ;  Ilcrrera  gives  it  2000  houses. 


RECEPTION. 


607 


Tlascaltecs  for  the  Mexicans  was  too  deep  to  be 
smothered  by  one  reverse,  and  the  desire  to  avenge 
their  fallen  brethren  intensified  it.  When  the  news 
came  of  the  hostile  gathering  at  Otumba  they  had 
endeavored  to  procure  reinforcements  for  their  allies, 
but  had  not  been  able  to  collect  a  sufficient  number 
in  time."'' 

Cortes  was  deeply  moved  by  the  kind  expressions 
and  offers  accorded  him,  and  sought  in  every  way  to 
strengthen  this  so  vital  friendship.  He  exhibited 
profound  grief  over  the  death  of  so  many  Tlascaltec 
allies,  and  sympathized  in  particular  with  Maxixcatzin 
over  the  loss  of  his  daughter  Elvira,  who  had  fallen 
with  her  husband  Velazquez.  He  also  distributed 
presents,  chiefly  such  as  had  been  obtained  from  the 
Otumba  battle-field,  and  induced  his  men  to  follow 
the  example.  Maxixcatzin's  heart  was  completely 
won  by  the  gift  of  the  banner  taken  from  the  Mexican 
generalissimo,"'  and  other  chiefs  were  gladdened  with 
different  trophies.  The  troops  remained  at  Hueyot- 
lipan  for  three  days,"*  in  order  to  recruit  somewhat, 
and  then,  assisted  by  a  number  of  carriers,  they  passed 

'' '  Yo  queria, '  said  Maxixcatzin , '  yr  en  vuestra  busca  con  trejmta  mil  guer- 
reros.'  Bfriutl  Diaz,  Hist.  Virdad.,  109.  This  is  coufirmeJ  by  tlio  Aztec  version 
of  Diiran,  which  saya  that  the  rumor  of  Tlascaltec  preparations  helped  to  in- 
iiniidate  tho  proposed  Mexican  reinforcements  for  Otumba.  Hist.  Ind.,  MS., 
ii.  483.  According  to  Ovicdo,  50,000  warriors,  followed  by  '20,000  carriers,  met 
the  Spaniards  at  tlio  frontici'.  iii.  514.  Camargo  extends  tho  number  to  200,000, 
'who  canio  too  late,  but  served  nevertheless  to  check  pursuit  from  tho  enemy.* 
lliM.  TIax.,  173.  Gomara  stamps  Oviedo's  statement  as  hearsay,  but  adds 
that  tho  Tlascaltecs  declared  themselves  prepared  to  rettirn  with  the  Spaniards 
at  once  against  Mexico.  This  Cortes  declined  to  do  for  tho  present,  but  allowed 
ii  few  soldiers  to  join  a  band  inpursuitof  marauding  stragglers.  Hist.  Mex.,\G\. 
Tho  delay  in  collecting  tho  proposed  reinforcements  may  have  been  duo  to  tho 
small  faction  hostile  to  tho  Siwniards,  headed  by  tho  captain-general,  Xicoten- 
catl  the  younger,  who  seems  never  to  have  forgiven  the  disgrace  of  defeat  which 
they  had  been  the  first  to  inflict  upon  him.  Ho  had  accompanied  the  loids  to 
lluoyotlipan,  perhaps  to  gloat  over  the  misfortune  of  his  victors.  According  to 
Ik'iTora,  Captain  Juan  Pacz — Torquemada  writes  Perez — was  ono  of  tho  in- 
valids at  Tlascala,  and  to  him  100,000  warriors  liad  been  offered  to  go  to  tho 
iiid  of  his  general;  but  he  declined,  on  the  ground  that  his  strict  ordei-s  woi'o 
ti)  remain  with  his  80  men  at  Tlascala.  For  thisl  -^  was  naturally  upbraide<l 
liy  (.'ortt's  as  a  coward,  fit  for  hanging.  Tlie  st  ^  .,  not  very  probable,  dec. 
ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xiv. ;  Torquemada,  i.  512. 

"^ '  Quo  estim6  61  mucho,  y  puso  f>or  una  de  sus  armas.'  Ixtlilxochill,  Unit. 
Chirh.,  303. 

^^  t'ortis,  Cartas,  no,     Bernal  Diaz  intimates  one  day. 


608 


RETREAT  TO  TLASCALA. 


on  to  the  capital.  Here  the  whole  population  came 
forth,  headed  by  the  lords,  to  welcome  them,  with 
music,  and  flowers,  and  acclamations."  Cortds  was 
taken  in  charge  by  Maxixcatzin  and  lodged  in  his 
palace;  Alvarado  became  the  guest  of  old  Xicotcncatl, 
and  the  others  received  every  attention.  The  recep- 
tion concluded  with  a  series  of  festivities."* 


**  '  Cfl  maa  de  cinzientos  mil  hombres  en  orden :  3nian  las  mugercs,  y  niflos, 
en  la  delantera. '  Uerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xiii.  This  order  may  have  bten 
intended  to  signify  peace  and  welcome. 

**  C'amargo  differs  from  Kernal  Diaz,  in  intimating  that  all  were  lodged  in 
Maxixcatzin 's  palace,  while  Ixtlilxochitl  assumes  that  Cortes  was  the  guest  of 
Xicotencatl.  '  Mugiscacin  mc  trajo  una  cama  de  madera  cncajada,  con  alguua 
ropa yd  todos  hi^o  reparor  de  lo  que  61  tuvo.'  CorUa,  Cartas,  141. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

INVALUABLE    FRIENDSHIP. 

JaLT-SEPTEMBER,    1520. 

DrvERs  Disasters  to  the  Spaniards — Mexico  Makes  OvERTrRES  to 
TLASCA1.A — A  Council  Held — Tlascala  Remains  True  to  the  Span- 
iards— Disaffection  in  the  Spanish  Army — Cortes  aoain  Wins 
the  soldif.rs  to  his  views — renewal  of  active  operations  against 
THE  Aztecs — Success  of  the  Spanish  Arms — Laroe  Reinforcements 
OF  Native  Allies — Onk  Aztec  Stronghold  after  another  Succujibs. 

At  Tlascala  were  certain  invalid  Spaniards,  who 
]>raised  the  natives  for  their  kind  treatment,  and  for 
the  almost  universal  sympathy  exhibited  with  regard 
to  the  misfortunes  at  Mexico.  The  army  now  learned 
that  disaster  had  also  befallen  the  Spaniards  in  otlicr 
})arts  of  the  country.  The  news  of  the  flight  had 
spread  with  marvellous  rapidity,  and  Cuitlahuatzin's 
envoys  had  not  failed  to  magnify  the  successes  of  his 
arms  while  urging  throughout  the  country  the  ex- 
termination of  the  invaders.  This  advice  had  found 
ready  acceptance  in  the  provinces  west  and  south  of 
Tlascala,  which  had  additional  reasons  for  hostility  in 
the  assumption  of  the  little  republic  since  she  became 
the  ally  of  the  strangers. 

Shortly  after  the  departure  of  the  army  from  the 
coast  a  party  of  fifty  men  with  five  horses  had  fol- 
lowed with  baggage  and  valuables.  At  Tlascala  a  por- 
tion of  them,  with  two  horses,  under  Juan  de  AlcLx^ara 
senior, received  the  portion  of  treasure  set  aside  during 
the  late  repartition  for  the  coast  garrison,  estimated 
at  sixty  thousand  pesos.  With  this  they  set  out  on 
their  return  to  Villa  Rica,  accompanied  by  a  few  in- 

(600) 


^i 


6:  i 


610 


mVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


valids.  On  the  way  they  were  surprised  and  slaugh- 
tered, the  treasures  and  effects  being  distributed  an 
spoils.* 

The  larger  division  of  the  party,  under  the  hidalgo 
Juan  Yustc,'  which  were  to  join  Cortes,  also  picked 
up  some  convalescents,  together  with  additional  treas- 
ure and  baggage,  and  proceeded  to  Mexico  by  the  way 
of  Calpulalpan.  They  numbered  five  horsemen,  forty- 
five  foot-soldiers,  and  three  hundred  Tlascaltecs,  the 
latter  under  command  of  one  of  Maxixcatziii's  sons. 
Advised  of  their  approach  the  natives  of  Zultepec, 
among  others,  were  induced,  more  by  cupidity  than 
patriotic  zeal,  to  form  an  ambuscade  along  the  steep 
declivity  of  a  narrow  pass  which  had  to  be  followed. 
Here  they  fell  upon  the  party  on  all  sides  as  they  de- 
scended in  single  file,  encumbered  beside  by  their 
burdens.  Resistance  was  ineffective,  and  those  not 
slain  were  carried  to  Tezcuco  to  be  offered  up  to  the 
idols,  while  their  effects  were  distributed,  some  of  the 
trophies  being  dedicated  to  temples  of  the  Acolhuau 
capital,  there  to  tell  the  mournful  tale  to  the  returning 
conquerors.' 

'  This  appears  to  have  taken  place  on  the  Xocotlan  road,  followed  by  the 
Spaniards  ou  iirst  entering  the  countiy,  for  in  tho  temple  of  this  town,  sa}-* 
Bci-nal  Diaz,  were  found  the  saddles  and  other  trophies.  He  estimates  the 
treasure  lost  at  40,000  pesos.  Hist.  Venlad.,  108,  llG-117;  Lcjalde,  Probaiiza, 
in  Icazltalceta,  Col.  Doc,  i.  425. 

"  HciTera  writes,  under  luste  and  Morla.    If  correct  there  were  two  Morlas. 

'  Herrera  copies  this  account,  but  gives  also  another  in  an  earlier  chapter, 
which  leads  one  to  suppose  that  Yuste  and  a  few  companions  escaped  to  tho 
mountains.  They  cither  perished  of  hunger  or  were  captured  at  some  set- 
tlement while  ofl'ering  the  remnant  of  their  treasures  for  food.  An  inscrip- 
tion by  Yuste  on  a  piece  of  bark  recorded  their  sufferings.  'Por  aqui  ]ia.s.-;6 
el  desdichado  luan  luste.  con  sus  dcsdichados  compaueros,  con  tata  hanihre, 
que  por  pocas  tortillas  de  niayz,  di6  vno  vna  barra  do  oro,  que  pesaua  oclio- 
ci^ntos  (lucados. '  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xiii. ;  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  v.  Torquo- 
mada  repeats  both  versions,  i.  53(>-l.  Peter  Martyr  and  Gomara  are  also 
confused,  allowing  the  Yuste  party  in  one  page  to  fall  at  the  pass,  and  ou 
another  to  turn  back  to  Villa  Rica  from  Tlascala.  Iliit.  Mex.,  IGT),  181--.  -\- 
misinterpretation  of  a  vague  passage  by  Cort(''S  is  tlie  cause  of  the  mistake, 
into  which  nearly  every  writer  lias  fallen.  The  party  carried,  according  to 
the  Cartas,  141,  18.1-4,  a  number  of  agreements  with  the  natives,  and  other 
valuable  documents,  beside  Corti's'  personal  effects  and  valuables,  worth  over 
30,000  pesos  de  oro.  Bernal  Diaz  says  three  loads  of  gold.  The  inhabitants 
said  that  people  from  Tezcuco  and  Mexico  had  done  the  deed  to  avenge 
Cacama.  But  none  except  the  natives  of  the  district  could  have  had  timo 
to  gather  for  tbo  attack. 


EFFECTS  OF  THE  DEFEAT. 


011 


About  this  time  a  vessel  arrived  at  Villa  Rica  with 
three  or  four  score  of  adventurers,  under  Captain 
Coronado,  and  being  told  of  the  fabulously  rich 
Mexico  they  resolved  to  lose  no  time  in  following  the 
army,  in  order  to  secure  a  share  of  treasures.  It  was 
just  after  the  flight  from  Mexico,  and  the  provinces 
were  in  arms,  elated  at  the  triumphs  at  the  lake.  On 
approaching  the  Tepeaca  district  the  party  was  sur- 
prised, and  partly  slaughtered,  partly  captured,  the 
prisoners  being  distributed  among  the  towns  of  the 
province  for  sacrifice.* 

These  reports  created  no  small  alarm  for  the  safety 
of  Villa  Rica,  and  several  Tlascaltec  messengers  were 
sent  with  letters,  by  different  routes,  to  bring  news. 
Orders  were  also  given  to  the  comandante  to  forward 
powder,  fire-arms,  bows,  and  other  necessaries  that  lie 
could  spare,  together  with  some  men,  sailors,  if  no 
others  were  available.  The  reply  was  reassuring,  for 
although  the  natives  had  fuller  particulars  of  the 
disaster  at  Mexico  than  Cortes  had  chosen  to  impart 
to  the  garrison,  yet  everything  remained  quiet.     The 


*  Herrera  places  the  number  of  the  party  at  50  or  CO.  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap. 
XV.  Bemal  Diaz  speaks  of  the  slaughter  in  Tochtepec  of  72  men  and  5  women, 
and  he  leaves  the  iiupression  that  they  were  a  part  of  the  Nurvacz  force  wliicli 
had  followed  the  army  at  their  leisure.  Jlkt.  I'erdacl.,  108.  This  is  no  doul)t 
the  party  described  in  the  text.  Yet  Herrera,  in  cap.  xvii.,  refers  to  the  de- 
struction at  Tochtepec  of  a  force  of  80  men  under  Captain  Salcedo,  wlio  was 
sent  to  reduce  this  province  a  few  months  later.  This  incident,  mentioned  by 
no  other  original  authority,  may  be  identical  with  llie  preceding.  Had  the 
party  in  question  belonged  to  the  original  force  of  Xarvaez  it  would  havo 
accompanied  Yuste  and  Alcantara.  Such  not  being  the  case,  it  must  havo 
arrived  after  their  departure.  This  receives  confirmation  from  (iomara'.s  atate- 
iiieiit  that  several  small  parties,  wlio  liad  been  attracted  to  New  .Spain  l>y 
Cortes' conquests,  were  killed  in  Tepeaca  and  Xalacinco.  Hist.  Mex.,  IT.'l.  Tho 
narratives  of  Bemal  Diaz  and  CortOs  specify  some  of  these,  numbering  from 
ten  to  eighteen  men,  who  fell  at  Quccliolac,  Tepeaca,  and  other  places.  It  is  not 
likely  tliat  so  many  small  parties  could  have  arrived  on  the  coast  during  tho 
tiliort  interval  of  Cortt's'  departure  from  Cempoala  and  his  retreat  to  'i'huscala ; 
nor  that  they  would  have  ventured  in  small  numbers  intcj  a  strange  ccniiitr)-, 
during  so  unquiet  a  period ;  nor  would  a  mere  dozen  have  l)een  allowed  to 
penetrate  so  far  as  Tepeaca  ere  they  met  their  fate.  Hence  they  must  liavo 
belonged  to  tho  large  party  spoken  of  in  the  text,  whose  members,  dead  or 
captive,  \vere  distributed  among  tho  different  towns  which  had  aided  in  their 
defeat.  This  appears  to  be  tho  only  way  to  reconcile  the  differing  statements, 
whicli  have  so  confused  every  writer  as  to  lead  them  into  apparent  blunders 
or  into  the  omission  of  facts.  See  liohertsom  Jfist.  Am.,  ii.  99;  PrcHCoU'a 
Mtx.,  ii.  409-10;  Brcuneur  de  liourbotirg,  Hint.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  353-5. 


*  ii 


!  ! 


612 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


remittance  of  war  material  was  small,  and  the  men 
who  convoyed  it  numbered  less  than  a  dozen,  nicii 
stricken  by  disease,  and  led  by  Leneero,  who  became 
the  butt  of  the  droles  de  corps.' 

Every  attention  and  comfort  was  tendered  at  Tlas- 
cala  to  the  Spaniards  while  caring  for  their  wounds 
and  awaiting  the  development  of  projects.  Hardly  a 
man  had  arrived  scathless,  and  quite  a  number  had 
received  injuries  which  maimed  them  for  life  or  re- 
sulted in  death.'  Cortds'  wounds  were  most  serious. 
The  indomitable  spirit  which  sustained  him  so  far 
now  yielded  with  the  failing  body.  Severe  scalp 
cuts  brought  on  fever,''  which  caused  his  life  to  han<r 
in  the  balance  for  some  time.  Finally  his  strong 
constitution  and  the  excellent  empiric  methods  of  tlie 
native  herb  doctors  prevailed,  to  the  joy,  not  alone  of 
Spaniards,  but  of  Tlascaltecs,  who  had  shown  the 
utmost  anxiety  during  the  crisis. 

During  this  period  of  Spanish  inaction  the  Mexi- 
cans were  energetically  striving  to  foli  >vv  up  their 
blow  against  the  invaders.  The  first  act  after  ridding 
the  capital  of  their  presence  was  one  of  purgation, 
in  which  the  victorious  party  fell  ou  those  whoso 
lukewarmness,  or  whose  friendly  disposition  toward 
Montezuma  and  his  guests,  had  hindered  the  sicgo 
operations  and  aided  the  enemy.  A  tumult  was  soon 
raised,  wherein  perished  four  royal  princes,  brothers 
and  sons  of  Montezuma,^  whose  death  may  be  at- 

'  Bemal  Diaz  intimates  that  only  two  vessels  remained  of  Narvaez'  fleet, 
and  one  of  these  'vaa  now  destroyed  so  that  the  crew  might  be  sent  to  Tlascala. 
The  reinforcements  numbered  four  soldiers  and  three  sailors,  two  of  whom 
suffered  from  swollen  stomachs,  and  the  rest  from  venereal  diseases.  Hint, 
VerduL,  109. 

•Bemal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  109,  mentions  only  four  deaths. 

' '  So  le  pasmo  la  cabepa,  o  porque  no  le  curaron  bien,  sacado  le  cascos :  o 
por  el  dcmasiado  trabajo.'  O'omaia,  Hist.  Mex.,  162.  Solis  describes  tlio 
progress  of  the  cure  with  a  minuteness  that  would  do  credit  to  a  medical 
journal.  llUt  Hex.,  ii.  212-14. 

*  The  Cihuacohuatl,  Tzihuacpopocatzin,  Cipocatli,  and  Tencuecuenotzin. 
The  account  of  this  tumult  is  given  in  a  memorial  on  the  conquest  by  an 
Indian,  possessed  by  Torquemada.  i.  509-10.  Brasseurdo  Bourbourg  assumes 
Tzihuacpopocatzin  and  the  Cihuacohuatl  to  be  sous  of  Tizoc,  and  the  last  two 


AFPAIRS  AT  THE  CAPITAL. 


Iwo  hor  of  Montezuma  an.      ;"•  "'  "  >■"•"'«<"• 
apa,„st  the  Span.a"™'  tero    'r'T'""'  ''P^'-''"""^ 
fovo  ovory  other  cand,  Ito  »    Jwi'"'  '"  '■'"■^"  '"■>» 
"iamler-,n-ehief  of  the  armv  a„,l  "'^.'"'V""'''''  "■•*  ""»- 
^■o..fu    party,  |,o  UM  t  f I^^'r  r^'^''  "^  «'«  ™>- 
j«^cor,l„,^|y  ,,,.,,  .,„„„i„,  ;V'2„*?,  "'."  ,''™i«»''.  and 
.""0  Col.ua.iaeoeh  was  eKt^rt-     ^""""t f'o  sa,„o 
i«i  of  the  vounc^er  brother  f        .'"^  "*  ^«^«"'".  in 
fortes,  a,KrQua^),tcmot;i'  Z'f  ""  5''^  l'"'!''--' 4 

The  coronation  wa,  k.o"  '  'Jn^  •  Hmt^ilopoehtli 
«Ineh  tlio  intlisnonsahle  "'"^.P^nimont  event,""  for 
-™-J  from  thrS::  JZ'^wl'i  "'--''/ l>oon 
v.ctnns  indeed,  could  have  L  T*"^*  """"^  l"-«io«3 
"ugural  than  the  powe  ft]  sr"-''"?'™'  ''°'-  «"-^  in- 
;™rnor.s  of  brave  KoM  T?"*,'  "'"'  "'«  '«t«d 
:■■•  the  eere,„„ny  than  ti  !  l'  ''■''"'  K™'"'"'-  site 

''•"".  f,e  dotestei^  i  .trudoi<  -.^7'  *f' P'"'  '■^"-"••od 
'">«?    In  eonn„™*'!'..'T' P'J'-'fiod  from  foroi,.n 


f, 


*tiva],s."  ''"''''  '^'t'i  tins  came  a  series  of 


■(.'S 


•'■'■  "ty  and  its  anproadl'I™"":*'.  »"^  "'  fortifyi„° 
"■>««i?n.  The  con  tS,  an^T^^P"^^'""  '""""■S 
«>re  improved  in  some  ?1  "";'P'""-' of  the  army 
S-on  by'the  Europ^nT  iteie"'^''"'  *^  "-^""'P'- 

-  --  i-fceted  ';vith  t. ':^Xx°4°.eT^:::f 

Hi8T.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    33  '''"* 


614 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


the  Chinantec  pike  being  also  introduced  and  tipped 
with  Toledo  blades  or  other  metal  points.  Envoys 
were  despatched  to  near  and  distant  provinces,  bidding 
for  their  support  by  remission  of  taxes  and  tributes, 
by  restoration  of  conquered  territories,  by  patriotic 
ap|)eals,  and  by  roseate  views  antl  promises.*^  Tlie 
Spaniards  were  painted  as  selfish,  perfidious,  and  cruel, 
intent  on  conquering  the  whole  country,  on  enslaving 
the  people,  on  extorting  their  substance,  and  on  over- 
throwing social  and  religious  institutions.  Spoils  aiul 
heads  of  Spanish  men  and  horses  were  sent  round  to 
disabuse  the  people  of  their  supposed  invulnerability; 
and  as  a  further  encouragement  the  dreaded  Cortes 
was  declared  to  have  fallen. 

The  most  important  missions  were  those  to  ]Mic]io- 
acan  and  Tlascala,  the  former  an  independent  kingdom 
of  considerable  extent,  stretching  westward  beyotul 
the  lake  region  to  the  Pacific,  over  an  undulating, 
well  watered  territory,  which  abounded  in  all  the  re- 
sources of  a  rich  soil  and  a  tropic  climate.  The  in- 
habitants, the  Tarascos,  were  distinct  from  the  Aztecs 
in  language,  but  fully  their  equals  in  culture,  wliiili 
was  of  the  Nahua  type,  and  as  a  rule  successful  in 
resisting  the  armed  encroachments  of  the  lake  allies. 
The  present  ruler  was  Zwanga,  who  held  court  at 
Tzintzuntzan,  on  Lake  Patzcuaro,  He  received  the 
embassadors  of  Cuitlahuatzin  with  due  attention,  Idit 
hesitated  about  the  answer  to  be  given.  The  Aztecs 
had  from  time  immemorial  be(;n  the  enemies  of  liis 
people,  and  to  aid  them  would  surely  bring  upon  liim 
the  wratb.  of  the  Spaniards,  who  must  still  be  powerful, 
since  the  Mexicans  came  to  ])lead  for  his  alliance.  "In 
this  dilemma  it  was  resolved,  with  the  advice  of  the 
council,  to  send  plenipotentiaries  to  Mexico,  in  ortKr 
to  learn  more  fully  the  condition  of  affairs,  and  tlieic 
determine  what  should  be  done." 

"  '  El  Ics  liace  gnieia  jjor  tin  afio  tie  totlos  loa  tfibutos  y  servicioa  que  son 
.oblmados  il  lu  liacer. '  VorlcH,  Caiiits,  l.').'>;  Oomara,  Hist.  Alex.,  IT.'l. 

^JJiaumoiit,  Vrtin.  Mech.,  MS.,  08  efcj.;  Aative  Ji'aces,  ii.  107-b;  v.  JOS 
iCt  acq. 


MEXICAN  OVERTURES. 


More  decisive  in  its  results  was  the  mission  to 
Tlascala.  Regarded  as  the  most  important  of  all,  it 
was  intrusted  to  six  prominent  men,  of  acknowl- 
edged talent  for  negotiation.  They  came  fortified  with 
clioice  presents  of  robes,  feathers,  salt,  and  similar  de- 
sirable commodities,  and  were  received  with  customary 
courtesy  by  the  assembled  lords  and  council.  The 
eldest  was  the  first  to  speak.  He  recalled  the  inti- 
mate relationship  bet\/^een  Mexico  and  Tlascala  In 
blood  and  language,  d oplored  the  feud  which  had  so 
long  existed,  and  urged  the  establishment  of  per- 
manent peace,  for  mutual  benefit,  whereby  the  Tlascal- 
tecs  would  gain  all  the  advantages  of  a  long  prohibited 
trade.  One  obsta'^le  alone  interposed  to  prevent  a 
happy  harmony,  which  was  the  presence  of  the  Span- 
iards, to  whom  was  due  the  unfortunate  condition  of 
the  whole  country.  Their  only  aim  was  to  make 
themselves  masters,  to  overthrow  the  gods  of  the 
natives,  to  enslave  the  inhabitants,  and  impoverish 
them  by  exactions. 

The  Tlascaltecs  would  after  rendering  service  bo 
treated  with  the  same  base  ingratitude  and  perfidy 
as  the  over  generous  Montezuma,  and  reap  not  only 
universal  detestation,  but  the  anger  of  the  gods. 
Better,  therefore,  to  seize  the  present  fiivorable  oppor- 
tunity to  deliver  themselves  from  dreadful  calamities, 
to  establish  prosperity  and  independence  on  a  firm 
basis,  and  by  a  joint  alliance  recover  the  alienated 
provinces  and  share  the  revenues  therefrom."  Tlio 
first  step  to  this  desirable  end  was  the  destruction 
of  tbe  Spaniards,  now  at  their  mercy,  whereby  they 
would  gain  also  the  gratitude  of  neighboring  pco'i'ies, 
tlio  fame  of  patriots,  and  the  blessing  of  the  god.s. 

The  speech  delivered,  together  with  the  presents, 
the  envoys  withdrew  to  let  the  council  deliberate, 
liitter  as  was  the  enmity  between  the  two  peo[)les, 
intensified  by  the  recent  defeat,  there  were  not  want- 


III 


"  '  Entrorian  en  parte  do  (odaa  las  rentaa  dc  las  provinciaa  siigetos  por  cl 
iniporio.'  /xililxoc/Utl,  Iliat.  <Mch.,  304. 


516 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


ing  persons  to  whom  the  argument  and  offers  seemoil 
all  that  the  most  brilliant  fortune  could  bring.  What, 
indeed,  had  they  in  common  with  a  strange  race  by 
whom  they  had  been  conquered,  and  whose  presence 
portended  many  changes  in  their  social  and  religious 
institutions,  transmitted  by  their  forefathers,  and  uj)- 
held  with  the  blood  of  generations?  Their  indepen- 
dence would  be  endangered.  Besides,  the  invaders  had 
been  shamefully  defeated,  and  might  never  again  hold 
up  their  heads.  The  whole  country  was  mustering  to 
drive  them  out,  and,  if  successful,  woo  to  Tlascala, 
as  their  ally.  In  any  case  a  struggle  was  in  pros- 
pect, wherein  their  sons  and  brethren  would  bo  sacri- 
ficed I)}'-  the  thousands.  And  for  what?  For  the 
benefit  of  strangers,  always  ready  with  their  yoke  of 
slavery.  On  the  other  hand,  they  were  offered  tlio 
peace  so  long  desired,  with  its  accompanying  blessings; 
deliverance  from  the  trade  blockade  and  seclusion 
which  had  so  lonij  afflicted  them,  toGfether  witli  the 
attractive  adjunct  of  assured  independence,  and  tli- 
triumphant  and  profitable  position  of  conquering  allies 
of  the  Mexicans.^" 

The  strongest  advocate  of  these  views  was  Xico- 
tencatl  junior,  who  had  never  forgotten  the  sc\'eral 
Spanish  victories  that  checked  his  triumphal  career 
as  soldier  and  general,  and  humiliated  him  in  tlio 
eyes  of  the  whole  people.  Yet  this  feeling  was 
tinged  with  love  for  the  independence  and  welfare  of 
the  country,  threatened,  in  his  eyes,  by  the  invaders. 
With  the  news  of  disaster  at  Mexico  his  party  liad 
assumed  respectable  proportions.  Some  of  its  meinbt  rs 
were  impelled  by  motives  similar  to  his  own;  soni;' 
were  bribed  by  Mexican  gifts,  and  promises  of  wealtli 
and  preferment;  some  were  tempted  by  the  arms, 
baggage,  and  treasure  of  the  fuixitives,  whom  it  seeiiud 

''  '  Taiito  siiyierou  ilecir  tl  'u  scfloria  cstoa  ciubajadorcs,  que  c.isi  t'lli 
olla, . . . .  lii  i-ciluj;eroii  X  su  voluntad  y  Ui'soo. '  Old  Xicotuncatl  btMiig  uiu'  nF  the 
niOMt  dovoted.  hi.  Ht'iTuni  also  asiiuinos  that  this  chief  favors  tlu:  Mixi.^ius, 
l»ut  the  mipjK)8ition  is  due  to  ooufoiniding  the  two  lueii  of  this  uauu!.  dec.  ii. 
lib.  X.  ca|j,  xiv. 


THE  COUNCIL-CHAMBER. 


517 


easy  now  to  overcome.  Not  a  few  considered  the 
burden  of  maintaining  a  horde  of  strangers,  with  the 
prospect  of  afterward  yielding  tliem  service  and  blood 
for  their  aggrandizement.  When  the  collectors  of 
provisions  for  the  Spaniards  made  their  rounds  they 
could  not  but  observe  the  bitter  feeling  which  pre- 
vailed in  some  quarters.'"  The  elder  Xicotencatl  ap- 
pears .'^  have  remonstrated  with  his  son  for  breeding 
trouble;  but  this  availed  little,  as  may  be  supposed. 
During  the  deliberation  of  the  council  on  the  Mexican 
proposal  the  young  chieftain  stepped  beyond  the  timid 
.suggestions  of  those  who  inclined  toward  an  Aztec 
alliance,  and  boldly  advocated  it  as  the  only  salvation 
for  Tlascala. 

Next  spoke  the  wise  Maxixcatzin,  the  leading  rep- 
resentative of  the  republic.  In  his  chivalrous  nature 
devotion  to  the  Spaniards  exercised  an  influence, 
wliile  as  ruler  of  the  richest  district,  in  agriculture 
and  trade,  he  had  also  an  eye  to  the  benctits  which 
would  accrue  from  an  alliance  with  them.  He  re- 
called the  many  instances  of  treachery  and  want  of 
good  faith  on  the  part  of  the  ^Mexicans  to  show  how 
little  their  promises  could  be  relied  on.  It  was  merely 
the  presence  of  the  Spaniards  that  prompted  tlieir 
offer  of  alliance,  which  was  to  restore  Mexico  to  its 
foimer  terrorizing  strength.  This  accomplished,  the 
ancient  enemy  would  not  fail  to  remember  that  Tlas- 
cala, in  addition  to  the  old-standing  enmity,  had  been 
one  of  the  chief  instruments  in  their  late  suffering  and 
Ir.nuiliation,  and  had  figured  as  conqueror  and  master 
over  them.  They  would  lose  no  time  in  avenu:ing 
tlu'uiselves,  and  by  the  destruction  of  the  re[)ul)lic 
I'lMuove  forever  so  dangerous  an  enemy.  Far  betlt-r, 
tluMi,  to  maintain  the  friendsliip  of  the  Spaniards, 
v.liose  good  faith  had  been  tried,  and  whose  prowess 
was  not  broken  by  one  defeat.  Previous  to  their 
arrival  they  had  been  suffering  from  the  want  even 

""' '  A  a  vcniatcs,  a  coinonios  nucstra  haziemla,  anda  (juo  boluistc-j  Jcstro- 
pdua  do  Mexico,  echados  coiuu  viloa  mugcro^^.'  Id. 


-  '-^^■v 


518 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


of  necessaries,  and  had  been  exposed  to  incessant 
ravages  and  warfare,  which  threatened  their  very  ex- 
istence. With  the  Spaniards'  aid  they  had  been  freed 
from  this  want  and  danger;  they  had  enriched  them- 
selves with  trade  and  spoils,  and  had  raised  the  re- 
public to  the  most  prominent  position  it  had  ever 
occupied,  all  far  beyond  what  the  Mexicans  Avould 
ever  permit.  What  did  the  gods  say?  Oracles  and 
omens  had  foretold  the  doom  of  the  empire.  It  was 
in  vain  to  strujjjxlc  with  fate,  which  had  decreed  the 
control  to  the  new-comers.  The  interests  of  the  state 
demanded  the  friendship  of  these  destined  victors,  who 
offered  them  wealth  and  glory,  while  good  faith  and 
honor  demanded  loyalty  to  the  invited  guests,  from 
whom  so  many  benefits  had  already  sprung. 

Observing  the  effect  of  the  appeal  on  the  wavering 
members,  young  Xicotencatl  hastened  to  defend  his 
cherished  plans,  bui  with  such  imprudence  as  to  rouse 
^laxixcatzin  to  strike  him.  He  was  thereupon  jostled 
out  of  the  council-chamber,  badly  bruised  and  with 
torn  clothes."   Against  this  expulsion  none  of  his  sup- 


"  IJemiU  Diaz  assumes  that  the  young  chief  had  been  brought  before  tho 
council  a  prisoner,  to  be  arraigned  for  his  machinations.  His  father  was  so 
deeply  incensed  against  him  as  to  decree  liis  death,  but  the  other  chiefs  were 
lenient  out  of  respect  for  the  father;  the  conspirators  were  arrested.  //(.sY. 
i'enlad.,  109-10.  A  later  writer  states,  on  doubtful  authority,  that  thu 
chieftain  was  also  removed  from  tho  command  of  tho  army;  and  Solis  asaniues 
that  the  act  of  jostling  him  down  tho  steps  in  the  council-hall  was  the  form 
of  degradation,  wliich  took  place  during  a  special  session,  after  the  delihL'i'a- 
tion  He  appealed  to  Cortes,  who  caused  him  to  bo  reinstated,  /list.  Mv.i\, 
ii.  *J20-I$.  According  to  Caniargo,  the  elder  Xicotencatl  liad  coded  his  place 
as  ruler  to  tho  son,  owing  to  his  advanced  age.  //(.■.■!!.  TVa.r.,  173-4.  In  .siu'li 
a  case  no  imprisonment  or  degradation  could  have  been  .admitted;  perliajis  i:i 
iiu  case,  since  ho  merely  advocated  what  ho  considered  to  be  tho  best  for  tho 
cMumtry  Duran  states  that  he  was  surrendered  to  Cortits,  who  '  le  piiso  en 
prisioncs,  y  creo  <pie  al  cabo  lo  mandt't  matar,'  llisf.  Intl.,  MS.,  ii.  IS.'),  a 
statement  which  may  have  aided  to  confuse  Gomara,  who  allows  C'orti's  to 
execute  him  already  during  his  first  stay  at  Tlascala.  On  the  present  oecasioii 
lie  lets  Maxixcatzin  strike  the  leader  of  tho  opposite  faction.  Iliitt.  Mr.r.,  !K), 
1(14.  His  blunder  and  vagueness  helped  Herrera  to  confound  the  two  Xicoten- 
catls,  and  lirasseur  de  Bourbourg  to  attribute  to  father  and  son  the  same 
opinion.  IlM.  A'^af.  <  'iv.,  \i.  .%.>-7.  This  is  also  the  view  of  Ixtlilxochitl.  Tlio 
discussion  was  held  in  the  hall  or  oratory  of  Xicotencatl,  where  Corti'S  had 
]ilanti'd  tho  crosa.  While  Maxixcatzin  was  advocii.tiug  the  Si>iinish  cause  a 
cloud  settlo<l  on  the  cross  and  darkened  tho  room.  This  nuraclo  cncoiiniLii'd 
the  orator,  v.ho  threw  down  the  younger  Xicotencatl  and  won  all  to  his  side. 
The  Mexican  envoys  were  now  dismissed  with   a  refusal,  whereupon  tlie 


THE  DECISION. 


porters  ventured  to  remonstrate,  and  the  vote  being 
uuaniiuouslj  in  fiivor  of  Maxixeatzin's  views,  the 
Aztec  envoys  were  notified  accordingly.^^  How  mo- 
mentous this  discussion!  And  did  tlie  council  of 
Tlascala  realize  the  full  import  of  their  acts?  For 
thereby  they  determined  the  present  and  permanent 
fate  of  many  powerful  nations  besides  themselves. 
Undoubtedly  the  country  would  at  some  time  have 
fallen  before  the  dominant  power;  but,  had  it  been 
possible  for  the  nations  of  the  great  plateau  to  combine 
and  act  in  unison,  very  different  might  have  been  their 
ultimate  condition.  Cortes  and  his  company  owed 
their  safety  to  a  decision  which  kept  alive  discord 
between  the  native  tril)es,  while  the  Tlascaltecs  were 
saved  from  what  probably  would  have  been  a  treach- 
erous alliance,  perhaps  from  annihilation,  only  to  sink 
into  pcacefid  obscurity  and  merge  into  the  mass  of 
conquered  people."  They  endeavored  to  keep  the 
disagreement  in  the  council -chamber  a  secret  from 
Cortes,  but  ho  heard  of  it,  and  failed  not  to  confirm 
^Maxixcatzin  in  his  devotion  by  holding  fo^th  the  most 
brilliant  prospects  as  the  result  of  this  alliance.    The 


cloud  dissipatcil,  leaving  the  room  bright  and  the  cross  resplendei't.  and  at- 
tnictiiig  many  believt-rs.  IfisL  Chh-h.,  .'$04-5.  Sahagun  allows  Xieotencatl, 
c'liict'  among  the  lords,  to  attack  the  second  lord  for  urging  the  murder  of  the 
tipnuiards.   His'.  L'oiiq.  (od.  1840),  138. 

'■"  ^Vith  rcfercucc  to  the  attack  on  Xieotencatl  in  the  council -chamber, 
Ilenci'a  says,  'Sin  tcner  loa  Muxieanos  otra  rospucsta  so  bolnieron,  con  relacioii 
de  li)(pioi)a.ssiuia,'dec.  ii.lib.  x.cap.  xiv.,  a  sentence  which  Chivigero  ehilioratea 
iut  )  a  llight  of  the  envoy  on  observing  tho  agitiition  of  the  people.  '  1'"  per6 
da  eredersi,  die  il  Senato  niandasse  degli  Ambasciatori  Tlaseallesi  ])or  portar 
la  rispo.sta.'  Hlorid  Mess.,  iii.  149.  I'reseott  and  otliera  also  unppD.so  that 
they  lied;  but  this  is  unlikely,  since  jjcrsonages  so  conspicuonn  as  envoys 
cindd  hardly  have  eseajied  from  tho  ci  ntro  of  tlie  republic  wilhout  the  kiiowl- 
ed;,'t!  of  tho  senate,  %vho  had,  l)esiile,  given  them  a  guard,  as  ^\^■ll  for  their 
liniior  anil  protection  as  for  preventing  the  undue  exercise  of  their  <Miriosity. 
Kiiviiy.s  enjoyed  great  respect  among  these  i)eoples.  Camargoaiid  Ixtlilxochitl 
uasnine  more  correctly  that  tiie  envoys  wero  notified  and  dismissed. 

''•■  Tlascala  sealed  her  enslavement,  as  some  view  it,  ignoring  national  in- 
terests for  the  sake  of  shameful  revenge.  IJehold  now  tho  punishnK'nt  ia  lier 
dieay,  and  in  the  odium  east  on  her  descendants  by  other  i)et)[)h's.  So  says 
liustainante,  in  Sahaijnn,  IHhI.  Ciuki.  (ed.  184(1),  !'•'*  They  have  eertainly 
(1\\  indled  away  ever  since  Cortes  began  to  scattt^r  th..:n  as  eolonisls  in  iliil'erent 
iliii(.:tions;  but  this  was  the  natural  and  in(!vitable  consci|Uenee  of  the  pi-i's- 
iiue  (if  the  stronger  element.  During  Spanish  dominion  they  enjoyed  somo 
sligiil  ])rivileges,  and  siiiee  thiMi  no  odium  has  attached  to  them  except  ia 
ca.su;d  references  to  tho  eoncpicst  by  prejudiced  writers. 


at 


talk 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


words  by  which  the  council  decided  for  Cortes  were 
to  him  as  drops  of  perspiration  on  the  lately  fevered 
brow,  which  tell  that  the  crisis  is  passed. 

There  was  another  cloud  about  this  time  appearin:^ 
on  the  horizon  of  the  fortunes  of  Cortes.  During  his 
stay  at  Tlascala  the  men  of  Narvaez  began  again 
to  moot  the  subject  of  return.  The  golden  vision 
of  Mexico's  treasures  had  been  rudely  dissipated,, 
leaving  only  the  remembrance  of  hardships  and  dis- 
grace. The  flowery  Antilles  appeared  more  alluring 
than  ever  to  these  gold-seekers,  only  too  many  of 
whom  were  more  accustomed  to  the  farm  than  to  the 
camp.  They  could  think  of  nothing  but  the  ease  and 
security  of  the  fertile  plantations,  where  nature  un- 
loaded its  wealth,  and  where  docile  natives  ministered 
to  every  want.  In  furtherance  of  this  idea  it  was 
urged  on  Cortes,  by  Duero  and  other  leaders,  to  retire 
to  Villa  Rica  before  the  Mexicans  had  succeeded  in 
their  efforts  to  cut  off"  his  retreat.  There  they  would 
intrench  themselves  while  awaiting  aid  from  tlie 
islands  and  arranging  a  fresh  campaign,  having  the 
votTsels  to  fall  back  on,  if  necessary.  But  to  these 
intimations  Cortc^s  would  not  for  a  moment  listen. 
And  tliere  were  many  reasons  for  this — his  ambition 
to  be  all  or  nothing  in  this  enterprise,  his  erinius 
against  Velazquez,  his  irregularities  regarding  tlio 
king's  interests,  which  only  brilliant  success  could 
redeem.  As  well  might  they  talk  to  the  unyielding 
hills;  he  would  join  his  dead  comrades  in  the  canals  of 
Mexico,  or  voluntarily  ascend  to  the  sacrificial  stone, 
but  he  would  not  turn  back  from  this  adventure. 

When  the  general  revealed  his  firm  intention  to 
renew  the  campaign  as  soon  as  possible,  the  outciy 
became  loud.  The  Nocho  Triste  and  the  narrow 
escape  at  Otumba  had  left  impressions  too  horrible  to 
be  easily  forgotten.  They  shuddered  at  the  thought 
of  renewing  such  risk,  and  cursed  the  gold  which  had 
allured  tliem  to  former  discomfitures.  If  the  gencial 
wished  to  throw  away  his  life  he  might  do  so,  but 


DISAFFECTION  AGAIN. 


521 


tlioy  were  not  such  madmen.  INIoreover,  it  was  highly 
imprudent  to  place  so  much  ftiith  in  the  Tlascaltecs, 
who  might  at  the  iirst  encounter  with  the  enemy 
ahandon  or  betray  allies  differing  so  greatly  in  lan- 
guage, religion,  and  customs.  A  formal  demand  was 
therefore  addressed  to  him,  through  the  notary,  to  re- 
turn to  Villa  Rica,  on  the  ground  of  their  small  num- 
ber and  dismembered  condition,  devoid  as  they  were 
of  clothing,  arms,  ammunition,  and  horses,  and  with 
so  many  maimed  and  wounded.  They  were  wholly 
unfit  to  undertake  any  campaign,  much  less  against 
an  enemy  who  had  just  defeated  them  when  they 
were  far  stronsrer  in  number  and  armament  than  now. 
Declared,  as  it  was,  in  the  name  of  the  army,  thocgli 
in  truth  by  the  men  of  Narvaez  only,'"' and  headed  by 
such  persons  as  Duero,  with  invocation  of  the  imperial 
name,  the  proposal  placed  Cortes  in  a  dilemma.  Yet 
it  roused  in  him  only  a  firmer  determination.  He 
was  more  master  now  than  ever  he  could  be  under  the 
new  proposal;  and  Cortes  loved  to  be  master.  Tlie 
same  reasons  which  had  moved  him  before  to  advance 
into  Mexico  in  quest  of  independent  fame  and  wealtli, 
and  to  evade  the  prospective  disgrace  and  poverty, 
imprisonment  and  death,  were  reasons  stronger  now 
than  ever. 

Here  was  another  of  those  delicate  points  on  which 
the  destiny  of  the  Estremaduran  seemed  ever  turning. 
Rousing  himself  to  meet  the  issue,  though  still  weak 
with  disease,  he  summoned  an  audience.  "What  is 
this  I  hear?"  he  asked  of  the  assembled  soldiers.  "Is 
it  true  that  you  would  retire  from  the  fertile  fields  of 
New  Spain,  you,  Spaniards,  Castilians,  Christians! 
leave  the  ship-loads  of  gold  which  in  the  Aztec  capital 
we  saw  and  handled;  leave  still  standing  the  abomi- 


.  !",  ■  -4' 


'"' '  En  nombre  de  todos.'  Gomnra,  ITist.  Mex.,  166.  Whereat  Bernal  Diaz 
is  exceedingly  wroth.  'We,  the  old  soldiers,  stood  by  Cortds,'  he  asserts, 
'  iiiul  Goniara's  omission  to  say  so  is  intended  to  exalt  him  at  our  expense. '  1 1  ml. 
I'l  rdail.,  110.  CortiSs  himself  intimates  tliat  the  request  was  general.  Car/at, 
M-.  But  Herrera  more  justly  attributes  it  to  '  la  mayor  parte.'  dec.  ii.  lib. 
X.  cap.  xiv. 


522 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


nablc  idols  with  their  bloody  ministers,  and  tamely 
summon  others  to  enjoy  the  riches  and  glories  which 
you  are  too  craven  to  achieve  ?  Alack !  for  your 
patriotism,  for  duty  to  your  emperor,  to  God,  for  the 
honor  of  Spanish  armsl  Know  you  not  that  one 
step  further  in  retreat  than  necessary  is  equivalent 
to  the  abandonment  of  all?  Or  perhaps  the  fault  is 
my  own.  I  have  been  too  careful  of  mine  ease,  too 
cowardly  to  expose  my  person  to  the  dangers  into 
which  I  directed  you ;  I  have  fled  before  the  foe — help 
me  to  remember,  friends — I  have  left  my  comrades  to 
die  unaided  on  the  battle-field  while  I  sought  safety, 
I  have  fed  while  you  starved,  I  have  slept  while  you 
labored,  or  my  too  sluggish  brain  has  refused  the  duty 
due  b}'-  j^our  commander."  The  speaker  paused,  but 
only  for  a  moment.  At  this,  the  very  beginning  of  his 
plea,  a  hundred  eyes  were  affectionately  regarding  him 
through  their  moisture,  a  hundred  tongues  were  deny- 
ing all  insinuations  of  baseness  as  applied  to  him,  their 
great  and  brave  commander.  Already  their  hearts 
were  aflame  with  avarice  and  ambition;  aflame,  like 
St  Augustine's,  with  Christian  zeal  and  fervency  of 
devotion,  soldier  fanatics  as  they  were,  stern,  fore- 
head-wrinkled men — for  fighting  men,  no  less  than 
fighting  dogs,  display  a  gravity  in  their  e very-day 
demeanor  unknown  to  tamer  spirits.  "Are  not  my 
interests  yours,  and  yours  mine?"  continued  Cortes. 
"Therefore,  I  pray  you,  ascribe  not  my  views  to  dis- 
regard of  your  wishes,  but  to  a  desire  to  promote  the 
good  of  all.  What  people  going  to  war  that  does  not 
sometimes  suffer  defeat;  but  what  brave  men  ever 
abandoned  a  glorious  campaign  because  of  one  repulse  ? 
And  do  you  not  see  that  it  is  more  dangerous  to  go 
than  to  remain — that  to  retreat  further  would  only 
invite  further  attack?  I  will  not  allude  before  soldiers 
of  mine,"  concluded  the  speaker,  "to  the  everlasting 
infamy  of  abandoning  these  brave  Tlascaltecs  to  the 
enmity  of  the  combined  forces  of  the  plateau  for 
having  stood  the  Spaniards'  friend  in  time  of  danger. 


RESOLUTION  TO  REMAIN. 


Go,  all  of  you  who  will !  abandon  your  sacrocl  trusts, 
ami  with  them  the  riches  in  mines,  and  tributes  hero 
awaiting  you,  and  fair  encomicndas,  with  countless 
servants  to  attend  before  your  new  nobility;  for  my- 
self, if  left  alone,  then  alone  will  I  here  remain  and 
general  Indians,  since  Spaniards  have  all  turned 
cowards  I" 

Hearts  of  steel  could  not  withstand  such  words  so 
spoken;  and  loud  came  the  shouts  of  approval  from 
Cortes'  old  comrades,  who  swore  that  not  a  man  should 
be  allowed  to  endanger  the  common  safety  by  leaving. 
This  manifestation  was  in  itself  sufficient  to  shame  the 
disaffected  into  resignation,  although  not  into  silence, 
for  mutterings  were  frequent  against  the  quality  of 
j)ersuasion  employed  by  tlie  general  and  liis  beggarly 
followers,  who  had  nothing  to  lose  except  their  lives. 
In  order  somewhat  to  allay  their  discontent  Cortes 
promised  that  at  the  conclusion  of  the  next  campaign 
their  wishes  should  be  consulted,  and  the  first  favor- 
able opportunity  for  departure  be  tendered  them — a 
cool  proposal,  affecting  only  those  who  would  be  left 
of  them,  yet  made  with  sober  visage  by  the  artless 
Cortes.2i 


^'  '  Si  mill  nos  sucediere  la  ida  fof  the  next  campaign]  hare  lo  quo  pedis : 
y  si  bien,  hareis  lo  que  os  ruego.'  Thus  Cortds,  by  his  skill  and  linnncss,  saved 
not  only  the  conquest  but  the  lives  of  his  men,  whieli  must  have  been  sacri- 
liced  in  a  retreat  Had  they  reached  Villa  Rica  they  wouM  not  have  re- 
mained there,  but  would  have  passed  on  to  the  islands,  thus  abandoning,'  the 
country.  Oomura,  Hist.  J/ej*.,  I(i7.  Most  of  tlic  points  in  the  above  speech  aio 
to  be  found  in  the  lengthy  harangue  prepared  by  tliis  autlior.  (Jvicflo's  is 
Weaker,  and  loses  itself  in  repetitions  ami  crude  clalwratious,  adorned  with 
learned  references  ill  suiting  a  soldier  addressing  rude  men,  altlunij  h  not 
iiltogcthcr  inconsistent  with  Corti^'  love  of  display.  Towjird  the  con.;hisi(in 
is  said :  '  If  any  one  there  is  who  still  insists  on  leaving,  let  him  go ;  for  rather 
will  I  remain  with  a  small  and  brave  number  tlian  with  many,  if  composed  iu 
])ai-t  of  cowards  and  of  those  who  respect  not  their  honor.  Even  if  all  fail 
in  their  duty  I  shall  not.  We  shall  now  know  who,  being  of  us,  will  drink 
Water  fi-om  the  hand,  and  who  will  kneel  to  drink  with  the  face  to  the  ground, 
so  that  they  may  be  bidden  to  d(!part,  aa  ( Jod  said  to  Gideon. '  Ovifdo,  i  ii.  S.'f'J-IS. 
'I'lie  test,  if  ever  intended,  was  not  mp.de,  since  all  ac(iniesced.  Solis,  the 
iiivotcrate  sjieech-maker,  has  unaccountably  subsided  for  this  period;  pefhii|)s 
lio  is  jinpied  at  finding  himself  so  fully  anticipated.  Cortes  gives  a  l)rief 
syno;)sis  of  what  he  indicates  to  have  been  a  long  speech.  On  no  account 
Would  he  commit  so  shameful,  dangerous,  and  treasonable  an  act  as  to  abnn- 
iloii  tlio  country.  Carina,  142-3;  (Jlav'ujcro,  Storia  Mess.,  iii.  151;  Jlerrcra, 
Ufc.  ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xiv. 


524 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


Th  >  dotorminatlon  of  Cortes  was  now  what  it 
always  l\ad  been,  namely  to  conquer  and  Lecomc  mas- 
ter of  all  New  Spain;  and  the  greater  the  difficulty 
the  greater  the  glory.  Fearing  that  further  evil 
might  result  from  continued  inactivity,  and  from  re- 
maining a  burden  on  the  allies,  Cortds  resolved  to  lose 
no  time  in  taking  tlie  field.'^  In  the  fertile  plains  to 
the  south  of  Tlascala  lay  the  r'ch  province  of  Te]^«'- 
yacac,^^  euplionized  into  Tepeaca,  long  hostile  to  the 
republic.  Intimidated  l)y  the  subjugation  of  Tlascala 
and  Cholula,  the  three  brothers  who  ruled  it"  had  ten- 
dered their  submission  to  the  conquerors,  only  to  return 
to  their  old  masters,  the  Aztecs,  the  moment  fortune 
seemed  to  favor  them.  The  latter  had  indeed,  in 
connection  with  their  other  preparations,  made  par- 
ticular efforts  to  stir  the  provinces  round  Tlascala  and 
toward  the  coast,  sending  large  garrisons  to  form 
centres  for  the  native  armies,  the  object  being  partly 
to  cut  off  communication  whh.  the  coast,  so  as  to 
prevent  reinforcements  from  reaching  the  Spaniards, 
and  partly  to  effect  a  rear  movement  when  it  might  bo 
decided  to  attack  the  republic.  Reinforcements  had 
already  been  surprised  in  this  region  and  slaughtered, 
as  we  have  seen,  and  raids  had  been  made  on  the 
allied  frontier. 

Here  was  all  the  cause  the  Spaniards  required  for 
attack,  and  as  the  country  was  for  the  most  part  open, 
the  horsemen  would  have  great  advantage  over  na- 


''  'Habiendo  estado  en  esta  provincia  veinte  dias,  aunque  ni  yo  estaba  muy 
sano  de  mis  hcridas,  v  loa  de  mi  compauia  todavia  bien  flacos,  sali  dclla.' 
Cortes,  14;$.  Gomara  follows,  while  Bcrnal  Diaz,  /list.  Verdad. ,  1 10,  writes  tliaC 
after  a  stay  at  Tlascala  of  22  days  Cort(^s  announced  the  determination  to 
march  on  Tepeaca,  which  provoked  murmurs  from  the  men  of  Narvacz. 
Preparations  for  the  campaign  appear  to  have  intervened  before  the  march 
began,  and  negotiations  with  the  province  to  be  assailed.  Herrera  intimate^ 
tliat  fully  50  days  had  passed  before  negotiations  were  opened,  dec.  ii.  lib.  .x. 
cap.  XV. 

'^ '  Significa  Tepeyacac,  rematc,  o  punta  de  zerro,'  owing  to  the  position  uf 
the  city  at  the  end  of  a  mountain  range.  Id.,  cap.  xxi. 

'■"  Their  father,  Chichtuc,  had  been  sole  ruler,  but  after  his  death  tho  soih 
divided  the  province.  Id.  This  author  assumes  that  it  was  merely  an  ally  uf 
Mexico,  but  there  is  little  doubt  about  its  being  tributary.  'Ixcozauhqui.  lo 
principal  de  ses  trois  chefs.'  lirasseur  de  Bourbounj,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  306. 


THE  TROOPS  MUSTERED. 


ws 


tive  troops.  Its  sul)juu^atic)n,  tlioroforo,  promised  to 
be  easy,  and  would  secure  the  rear.  The  Tlascaltees 
approved  of  beginniiiLj  the  campaign  with  the  out- 
lying provinces,'^'  where  the  concentration  of  forces 
was  smaller,  and  where  the  memory  of  Aztec  misrule 
and  oppression  might  readily  induce  the  inhabitants 
to  transfer  their  allegiance,  so  as  to  strengthen  iho 
conquerors  and  allure  fresh  allies.  They  were  eager 
to  begin  the  campaign,  and  oifered  a  large  force  of 
warriors.  Xicotencatl  junior  also  evinced  a  prompt- 
ness to  cooperate,  as  if  to  remove  any  ill  feeling  that 
might  have  arisen  from  his  machinations.'"'  In  order 
to  thoroughly  enlist  their  sympathies  Cortes  made  an 
arrangement  with  the  lords  whereby  a  immber  of 
l)rivileges  were  assured  to  their  people,  together  with 
a  fixed  proportion  of  the  spoils-'  to  be  obtained  during 
the  war. 

The  troops  were  mustered  at  Tzompantzinco,  near 
Tlascala,  amidst  a  large  concourse  of  pco})le.  There 
were  about  four  hundred  and  fifty  Spanish  soldiers, 
M'ith  nearly  twenty  horses,  a  few  firelocks  and  field- 
])ieces,  and  a  number  of  cross-bows,  but  the  arms  were 
chiefly  swords  and  pikes.  The  reinforcements  consisted 
of  six  thousand  Tlascaltees,  ineludinj;  a  few  Cholultecs 
and  Hucxotzincas,  a  larger  force  being  prepared  under 
Xicotencatl  to  follow  later.^    A  demand  had  mean- 


'■'  The  suggestion  of  thus  opening  the  campaign  is  claimed  by  native  his- 
torians for  the  Tlascaltcc  lords,  Ixtlilxochitl  naming  Xicotencatl  as  the  origi- 
nator.   J/int.  Chich,.,  308;  L'tuiKiri/o,  Hint.  Tlax.,  177. 

'"'And  out  of  gratitude  for  Cortes'  intercession  in  his  behalf,  as  Solis 
claims. 

-'  Half  of  the  lx)oty  obtained  in  all  conquered  countries,  with  incorpora- 
til '11  of  Cholula,  Huexotzinco,  and  Tepcyacac.  (^nnwrfjo,  Hint.  TIax.,  ITfi. 
1'lii.s  extent  of  jurisdiction  is  doubtful.  'Lcs  haria  en  nt'ibre  do  su  Magestad 
tsiriptura  de  conaervarlos  en  su.stierras,  y  govierno,'  is  the  nioihjratc  ai-raiigc- 
iiii'utgiven in  Vetanr.rrt,  Teatro  M>r. ,  pt.  iii.  14t).  Wlicn  in  1  (5.')5 an ntteini)t  was 
iii.ido  to  encroach  on  their  rights  tlioy  produced  the  document  and  obtained 
justice. 

''Bemal  Diaz,  who  alone  enters  into  details,  enumerates  420  soldiers, 
4000  Tlascaltees,  17  horses,  and  6  cross-lwws,  witliout  artillery  or  ammunition. 
Ui^t.  VcrdcuL,  111.  But  this  is  hardly  reliable,  for  a  few  lines  Insfore  he  refers 
to  440  men,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  some  ammunition,  field-pieces,  and 
other  war  material  must  have  been  obtained  from  Villa  Rica.  Herrera  .speaks 
of  musketeers  and  GOOO  allies,  50,000  more  to  follow,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xv. 


520 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


while  been  sent  to  Tepeaca  to  confirm  the  oath  of 
allegiance  once  tendered  the  Spanish  sovereign  and 
disniisa  the  Aztec  garrisons,  whereupon  all  past  otfentvs 
would  be  forgiven.  The  reply  was  a  contemptuous 
refusal,  with  the  threat  that  any  attempt  at  coercion 
would  bring  upon  the  invaders  worse  punishment 
than  they  had  received  at  Mexico,  for  they  all  would 
be  dished  up  at  the  festive  board.  Every  proposal 
being  rejected,  a  formal  notice  was  sent  condemning 
the  province  to  be  chastised  with  sword,  and  fire,  and 
slavery,  for  rebellion  and  murder  of  Spaniards.^ 

The  army  now  advanced  on  Zacatepec,  the  first 
town  on  the  Tepeaca  border,  where  an  ambuscade 
had  been  prepared  in  some  maize  fields.  This  was 
discovered  in  time  to  prevent  a  surprise,  but  a 
fierce  encounter  took  place,  wherein  the  horsemen 
did  good  execution,  and  victory  was  soon  obtained, 
with  slaughter  of  the  flying.  Ojeda,  who  had  led 
the  Tlascaltecs  into  tiie  thickest  of  the  fight,  came 
during  the  pursuit  to  the  residence  of  the  cacique  and 
planted  there  the  republican  flag,  in  token  of  capture. 
These  warriors  had  suffered  severely,  owing  in  part  to 
the  use  of  large  lances  by  the  enemy,  but  the  Span- 
iards had  only  a  dozen  wounded,  beside  two  horses, 
one  of  which  died.**    During  the  three  days'  stay  at 


Goinara  allows  40,000  allies  to  set  out  at  once,  with  provisions  and  carriers. 
IIK  Mix.,  108.  Ixtlil.^ochitl  mentions  only  4000,  and  names  some  of  the 
loaders.  Ji'mt.  L'hh-h.,  30.").  Uerrera  states  that  a  question  arose  as  to  the 
prudence  of  tnistinj;  so  »niall  a  body  of  soldiers  with  so  large  a  force  of  allies  — 
which  soon  swelled  to  over  100,000 — who  might  in  case  of  disagreement 
overwhelm  tlicni.  A  council  was  held,  wliich  deciui.J  that  the  loyalty  of  the 
Tlascaltecs  had  been  titfioiently  tried,  and  that  a  small  nuwber  of  allies  would 
be  of  no  service,  ubi  sup.,  cap.  xiv. 

*'  Cortt-s'  first  messengers  returned  with  two  Mexicans,  who  brought  the 
contemptuous  reply.  Tliey  were  given  presents,  and  told  to  summon  the 
native  chiefs  to  a  parley.  On  their  return  with  a  threatening  answer  '  f iie 
icordado, . . por  anto  Escriuano. .  .que  se  diessen  por  esclauos  A  todos  los 
aliados  do  Mexico,  quo  huviessen  muerto  Espatloles.'  Bcrnal  Dim,  HM.  (''/•- 
dcul.,  112.  '  Res2)ondieron  que  si  mataron  Esimuoles  fue  con  justa  razon,  puis 
en  tiempo  dc  gucrra  (piisieron  passar  por  su  tierra  por  fuer^a,  y  sin  dcinanJar 
licencia.'  Oomara,  Hid.  Me.v.,  1G8. 

'"  '  TuuierO  los  ludios  amigos  buena  cena  aquella  noche  do  piemas,  y  braoos, 
porque  sin  los  assadores  dc  palo,  que  eran  innnitos,  huuo  cincuenta  mil  ollas 
de  came  humana.'  The  Spaniards  suffered  from  want  of  water  and  f(n»l. 
JJerrera,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xv.    Rather  a  strong  story.    The  Spaniards  could 


SUBJUGATION  OF  TEPEACA. 


007 


this  town  the  neighborhood  was  reduced,  with  pillage 
and  enslavement. 

The  next  camp  was  formed  at  Acatzingo,  which  had 
been  aban<Ione(l  by  the  enemy  after  a  short  fight. 
These  successes  so  discouraged  the  jMcxican  garrisons 
that  they  abandoned  the  province,  and  the  allit^s,  on 
marching  straight  for  Tepeaca,  five  days  later,  entered 
it  without  opposition.  This  now  became  the  head- 
quarters for  the  different  expeditions  sent  out  to  re- 
duce the  surrounding  districts;''^  and  rare  work  they 
made  of  it,  plundering,  and  tearing  down  idols,  and 
making  captives.  Salt,  cotton,  feather  ware,  and  other 
commodities  were  abundant,  and  with  their  share 
therein  the  Tlascaltecs  were  highly  delighted,  but  the 
Spaniards  obtained  little  gold.  The  rulers  of  the 
country  had  fled;  one  of  them  to  Mexico,  to  re- 
monstrato  against  the  retreat  of  the  garrisons,  and 
to  demand  additional  aid.  Finding  themselves  aban- 
doned, the  inhabitants  sent  to  beg  mercy  of  the 
conquerors,  and  being  assured  that  no  further  harm 
should  be  done  them,  they  returned  to  the  city 
and  again  tendered  allegiance.  Several  other  towns 
were  taken,  some,  like  Tecalco,  south  of  Tepeaca, 
being  evacuated,  others  tendering  submission  in  ad- 
vance, while  still  others  required  hard  fighting  to 
subdue. 

The  reduction  of  the  Tepeaca  province,  which  was 
virtually  accomplished  in  about  a  month j^'^  produced 
an  immediate  and  marked  effect,  not  only  on  the 
natives,  but  on  the  late  refractory  Spanish  soldiers. 

not  well  suflfer  from  hunger  in  the  midst  of  maize  fields,  in  harvest  time. 
Oviedo  takos  occasion  to  dwell  on  the  common  practice  of  dovourinj;,'  the  slain 
on  the  battle-field,  thus  saving  the  trouble  of  burial,  iii.  3.'}4.  '  Mi  pare  una 
favola,'  is  Clavigero's  comment.  Storia  Mexs.,  iii.  152.    See  Natiw  liwrn. 

"  '  I'adeciendo  siempre  de  agua,  y  comida.'  Nfrrera,  ubi  sup.  But  this 
could  hardly  be  the  case  in  so  rich  a  province,  at  tiiis  time. 

'^  '  En  obra  de  vcinto  dias  hobe  pacificas  muchas  ■villas  y  poblaciones  A  ella 
sujctas. .  .  .sin  que  en  toda  la  dicha  gnerra  mo  matabon  ni  hiriesen  ni  un 
o.-niauol. '  Corlfi,  C(irta'<,  143.  'En  obra  do  quarenta  dia.::  tavimos  aquellos 
pueblos  pacificos, '  but  with  great  hardship,  '  porque  de  ss.ngre,  y  polvo  c^ue 
t'staua  quajado  en  las  entranas,  no  echauamos  otra  cosa  de!  cuerpo,  y  por  la 
boca,'  etc.  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  112-13. 


'  Mi 


528 


IN\^ALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


i:. 


The  latter  were  reconciled  to  the  prosecution  of  tlio 
con(|iiest  on  finding  tlie  openiniL*'  campaign  so  speedy 
and  comparatively  bloodless,  and  fresh  coniidenco  was 
infused  into  the  Tlascaltecs,  and  new  allies  .canie  for 
Avard,  while  the  prestige  of  Spanish  arms  began  again 
to  spread  terror  among  the  enemy  and  open  a  way 
into  other  provinces.  This  was  promoted  by  i>ies.sen- 
gers,  who  carried  promises  of  release  from  Aztec 
tyianny,  and  pointed  out  tlie  fate  of  rebellious  and 
sf  ubborn  Tepeacan  towns.  The  Mexicans,  who  during 
the  inactivity  of  the  allies  had  grown  somewhat  la\ 
in  their  efforts  to  conciliate  subject  provinces,  now 
Ix'iame  more  earnest,  m<»re  free  M'ith  presents  and 
oifers  to  remit  tri1)ute.  These  endeavors  were  ij^really 
counteracted  by  tlieir  troops,  however,  whose  i:i- 
solenci!  and  greed  drove  the  inhabitants  to  tacitly  nr 
o])enly  favor  the  Spaniai-ds. 

Till'  withdrawal  of  tlie  Aztec  garrisons  from  Tepeaca 
served  to  strengtlieu  those  on  its  frontier,  particularly 
at  (.^uaulKpieeholiiin/^''  ten  or  eleven  leagues  south 
west  of  tlie  new  Spanish  head-quarters,  wliich  pro- 
tected tlie  a{)projich  to  the  southern  })ass  into  the 
valley  of  ^lexico.^*  Its  provint-e  bordered  on  Huc- 
\Mtzinco  and  diolula,  and  skirting  the  snow-crowiicd 
}'o[)()catcpetl  it  extended  fo)'  some  distance  south 
and  s(mth-east  of  it.  The  lord,""'  who  had  tenderiil 
all(\giance  to  Spain  simultaneously  with  ^[(^ntezuma. 
had  recently  sent  in  the  assui'ance  of  his  loyalty,  with 
the  explanation  that  fear  of  the  Mexicans  had  pre- 
vented him  from  doing  so  before.  A  fe  ,'  days  later 
came  his  messengers  to  ask  protection  against  the 
Aztec  garrisons,  reinforced  to  the  v\b  iit  of  some 
thirty  tliousand  men,'"'  who,  from  their  ci.  up  within  a 
league  oi'  the  city,  were  ])lundei'ing  and  committing 

''^  Tilt' iianu' of  a  boaiitifulMrd,  niiw  Sun  Martin  do  lluaqui'chula.  'Jliin 
town  was  kimwii  tci  tlio  SjiaiiianlH  iiinlfr  tin;  name  of  ( Jiiacai'liiila. 

^'  'A  la  t'litraila  do  lui  piicr'to  i|iu'  sc  jiasa  para,  tiitrar  li  l.i  proviiK'ia  Ai' 
Mi'jii'o  imraUi,'  Cortrs,  ('(nin",  14.").  After  thr  (•(jiiijiu'.st  it  was  muvuJ  to  a 
iiun'c  diKii  site,  tlnve  loagues  siiutli.   Tni-'/iit  md.la,  i.  IU(I. 

'■'("iilco/aniotl.    />/-a.s>f'/n- f/c  /i<)i(rlii)'ir<i,  llUt.  Sut.  Cit'.,  iv.  37-. 

*"  lluni'ia  ruilucus  CortOa'  liguro  to  'JU.OtX). 


I 


f  tVie 
)cecly 
u  was 
c  for 
again 
a  way 
cssou- 

IS  .'vnil 

lat  lax 

s,  now 
ts  and 
ureal  ly 

or 


•itly 


Ccpeaia 
icularly 
1  south  •• 
ell  l>i^>- 
uto   tlu' 
u  llu*'- 
rownt'tl 
>   south 
ondort'tl 
tczunia. 
ty,  Nvith 
ad  l>i"'- 
ys  latii' 
list  ih'' 
)t'    soiiu; 
,\ithiu  a 
u)it.tui,L;' 

uila.     Thi^ 


liovuK'i;i  '1'' 


FURTHER  SUCCESSES. 


)'29 


outrages.  Tliis  aj)poal  being  quite  in  accord  with  the 
]dans  of  Cortes,  1)  i  at  once  complied  by  sending  Olid 
and  Ordaz,  with  t  .vo  hundred  soldiers,  thirteen  Jiorses, 
ni(/st  of  the  fire  arms  and  cross-bows,  and  thirty 
Uiousand  allies.^''  It  was  arranu'ed  with  the  ()uauh- 
(luechollans  that  tliev  ;;hould  l)e<j:iu  the  attack  as  sooi 
as  the  Spaniards  came  near,  and  cut  off  conununica 
tiou  between  the  <!ity  garrison  and  the  adu  aing  camp 
Olid  marched  by  way  of  Cholula,  and  receiveil  ci 
route  larg(3  accessions  of  volunteers,  chielly  from  the 
|»rovince  to  be  aided  antl  from  Huexotzinco,  all  eager 
for  a  safe  blow  at  the  Aztecs,  and  for  a  sliare  of  the 
spoils.  So  lai'ge.  indeed,  was  the  enrolment  that  some 
of  the  ever  timid  men  of  Narvacz  conjui-ed  up  from 
this  a  plot  for  their  betrayal  in;:o  the  hands  of  the 
^lexicans,  with  whom  rumor  tilled  every  house  at 
Quaulupiechollan,  making  in  all  a  larger  numb  »•  than 
at  Otundia.  The  loyalty  of  the  new  prov  ince  being 
wholly  untried,  and  tltat  of  Huexotzinco  but  little 
proven,  the  alarm  appeared  not  unfounded,  and  even 
the  leaders  became  so  infected  as  to  march  back  to 
Cholula,  w]ienc(3  the  chiefs  of  the  suspected  allies  were 
sent  under  guard  to  Cortes,  with  a  ivj)ort  of  the 
(H-currence."*^  The  latter  <'XMmined  the  ])risoners,  and 
readily  surmised  the  caus».  of  the  trouble;  but,  as  it 
would  not  answer  to  dan.pen  native  ardor  for  the  war 
l>y  leaving  them  iii  that  suspicion,  he  apologized  for 

■''  Bornal  Diaz  nrunca  Olid  iilono  for  tlic  command,  and  (loninra  adds  Ordiiz 
and  Aridi'i'M  di;  Tapia,  v.liili'  llrri't'ia  sul>stitutt's  (tr<la/.  and  Avil.i.  Tlic  latter 
I-  |irol)al)ly  voii^'  in  ,i,ivins,'  tliciii  .'>ii()  soMiirs.  and  VvU:v  Martyr  trrs,  tiirouyli 
his  printoi',  jx'rliaps,  in  allowing;  nidy  ;((MI()  allies. 

'■('orti^s  writes  that  tiiis  ueeurr.'d  in  a  town  of  lluexot/ini'i)  prnviiiee, 
aiii'i  that  here  the  Spaniards  were  alarniecl  hy  tin  re])ort  of  Cdllusicin  lietweeii 
til  •  lln.xot/ineas,  tlie  (,>iiaulii|iie(liii!lan^,  and  the  A/tees.  'J'he  leaders  t]v- 
-I'll  led  the  expedition  as  dillienU.  ('(irl-ii<,  IU>.  (t<iinari  fnUows,  naniiii,'tho 
'  iptaiu  who  hioiiiiht  the  ehiels  captive  to  Corti'' '  /lixf.  M<r.,  lli'.l.  I'leiiial 
I'i.i/.  points  out  very  plausilily  that  lluexolzineo  lay  wholly  out  iif  the  way; 
iiUil,  i;Tnoriui;!  the  aeee.Nsion  of  volunteers,  he  !issiiines  that  t!ie  repent  nf  a  vtist 
j;atherin;4  of  Mexie.in  ti'oops  roiMi'l  (,*UiinhcpU'eliollan  was  the  can -e  fur  al.ariii, 
a!aoii;^f  the  Narvai'z  party  only.  Olid  appealicl  to  their  honor,  and  did  all  Ins 
^■nd^\  to  fneourajre  tlieni,  Imt  failed.  Ilist.  Vrril'iil.,  ll'J-l.'t.  ('lavi^^ro 
Inljevea,  on  the  other  hand,  that  (Mid  e;ini;ht  the  alarm  as  ri'addy  as  the  rest 
>''n,;,e  l\fcMs.,  iii,  ir)t.  Tiie  jdinin;,'  of  Huexnt/ineas  may  luise  lod  to  ihc 
'"•Ui'f  tliat  the  iiiareli  lay  through  their  territory. 
Uut.  Miix.,  Vol.  I.    Jl 


i^' 


Hf-  !l 


»,  h. 


530 


nn^ALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


wliat  had  happcnod  as  a  mlsuii(lerstandiiii2;',  smootlicd 
their  ruffled  feehngs  with  presents,  and  encouraged 
tlieir  zeal.  With  an  additional  force  of  one  hundred 
soldiers  ivnd  some  horses  he  >i  t  out  for  Cholula  to 
assume  command  in  person,  shaming  the  men  out  of 
tlieir  fears,**  and  accepting  the  large  reinforcements 
which  were  offered  on  the  way. 

As  soon  as  he  came  in  sight,  at  the  end  of  tlio 
valley,  tlie  QuauliqucchoUans,  M'ho  had  made  their 
preparations  in  advance,  fell  on  tlie  garrison,  securing 
at  the  same  time  the  scouts  and  stragglei's.  The 
Aztecs  resisted  valiantly,  encompassed  though  they 
were  by  assailants  who  filled  the  roofs  and  heights 
round  tlie  temple  which  formed  tlie  citadel.  An 
entry  was  effected  by  the  Spaniards,  and  the  natiw  .s 
I'ushed  ujion  the  warriors  with  such  fury  that  scarcely 
one  was  loft  to  tell  the  tale.  A  number  of  the  be- 
sieged, outside  the  citadel,  had  already  fled  toward 
the  Aztec  camji,  whose  battalions  were  now  de- 
scending, brilliant  in  feathered  mail  and  (^'namcnts. 
Ent(n'ing  the  further  side  of  the  city  they  began 
to  fire  it.  Cortes  was  summoned  to  the  rescue,  and 
hurrying  onward  with  the  cavalry  he  soon  routed 
thcMr  disorganized  masses,  leaving  pursuit  chiefly  t.» 
the  allies.  At  a  certain  pass  the  enemy  rallied,  to  \)o 
dislodu'cd  within  a  few  moments  and  cut  off  from  their 
camp.  Exhausted  by  battle  and  flight,  under  a  l)ri)il- 
ing  sun, they  turned  in  disorderly  scramble  up  the  steep 
mountain  sloj)e,  only  to  find  themselves  checked  on  the 
summit  by  iKn^ter  bands  of  QuaulKpieeliollans  and  oflier 
allies,  and  obliged  to  make  a  stand.  By  this  tiiiio 
they  could  liardly  raise  their  hands  in  self-defence, 
and  the  battle  became  little  more  than  a  buti'hety, 
during  wliich  scattered  remnants  alone  managed  to 
escape,   leaving    the    rich   garments'^and    jewels   oi' 

'"Beniiil  l>i;iz  stat<\'<  tli;it  CorWa  did  not.  gn,  but  sont  Olid  a  sh.'irp  Kttcr, 
whicii  nmsi'd  liim  to  procoi-d  with  the  expcditiijii.  I5ut  our  ohmiiirliT  «;n 
sick  with  fcvi'i'  all  tiiis  time,  and  has  eviduntly  not  hi'i-u  well  iiit'oiiinil. 
(.'orti's'  di'se'iiptiou  of  the  route  and  of  dillercnt  occun'enoea  indicates  that  Iw 
isnust  have  been  jjreseut. 


^tm 


REDUCTION  OF  ITZOCAN. 


531 


hiroil- 

othcv 
tiuio 
[i'oiuv, 
•horv, 
foil  to 
■Is    »>f 


\'V. 


Uttov, 


thai  111 


the  dead  to  stay  the  pursuers,  who  now,  according 
to  Cortes,  numbered  over  one  liundred  thousand. 
Several  S})aniards  were  wounded,  and  one  horse 
killed.*'^  The  field  beinj^  reaped,  the  victors  entered 
the  camp,*^  which  was  divided  into  tliree  parts,  each 
larpje  enough,  it  is  said,  to  form  a  respectable  town, 
well  appointed,  witli  hosts  of  servants,  sup])lies,  and 
j)araphernalia.  Laden  with  spoils  they  returned  to 
the  city  to  receive  a  well  merited  ovation.  The  citi- 
zens were  afterward  rewarded  with  several  privileges 
for  their  loyal  aid;"  deservedly  rewarded,  for  with- 
out their  cooperation  the  place  coukl  not  have  been 
captured  without  difficulty,  since  it  lay  between  two 
rivers*''  coursing  through  deep  ravines, and  was  shielded 
oii  one  side  by  a  steep  mountain  range.  Beside  its 
iiMtural  strength  the  city  was  protected  by  a  breast- 
work of  masonry,  which  extended  toward  the  mountain 
and  down  into  the  ravines,  forming  here  a  smooth 
facing  of  some  twenty  feet,  and  rising  in  other  places 
into  a  distinct  wall  of  great  height  and  width,"  witli 
a  parapet.  There  were  four  entrances,*''  wide  enough 
for  one  horseman  only,  with  staircase  approaches,  and 
with  maze-like  lappings  of  the  walls,  which  rendered 
it  difhcult  to  force  an  entrance.  Along  the  walls  lay 
piles  of  stones  and  rocks  ready  for  the  foe.  The 
j)opulation  was  estimated  at  five  or  six  thousand 
families,  supported  in  part  by  a  number  of  gardens 
within  the  city,  and  subject  to  it  were  three  towns 
in  tlie  valley,  containing  an  equal  number  of  peoj)le. 
Four  leagues  south  of  Quaulupiechollan  lay  Itzo- 
can/*'  a  well  built  city,  with  a  hundred  temples,  says 

'"  '  Caycron  muchns  (lcllos[i'nomyl  muprtos ynhojjndos  do  l;i  cn1or,  sin,  lioriila 
iiini;nn,i,  y  dosca  hallos  so  estjiinaron,  y  il  u'ln  iiuu'io.'  ( 'oi  7  ('•>',  Ck/Vk.s,  Itlt. 

''  '  Kii  Mexitica.'  Ooiiuira,  Hist.  Ale.v.,  KJ!). 

*- '  Y  so  les  coiisprvan  el  dia  do  hoy,'  saya  Lorcnzanu,  in  Corti's,  Hint.  K. 
K.yiaiia,  HiO. 

*'  '  l)i)s  tiros  do  liallosta  ol  uno  del  <,trn.'  Cortfs,  Cnr/ax,  150. 

" '  Ties  estados  eii  alto,  y  14.  ))ios  on  anclio,'  says  llorrora,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x. 
ca)>.  xvi.  '  Alto  ounio  ciiatro  ostadoH  jior  do  fuora  do  la  ciudad,  i^  nor  do  dentro 
ostii  oasi  igual  con  ol  suolo.'  t'orh'g,  Carttw,  IjO.     Meaning,  in  places. 

''  llornra  says  two. 

'"  Later  Izucar ;  now  MuUimoroa. 


s 

If. 


'fiV    I, 


, ''  ii 

i': ' " 

I.'' 


532 


INVALU.1ELE  FRIENDSHIP. 


Cortds,  and  a  population  of  three  or  four  thou?;aiMl 
families,  situated  in  a  fertile,  iri-igated  valley,  Avliich 
from  the  climatic  protection  afforded  by  the  shclterinii; 
mountains  included  cotton  as  one  of  its  staples,  anil 
had  also  some  attractive  gold  mines.  The  place  lay 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  surmounted  by  a  strong  turreted 
fort,  and  offered  a  striking  resemblance  to  Mdlaga,  it 
was  said.  The  level  sides  were  protected  by  tlie 
banks  of  a  deep  river,  which  here  formed  a  semicircle, 
and  all  round  the  city  ran  a  wall  five  feet  -high,  well 
provided  with  towers  and  stone  ammunition.  The 
cacique  was  an  alien,  appointed  by  Montezuma,  whose 
niece  ho  had  married,  and  possessed  strong  sympathies 
for  the  lake  government,  which  maintained  a  fine  gar- 
rison.  To  reduce  the  place,  so  as  to  root  out  a  strong- 
hold for  the  dissemination  of  Aztec  influence,  was  of 
the  first  importance. 

Thither,  therefore,  Cortes  proceeded  with  his  forces, 
including  allies,  who  were  by  this  time  so  numerous 
as  to  cover  the  plains  and  mountains,  wherever  tlio 
eye  could  reach,  representing  at  least  one  hundred 
;uid  twenty-five  thousand  men.  On  arriving  befoic 
the  city  it  was  found  occupied  only  by  warriors,  esti- 
mated at  from  five  to  eight  thousand,  the  women  and 
children  having  all  withdraw^n.  Guided  by  natives 
the  army  passed  to  a  point  affording  a  comparatively 
(^asy  entrance.  The  surprised  garrison  now  thought 
loss  of  resistance  than  of  securing  their  retreat  across 
tlie  river.  It  was  spanned  by  a  bridge,  but  this  the 
Spaniards  destroyed  as  they  fell  upon  them,  and  many 
of  the  unfortunate  Aztecs  took  to  the  water  in  Hit  ir 
confusion,  only  to  add  to  the  list  of  victims,  'fiu' 
cavalry,  swimming  across  with  case,  overtook  and 
arrested  a  large  portion  of  the  fl^'ing  till  the  allies 
came  up  to  aiil  in  the  slaughter.*'^    Two  ca})tives  were 

"  Brrnnl  Piaz  assumes  that  Olid  is  the  sole  leader;  that  he  wim  !i<>ii! 
M'oiindcd,  and  lost  two  horses.  Returning  to  Topcaca  he  was  received  witli 
gie.it  honor,  and  joined  in  laughing  at  the  alarm  wliieh  had  caused  tho 
army  to  turn  hack  at  ("iiohda.  He  would  nevt  r  after  have  anytliing  to  di) 
with  the  opukiit  uiul  timid  soldiers  of  Narvuez,  he  said.   JJisl.  Wrdud.,  111. 


!* 


SOME  BLOODLESS  VICTORIES. 


o.>.l 


sent  to  offer  pardon  to  the  inhabitants,  on  tlie  con- 
dition of  their  returning  jmd  remaining  loyal.  Soon 
after  the  chiefs  came  to  make  arrangements,  and 
Avithin  a  few  days  the  city  had  resumed  its  wonted 
appearance. 

Cortes  thought  it  tlic  best  policy,  in  this  frontier 
town  of  his  conquest,  to  make  a  favorable  imprcssirn 
by  extending  mercy,  and  with  the  rapid  fliglit  oi' 
his  fame  as  an  irresistible  conqueror  spread  also  his 
I'cputation  as  a  dispenser  of  justice,  lenient  or  se- 
vere, as  the  case  miglit  be.  A  number  of  caciques 
hastened  accordingly  to  propitiate  him,  during  his 
stay  in  this  quarter,*^  by  tendering  submission  and 
])ra3ing  to  be  confirmed  in  authority.  Among  tliem 
came  a  deputation  from  the  inhabitants  of  C)oo- 
]>etlahuacan,**  at  tlie  foot  of  Popocatepetl,  who  cast 
the  lilamc  for  delay  on  their  cacique.  He  had  fled 
with  the  retreating  Mexicans,  and  they  disowned 
him,  pravinij  that  the  dii^iiitv  mitjht  be  conferred 
on  his  brother,  who  had  remained,  and  who  sliared 
the  jiopular  desire  for  Spanish  supremacy.  Af'tcn-  a. 
judicious  hesitation  the  request  was  granted,  with  the 
intimation  that  future  disobedience  would  be  sevei'ely 
chastised.^ 

Still  more  flattering  overtures  came  from  the  ca- 
cicjues  of  eight  towns  in  Colinaixtlaluiacan,'''  some 
forty  leagues  to  the  soutli,  wlio  had  alrejidy  tt'ndei'ed 
allegiance  on  the  occasion  when   J?ilot  l^nd)ria  fii'st 

OoiiKira  supposes  that  tlic  briilgo  hail  hooii  dostroycil  Ix'forc  tho  fli^'lit, 
si>  that  few  of  tlie  garrison  escapt<l  from  tlie  swonl  ami  tlie  wtreain.  ///'-'. 
M(.r.,  171. 

'"  Ixtlilxocliitl  extends  the  stay  at  Ytxocan  alone  to  twenty  ilays.  ///■■•'. 
C/iic/i.,  .SO,").     Others  make  it  Icns. 

'"  Cortes  eulls  it  (Kvipatuyo,  MJiieh  Lofenzaiia  eorrects  into  Oe-.'itue'i,  aiiil 
TnrqiU'iiiada  into  Acu|H't';tiiuae:i,  i.  .'{I."),  uhile  Chivigero  insists  that  it  .•.'.iniild 
he  0(  opetla  joceun.   >••«  Vi  .l/i -.n.,  jij.   1,")7. 

■'"  'Vinieroli  asiniisiiio  li  se  nfi-eeer  por  v;  sajlos  tie  V.  M.  el  seuor  de.  .  .  . 
(iuajoeingo,  y  <.'l  si  lor  de  i>tni  eiudad  ijue  est;i  a  diez  leguas  de  Izzucan."  <  'ori' ■■<, 

^' This  name  is  badlj^-  ini^>iielleil.  Chimaljiain  identities  it  witli  HiiaA- 
ti'cn,  which  is  d<  eide<<\  out  of  th'  way,  liitt.  Coikj.,  ii.  )•_',  MJiile  Otd.ni  y 
lleira  stamps  'I'li  verdad  iinnca'  the  sii;rg"stion  of  Lorenyaiia  that  it  is 
Oajaca;  but  itwdern  maps  do  pluee  it  in  Oajuca,  very  slightly  niodilieil  in 
4ielliiig. 


I?fi 


-M 


II:  m 


f 


1    h 


»l 


634 


INVALUABLE  FRIENDSHIP. 


pnssed  tliroug'li  that  province  in  search  of  Zacatula's 
gold  mines," 

Before  leaving;  Itzucan,  Cortes  was  called  upon  to 
appoint  a  successor  to  the  fuiritivc  cacique.  The 
candiJatcs  ■\vorc  a  bastard  son  of  the  late  native  ca- 
ci(pio,  wliose  death  was  due  to  ]\[onteznma,  and  tlic 
.son  of  tlie  deceased  ruler's  leii-itiinate  daui^liter,  iiiai'- 
ricd  to  tlie  lord  of  Quauhquechollan.  The  n'eu' ral, 
being  only  too  eager  to  j)lease  so  loyal  an  ally,  decided 
in  favor  of  his  son,  on  the  ground  of  legitimacy;  but 
since  he  was  not  yet  ten  years  old,  the  regency  was 
intrusted  to  the  bastard  uncle,  aided  by  some  chiefs/^ 
The  boy  followed  the  army  to  imbibe  Spanish  ideas 
and  instruction,  and  received  baptism  not  long  after, 
witli  the  name  of  Alonso,^*  the  first  Christian  prince 
in  New  Spain. 

Another  impoitant  yet  troublesome  expedition  was 
to  secure  the  roud  to  Villa  Rica,  on  which  so  many 
Sj)aniards  had  fallen,  and  which  Avas  still  dangerous. 
It  was  intrusted  to  two  hundred  men,  with  ten  horses, 
and  a  lari>'c  force  of  allies.'^''  The  first  reduction  in 
this  (juarter  had  beeij  Quecholac,  where  })illage  ami 
enslavement  formed  the  retaliation  for  murders  coin- 
mi  tied, '^'"' and  Tecamaclialco,  which  gavegi'eater  trou!>lo 
before  it  fell,  and  yielded  over  two  tliousand  slaves, 

^'^  Tlicy  had  always  beoii  loyal,  they  said,  although  'iftcrroit  hy  /<  nr  of 
Mcxii'o  from  sooner  iiroclaiining  it;  the  four  reniaiuiiig  puebloa  of  th''  j/ioviiiue 
would  soon  Ktud  ill  tlieir  allojiiniice.   Cortrn,  Carlax,  lo'J  ."}. 

■'•'The  coiisti'uetioii  of  .sciiteuee.s  in  Ci'iirx,  Cario",  lo'J,  and  the  nninilx 
relatioiisliip,  iiiive  niisled  marly  every  one  who  notices  this  iiieidiiit  lit, 
(joiiiarn,  J/ift.  Mcx.,  171;  I'ctuncvrt,  Tcairo  Mcx.,  yi.  iii.  147,  /!( mal  JJi/n, 
J  lint.  !'(  rihuL,  .  Hi". 

•"  Alonso  Coltziii.  Chimal/xiin,  //}■•</.  Con<i.,  ii.  12.  Ixtlilxochitl  (  dis  him 
Ahueeat/.in.  I/iH.  Chiili.,  ',i\>^i.  Ahanulo  stood  sponsor.  Terrilied  hy  .suiin' 
idlt^  gossip,  or  hy  the  pr()iaratiiii\a  for  his  baptism,  the  boy  asked  th<^  iivir 
wluii  h(!  was  to  be  sacrilieed ;  but  received  comfort  in  a  jiious  cxliortutioii. 
Tuf'/iK  iiiuiln,  i.  o'JO. 

■'•'  Iferreia  gives  the  command  to  Olid  nnd  Judn  Rodriguez  de  VillafiuMte, 
tluMiwner  of  the  much  (lis[)uted  lirst  madoniiti  imHfjje,  aceomjiaiiied  IiyJuaii 
Nunez,  Sedef'.o,  Lagos,  and  Mata.  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  caji.  xvii.  C)li<l  may  li;iVf 
been  detiiched  from  Quauli(|ueeliollan  after  the  first  success  had  iuihIu 
tiooi's  less  necessary;  yit  lleirera  inilicates  that  ho  set  out  before  tliia 
expedition. 

■'"  'Ell  lo  de  Cnehula  fiie  adonde  auian  mucrto  cu  los  apo.'scntos  quiiize  Es- 
l-'auolcs.'  JJtnuil  Uiciz,  11  kl,  Vcnlad,,  112. 


It 


RETALIATION. 


635 


besides  nuieli  sptjil/''  Tlic  chastisement  of  tliese  dis- 
tricts liad  taught  the  easterly  parts  a  lesson,  so  that 
more  hardship  than  fighting  was  now  encountered, 
for  the  inarch  lay  to  a  great  extent  through  unin- 
habited tracts.  It  was  in  the  re<,riou  of  Las  Laijunas 
that  some  captue  Spaniards  had  been  denuded  and 
fattened,  and  then  goaded  to  death,  like  l)ulls  in  a  ring, 
for  the  amusement  of  the  natives.  Tlie  bodies  had 
then  been  devoured,  a  part  of  the  flesh  being  jerked 
and  distrilmted  over  the  district  as  choice  morsels, 
and  pronounced  savory.  Forty  of  the  most  guilty 
tormentors  were  secured  in  a  yard  for  execution.  In- 
formed of  their  fate  they  began  to  dance  and  sing, 
commending  themselves  quite  cheerfully  to  the  gods 
as  they  bent  tlujir  heads  to  the  sword.^*  How  blessed 
the  righteous  when  they  die! 


lUl 


•'''  B.  V  do  Tapia,  in  liis  toRtimony  against  Cortes,  states  tliat  nliout  fiOOO 
prisoners  were  sent  to  liiiu  from  these  districts  by  Oliil,  all  (it  whom  had 
?■  irreudered  without  resistiuue,  ami  that  he  ordered  the  men,  •J.'Vn)  in  number, 
to  be  executed,  the  women  and  children  being  sold  or  distributed.  Cortes, 
Jii'iiUhncia,  i.  ,")!(-tiO. 

'•'^  'Boluierii  a  Ttpeaea,  y  aiiiendo  cstado  trcyuta  dias  c:i  csta  Jornada 
hallaron  a  l[enian(U>  Cortes,  f|ne  era  Iniclto  do  Guaeachula.'  J/enrrn,  dec.  ii. 
lib.  X.  cap.  xvii.  These  successes  are  said  to  have  been  dinnned  by  a  severe 
defeat  at  Tocliteiicc,  on  l!io  I'ajaloapan,  whither  Salecdo  IkmI  licen  sent  with 
W*  Uuii.  It  was  the  ciifri'/tof,  for  trade  in  this  re;;ion.  and  was  held  by  a 
."•inmg  Aztec  garrison,  iiidcd  by  native  warriors  willi  (  liuiantee  pikes.  Owing 
partly  to  the  etheient  use  of  this  weiijion,  and  p.'irtly  to  the  carelessness  of 
Saleedo,  the  troo)is  wiie  surprised  and  slaughtered  to  a  man,  after  selling 
Ihi'ir  lives  as  dearly  .»-  |«)S.-~ible.  The  disaster  being  a  blow  also  to  Spanish 
Jivstigo  which  it  would  never  do  to  overlook.  Or  l.i/  and  Avila  were  sent 
not  long  after  with  a  larger  force,  some  horses,  and  20,0Ut)  allies,  to  exact 
letaliation  in  death,  cajitivity,  and  I'ieli  spoil.  'I'lie  victois  nmie  liack  with 
iiinple  plunder,  llcricrn,  ubi  sup.  Stee  noto  4  tlxis  chapter  for  doubts  on  the 
niaiuucre. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 


KING-MAIvING  AND    CONVERTING. 

October-  Decejiber*  1520. 

CoNQiTEST  IN  Detail — Bakba  Cauoiit — Other  Arrivals  and  Rein- 
forcements— The  iSmall  rox  (Jomes  to  the  Assistance  of  the  Span- 
iards—Letters TO  the  Emperor — Ivstablishino  of  SEonRA  de  la 
Fronteua  -Certain  of  the  Dipaffecti-.I)  Withdraw  fisom  the  Aioiv 
AND  Retcrn  to  Cuba — Division  of  Spoils — IIiL\D-yuAXiTERS  Estau- 
lished  at  Tlascala. 


Thus  all  was  ^omg  gayl}'  with  ilio  Estromaduraii 
once  more.  It  was  easy  work  ttvercouiiiig  the  divided 
Aztec  lorccs,  which  combined  had  proved  so  formi- 
dable. And  there  was  little  trouble  now  from  factions. 
None  advocated  a  station  by  tlie  sea-side,  with  sliij)s 
ready  for  flight;  none  thought  of  abandoning  New 
Spain  for  Cuba.  The  simple  pi'esence  of  the  general 
was  as  the  shield  of  Abas,  which  performed  so  many 
marvels,  and  the  mere  sight  of  which  could  on  the  in- 
stant stay  a  revolt  or  reduce  a  j)rovince  to  submission. 

The  successes  of  the  Spaniards  were  rapidl}^  en- 
larging the  fame  and  influence  of  their  leader,  bring- 
ing among  other  fruits,  as  we  have  seen,  alliances  and 
reinforcements,  not  alone  from  native  sources,  but 
from  Spanish.  The  first  accession  of  tlr>  latter  was 
thirteen  soldiers  ami  two  horses,  brought  in  a  small 
vessel  under  the  hidalgo,  I 'edro  I>arl)a,  formerly  com- 
mandant at  Habana.  Connnandant  JIano-el  ah  Villa 
Ilica  had  received  instructions  to  secure  any  vessi! 
that  might  arrive,  both  with  a  vi(nv  to  ol)tain  recruits, 
and  to  |)revcnt  news  from  travelling  to  Cid)a  of  tli(3 
defeat  of  Narvaez,or  other  incidents.   As  the  vessel  en- 

(03GJ 


THE  GENTLE  B.VRBA. 


687 


tcrcd  tlic  roailstoad  lie  accordingly  a[)[)r<)acliod  It  In  a 
well  juanned  boat, with  hidden  arinn.  "How  laj-os  Nar- 
vacz?"  was  Barba's  llr.st  iiKjuiry.  "Exceedingly  well," 
replied  Ilangcl,  "He  is  prosperous  and  i-ich,  while 
Cortes  Is  a  fugitive,  with  a  score  of  miserable  followers 
at  the  most ;  or  he  even  may  be  dead."  "All  the  better," 
rejoined  Barba;  "  for  I  bear  letters  from  the  most  mag- 
nificent Velazquez,  with  Instructions  to  secure  the 
traitor,  if  he  be  alive,  and  send  him  at  once  to  Cuba, 
whence  ho  shall  go  to  Spain,  as  commanded  by  our 
most  illustrious  Bishop  Fonseca."  As  a  matter  of 
course,  Senor  Barba  will  accept  the  proffered  hospi- 
tality; he  will  go  ashore  and  deliver  his  message  to 
Xarvaez  in  person.  And  ho  will  catch  tliis  sli[)[)ery 
f(jx  from  Estremadura,  and  carry  him  hence  to  be 
hanged;  he  will  carry  him  to  his  worshi[)l"ul  master 
Velazquez  to  be  hanged.  So  entering  tiie  boat  he 
is  ct)nveyed  away,  but  only,  alas  I  to  be  (leclar(.;(l  a 
prisoner;  only,  alas!  to  learn  that  thougli  danmed, 
Cortes  Is  not  dead,  and  is  by  no  means  likely  at  once 
to  meet  strangidation  at  the  hand  either  of  Barba, 
Narvaez,  or  Velazquez.  Meanwhile  other  visitors  in 
other  boats  proceed  to  secure  the  crew.  The  vessel 
is  dismantled;  and  since  Cortes  is  the  king,  and  not 
Xarvaez,  the  so  lately  fierce  and  hjyal  Barba,  nothing 
loath,  declares  for  Cortes.  Indeed,  Barba  was  by  no 
means  unfriendly  to  the  general,  as  proven  by  his 
iittitude  at  Habana  two  years  before.  Any  such 
reinforcement  was  gladly  welcomed  at  Tepeaca,  and 
Cortes  souglit  to  insure  Barba's  loyalty  by  making 
lum  captain  of  archers."  A  week  later  arrived  another 
small  vessel,  under  the  hidalgo  Bodrigo  More j on  de 
ljobera,wIth  eight  soldiers,  a  mare,  a  (piantity  of  cross- 
how  material,  and  a  cargo  of  provisions.  It  was  se- 
<;urc;d  in  the  same  manner,  and  the  soldiers  and  sailors 
Jtroceeded  to  join  the  army.     Thus  Cortes  draws  them 

'Ton  ostc...vino  vn  Frnnoisco  Lopez,  vczino,  y  Rcgiilin'  quo  fiic  de 
Ouiitiiiiala.'  Ihriml  Dinz,  HiM.  VcnhiiL,  111?.  Vutaiicurt  iis.siiiii''s  tli.it  I'ciiro 
ill  1  ("iistillo- -l)i:i/  calls  him  'ol  Aliiiiantu  l'(!<lro  (Jaiiallcro'  sci'uix'il  Jjurbu 
and  Ilia  vessel.   Tcatro  Me.'-.,  ])t.  iii.  148;  Cork's,  Renidencia ,  ii.  hjo. 


538 


KING-M,\ICIXG  AND  CONVERTING. 


in,  friend  and  foe  alike  bcin^^  liis  fiali,  if  once  tlioy 
enter  his  net. 

More  substantial  reinforcements  were  in  store, 
however.  Governor  Garay,  of  Jamaica,  had  in  no 
manner  been  discouraged  by  the  failure  of  Jiis  last 
expedition  to  Piinuco,  and  the  rumors  of  his  rival's 
success  in  New  Spain  fired  him  to  renewed  efforts, 
the  more  so  since  he  possessed  the  royal  grant,  tlie 
vessels,  and  the  men,  with  ample  means  to  sustain 
them.  In  tlie  spring  of  1520  he  had  despatched 
three  vessels,  with  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  soldiers 
and  sailors,  a  few  horses,  and  some  artillery,  under  the 
former  commander,  Pineda.^  Ascending  the  Piinueo 
the  expedition  came  to  a  town,^  and  met  with  good 
reception,  but  the  natives  soon  tired  of  giving  tluii- 
substance  to  strangers,  who  may  beside  have  been 
guilty  of  excesses,  and  they  made  hostile  demonstra- 
tions. Pineda  showed  a  bold  front,  and  ])roceeded  to 
attack  the  town,  but  was  surprised  and  killed,  together 
with  a  number  of  soldiers  and  the  horses.*  The  rest 
escaped  as  best  they  could  in  two  of  the  vessels,  pur- 
sued by  a  fleet  of  canoes.  One  of  the  caravels  was 
Avrecked  not  far  above  Villa  Pica,  whereupon  a  por- 
tion of  the  men  resolved  to  proceed  by  land  rather 
than  suffer  starvation  on  board,  for  in  the  hurry  tif 
the  flight  the  lockers  had  received  no  attention.  Poth 
tlie  sea  and  land  parties  arrived  at  the  Spanish  port, 
where  every  care  was  given  them.''    Thence  tlicy  were 

'  '  El  capita  Diogo  do  Camargo,'  says  Hcrrera;  but  Bernal  Diaz  exi>laiiis 
that  this  man  stepped  into  the  captaincy  on  the  murder  nf  'fulano  Alvarez 
rinedo,'  at  riinuco.  'Dixeron,  que  el  Capitan  Ciimargo  aula  sido  I'niile 
Doniinico,  c  quo  auia  hecho  profession.'  llisl.  Venlud.,  114-. 

^  Seven  lea;;ues  up,  says  llerrera. 

*  'Muerto  diez  y  sictc  6  diez  y  ocho  cristianos,  y  herido  otros  nuiclins. 
Asimisni').  .  .luuerto  sicto  caballos.'  Cortc-i,  Carlag,  144,  Bernal  Diaz  as- 
suuies  that  the  whnlo  attacking  force  was  killed  and  some  vessels  destroyed. 
'  Dexaron  vna  oarauela,'  says  llerrera. 

■"  llerrera  states  tiiat  hunger  caused  the  land  expedition  to  abandon  tlio 
vessels  some  twenty  leagues  above  Alnieria.  The  people  from  the  wn  i  1;liI 
caravil  were  taken  on  1)oard  the  last  vessel,  dee.  ii.  HI),  x.  cap.  xviii.  ('oitLS 
leaves  the  impression  tliat  both  vessels  arrived  at  X'illaPiica,  perhaps  beeau-e 
the  one  was  wrt'eked  so  near  it.  '  Vn  nauio.  . .  y  traia  sobre  sesenta  soldadns.' 
I]( ma'  J)i(i:,  Hint.  Vcrilad,.  114.  This  may  include  the  land  party,  but  not 
the  sailors.  ;  '     . 


FRESH  ARRIVALS. 


539 


fofwanlod  to  T(']ioaca,  wlioro  tlioir  cadnvorons  roin- 
jflexion  and  swollen  bodies  procured  for  tlu^ni  the 
iiifknanie  of  '  panzaverdetes,'  or  green  paunches. 
Hardship  and  bad  food  had  carried  a  nund)er  past 
relief,  and  even  in  Tcpeaca  several  died,  includin^^ 
Caniargo,  as  Bernal  Diaz  Ixdievea, 

A  month  later,  after  the  Quauhquechollan  expedi- 
tion, another  vessel  arrived  with  about  fifty  soldiei's," 
under  ]\[iguel  Diaz  de  Auz,  an  Aragonian  cavalier. 
He  had  been  sent  to  reinforce  Pineda,  but  after  re- 
niaininji;  at  Ilio  Pdnuco  for  a  month,  without  seeinix 
even  a  native,  he  had  come  down  to  search  for  the 
fleet.  The  fame  of  Cortes  and  the  promise  of  rich 
spoils  induced  him  to  follow  the  preceding  party,  in 
contradistinction  to  which  his  stout  and  lusty  re- 
cruits were  dubbed  the  *  strong-backs.''  Hearing 
that  two  other  vessels  had  been  titted  out  to  follow 
the  Panuco  expeditions,  and  were  probably  now 
cruising  along  the  coast,  Cortes  ordered  a  crew  to  be 
sent  in  pursuit,  with  the  sole  desire,  as  he  expressed 
it,  to  save  them  from  the  fate  which  had  so  nearly 
overtaken  Camargo.  One  was  never  lieard  of,  and 
the  other,  the  largest,  entered  the  port  before  the 
searchiniif  vessel  had  left,  it  seems,  brimming  about 
one  hundred  and  twenty  men  and  sixteen  hors(>s. 
Camargo  was  induced  to  remonstrate  with  the  captain 
against  proceeding  to  Panuco,  since  the  result  could 
only  be  d'^^astrous,  the  native  lord  having,  beside, 
tendered  udeuiance  to  Cortes  in  Montezuma's  tlme.^ 


ll 


"  'Con  h.istii  trointa  hoinbrcs  dc  mar  y  tiorra. '  Corfrti,  Cartas,  154.  'Siis 
soMados,  (jnc  cran  mas  do  cincueiita,  y  mas  siuto  cauallos,'  sayi^  Ijcnial  T'iaz, 
y/(V.  I'crddd.,  114;  and,  since  Cortus  would  Ijo  less  apt  to  indicate  largo  ac- 
cessions, ho  may  be  correct. 

'  '  Esto  fue  el  mejor  socorro. .  .Diaz  do  Auz  sirvic)  muy  bion  a  su  Magcstad 
en  todo  lo  ([WO  so  ofrccio  en  las  guerras,  .  .traxo  plcj'to  despucs.  .sohro  cl 
lilcyto  de  la  mitad  dc  Mestitan, .  .c()n(juc  le  den  la  parte  do  lo  que  rontare  d 
liiK  lilo  masdc  dos  nnl  y  (|uinientos  pesos.'  Ucrnal  D'luz,  Ifiif.  I'crddil.,  1 1  l-I."). 
jlo  was  excluded  from  the  town  itself,  owing  to  cruel  treatnicntof  Indians. 

'^ '  inseuor  do  aipiel  rioy  tierra,  quo  so  dice  Panuco,  se  haltiadadojior  vasallo 
l^■^'.  M.,  encuyo  rocfjnocimiento  mo  hidjia  enviado  a  h\  ciudaddo  Teniixtitan, 
ton  sus  mensnjoros,  eiertas  cosas.'  Cor/ffi,  <'uvta<,  144-,").  Ihit  this  is  prohalily 
ii  nierr  assertion,  .since  the  Sp.anish  expeditions  luid  never  lieen  higher  than 
Alnieria,  and  the  cacique  could  have  had  no  inducement  for  submitting. 


■>%. 


^. 


^^,  -''' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


12.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

III  ''^ 

^ 6"   - 

► 

Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  M.'.iN  STRKT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)873-4503 


fV 


L1>' 


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LV 


<'^ 


'*?) 


6^ 


KINO  MAKING  AND  CONVERTING. 

But  the  captain  would  not  listen  to  liiin.  To  the  joy 
of  Cortes,  liowever,  a  storm  arose,  which  obliged  tliis 
captain  to  slip  his  anchor  and  put  to  sea;  oblijjfed  him 
to  take  refuge  in  San  Juan  dc  Ulua  harbor,  where  he 
found  his  vcs&iil  so  unsafe  as  to  require  her  to  be 
stranded,  whereupon  the  forces  and  armaments  were 
landed."  Cortes  at  once  sent  a  sympathizing  mes.sage, 
offering  tlic  captain  every  assistance,  but  never  for  a 
nunnent  intending  to  give  him  any.  lie  even  ten- 
dered other  vessels  for  his  voyage — so  he  tells  <lio 
emperor.'"  But  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  tender  was 
illusive,  and  that  he  did  all  in  his  power,  with  bribery, 
promises,  and  even  force,  to  secure  the  men  and  arma- 
ment, and  at  the  same  time  to  weaken  his  rivals  by 
their  loss.  According  to  some  accounts  he  caused 
their  vessels  to  be  sunk  to  prevent  departure,"  an  act 
■which  Ovicdo  declares  a  fair  war  measure,  particu- 
larly on  the  part  of  Cortds,  who  greatly  needed 
reinforcements.  Men  destined  for  so  comparatively 
unattractive  a  region  as  Piinuco  must  have  been 
pleased  by  the  prospect  of  ready  spoils  and  Mexieau 
treasures  soon  to  fall  into  their  hands  under  so  aide 
and  successful  a  leader  as  C'^r+'s.  They  were  there- 
fore readily  induced  to  join  ,  the  captains  alone,  os 
in  the  last  instance,  interposing  objections  for  a  while. 
These  several  accessions  amounted,  according  to  Uw 
testimony  of  Cortes,  to  abort  two  hundred  men  and 
some  twenty  horses,"  together  with  a  large  quantity 

•  Benial  Piaz  refers  to  the  last  accession  from  Garay's  expeditions  ;is  HI 
Boltliera  and  10  horses,  under  an  old  man  n.imed  Ramirez.  I'rotected  liy  heavy 
cotton  armor  they  were  nicknamed  the  'alhardilhis.'  I /inf.  Vmlwl.,  1 1.">. 

'"  '  Si  todos  I't  nigunos  dellos  so  quisicsen  volver  en  los  uuvius  tjuu  alii 
estnimn,  riiic  lea  dieso  liccncia.'  ('i>i(/n,  Citrliin,  1(J3. 

"  (tr!f(ln,  iii.  .in,");  nnd  so  Ilerrera  also  intimates  in  reference  to  CllIn!ll•^l)'^^ 
only  ri'Mmining  vessel,  'laqual  so  auego  tahien  detrode  10.  diua  en  el  iiiititn,' 
dec,  ii.  lilt.  X.  cap.  xviii. 

'^  The  last  two  vessels  bring  l.TO  men  and  10  horses,  probably  over  'JO,  to 
vhi<'li  niu«t  lie  added  Camargo'a  force,  amounting  no  doubt  to  .")0  edfi'tivc  iiicii, 
for  IVrnul  Diaz  admits  00  soldiers,  not  counting  sailors;  and  Ilerrera  iiitiiimtiH 
that  oviT  loo  men  nmst  have  reached  Villa  Kicaof  the  total  force  on  bomii 
("aiiiiii'L'ii's  llirec  vessels.  lUrnal  I)iaz'  estimates  for  the  five  vessels  w  liii  li  lie 
eniini«ratese:a'eed  1 70  soldiers  and  ilO  horses;  on  fol.  1  1.'')1k!  ewntr:ulietssi\rril 
jiiiiiit.-i,  int. lulling  the  total,  to  which  the  wiilors  may  Ik^  addeil,  while  a  mm, ,11 
1-cducliou  id  to  be  made  for  deaths  umon^  Cunmrgo's  men.    Vctaucurt  follows 


THE  TERRIBLE  SCOURGE. 


8it 


of  small-arms,  artillery,  and  aminunition.  Thus  ai^ain 
and  aj^^iin  was  the  shrewd  and  lucky  Cortes  aided  hy 
the  very  means  which  his  great  enemies  and  rivals 
had  sent  to  be  used  against  him;  aided  to  reap  tlio 
advantages  they  had  planned  and  plotted  to  secure. 
And  all  the  while  ho  was  pitting  the  antagonisms  of 
native  foes  one  against  another,  employing  them  also 
to  assist  him  in  securing  the  grand  prize.  Greatness 
is  hut  another  name  for  good  fortune.  Circumstances 
certainly  did  as  much  for  Cortes  in  promoting  success 
as  Spanish  arms  and  superior  civilization. 

Civilization!  What  fools  we  arc,  pluming  ourselves 
in  its  radiance,  the  radiance  of  ghastly  electrical 
lights,  adopted  instead  of  the  glorious  sun  of  nature. 
For  is  not  the  unartificial  nature,  and  noAiro  (jrod, 
while  artifice  is  rather  of  the  devil?  And  yet  we 
|)ersist  in  glorif^ying  artifice  and  calling  it  deity. 
The  human  sacrifice  of  the  Aztecs  was  a  horrible 
rite,  but  in  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  is  not  Chris- 
tianity a  bloody  mistress?  And  does  not  European 
civilization  constantly  demand  the  sacrifice  of  millions 
of  lives,  if  not  for  the  propitiation  of  gods,  then  to 
avenge  an  insult,  to  preserve  the  integrity  of  a 
nation,  or  to  gratify  the  spleen  of  rulers?  At  hand 
even  now,  coming  to  the  assistance  of  the  magnifi- 
cent Cortts,  civilization's  pride  and  pet  for  the 
moment,  is  another  ally  of  civilization,  more  terrible 
than  horses,  blood-hounds,  gunpowder,  or  steel.  At 
I  lie  time  of  Narvaez'  departure  for  Cuba,  small-pox 
was  raging  there  so  severely  that  it  offered  a  reason 

Dinial  Diiiz,  mid  so  does  Prcscoti;,  who  asaunics  th.-vt  full  150  iiioii  and  'JO  liorars 
must  liavo  lifcu  cililaiued.  ^Vcr.,  ii.  4;J8.  llobertsoii  raisers  this  iicnrcr  Id  tlic 
ti'.ilh  liy  tiayiiij;  INO  men,  ll'tst.  Am.,  ii.  104,  us  doos  lirasscur  do  l?(HH'l«iin%', 
w  ln)  ntwitliilcss,  (lu  lui  eurlier  l>agc,  adds  .Sahaj;uu"a  fanciful  n.'iufoii'ciiicnt  nf 
.'tiHtnun.  I  list.  .\ul.  ('it:,  iv.  li~\,  1187.  Wliilo  tlio  Spaniards  wero  cuiin.if  them- 
t-tlvcs,  'lligii  A  Tluxcala  un  Francisco  Jlcrnaiiduz,  espanol,  con  ,'iOl)  Koldadna 
laslellanns  y  con  niuchos  caballos  y  arnias.'  Suhuijnn,  JJinl.  ('om/.,  i.  .'iT.  'I'lit! 
iiiU'i-  I'dilion  dues  not  givo  the  nundxr.  (.Honiara merely  states  that  numerous 
biiiall  |iarties  came  over  from  the  iViitillca,  attracted  by  Cortes'  fame,  through 
Anion's  reiiorts,  he  .iienia  to  say.  Many  of  tliem  were  nmrdered  on  tin-  way, 
but  bullieient  nuiidH.rs  reaehcil  him  to  restore  the  araiy  oud  eucouraye  tho 
I'luaocutiou  of  the  counuest.   IIUl.  Mcx.,  17C. 


542 


KING-MAKING  AND  CONVERTING. 


lor  pnvL'nling  the  governor  from  leaving  with  tlio 
expedition.  A  pioneer  vessel  of  the  fleet  sowed  t!io 
ninlady  at  Cozumel,  whence  it  entered  the  continent. 
IJd'ore  it  spread  far  in  this  direction  Cenipoala  was 
infected  by  a  negro  slave  of  Narvaez."  The  Spaniards 
knew  little  about  its  treatment,  and  that  littL  tliev 
sought  to  impart,  not  for  their  own  safety,  since  tlioso 
tliat  were  left  of  them  were  considered  almost  proof 
against  the  malady,  but  for  the  sake  of  the  alliis. 
Tlieir  advice  did  not  avail  much,  however,  for  tluj 
natives  were  too  devoted  to  tlieir  panacea,  the  hot 
and  cold  bath,  which  only  intensified  the  evil.  The 
terrible  force  of  the  first  attacks  of  epidemics  and  en- 
demics is  well  known,  and  it  has  been  advocated  with 
apjiarent  truth  that  the  diseases  of  a  strong  peojiK' 
fall  with  particular  force  on  weaker  races.  Alter 
desolating  the  coast  region  for  some  time,  the  small- 
pox crossed  the  plateau  border  during  the  summer, 
and  in  September"  it  broke  out  round  the  lakes,  on 
its  way  to  the  western  sea,  smiting  high  and  low, 
rich  and  poor.  For  sixty  days,  according  to  native 
i-eeords,  tlie  hueyzahuatl,  or  great  pest,  raged  hero 
with  such  virulence  as  to  fix  itself  a  central  point  in 
their  chronology.  In  most  districts,  says  Motolinia, 
over  half  the  population  died,  leaving  towns  almost 
descjrted,  and  in  others  the  mortality  was  appal^nlL,^ 
Those  who  recovered  presented  an  appearance  that 
nuide  their  neighbors  flee  from  them,  until  they  be- 
came accustomed  to  the  sicrht.  Learnins;  how  con- 
tagions  was  the  disease,  and  terrified  by  the  nuniher 
o\'  deaths,  the  inhabitants  left  the  bodies  to  putrely, 
thus  aiding  to  extend  the  pest.  In  some  cases  the 
authorities  ordered  the  houses  to  be  pulled  down  over 

"  Sniil  to  have  l)ccn  named  Franciaco  Eguia.  Sahafpin,  l/inf.  Conq.,  i.  30,  dli, 
ftnd  I  liiiiHi/jKiiii,  1 1  int.  Con<i.,  i.  278.  Ilcrrcra  writes  that  many  (vsHunuil  tlio 
miilaily  to  li:ivc  In-en  one  of  the  periodical  scourges  that  used  to  iall  <m  tin: 
country.  '  V  el  no  auer  tocodo  a  los  Castclhmos,  pareccciuc  trae  aparcmia  ilo 
m/on.'  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  iv.  But  it  appears  to  have  bceu  wholly  a  new  ilis- 
eaw!  to  the  natives. 

"  '  Mil  (I  mea  quo  llnmubon  Tepeilliuitl  quo  es  al  fin  de  sctiembro,'  us 
Sahagiin  assumes,  lliist,  Cotiq.,  i.  30. 


KINO  TOTOQUIIIUATZIN. 


543 


the  dead,  so  as  to  check  tlie  contajjfioii.  Not  the  least 
of  tlie  evil  was  a  iaiiiine,  which  resulted  from  a  lack  of 
harvesters." 

Ainon«,'  the  first  victims  at  the  capital  were  King 
Totoquihuatzin,  of  Tlacopan,  and  Cuitlahuat/.in,  the 
successor  of  Montezuma.  The  latter  had  ruled  hardy 
three  months,'"  hut  sufficiently  lonj^  to  j)rovo  himsilf 
a  most  ahlo  leader  of  his  people  in  their  stru<j^<^le  for 
liherty,  for  he  was  brave,  full  of  devices,  and  ener- 
getic, yet  prudent;  a  man  who,  not  content  with 
securing  the  expulsion  of  invaders,  had  sought  to 
strengthen  his  ])osition  with  alliances  and  hy  attract- 
ing the  subject  provinces  through  gifts,  remissions, 
and  promises.  If  he  did  not  succeed  so  well  as  he 
had  hoped,  the  fault  must  be  ascribed  to  the  ri'puta- 
tion  of  the  previous  government  and  to  dereliction 
of  duty  among  his  officers. 

As  a  monarch  he  would  not  have  fallen  far  short 
of  the  native  ideal,  for  as  a  general  he  iiad  dis- 
tinguished himself;  and,  the  brother  of  Monte- 
zuma, he  had  in  his  court  imbibed  the  dignity  and 
majestic  manner  born  of  constant  a<lulati»)n  iVom  sub- 
stivient  nobles  and  [)lebeians.  Crafty  and  unscrujtu- 
lous,  he  appears  not  to  have  hesitated  at  crinui  and 
breach  of  faith  to  secure  his  aims  for  personal  aiul 
state  advancement.  The  fiourishing  conchtion  of  his 
own  province  indicated  a  not  unwise  administrator; 
and  tile  beauty  of  Iztapalapan,  its  magnilicent  pal- 
aces, and  exquisite  gardens  filled  with  choi<'e  plants 
Irom  different  regions,  pointed  to  a  ruler  of  cultivated 
taste. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  Mexico  lost  in  him  on(>  (»f 

^^  MotoJlnid,  Hist,  liiil.,  m  Irnzhnlreta,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  14-15;  Snhmjiin,  Hist. 
Coiif/.,  i.  :«),  (ill;  Mimliila,  Hist.  h'r/,>i.,:,\4;  li^riinl  JUiiz,  Hut.  I V/'./rt./.,  I(H  ; 
III.  ( I'liris  oil.  IS.S7),  iv.  4(»()  (a  cliaptiT  omitted  in  tlio  (iiii;iiml):  (ioniinit.  Hint. 
Mt.i\,  I4S;  ('/liiHfilpniii,  H int.  Voikj. ,  i.  iiTD;  Torquemailu,  i.  4!S'.»;  '/liCKCo  en 
(u»  ulliwoH  ti('m]m»,  iJ73. 

'"  '  Vivii)  (li'spuos  tie  8U  eloc^ion  solos  BCRScnta  »lias. '  Cnrw,  in  Orlnln,  iii. 
r>4!).  The  clc'i'tion  havinu  tiikcii  jilaco  twenty  days  ufttT  Monlf/.iinia'rt  death, 
according  to  Ixtlilxouliiii,  wlio  usaiiincs  tliut  lie  ruled  only  40  or  47  days. 
Jli.4.  Chli/i.,  a04;  hi.,  liilacionen,  413.  Others  extend  the  ruli!  to  HO  days, 
Loth  OS  leader  uiid  king,  perhaps,  which  would  a^Teo  with  L'unu's  vemiou. 


544 


KING-MAKING  AND  CONVERTING. 


the  most  promising  of  sovereigns,  and  perhaps  tlic; 
only  leader  capable  of  giving  her  a  longer  least- 
of  freedom  in  face  of  the  irresistible  onslauglit  of 
foreigners."  Thus  bravely  worked  the  small-pox 
for  Cortes  and  the  superior  civilization. 

The  strongest  candidate  for  the  Mexican  throne 
was  now  the  high-priest  Quauhtcmotzin/^  a  young 
man  of  about  twenty-three'"  years,  rather  handsonjc, 
of  fairer  complexion  than  the  average  of  hi.^^  race, 
grave  and  dignified,  as  befitted  a  prince,  and  'quite  a 
gentleman  for  an  Indian.'  He  is  said  to  have  been 
the  son  of  JMontezuma's  sister  by  Itzquauhtzin,  lonl 
of  Tlatelulco,  the  twin  town  or  suburb  of  Mexico, 
who  had  been  fellow-prisoner  of  the  late  emperor, 
and  sharer  in  his  fate.*"  The  brothers  and  descendants 
of  Montezuma  had  been  pretty  well  removed  by  di-atli, 
or  through  the  machinations  of  Cuitlahuatzin ;  but  if 
nearer  legitimate  claimants  existed,  Quauhtemotziu 
had  eclipsed  them  all  in  experience,  influence,  and 
fame,  as  a  brave  and  able  leader.  As  the  chief  com- 
panion of  his  prcdececsor,  and  one  who  even  before 
the  appearance  of  the  latter  had  led  the  uprising 
against  the  Spaniards,  he  had  become  identified  as  a 
true  patriot,  keeping  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
dominant  party  which  began  and  continued  the 
struggle  for  freedom.    In  order  further  to  secure  his 

"  Such  chiiraetcristics  may  be  seen  in  Spanisli  as  well  a«  native  rcconls; 
yet  Solis  writes,  'su  tibicza  y  falta  de  aplicacion  (lex.ise  pouo  nionos  (|iu'  luir- 
ratla  ontro  loH  siiyos  la  inomoria  de  su  noinbre. '  Jl'mt.  Mex.,  372.  Suliiiii.'iit 
proof  of  Ilia  energy  is  found  in  the  siege  resulting  in  the  expulsion  from 
Mexico. 

'"  The  native  authorities  incline  to  Quauhtemoc,  but  the  Spanish  gononilly 
add  tlie  '  t/in,'  tlio  'c'  l)eing  elided,  and  the  'Q'  changed  to  'Vx,'  niakiiij;  the 
name  (Juateniot/in.  'Quauhtemoc,  que  significa  Aguila  que  baja.'  Viiniicrri, 
Tidtro  Mcv.,  |)t.  iii.  .'■)1. 

'"  Ik'i'iial  Diaz  iloscribcs  him  about  a  year  later  as  2.1  or  24  years  oM,  wliilo 
on  another  occasion  he  alludes  to  liim  as  25.  Hist.  Verdiul.,  112,  l.V).  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  makes  him  IH.  Jlixt..  Cliich.,  304. 

''"  '  I'ur  mnoi  to  do  su  I'ndro  gobernaba  el  Tlatelnlcc'  Dnran,  If (4.  fi"l., 
MS.,  ii.  470.  'S.ilnino  de  Monte(;unia,  quo  era  pipa  6  sacjerdote  mayor  iiitro 
losindioH.'  Cnii",  in  Orla/o,  iii.  549;  J\'/er Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  vi.  'Cuauliti- 
mntctziu  hi  jo  <li'l  riy  Ahuitzotzin  y  de  la  jieredcra  de  le  Thitolulco. '  /jtlil- 
xnchitl,  IMivi ,iii!i,  413.  This  incorrect  view  ia  adopted  by  lirusscur  do 
liourbourg  aiul  many  others. 


QUAUHTEMOTZIN. 


545 


influence  lie  had  taken  to  wife  tlie  only  leijfitiinate 
daugliterot'  Montezuma,  Princess  Tecuich|)o,or  Isabel ; 
and  altliough  the  niarriaj^')  was  merely  nominal, 
.she  being  hut  a  child,  yet  tlie  alliance  served  the  in- 
tended aim.^'  The  Tepanccs  at  the  same  time  elected 
as  successor  to  their  king,  his  sonTetlcpanfjuetaaltzin," 
whose  coronation  took  place  at  the  same  tim-.'  as  that 
of  Quauhtemotzin,  hallowed  by  the  blood  ui'  captive 
enemies,  including  no  doubt  some  Spanianls.  Coliua- 
nacoch  had  meanwhile  been  chosen  at  Tezcuco  in  lieu 
of  the  disowned  j)rotege  whom  Cortes  had  foisted 
upon  them.  By  this  trio  were  taken  uj)  the  plans  of 
Cuitlahuatzin  for  the  deliverance  of  the  country  from 
her  invaders,  and  especially  were  their  efforts  <lirec'ted 
toward  securing  the  loyalty  of  provinces  and  allies 
which  had  been  stirred  by  the  alarming  progress  of 
Spanish  arms  in  Tepeaca. 

A  loss  to  the  Spaniards  through  the  epidemic, 
which  outweighed  many  a  gain,  was  the  death  of 
Maxixcatzin,  to  whose  devoted  friendship  they  chiefly 
owed  their  escaj)e  from  the  recent  crises;"'  for  he 
it  was  who  took  the  lead  in  ofJering  the  'J'lascaltec 
alliance  and  in  overthrowing  the  inimical  jtlans  of  the 
younger  Xicotencatl  in  i'avor  of  the  Aztecs.  V'^heii 
the  sad  news  came,  Cortes  iolt  as  if  ho  had  lost  a 
lather,  says  IJernal  Diaz,  and  mourning  robes  were 
donned  by  <juite  a  number  of  the  captains  and  men. 
In  this  they  felt  tlie  more  justified,  since  the  chief, 
on  finding  himself  stricken  by  the  dread  disease, 
had  cx})ressed  a  wish  to  become  a  Chiistian,  and 
with  the  name  of  Lorenzo  had  received  ba[)tisni  at 
the  hands  of  Olmedo,  who  joyfully  ha.stened  to  Tlas- 
cala  to  perform  so  welcome  a  service  for  the  S^ianiards' 


''  '  Moglie  giii  del  suo  Zio  CuitUihuatzin,'  ia  the  supposition  of  (''!.ivi;,'ero, 
Sioria  Mc^a.,  iii.  IGO.  'So  hizo  teincr  dc  tal  manera,  que  todos  lew  suyos 
tiiiddnuan  <l('l.'  JJinml  Diaz,  lli^t.  IVn/w/.,  ll'J.  For  faiuitul  poitiaits  of 
tlit'so  last  two  emperors,  sec  /'/o.s/'.s  Pk(.  Hid.  Mex.,  104,  1 14. 

'"  Ij-tlil.iorhiil,  loo.  cit. ;   I'criiiiciiin'/n,  i.  r)70. 

^'  '  Al  (iiie  solo  ftie  causa  ("i  los  Cliriatianoa  se  conseruassen  en  aquclla  tierra.' 
Ilirrcra,  dec.  ii.  lil).  x.  caj).  xix. 
UlBT.  M£X.,  Vol..  I.    US 


540 


KIXO-MAKING  AND  CON-\'ERTIXO. 


diainpioji.  He  died  oxhortint;  his  family  and  friends 
to  olx'V  Coitt'S  and  Iiis  brethren,  tlie  destined  rulers 
of  the  land,  and  to  accept  their  <,^od,  who  had  fjiveii 
victoj-y  over  tlie  idols.'^*  It  was  fortunate  that  he  did 
not  die  heforc  Spanish  prestige  had  l)een  reestah- 
lislied  l>y  the  Tepcaca  canipaif|rn;  for  his  friendshij) 
sufHced  to  confirm  the  allies  in  their  adhesion,  to  gain 
for  llu;  Spaniards  further  cooperation,  and  to  obtain 
for  theiu  a  firm  footing  in  the  country. 

The  idlied  forces  had  become  so  numerous  by  tlie 
time  Jtzucan  fell  that  they  were  absolutel}^  unmanaLije- 
able,  and  on  returning  from  this  place  to  Tej)e;i<;i 
Cortes  dismissed  them  with  friendly  words  to  their 
homes,  )-etaining  only  the  tried  Tlascaltecs,  who  had 
beooiiK!  cfliclent  in  the  European  style  of  warfare  under 
the  S[)anisli  discipline  and  tactics. 


25 


Before  the  Quauhqucchollan  expediti(m  summoned 
him  away,  Cortes  had  begun  a  rei)ort  to  the  emperor 
on  tlu^  condition  of  affairs.  On  returning,  he  (oiu- 
deted  tliis  his  second  and  perhaps  most  interesting' 
ettei-,  dated  at  Segura  do  la  Frontera,  or  Tepeaea, 
October  P>0,  1520,  wherein  are  related  the  occurrences 
since  tlie  d('S})at,ch  of  the  first  letter  in  the  middle  of 
Julv,  a  viar  before.  "  I  write  vour  Majestv,"  it 
states,  "although  poorly  told,  the  truth  of  all  that 
has  hap[)ened  in  these  parts,  and  that  which  your 
Majesty  has  most  need  of  knowing.  With  the  aid  ut' 
God  the  coiKjuest  is  progressing  in  this  new  country, 
which  from  its  similarity  to  Spain,  in  fertility,  extent, 
temjxi'ature,  and  many  other  things,  I  have  called 
La  Nueva  I^spana  del  Mar  Oceano."  Then  he  pro- 
ceeds to  lunnbly  beg  hi?  majesty  to  confirm  this  nauic 
In  a  brief  supi)lemeiitai'y  letter  he  asks  the  empo-or 

"  llrrntil  l>irz,  IliH.Veri'ad.,  118;  Iferrern,  uhi  sup. 

'"'  Duiiii'r  t;i((  aljsencoof  the  troops,  »iys  llorn'ni,  a  part  of  the  TrpfarMiis 
had  foi-iiuil  ii  jildt  to  surprise  them  when  liiviik'd  ;  hut  sonic  women  iiitniini  A 
Marina  in  tinic  t<'  jirevnt  trouhlo.  Cortes  iiiilictud  on  them  severe  chaali:'f- 
ment.  ikr.  ii.  lih.  x.  cap.  xvi.  xviii. 


to   S 
prov 

nearly 

Icngtiij 

and  Cci 

Cortt'a' 

compan 

Mexico 

durchki 

Iiifcln. 

wJierein 

nih.Am 

Dcc'ulf.'i. 

laf'ionuKs 

1522.     d 

conquerei 

within  a,[ 

littc.  Inft 

I5y  th. 

1/520,  the  i 

tions  Were 

highly  enl 

znma  a  wo 

campaign, 

rdacio  thu 

nnnui  upa 

(ileman.    ^ 

tie  cl  Arte 

zana,  in  ft 

fiaJ  been  i 

of  the  Ictt 

Mcdinlaiii  I 
text  was  is: 

tllO  COnQUO! 

Ill  ilia  ;ietz  n 
nljout"l522. 
supposes  tli 
the  imprint 
coiTcct  date 

^"I.  10.    Dei 

'V'ai/iiofz  pi 

III  cestv  villi 

""ticed  by  i 

t'lo  second  h 

J|>  1.j24  appt 

I'inrclara  Fi 

'"i-'.ia.  M.D. 

"f  Mexico,  a 

t'lmsliitions 

I'linted  at  \\ 

[>{  IV'derzani. 

!"•  37.'>,  nicnti 

'"  the  Por/jhl 

ters  were,  "in 


CORTftS'  LETTERS. 


to  send  a  person  of  confidence  to 
prove  the  truth  of  his  statements.^" 


investigate 


and 


'*Tho  reports  and  other  papers  by  Cort(59,  written  dnrinff  a  period  of 
nearly  three  deccades  in  connection  witli  Sow  Spain,  are  lioth  numerous  and 
lengthy,  hut  only  the  five  letters  relating  to  the  actual  coni|Hc.st  of  Mrxii.-o 
and  Central  America  liavo  acliieved  bibliographic  celebrity,  undr-r  tlie  title  of 
I'orU'a'  Lfttrrs  or  lle'atioim.  Although  the  first  letter  iius  itetii  lost,  and  tiiu 
companion  letter  long  missing,  yet  an  allusion  to  the  expedition  ajjaiiist 
Mexico  appeared  as  early  as  15'i;(  in  A'l'n  nus:>Kj  ettlichr  Kfiidhrifff  item  allrr 
durchleuchtiiihten  ijroKMmer/it!;il«t('  Furtten ....  von  Wfijen  elm  r  in-w  iji'/'iiult 
liiKcln.  Niirmherg  durch  I'rijdrr'clien  /'pi/pus  am.  17.  t<t<j  M<trc'ij  MI>\X., 
wherein  the  voyages  of  Cordoba  and  Grijalva arc  also  tlcscril)ed.  Harii.sse, 
B'lh.  Am.  Vet.,  1 7!),  assumes  that  tlic  information  is  taken  from  Peter  Martyr's 
Dfcndfs.  A  later  brief  reference  to  the  city  of  Mexico  itself  is  given  in  Tmim- 
lationuHS  hispanixcher  nj>rach  zU  Frantzus'srh  gemarht  so  durch  di  I'icc  J'l-jfin 
Kfopole  fi-aw  Manjuretpn  Ilerlzoijlil  iii  Durgundi  zii  {ifschrichin,  publiMhecl  in 
1522.  On  folio  A.  iii.  is  written:  Not  far  from  the  same  island  tliey  have 
conquered  a  city  called  Tenustitan,  wherein  GO.OOO  hearths  have  been  counted, 
within  a  good  wall.  The  letter  of  the  ayuntamiento  was  first  published  in  Col, 
Doe.  Inhl.,  i.,  1842. 

By  the  time  of  the  receipt  in  Spain  of  Cortes'  second  letter,  of  October  30, 
1520,  the  general  and  his  conquest  iiad  become  so  famous  that  liis  communica- 
tions were  not  likely  to  be  lost  sight  of.  The  incidents  treated  of  were  l»esides 
highly  enticing,  particularly  the  victories  in  Tlascala,  the  entry  into  Monte- 
zuma s  wonderful  island  city,  the  disastrous  expidsion,  and  the  renewal  of  the 
campaign, and  Cromberger  had  it  printed  in  1522  under  tlio  title  of  ('aria  <le 
rehiciO  i'biada  a  mi,  S.  mojextad  del  rpiidor  iilo  ari'ior  por  el  capihl  ijcnnrd  dda 
niieud  sparia:  llamndo  j'crnililo  cortex,  etc.  Seiidki:  par  Jnro'io  rrolp'rij/r 
aleiiiaii.  A  viii.  dtas  de  Xouiibre.  Alio  dc  M.  d.  y  xxij.  '  Fui^  las  Primicios 
dc  cl  Arte  de  la  Imprenta  en  Sovilla,  y  acaso  de  toda  Espana,'  observes  Loren- 
zana,  in  Cortex,  Jlixt.  N.  Kxpai'm,  171,  but  this  is  a  great  mistake,  for  jirintinf^ 
had  been  done  already  fur  several  decades  in  .Spain.  An  Italian  abstract 
of  the  letter  appeared  immediately  after,  as  Noue  de  k  fxolc  d-  Terra  j\  nna 
Nouamcnte  trouate  In  India  per  el  CupHaneo  de  larmnfa  de  la  Cex'irra  Mai  xlulf. 
Mcdlnlatii  decimoxexto  cale.  Decembrla  M.D.XXII.  A  reprint  of  tlic  Seville 
text  was  issued  at  Saragossa  in  January,  152.3.  A  later  abrid;,'ed  account  of 
the  conquest  is  given  iu  Ein  schoiie  AViw  zeijtuwi  so  Kayxcrlleh  MayextH  aiixs 
India  yctz  widicfi  zukomtnin  sciiid,  ascribed  to  Sigmund  Grinmi  of  Augsburg, 
about  1522.  Bibliot/ieca  GrenrilUaim  muX  Ilarrixxe.  Tcmaux-C(iinp;ins  wrongly 
supposes  the  narrative  to  extend  only  to  1510.  instead  of  l.'>22,  and  !ib.-*unie3 
the  imprint  to  bo  Augsburg,  \'>'20.  Dibl.  Amir.,  5.  Pcrliaps  1.523  is  the  moru 
coiTcct  date,  which  may  also  be  ascribed  to  Trexxarree  Impvriale  el  rafholiipie 
viayeste.  .  .euxt  nouuellea  dex  marches  yxlea  et  tvrre  J'erme  occeanex.  Cohijjhon, 
fi)l.  10.  Dcpnix  xont  venuex  a  au  marjexte  iioiiiicllex  de,  ccrlairx  y.dcx  frotiiirz  p  I  x 
V'ljmiptoh  plainex  dexpeccrie  et  beaiicop  de  mines  dor,  lexijUi's  nonniVcx  il  re'iu/it 
(II  cexte  rdle  de  vailladolid  le  primier  doctobre  a-v.  cent,  u-xij.  This  is  a  i>ook 
noticed  by  no  bibliographer  except  Sabui,  who  Ixjlieves  that  it  contiiins  oidy 
the  second  letter,  although  the  holder  supposes  the  tliird  letter  to  l)e  also  ii.seil. 
In  1524  appeared  the  first  Latin  version  of  the  second  letter,  by  Savorgnanus, 
Prarclara  Ferdinildi  CortexUde  Xotta  mnrix  Oceani  Ilyxpania  Xarnilio,  .SOrini- 
h< r<ia.  M.D.XXIIIL,  which  contains  a  copy  of  the  now  lost  map  of  tlie  ( iwlf 
of  Mexico,  and  also  a  plan  of  Mexico  City.  In  the  same  year  two  Itilian 
translations  of  this  version,  by  Liburnius,  Ln  Preclara  Xarraiimi'',  were 
jirinted  at  Venice,  one  by  Lcxona,  the  other  by  Sabio,  yet  both  at  the  instance 
of  Pedcrzani.  The  jilan  and  map  are  often  missing.  Antonio,  liib.  Ilixp.  \<,rii, 
iii.  .375,  mentions  only  Lcxona's  issue.  A  translation  from  Flavigny  appeared 
ill  the  Porlj'olio,  Philadelphia,  1817.  The  originals  of  the  sccimd  and  otiii  r  let- 
ters were,  iu  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  '  en  lu  Librcria  dc  Don 


MS 


KING  MiVKINO  AND  CO!^'i:RTIXr,. 


Tlio  couiK'il  also  wrote  a  letter  to  the  einjx'ror, 
H|K:ilclng   h()i)elully  of  the  conquest,  which    already 

Miiriifl  Xnflez  <lc  Rojas,  ilcl  Conscjo  Renl  i\e  las  Ordcnos.'Bayi  Pinelo,  Epitumr, 
ii.  .V,)7.  Much  of  tlio  vugufiioss  which  invulvcH  tliu  nun'ative  of  eventK 
iufviims  to  tlie  llight  fwiii  Mexico  may  Ix;  due  to  the  loss  of  iliary  luii 
(lociiiiuTits  during  tliat  cpino'lc.  The  Iohs  was  convenient  to  (.'ortt'-s,  hIiioa)  it 
iiHiii'ded  .-in  excuse  fur  gloHoiiig  over  many  irrej^ularitieii  and  niiofortunes. 

'J'lic  third  letter,  dated  (Joyuhuacan,  ftlay  1 3,  1322,  and  relutinf^  t!ie  sie-'c 
and  full  of  Mexioo,  was  firet  published  at  Seville,  on  t'romljerger's  jxtm, 
Man'li  ;«),  I32y,  tut  Cnrla  ttrccru  de  relacid:  eiuhitula  jior  Fcriid'lo  rortis  rajii- 
tail  II  iimtlriii  m'li/'ir  dd  yncatan  llamailn  lit  7iue.U'i  rnnina  dil  mar  ornini.  It 
received  a  reproduction  in  Latin  liy  the  same  hand  and  at  the  name  tiiii"  us 
tln'  Bt'cond  letter,  lioth  were  reprinted,  together  with  Bonio  nutusinnury  let- 
ti-rs  and  Peter  Martyr's  Ih  /imulis,  in  De  liivvUf  nu/ier  InreulU  I'lriUhundi 
I'lmttnii.  Colomir.,  M.1).XXX1I.  The  titl'!-page  displays  a  portrait  of 
Cliarles  v., and  is  Ijordered  with  hisarma.  Martyr's  part,  which  tells  rather 
l)ri<!ily  of  Cortijs,  found  frequent  rejirint,  while  the  bccoiuI  and  third  li'Ucrs 
Were  rt^publiiihcd,  with  other  matter,  in  tho  tSiHinish  Thexoro  de  virlii'ti-H, 
13-llt;  in  the  (.iermati  /'frdiiianili  ('oiimii.  \'oii  dcm  ycurii  J/l>i/>aiiii ii.  An'j^- 
piini,  1530,  wherein  they  are  called  tirst  and  second  nairatives,  and  divid.'d 
into  chapters,  with  considerable  lilierty;  in  tlic  Latin  Aoi'im  ifiljin  of  1333 
anil  lOUi;  nn<l  in  the  HeniiBh  Nicmre  Wrrnll  of  \M'.\;  while  a  French 
!il)riil;jnient  appeared  at  Paris  in  1332.  Tho  secret  epistle  uceonimnyiii'X  the 
third  letter  was  lirst  printed  in  Col.  Doc.  Inid.,  i.,  and  afterword  by  Kings- 
iM^i'oii'^h  and  <layanjros. 

'i'lio  fourth  letter,  on  tho  progress  of  conquest  after  the  fall  of  Mijxieo, 
dated  at  Teniixtitan  (Mexico),  October  13,  1.324,  waa  issued  at  Toledo,  l.VJ'i, 
.vs  Ij(1  fjiiarta  nlwion,  together  with  Alvarado's  and  tJodoy's  reiMjrt.s  to 
(/ortes.  A  seeouti  edition  followed  at  Valencia  the  year  alter.  'J'lie  secret 
letter  acconinunying  it  Mas  not  published  till  lt>(i3,  when  Icizbalceta,  the 
Avell  known  Mexican  collector,  reproduced  it  in  seiMiratc  bluckdetter  foiui, 
and  in  his  (!ol.  J)oc.,  i.  470-83. 

Tlio  substance  of  the  alxjve  three  relations  has  iK'cn  eiven  inavast  nunilMT 
of  eollections  and  histories,  while  in  only  a  limited  uuml>er  have  they  Iweu  rv- 
])ro(luced  in  a  full  or  abridged  form,  the  lin*t  reproduction  Iniing  in  the  tiiird 
volume  of  ItaviumoV iaijii'i ,  of  13.30,  I5(i3,  and  IClHi,  which  contains  several  otlier 
i)i(H'es  on  the  conquest,  all  supplied  with  appropriate  headings  ond  marginals. 
iJiircia  next  published  them  direct  from  the  maimscript,  in  the  H'mloi-i'tihnu 
Primitiros,  i.  This  collection  bears  the  imprint  Madrid,  1749,  but  the  kttt  is 
had  already  been  printed  in  1731,  as  Pinelo  atlinns,  Epitomf.  ii.  507.  Jiare.ii 
died  a  few  years  before  his  set  wjis  issued.  From  this  source  Archlii.^hup 
Lorenzana  took  the  version  published  by  him  under  the  title  of  Jli-<turi'i  ('«' 
Suivu-K»itana,  Mexico,  1770,  which  is  not  fwe  from  omissions  and  faults, 
1  hough  jH'ovided  with  valuable  notes  on  localities  and  customs,  and  bupjili- 
niented  with  illustrated  pieces  on  routes  and  native  institutions,  n  niai)  <>f 
New  iSjMiln  by  Alzate,  an  article  on  the  Gobierno  Politico  by  V'i;t!ineiirt,  a 
•  :i>j)y  of  a  native  tribute-roll  from  picture  records,  not  very  accurately  ex- 
plained, and  the  first  map  of  Lower  California  and  adjoining  coast,  liy 
CastiHo,  in  1341.  This  version  of  the  letters  was  reproduced  in  ISew  \"\k, 
1821;^,  with  a  not  wholly  successful  attempt  by  Del  Mar  to  introduce  moil<  rii 
spelling.  The  work  is  also  marked  by  a  number  of  omisttions  and  bluuil<'r-<, 
!!iid  the  introductory  biographic  sketch  by  llolxjrt  Sands  adds  little  to  iis 
value.  All  abridgment  fi'om  Lorenzana  appeared  as  t'orimpoiiitaiici'  dr  /•'<  '•■ 
nfiiid  Cortes,  par  Ic  ViconUe  de  Flariijny,  Paris,  1778,  which  obtained  tlii'n 
ri'prints  during  tho  following  year  at  difl'erent  places.  A  great  ni.iny 
lii)ertie8  arc  taken  with  facts,  as  may  be  imagined;  ond  the  letters  are,  I"- 
side,  luisnujned  first,  second,  and  third.  Fix»m  the  same  source,  or  ])ei-li:ij).s 
from    Flaviguy,    of    whom    they  suvur,    are  Uri^'e  dea  I'erdiuand   Cvrtm, 


"ox 
the 

Hnide 

reeted 

in  Fn- 

Cortmi, 

'Hh 

<inte<|  , 

Lil»ran 

■  till.,  i". 

lislu'd  1 

and,    ill 

I'ore  no 

and  (he 

her  lit 

K'ihadci 

bein;,'  fa 

iiiifiito 

'■"lleciie 

inost  ciii 

iieeted  V 

'•ydayai 

nienioria 

tiiiio.     ,-1 

'•otnmitt< 
witiiont 
absurd. 
Iiisolhor 
the  Kid)st 
<Hiedo,  i 

'I'K'St,    (ll( 

tlie  oCher 

IJesid. 

orders,  ini 

''•'l.dcl-k 

<  ]>/.  /),„:  ; 

histories  r 
''"'V'w,  .M, 
I 'resents 
tions,  men 
I'laints  III 

Corte.! 

tarieaof  (•; 

^vlio  SpoIvO 

"ii"  sup(ri( 

feelings,  an 

*  'ort(Vi  Was 

of  (I  hurd 

•til  ndviM.'atc 

tlie.statenu 

that  CiK-te.- 

iitteriiijf  a  f 

'•lit  it  reijiii 

'■nhU',1  mis: 

It   l,est   for 
"'•':riiiiV  tlid 


■"■al  and  ,si 
''^■ing  even 


OTHKR  DOCUMENTS. 


MO 


"oxtomlcd  over  one   hundred   an<l  fifty 
the  coast,  from   Rio  Grande  de  Tabasco 


(> 


f 


leaj^uos 
to  11  io  de 


iroidollHTS,  1770,  with  Bpvonil  rcprodiictiond.  ami  witli  noto-i;  and  the  pnr- 
ivcU'il  Jirirrrn  van  Frrdiuun<l  Curttn,  AmMtonluin,  17>S(>-1.  'I'lio  lintt  clitioii 
ill  Kn.'^lisli,  from  LorcnMiii.i,  was  iAsiu'd  \>y  FuUuin,  anl>r^it>itchi'*o/  ll<  rnaii<lit 
Vurl'f,  New  York,  IH4;i,  also  with  nott-H. 

'i'hu  liith  Ifttor  of  the  cuniiucror,  on  the  famoiiii  expedition  to  Ilomhims, 
dated  at  Tfinixtitnii,  Sopteni'ier  3,  I.VJCi,  lay  liidden  in  tliu  Vienna  luv  <Tial 
Lihrary  till  liol)ort»on'«  Hearch  for  the  lirst  letter  hroiiyiit  it  to  li;,ht.  HimI. 
Am.,  i.  xi.  llo  made  wso  of  it,  Imt  the  lirst  coniph^tc  copy  wum  not  piib- 
lisheil  till  of  late,  in  <W.  Itor.  lurtl.,  iv,  8  l()7,  reprinted  at  New  York,  ISIH, 
and,  ia  tniuslation.  in  the  Ilakluyt  Soeiety  collection,  J^ondon,  IK4>S.  It 
liiire  no  date,  hut  the  copy  found  at  Madriil  has  that  of  Seiiteml>er  .'I,  l.ViJI, 
and  the  eonimnion  letter  print<-<l  in  (.'oL  l)i>r.  Iniil.,  i.  I  i-'J.'t,  that  of  Septem- 
ber llth.  'i'hia,  ni  well  as  the  preceding  letters,  wua  ixsnctl  hy  Vedia,  in 
liihadi'neyra'rt  IVih'mUrii  </r  Antorrit  IJn/.aii'di^,  xxii. ;  tlic  Jir.it  three  I'tters 
liein,.;  taken  from  Uarcia,  and  the  fifth  from  it*  MS.  The  letter  of  the  uynntn- 
niii'nto  i.s  ^iven  un<l  a  hihliograpliic  notice  of  little  value.  A  very  Hiniilur 
O"lli'ction  i)  to  bo  fonnil  in  tho  JlJtHnlrra  /f!-lnri'-it  ifr  In  fhrrin,  i.  I'.iit  tho 
most  (' >nii)leto  reproduction  nf  tho  ]irinci[>iil  writinjfn  l>y  ('ort<''n,  and  con- 
nected wuh  him,  is  ia  tiio  i'arUu  ;/  Itilncidnr.i  i/c  /fi rutin  (  'oiIih,  I'urin,  l.SiKi, 
hy  ( !!iyan:,'o9,  which  coiitaiiiH  'JG  i)icc(<:»,  K'side  tlie  relationo,  chiclly  lettcr.-i  .'uid 
niemoriulH  t;>  the  sovcreii'n,  a  tiiird  of  which  arc  hero  pnntcd  for  tlie  )ir«t 
time.  Allhoujjh  a  few  ot  LoreniU-uia's  Munderd  lind  correction,  others  are 
lommittfd,  and  the  notes  of  the  archliisliop  arc  adopted  without  crctlit,  and 
witiiout  tliu  necessary  amendment  of  date,  etc.,  which  often  mnkes  tiiein 
ahsurd.  T!io  earliest  comliined  proiliictioa  of  ('irtcs' relations,  ami  m  ;ny  of 
lii.i  other  writings,  may  he  cre<litrd  to  Peter  Martyr,  wiio  in  his  ]h<-aili-i  pivo 
tiic  kuIksUuico  of  all  tliut  they  relate,  althouj^'h  he  also  min^ded  other  versions. 
Oviedo,  in  tho  third  volume  of  his  llUt.  ili-n.,  gives  two  versions  of  the  <on- 
i|iiest,  the  first,  p.  'J."8  et  set].,  almost  a  reproduction  of  Cortes'  letters,  ami 
the  oLher,  p.  SIXJ  et  seq.,  from  iliilerent  sourecs. 

l>(«ido  tlic  relations,  tlieroaro  a  numlK>rof  mi.scellaneoub  letters,  iiotitions, 
orders,  instnictions,  and  rcj^ulationa,  l)yCort(''s,  Liru'cly  pnhlishml  in  ^ni-nrri'tc, 
i'lil.i/el'ia'ji'n;  C'ul.  Dcx'.  Inid.;  Pnrhceo  aml('tirileiia-',<'oh  Dor.;  JeiizUt/rrla, 
('i)l.  i)iii\;  l\inii>ihorouijh''M  Mr.r.  AntUj.;  Alnnnn,  /V/Vr^,  and  nsapjx'ndicen  to 
iiistorica  of  Mexico.  A  special  collection  is  tho  Kicrilox  Surltox  ile  J/minn 
Curli'ii,  Mcx.,  1871,  forming  vol.  xii.  of  tho  Jii/>.  IJi't.  </••  In  Ibi-ria,  wliich 
prcscnt.s  43  miscellaneous  documents  from  various  jtrinled  soinres,  instruc- 
tions, memorials,  and  hrief  letters,  nearly  all  of  which  arc  filled  with  com- 
pluiuls  against  ruling  men  in  Mexico. 

Corte.i'  letters  have  not  inajjtly  lM>en  compared  hy  Prescott  to  tho  Conimen- 
tarioaof  Ca-.sar,  for  lx)th  men  were  military  conmiandcrs  of  the  highest  onler, 
who  8[«>kc  and  wrote  like  soldiers;  htit  tlicir  relative  jjositions  with  re<;ai(l  to 
tho  superior  authorities  of  their  statei  were  different,  ami  so  were  liicii-  'i>^e 
feelings,  and  their  times,  and  these  feat  res  are  stamped  niK)n  their  vfiLin'.,'s. 
Cortci  was  not  the  powerful  consnl,  the  commander  of  legions,  but  tlie  liader 
of  a  Iiorde  of  adventurers,  and  an  nsjiinint  for  favor,  who  niiulo  his  narr.itive 
an  ailviM.-ate.  The  simplicity  and  cmrfry  of  the  style  leml  an  air  of  tniili  t() 
tliestiitoments,  and  Helps,  r.niongf)thers,  i.i  so  iinprcsscl  thereby  as  t  >  <hil.;re 
tliiit  Corti'.H  'would  as  soon  have  thou;;!it  of  committing  a  small  tlicft  ;  .s  of 
uttering  a  f.ilschood  in  a  despatch  addressed  to  hi.s  sovereimi.'  ( 'm-li ■^.  li.  'J!  I. 
Hut  it  riMjuii-c  I  little  study  of  the  reports  to  discover  that  they  are  full  "f  ral- 
<  iilateil  misstatements,  Ixjth  direct. -indnegatiw,  made  whenever  he  consiileri-d 
it  be>t  for  his  interest  to  conceal  disagreeable  and  discreditable  fai-ts,  or  to 
iii;i;;nify  the  dan:;er  and  the  deed.  They  are  also  stamiwd  with  the  religious 
/eal  !ind  superstition  (^f  the  age,  the  naive  expressions  of  n-liance  on  <  !<m1 
beiujj  even  more  frequent  than  the  measured  dccbratioos  of  dbvuteduetxi  to 


MO 


KIXCJMAKIXO  -VXD  COXVERTIXO. 


Piiiitjro,"''  while  the  rotimiiulcr  of  the  Interior  was 
on  the  sure  way  to  recUiction,  under  the  able  lead- 
('rshi[)  of  Corte.s,  whose  valor  and  energy  tluy 
praised. 

They  prayed  that  ho,  the  beloved  of  all  the  troops, 
inij^ht  be  confirmed  hi  the  office  of  captain-general,  as 
the  oidy  man  whose  genius  and  experience  could  Im- 
relied  on  to  carry  out  and  maintain  the  conquest. 
Th(»  natives  being  docile  and  ready  to  rece'ive  conver- 
hIoh,  fViars  should  be  sent  to  secure  this  harvest  for 
t!ie  church,  and  also  to  administer  to  the  spiritual 
wants  of  the  .Spaniards.  Colonists  were  needed;  also 
lu)rscs,  and  other  live-stock — the  latter  to  be  j)aid  fni' 
at  a  future  time — in  order  to  secure  the  country  and 
devclo[>  its  wealth. 

Wltli  these  letters  went  one  from  the  army,  which, 
recounting  but  briefly  the  leading  incidents  of  the 
campaigns,  had  for  its  main  object  to  decry  Xarvaez 
and  Velazquez  as  the  sole  cause  of  all  the  disasters 
that  had  occurred  in  the  country,  and  to  })raise  Cortes 
as  a  noble,  loyal,  and  able  man,  by  whom  alone  tin; 

till'  king ;  wliilo  in  between  arc  calmly  related  the  most  coUl-bkxklcd  outrages 
onlK'lialf  of  both.  Tliorc  in  no  apparent  ell'ort  toattnict  attention  to  iiiins'lf; 
thcio  in  evt'ii  at  times  displayed  a  nK«h>s*  '  most  refreshing  in  the  nnrrativi! 
of  his  own  achievements,  by  which  writers  avo  as  a  rule  been  quite  entranced ; 
but  this  savors  of  calculation,  for  the  general  tone  is  iu  support  of  the  <;/<>, 
and  this  often  to  the  exclusion  of  deserving  olBccrs.  Indeed,  generous  allusions 
to  the  character  or  deeds  of  others  arc  not  fre(iuent,  or  they  are  merged  iu 
the  non-conunitting  term  of  'one  of  my  captains.'  I'edro  do  Alv;iradj  com- 
plains  of  this  iu  one  of  his  /irfucioinn,  in  JJurcin,  Ilisf.  /'rim.,  i.  Ki.VO.  In 
trutii,  the  calculating  egotism  of  the  diplomatc  mingles  freely  with  the  frank 
n"sa  of  the  soldier.  Cort(5s,  however,  is  ever  mindful  of  his  character  as  an 
liidal^'o,  for  he  never  sttwps  to  nuanness,  and  even  in  speaking  of  his  eaeuiies 
lie  dx's  not  lesort  to  the  invectives  or  sharp  insinuations  which  they  so  fiicly 
Bcattcr.  His  style  bears  evidence  of  training  in  rhetoric  and  I^itin,  yettlie 
parade  of  tlie  latter  is  not  so  fre(|uent  as  might  be  e.xiKJctcd  from  the  hali-hri  d 
sUulent  and  zealot.  Equally  indic.itivc  arc  his  regulations  and  iustructi  mis  ( <{ 
th"  experience  gained  as  notary  and  alcalde,  and  the  promise  once  entert;dni<l 
of  him  as  a  legal  light.  Th'3  sentences  are  remarkably  concise  and  clear  for 
th(^  time,  and  the  expression  both  fluent  and  pure.  The  whole  tends  to  ci in- 
firm the  opinion  already  formed  of  his  character,  as  one  who,  while  not  wholly 
free  from  tlefects  of  his  age,  indulged  iu  grand  views,  and  stood  forward  con- 
spicuous as  a  born  leailer  of  men. 

^'  Of  tiie  central  provinces  actually  under  control  Herrcra  cnumor.it'  <; 
Cempoala,  with  50  towns  and  villages,  containing  over  120,009  families;  Tl:i^ 
cala,  with  00  vassal  lords,  over  120,000;  Iluexotzinco,  50,000;  Chohili, 
40.0u0;  Tepoaca,  Acatzingo,  and  Quecholae,  80,000;  QuauhipicchoUan  unJ 
Itiucau,  20,000;  'beside  a  number  of  others.'  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xviii. 


Mn:<snxf;nrvS. 


CdiKUK'st  roiild  lie  iiiliicvfd.-*  Tlicso  ainl  odi.r  1.  tiers 
wore  iiitnistrd  to  Alunso  do  Mnidoza,  a  t(»u  iisiiiiiii  of 
Corfc's,  toirctlicr  with  thirty  thousand  |k'so,,  in  liltlis 
and  presents,  and  a  nuiaher  of  eonunissions  lioni  dill'er- 
cnt  nienibers  of  the  evj.  d'tion.  A  well  appointed 
vessel  was  assi;^ned  tor  the  voyau^i',  and  tlute  other 
vessels  were  despatched  f(»r  Espanola,  tlieie  to  inlist 
recruits  and  to  huy  hoi'ses.arnis  and  ajuniunit  ion, cattle, 
clothinj^,  and  other  re(|uirenjents,and  lour  sti-i)n:Lf  ves- 
sels to  maintain  tratlic  with  the  Antille,^.  Letters 
were  sent  to  Lit-enciado  Il()dri<fO  de  Fi;^ueri,i  and 
other  royal  ofliceis  on  the  Islaml,  inclosin.;  duplicates 
of  those  loi-warded  to  Spain;  and  a  nunil)i"-  oi"  spoci- 
niens  of  the  jtiwels,  manufactures,  and  .uural  r<'- 
sources  of  the  country,  were  transmitted  as  pr<-^ents 
and  as  :;i;ii[)les  to  allure  recruit ;.  The  Liters  and  the 
ample  fimds  for  the  enlistment  and  purchases  were 
iniiusted  to  Contador  Avila  and  anotluT  ollicer,'^' 
with  instructions  to  use  every  effort  to  conlirm  tho 
audiencia  otHcials  in  their  j^ood  opinion  of  CortJs,  so 
that  they  mii^ht  jilead  his  cause  in  Sj)ain.  Tlu;  ill- 
treatment  of  Aillon  hy  ^'elaz(|uez  and  Xarvat'.c  had 
already  imj)elled  them  to  do  this,  as  we  have  sisen. 
Their  advice  was  to  bo  askod  roffardinjjr  the  enslave- 

"'  Xiirvacz  it  w;is,  tlioy  said,  who  without  right  or  witlio  it  i>xlul)itin;i 
cviilciici!  of  such  right,  hail  set  liiirnclf  up  against  Corti';«i,  iiMil  li.";iui  to  rouan 
tho  natives  a','aiii.st  i  iiu  and  his  f  )ll'>W('r.-i  a.i  piratical  intrii  '.(."*,  ialciit  on 
mischief,  wliilo  liis  own  aiiiiouiiccd  (il)jcct  was  to  right  thi:  iiii-ivcs,  rcieasi! 
Mdutf/nnia,  and  then  tn  depart  I'runi  tho  country  without  ta!;i:i;,'  oven  u''il<l 
M  ith  him.  These  intri,.;iies  eauseil  the  uprising  whicli  loMt  .M::;ico  to  the 
I  iiii)eri)r,  together  witli  so  many  limich'ed  lives  and  millions  of  tvatiin.'.  To 
Vei.iZ([Uez,  tlierefore,  no  contiol  sliould  1h-  given  in  a  country  1  '-l  tlirou'jli  thi! 
i.iachiiiations  of  himself  and  his  lieutenant.  If  any  grants  liad  li.';  n  m.ide  to 
him,  they  wen;  haseil  on  false  n'[iresentations,  and  would  im[)e;il  tln^  palely  of 
these  extensive  and  ricli  lands.  Tlie  sei'ond  object  of  tlie  la.L,  r  v.as  to  laud 
the  eharaeterof  Corti''S  as  a  man  and  .soldier,  and  to  pray  th:it  Ii''  !>..■  e  lalifiiied 
in  the  oliieo  of  captain-general  and  jnsticia  mayor  as  the  only  .it.  and  worthy 
jierson.  At  the  foot  came  t!ie  .■;i;,'nature  of  .");>l  Spaniards,  the  niaj.jrity  of 
tile  troops,  headed  hy  Alvanido,  Orda/,  and  similar  warm  fiii';id.i  of  the  eoni- 
iiiander,  ami  also  liy  sneh  jiroiuinent  i)ersonage3  of  the  N'arva<;.;  party  as 
Vaseo  I'orcallo,  and  .luan  Diax,  tile  elergyman.  1'  mal  Dia ;  was  ;itul  d  )Wii 
witli  fever,  wliie'i  uecouuts  for  the  aliscneo  of  his  naiiiu.  Many  ollier.s  wlio.so 
names  migiit  have  been  adiled  were  prolxihly  away  on  c:;;).' liii  ).i.i  and  on 
garrison  duty.     For  copy  of  lettcu- see  lm-ha!ri'tii,('iil.  Do\,\.  \^',\i,). 

-'•'  WWnn  Hernal  Dia<4  calls  I'ranciioo  Alvarez  Chico;  and  Veta.icart,  Fran- 
cisco Hernandez. 


L\ 


t'f 


S52 


FTXGMAKixn  A^^)  cox^'ERTI^'o. 


mcnt  of  robols  and  other  measures,  and  their  authority 
and  aid  souuflii,  for  ohtaining  men  and  stores.*  Anotlicr 
vessel  was  sent  under  Solis^'  to  Jamaica  to  buy  horses 
and  war  material.  Bcrnal  Diaz,  does  not  fail  to  point 
out  the  evidence  in  the  large  remittance  for  Spain 
and  the  Antilles  of  treasures  secretly  taken  from 
Mexico  by  Cortds  and  his  clique,  and  accuses  him 
of  having  appropriated  also  the  share  for  Villa  Rica, 
claimed  to  have  been  captured  by  the  Indians  during 
its  transmission  from  Tlascala.^^ 

No  sooner  were  these  preparations  announced 
than  Duero  and  a  number  of  others  of  the  Narvaez 
party  claimed  a  fulfilment  of  the  promise  regarding 
their  departure.  The  success  of  the  Spanish  arms 
and  the  allurement  of  spoils  had  reconciled  most  of 
the  lately  disaffected,  so  that  those  who  now  demanded 
to  return  were  only  a  few  of  the  more  wealthy.  The 
services  of  these  could  be  readily  dispensed  with,  now 
that  sudi  large  reinforcements  had  been  received,  and 
tlu)  display  of  their  accumulations  at  homo  might 
inspire  fresh  recruits.  Therefore  Cortes  gave  his 
consent,  with  abundant  promises  that  as  soon  as  the 
conquest  was  fully  accomplished,  gold  and  other  re- 
wards would  flow  on  those  who  supported  his  cause 
either  in  the  Islands  or  in  Spain.  Leaders  like  Duero 
and  I3cM'nmdez  were  the  chief  recipients  of  such  ofl'ers; 
and  offers  alone  they  remained  in  most  instances,  for 


'"  licrnal  Diaz  insinuates  that  there  wcro  a  nuinl)or  of  ofTicers  far  more 
suitiihlu  tliaii  (.'iijitain  Avila  for  this  inisaion,  )>ut  Cortes  tUisired  to  hi  rid  of 
so  outspoken  an  observer  and  cliampion  of  the  men,  and  at  tlie  same  tini<!  to 
promote  tiui  nion;  pliable  Alonao  do  (Jrado  to  th(!  vacated  oontailuria,  and  the 
•I'votcd  And!'(''^<  dc  Tapia  to  tlie  captaincy.  Ho  tliinks  that  Grado,  or  Alonso 
do  Ciiceres,  the  ricli,  should  have  been  sent.  Ilht.  I'l'rJwl.,  117.  His  insimi- 
ati>m  cannot  be  wholly  correct,  however,  since  ,\vila  had  already  b:'en  for 
Bomu  time  alcalde  mayor  of  New  Spain,  and  (Irado,  contador.  See  Lijitldc, 
Pro'iriiizi,  in  /ra-Jialrctn,  Cn/.  Doc,  i.  419  et  RC(]. 

^'  'i)(Mp!i(M  do  j;anado  Mexico,  lo  llamamos  Solia  el  do  la  hnerta,  yerno 
de.  ..i'.icliilicrOrtejfa.'  Ilixt.  Venfmf.,  US. 

^■'  Tlii-;  uitlior  indicates  the  despatch  of  only  throe  vessels  for  Spain,  K-i- 
piifiola,  and  .Jamaica,  respectively,  one  of  which,  or  a  fourth,  conveyed  tlio 
retuniin.;  ndlicrents  of  Narvaez.  A/.,  117.  i>ut  Cortes  writes:  'Kuvioa  la 
i.ila  Ivijiaiiola  cuatro  navios  ])ar.n,  (pie  luen;o  vuelvan  car'jjadoi  de  caballos  V 
pv.ite.'  (>(/•,'((.•),  I,")4,  IG'i.  The  Jamaica  vc^bcl  is  probably  included  in  tl'.ii 
number. 


SEGURA  DE  LA  FRONTERA. 


533 


Cork's  was  not  the  man  to  rowanl  desertion.  Duero 
and  others  evidently  expected  nothing  more,  since  they 
were  soon  after  found  arrayed  on  the  side  of  A^elazquez. 
When  some  among  the  Cortes  party  raised  ohjcNtionjj 
to  this  diminution  of  the  force,  they  were  (juieted  \vit!i 
the  declaration  tha*  the  army  was  better  rid  of  un- 
willing and  inefiicient  soldiers,  whose  presence  served 
only  to  discourage  others.*' 

The  vessel  for  Spain  and  two  of  those  for  the  Islands 
were  wrecked  on  the  coast;  and  one  consequence  was 
that  Mendoi-ia's  departure  was  delayed  till  the  oth  of 
March,  lie  took  with  him  a  supplementary  letter 
for  the  emperor,  relating  the  progress  so  far  made  for 
the  recovery  of  Mexico.  By  this  time  Ordaz  was, 
according  to  T3ernal  Diaz,  commissioned  to  join  him 
and  plead  the  cause  of  Cortt5s  before  the  emperor,  and 
at  the  same  time  to  receive  the  reward  for  his  many 
achievements,  one  of  which  was  the  ascent  of  the 
volcano.  Several  of  the  Narvacz  party  ai)pear  to 
have  left  by  the  same  vessel.^ 

In  course  of  the  late  campaign  the  advantages  of  tlio 
town  of  Topeaca  for  permanent  occupation  had  become 
apparent,  chiefly  as  a  point  of  observation  for  watching 
over  the  new  conquest.  It  was  well  situated  for  pro- 
tecting the  road  to  Villa  llica,^'  and  for  couununicating 
with  (Jholula  and  Tlascala,  each  capital  eight  or  nine 
leagues  distant,  and  it  lay  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 

''  r>criiiil  Diiiz  n,vr»o3  twelve  of  those  who  returned,  two  goini?  merely  to 
hrinj'  tlu'ir  cIiiLhvii.  Pilot  Carileiuis,  wliose  clamor  at  the  treasure  repartition 
nt  ^lexieo  had  called  the  attention  of  Cortes,  was  allowed  to  return  to  U'\4 
family,  with  a  i)resentof  ,TJl)  pesos  from  the  general,  o.ily  to  juin  the  raiikt  of 
his  enemies.  With  one  of  the  Cubans  Cortt'S  sent  some  hullionaiid  ji'Wils  to 
Iiis  wife  ami  hi'other-iii-li.,\v.  Bcriial  Diaz,  Hid.  IVn/a*/.,  1 17  ;  Vdinrrrl,  'J'/afro 
M<.f.,  )it.  iii.  MS. 

"C.ieeivs  also  joined  the  commissioners.  Beriml  Dinz,  Ili/il.  I'rnlnil.,  117. 
riaviL;ero  names  Ordaz  as  the  sole  commi.ssioner,  and  ho  was  prohaMy  tho 
prineipal.  Storl.i  Mr^n.,  iii.  KJO. 

'•• '  I'ara  el  eamino  dc  la  costii  do  la  mar  no  hay  ma.<?  d(^  dos  puertns  muy 
a;,'ros  y  Asperos,  ijue  coulinau  con  estii  dicha  pnivincia. '  Ccrl'.i,  ('iirfa.'t.  Il.'i. 
'(^ue  Hi'uoreaua  los  }mertiis,  el  vuo  <pic  se  dizo  do  Sicidehima,  j)  ir  d mde  Ids 
Castellanos  enlraron  in\  aqnella-i  partes,  y  el  otro  de  (Juoeinda,  Icjua  y  mrdia 
di  Tepeaia,  pur  donde  va:i  loj  ca.ninoj  Re  ilea  do  la  villa  Rica.'  llirnri,  dee. 
ii.  lib   X.  cap.  .\vi. 


654 


KING-MAKING  AND  CON\'ERTINO. 


rnalze  country,  wliicli  offered  ample  subsistence  for  a 
garrison.  Althougli  the  punishment  at  first  inilicted, 
by  sacking  and  enslavin<^,  had  been  severe,  yet  tlie 
treatment  of  the  inhabitants  became  afterward  so 
considerate  tliat  tliey  tliemsclves  prayed  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  S[)anish  protection.**  Every  circumstance, 
therefore,  demanding  a  settlement,  it  was  decided  in 
council  to  found  a  villa  in  this  same  town,  with  tlie 
appropriate  name  of  Segura  do  la  Frontera,  intended, 
as  it  was,  to  secure  the  frontier  against  the  ^lexicans. 
Pedro  de  Ircio  was  made  alcalde,  with  Francisco  de 
Orozco  and  others  as  rcgidores.^^ 

The  cam^jaign  being  practically  concluded,  a  division 
was  ortlered  to  be  made  of  the  spoils  not  hitherto 
distributed,  including  slaves,  which  had  now  become 
a  prominent  feature  thereof,  and  were  intended  for 
personal  and  [>lantation  service,  as  already  pi'actised 
in  the  Antilles.  The  pretence  was  to  enslave  only 
the  inhabitants  of  districts  concerned  in  the  murdt  r 
of  Spaniards,  but  the  distinction  was  not  very  strictly 
observed,  and  rebellious  tribes  and  those  addicted  t<> 
cannibalism  ond  other  vicious  practices  were  included. '" 
The  Sjianiards,  as  a  rule,  kept  only  the  women  and 
the  children,  the  men  being  transferred  to  the  alHcs 
for  their  share,  "because  they  were  difficult  to  watch," 


""' '  Le  auian  pcvlido  prosi'lio. '  Id.   Cortua  giv-oa  merely  tlio  strategic  motives. 

^'  Framisci)  (le  Soli.s,  ('ristuljal  Corral,  ami  Cristobal  Martin  are  iiu'iitioiii'l 
as  regidores  in  l'riili<inzn  <le  Lfjaldt',  in  Icazhulcdd,  t'ul.  Doc,  i.  ■118-111. 
JFerrcni  ailds  to  their  ranks  (leroiiiino  de  Agiiilar,  the  interpreter,  'jjoripie 
Bahia  t'orte.s  honrar. .  .lo.s  henemeritos.'  dec.  ii.  lih.  x.  eaji.  xvi.  The  vill.i 
uas  remoV(.'(l  after  tlie  eoii(|ue.st  to  a  new  sito  in  the  i)laiu,  not  far  from  t!i. 
old  town.  In  !.")»,">  it  reeeived  the  dignity  of  a  eity,  and  has  evor  siuce  rankr.l 
as  a  distriet  seat,  su])ported  to  some  extent  by  woollen  factories.  Of  the 
strong  fortress  erected  by  the  conquerors  the  reiniins  arc  still  to  be  seen  la 
the  pla/a  imder  the  name  of  cl  Ivollo  de  Tepeaca.  (.'himaJ]Hihi,  II, at.  ('mi'i., 
ii.  S;  and  in  S<ili<ujiiii,  Ilisf.  Com/,  (cd.  1S40),  14.">-(5.  In  Ilirnra,  dec.  ii. 
lib.  X  cap.  xxi.  is  given  a  description  of  the  city  and  distriet.  Clariiji  ro, 
Stdiia  .l/r'w.,  iii.  l.");t;  I'illa-Scuur  y  Sanchez,  Thenlro,  i.  248;  Alado,  in  !>"■. 
Uiii'v.,  V. 

'■^  'Tambien  me  movii')  ii  facer  los  dichoa  csclavoa  per  poncr  algiin  cspanto 
A  los  de  Culi'ia,  y  por(iiic  tambien  hay  tanta  g  .itc,  (pic  si  no  ficiese  grandi'  y 
eru^  1  e;'.stigo  en  ellos,  minca  se  cmend.irian.'  C'or/rn,  Carliu,  141;  Orir /n.  iii. 
3;>l.  '  Oiros  di/en  (pie  sin  partido  los  tomo  a  todos,  y  eastigo  a.si  a(|nellos  'Ji 
vC'gan(;a,  y  por  no  aiur  obedecido  sua  rocj[iicrimiotos,  por  putos,  por  ydolatra^,' 
etc.  (Jomura,  Jlist.Mcj:.,  lOiJ. 


ESJ^LAVEMENTS. 


655 


says  Bornal  T)iaz,  "and  because  their  sorvicos  wore 
not  needed  while  we  had  the  Tlascaltecs  witli  iis."^' 
The  soLhers  were  ordered  to  brinix  in  all  their 
captives,  which  from  the  first  had  been  branded  for 
recognition  with  a  *G,'  signifying  (jiicrra,  war.***  When 
the  day  for  distribution  came,  it  was  found  that  tlie 
leaders  and  favored  men  had  already  secured  their 
share  by  appropriating  the  prettiest  and  choicest 
slaves.  They  had  probably  been  priced  by  the  olJi- 
cials,  and  tlie  leaders,  being  entitled  to  larger  shares, 
had  secured  the  best  articles.  At  this  there  was  a 
considerable  uproar,  increased  by  the  outcry  against 
the  fifth  set  apart  for  Cortes,  after  detiucting  the 
royal  fifth."  How  the  matter  was  settled  is  not 
clear,  e\cej)t  that  the  general  had  recourse  to  the 
sootiilng  eixjuence  he  knew  so  well  how  to  apply, 
})romising  that  for  the  future  he  would  conform  to 
the  general  desire,  which  appeared  to  be  in  favor  of 
offering  the  slaves  at  auction,  so  as  to  arrive  at  their 


i  di 


"  f/is'.  VfTrfiifl.,  11(1.  This  ■was  probably  the  case,  and  Tnpia'a  tfstimony 
appears  to  coiinnu  it  in  saying  that  of  the  0000  captives  takcu  from  tlio 
Tfoainaclialco  rcjion  t!io  males,  "JODO  in  number,  were  slaiij,'litoreil  in  eolil 
blood.  t\trt<'.-t,  Hfx'ilf  irhi,  i.  T)',).  I'eriiaps  it  would  be  more  correct  to  asaumo 
that  a  few  Were  killed  to  expiate  the  murder  of  Spaniards,  while  the  rest  were 
given  to  the  Tl.■lsealtec^^. 

'"  '  Saluo  a  hw  Muv.^erofi  y  niilos,' says  Ilcrrcra,  which  leads  Rrasseur  do 
liourbourg  to  assiiiiie  that  women  and  children  were  nfit  enslaved.  Hint. 
Na'.  i'h\,  iv.  .'i70.  '  Creyero,  fj  a  cada  soldado  bolvcria  sua  piei^as,  y  (]  apre- 
ciarian  que  tantos  pesos  valian,  y  que  eomo  las  apreciasstni,  pagMsscn  el  <iuintrt 
a  8U  Ma'.;estad.'  Bi  riial  Diaz,  /list.  VerdiuL,  110-17.  This  could  hardly  have 
been  the  c.ise. 

*'  '  Mando  Cirtes  vender  a  mnchos  que  auia  prendido. .  .aplieando  vna 
jiarto  a  su  cxereit ).  y  a  otra  l;i  republiea  do  Tla.scala,  saeando  primero  el 
(piinto  que  perte'.icci.'i  .d  R("y.'  ffcrirrn,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xv.  '  V  ilesi>nes 
otro  i|uintti  par;i  Corte?;,'  adds  Vetaneiirt,  Tcatro  M<x.,  pt.  iii.  MS,  and  this 
iippe;irs  eorreet;  y-'t  (^lavi  ;ero  and  many  others  dij  not  refer  to  th(!  seco.id 
hfth.  This  (U'dnetion  was  dcelarecl  t)  be  an  attempt  at  iiistdlini,'  a  second 
kin'i  The  deceit  practised,  as  they  el  iinie(l,  at  tlio  distrilmtioii  of  treasure 
at  Mexico  was  aL,Mi!i  called  iqi,  and  declared  to  bo  less  outr.i;;c ous  tlian  tho 
jirescnt  etlort  to  defraud  poor  and  woundc<l  soldiers  of  the  \m?.o  for  which 
they  hail  shed  tluir-  blood.  Juan  B  )uo  de  Quexo  declared  that  he  would 
complain  to  the  e;np  'ror,  and  othei's  were  no  less  bitter.  Previous  to  thi-i  a 
e:ui;e  fi)r  dissatistaelion  had  been  given  by  a  proclamation  of  (' ii'ti'^s  ovd  'I'ing 
the  surrender  of  all  i;  il  I  saved  from  th"  common  tr<'as\iro  at  Mexjen,  thr  mn 
open  to  tlie  Holdi"r-i  o:i  the  eve  of  the  flight.  Oru;  third  ...is  to  be  i'et:iiii.' 1  by 
the  possessor.  .Many  refused  to  comply,  and  since  the  royal  otli'ialsau  1  le  i.levs 
had  sliareil  in  the  t,'i':isin'e.  the  proclamation  wasallowe  1  to  lipse.  Wliit  Icul 
boon  surrcndereil  Cortes  kept  aa  a  loan.  licnial  Dliz,  Hid,  Vcrdad.,  liO-117. 


KIXOMAKIXO  ANT)  CONVERTIXO. 

proper  vnluo,  nrul  to  m\o  all  niornl)ora  of  the  oxj)0(li- 
tioii  an  0(jiial  cliaMoo  m  socurini^  the  iiioiv  (k'siraltlc." 

Oiu'  of  llio  last  oxpcHlitiouH  fitted  out  at  Sc'Ljura  was 
for  llio  reduction  of  the  northern  route  to  Villa  Kiea, 
l»y  wliicli  ilie  Sj)aniards  had  first  ontere<l  the  plateau, 
and  lor  the  punishment  of  those  concerned  in  the  nuu-- 
der  of  Alc;intara  and  other  Spaniards,"  It  set  out  in 
the  lu'i^inninj^  of  Decondx'r,  under  Sandoval,  with  tw<> 
hundred  infantry,  twenty  horses,  and  the  usual  coni- 
|)leinent  of  allies,  and  entered  Xocotlan  valley,  which 
readily  suhuiittetl,  with  the  exception  of  the  main 
town,  named  Castilhlanco  during  the  first  entry  into 
the  country.  The  eaeirjue,  who  had  then  already 
shown  himself  unfriendly,  rejecteil  every  proj)osirion, 
with  the  threat  that  he  would  make  a  feast  on  the 
oommandi-r  and  his  followers,  as  he  had  on  the  former 
]»art  V.  Thei'e  hein^r  no  alternative, the  cavalrv  charijcd 
the  hn<;'e  force  which  had  taken  up  jn>sition  near 
a  ravine,  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  with  a  view 
to  defiud  the  entrance.  Under  cover  of  the  nuisket- 
oers  ami  archers,  who  from  one  side  t)f  the  ravine  did 
considt-rahle  harm  to  the  enemy,  the  charge  sucoeedetl, 
thouLih  four  riilers  and  nine  horses  were  wounded,  one 
of  the  latter  dying.  The  enemy  thrown  into  disorder 
iled  to  join  the  remaining  garrison,  which  occu[>ied 
the  temples  on  the  plaza.  With  the  aid  of  the  ir.- 
fantry  and  allies  the  stronghold  speedily  fell,  and  a 
numher  t>f  prisoners  were  secured." 

Proeeedinij  northward  alonjj  the  mountain  border 
of  the  plateau  Sandoval  added  a  considerable  extent 
of  country  to  his  conquest, meeting  serious  opposition 


** '  Hiicnas,  ti  iiialas  Indias,  sacnllns  nl  ahnoncda. .  .quo  so  vcmlcria.'  LL 
This  \v;'8  to  l>o  tloiio  nt  Uio  next  distribution  in  Tezcuco.  The  procoodir.:; 
V!!s  disiussfd  at  Unjjth  in  Spain,  and  favored  also  liy  a  \av<ic  body  oi  tin.' 
dirjzv,  as  jnstiliabK-;  but  tlic  cniporor  t»x)k  the  huniane  course  of  allowia^ 
captivis  to  be  hi'ld  only  U8  prisoners,  bo  long  oa  this  was  absolutely  acccssars. 
>(./.<,  l/si.  M,.r.,  ii.  -J-l.-l. 

••''I  Ik-  i>arty  i-oniuiissioncd  to  carry  the  Villa  Rican  share  of  tlu^  Aztoo 
treasure  I'li.ni  'i'laseala  to  the  eou.st.  llernal  Diaz  intimates  that  another  party 
of  nine  Mere  killed  at  Xoeotlan.    ///>/.  \'<i\l(iil.,  ll.Vlti, 

' Tlie  lii.ilu's  i<{  live  of  the  Spaniards  here  murdered  had  been  sent  to 
Mexico,  tlie  rest  euteu. 


RAXDOVALS  CAMPAIfJX. 


only  at  Jjilaiifiii'L^f*,  wlicre  the  Aztec  jjanisoii,  ever 
since  the  hei^niinin^  of  the  Tejteuca  canipaii^n,  liaJ 
been  eTn|tloye(J  in  I'ortifjing  tlie  place,  an<l  either  con- 
sidered themselves  secure  or  i'eared  that  a  surrender 
would  ]^rocur*e  no  better  terms,  for  them,  ut  least. 
They  were  disconcerted  by  ho'inrr  attacked  on  diflerent 
sides,  under  native  guidance,  and  after  a  brief  resist- 
ance took  to  flight,  dur'ing  which  a  number  of  them 
wer'<;  captured,  the  Spaniards  losing  three  hor'ses,  and 
havirjg  eight  men  severely  injured,  Sandoval  r'eceivirig 
an  arr-ow  wound.  In  a  temi)le  were  found  relics  of 
slaughtered  Spaniards,  in  the  shape  of  dresses,  arms, 
and  saddles.*''  A  few  days  later  the  exjiedition  set 
out  to  rejoin  the  army,  with  a  large  amount  of  spoils 
and  a  train  of  caj)tivos.  The  chiefs  wer'e  pardorud 
by  Coi-tes,  with  politic  regard  for  the  future,  and 
enjoined  to  furnish  their  quota  of  sup])lies  at  Segur-a.** 
The  head-quarters  had  meanwhile  l)een  r'cmoved  to 
Tlascala,  preparatory  to  a  march  on  ]Mexico,  and 
Segura  was  now  in  charge  of  the  alcalde,  I'edro  do 
Ircio,  lately  lieutenant  of  Sandoval  at  Villa  Kica, 
assisted  by  the  regidor,  Francisco  do  Orozco,and  sixty 
men,  includin<j:  the  invalids  and  the  disabled."  Cortes 
had  left  it  in  the  middle  of  December,*'*  taking  with 
the  cavalry  the  route  through  Cholula,*"  to  settle  the 
question  of  succession  to  a  number  of  cacique  offices 
vacated  during  the  epidemic.     These  ap[)eals   were 


**  Ak'iintara's,  it  would  sec  .-..  The  treasure  carried  by  him  had  been 
dissi    ■'  ■'. 

■•'  .  .•  dins  ante  dc  Navidad  lle-^)  cl  cajiitan  con  la  gente. .  .qup  lial)iim 
ido  A  lu8  jirovinciua  do  Coaitanii  y  Xulazinj^'),'8ay8  Cortvn,  t'cirtaM,  l(»;{-ri,  who 
liad  already  taki'n  up  quarters  at 'J'lascala.  (Iriinaru,  /list.  Mr.r.,  \~-l.  liiiiial 
I»ia/  speaks  of  a  second  expedition  to  Xocotlan,  with  SO  aivalry  and  I0(> 
infantry;  but  this  must  be  owing  to  a  con  fusion  of  names,  in  one  ease  tlm 
valley,  Caeatanii,  being  mentioned,  in  the  otlicr  the  town,  Cocotlau.  Hint. 
WnUid.,  11«. 

*^  ti'omarn,  //int.  Me.r.,  172;  Hcrrern,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xviii.  See  note 
37.  '  I'or  Capitan  vn  Francisco  do  Orozeo,  con  obra  dc  veyntc  soldados  (luo 
estauan  heridos,  y  doiientes,' says  Bornal  Diaz,  Hint.  Verdud.,  IIS;  Vetancurt 
follows.   T  'ttro  Mcx.,\>i.\n.  14!). 

"  '  Tor  t^-'ncr  la  uauidad  4  era  de  ay  a  doze  diaa  en  Tlaxcallan.'  Gomara, 
J  list.  Mcr.,  17-'. 

^"Cloniaia  calls  it  Colinian,  which  Chiinalpaiu  iduntiiles  with  Aiuozoc,  still 
in  exiateucc,  Hidt.  L'oiiq.,  ii.  13. 


068 


KING-MAKING  AND  CONS'ERTING. 


made  to  him  not  only  as  the  representative  of  the 
Spanish  monarch  to  whom  the  people  liad  sworn 
obedience,  but  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  influence 
over  the  native  mind.  His  treatment  of  the  con- 
quered and  his  equitable  decisions  of  disputes  had 
made  him  the  umpire  and  king-maker  wliom  not  only 
allies,  but  half-reconciled  tribes  were  willing  to  heed, 
in  private  and  public  affairs.  Having  made  the  ap- 
pointments, antl  formed  favorable  arrangements  for 
himself,  he  rejoined  the  army.  The  march  to  Tlascala 
was  one  befitting  the  return  of  conquering  heroes. 
Triumphal  arches  covered  the  roads,  and  processions 
came  to  chant  the  praises  of  tlie  victors,  and  recount 
the  successes  achieved  by  the  Tlascaltec  allies,  as 
shown  by  spoils  and  banners  from  different  provinces 
and  cities,  and  by  long  files  of  captives.  On  neaiiiig 
the  republican  capital  the  whole  population  came  forth 
to  join  in  the  ovation  and  at  the  plaza  an  orator 
stejiped  forward  to  greet  Cortes  in  a  glowing  pan- 
egyric, wherein  he  reviewed  his  progress  as  conqueror 
and  avenger.  In  reply  Cortes  alluded  feelingly  to  the 
brotherhood  between  the  two  races,  now  cemented  by 
blood  and  victories,  and  to  the  common  loss  sustaiiu'd 
in  the  death  of  the  wise  .and  noble  Maxixcatzin. 
These  words,  added  to  the  evidence  of  sorrow  in  the 
mourning  array  of  their  dress  and  arms,  left  a  most 
favorable  impression  on  the  minds  of  the  l.rave  allie<. 
He  was  again  called  as  representative  of  his  king  to 
appoint  as  successor  to  Maxixcatzin  his  eldest  legiti- 
mate son,  a  boy  of  twelve  years,  against  whom  a 
claimant  had  arisen.""  This  done,  Cortes  dubbed  liini 
a  knight,  accordincj  to  Castilian  usafje,  in  recoufuitioii 
of  the  services  of  his  father,  causing:  him  also  to  n<; 
baptized,  with  the  name  of  Juan,  Maxixcatzin  beconung 
the  family  name."  Taking:  advantaire  of  the  occasion 
and  of  his  own  popularity,  the  general   sought  to 

'"  In  the  person  of  an  illegitimate  brotiier,  is  the  assumi)tion  of  niodom 
authorities. 

■•'  Honora  names  liim  Lorenzo;  but  Toniuemada  insists  that  this  was  tlio 
father's  name. 


CHIEFS  BAPTIZED. 


550 


inspire  a  more  general  fooling  in  fixvor  of  his  religion, 
but  the  effort  met  with  little  oncourasfonient,  and  ho 
wisely  refrained  from  pressing  so  dangerous  a  suhjoct. 
According  to  Bernal  Diaz,  the  elder  Xicotoncatl  was 
aniung  the  limited  number  of  saved  souls,  and  received 
the  name  of  Vicente."^  The  native  records,  as  given 
by  Camargo  and  Torqucmada,  and  adopted  by  most 
writers,  assume  that  the  four  chi(!fs  were  all  baptized 
at  this  time,  if  not  earlier;  but  they  arc  neither  clear 
nor  consistent,  and  are  evidently  impelled  by  a  desire 
to  redeem  the  native  leaders  from  the  charge  of  idol- 
atry. C'oi'tes,  Herrera,  Diaz,  and  other  chroniclers 
would  not  have  failed  to  record  so  large  and  promi- 
nent a  conquest  for  the  church,  particularly  since 
the  two  latter  do  mention  the  excejitionul  convert's 


S3 


''-Tlie  olil  soMier  calla  him  Lorenzo  de  Vargas,  but  is  probably  mistaken. 
JIhf.  Vrnliul.,  118. 

"^  C.inKirj,'o  gives  at  length  the  speeches  of  Cortes  nml  the  chiefs  on  tlio 
occasion.  The  latter  invites  him  to  accpt  their  frii'iiilship  and  scnices,  ;ind 
settle  among  them,  whereupon  the  general  explains  tliat  tlio  m  liu  object 
of  his  coming  is  to  overthrow  false  idols,  and  that  the  condition  of  ids 
staying  with  them  must  be  the  adoption  of  the  true  faith.  wli"reiii  lies  tiio 
sole  reasDU  fur  the  superiority  of  his  race  over  theirs.  Tlu;  holy  f,'host  as^iists 
to  impress  his  words,  and  they  yield;  but  they  implore  him  not  to  cast  «lii\ni 
the  revered  iilols,  for  such  an  act  may  be  fraught  with  tlie  most  terrible  tlis- 
asters.  Cortes  insists,  and  promises  to  assume  all  risks.  Thus  pressed,  tiiey 
ask  to  confer  with  the  representativi'S  of  the  people,  lest  a  revolt  occur.  The 
council  objects,  oilers  to  give  the  most  prominent  plice  to  the  new  gods,  and 
finally  yields,  amidst  tears  and  wailing.  The  people  secretly  hide  the  adored 
images,  an<l  while  accepting  baptism  still  retain  the  old  wor.shij)  in  secivt. 
The  four  chiefs  first  receive  the  rite,  under  the  sponsorsidp  of  tin;  leading 
.S]iauisli  cai)tains,  Maxixcatzin  the  elder  being  named  l,oi\n/o:  .Xieoteneatl, 
Vicente;  Tlehuexolotl,  Oonzalo;  and  ( 'i\.lalpopoea,  liartoloni'.  The  general 
baptism  followed,  those  baptized  on  the  lirst  day  being  named  Juan,  and 
^laria,  and  Ana,  for  men  and  women  resjicctively,  eaeli  rceeiviuL.'  a  tiekit 
whereon  the  irime  was  written.  Many  forgot  their  nanus,  nevcitheh'-is.  and 
hnil  to  appeal  to  the  register;  srjine  received  l)aptism  ovi  r  a,'ain.  lucause 
they  failed  to  acknowleilge  the  previous  rite,  and  others  attended  service  for 
years  without  having  been  to  the  font.  Among  the  idols  and  relics  saved 
from  the  general  destruction  were  the  ashes  of  ('.imaxtli,  the  cliief  god  of  the 
triije,  .said  by  some  to  have  been  the  brother  of  Teze.itHp'ica,  by  others  the 
father  of  Quetzaleoatl.  They  were  jealously  guarded  by  the  ihief  Teeji.-ine- 
catl  Tecnhtli,  of  Tepeticpac,  till  l.'iTd,  wIumi,  tired  of  tlie  temporal  injaries 
which  were  falling  ujion  him,  owing  to  their  presence  in  his  house,  he  turned 
to  the  Church  and  surrendered  the  relic,  and  died  the  same  week,  on  linly 
1'luirsda}  ,  while  jienitently  lashing  himself  Iv'forc  the  madonna.  On  oiieiiiiig 
the  envelojie  ot  the  relic  a  mass  of  blonde  hair  fell  out,  showing  that  ti'a- 
dition  was  true  in  describing  the  god  .os  a  white  man.  (.'(tiiKirijo,  Hist.  'J'/<ir,, 
1.">1-!),  178-!>.  I'rasseur  de  IJourbourg  eagerly  .sei/.es  on  this  statement  to 
support  his  theory  that  the  Toltecs  had  come  from  the  north  of  Eur.ipe  tn 


iili 


II)  i 


5C0 


KIXGMAKING  AND  CONA'ERTIXG. 


Cortds  also  refers  to  a  conversion  in  tlie  person  of 
Tccocoltzin,  a  younj^^er  brother  of  King  C'acania,  and 
the  future  head  of  Tezcuco,  who  is  named  Fernando; 
but  he  docs  so  in  a  manner  which  indicates  that  tlie 
conversion  was  exceptional."  His  baptism  took  platte 
probably  on  the  same  day  as  that  of  youn^if  IMaxix- 
catzin  and  old  Xicotencatl,  the  occasion  being  cele- 
Ijrated  with  banquets  and  dances,  with  illumination, 
sports,and  exchange  of  presents,  the  Spaniards  adding 
horse-races  and  otlier  interesting  proceedings  for  the 
aratificatiou  of  the  natives. 


found  their  empire  .in<l  era  of  culture  in  Mexico.  Hitit.  Xaf.  Civ.,  iv.  SOi 
et  86*1.  Cumargo  i)lacca  the  general  baptism  on  the  occasion  of  Corti's'  first 
arrival  in  the  republic,  but  herein  Toniucmada  corrects  liiin,  althougli  fol- 
lowing the  version  in  other  respects.  Tlio  picture  in  tlie  convent  at  Tla.scala 
indiaitos,  he  says,  that  the  four  chiefs,  including  the  elder  Maxi.vcatzin,  Mcri! 
baptized  together,  and  by  the  clergyman  Juan  Diaz.  Great  festivals  followed 
the  ceremony,  i.  rrJ3,  iii.  l(](>-9.  l.Ktlilxochitl,  who  also  refers  to  this  jiictinv, 
follows  ( 'amargo's  date,  but  names  Xicotencatl  senior  Uartolomi^,  Zitlajwjpo- 
catziii  I'lidtasar,  TlehncxolotzinGonzalo,  and  Maxixcatzin,  a  young  man,  Juan. 
Hid.  <  Jiirli.,  2,)4.  Hrasscur  de  ]$ourbourg  corrects  this  by  substituting  Xico- 
tjucatl  Minior  for  Maxixcatzin  and  nammg  him  Vicente.  Ho  iidds  Ncza- 
hualpilli's  son  Tccocoltzin,  who  receives  the  name  of  Fernando,  ubi  sup.  The 
assumption  that  tlie  four  older  chiefs  were  baptized  together,  and  the  .state- 
ment that  t!ie  elder  Maxixcatzin  had  died  before  Cortes  returned  to  Tlascala, 
appear  eontradicUirj',  but  Vct.nncurt  reconciles  them  by  dating  the  general 
baptism  just  before  the  l>cginning  of  the  Tepeaca  campaign,  and  adojiting  tiic 
names  as  given  on  tiic  picture  in  '  our  convent,' and  as  (juoted  by  Camargo 
and  Tonjuemaila.  Padre  Juan  Diaz,  who  performed  the  rite,  is  supjjosed  to 
have  been  killed  soon  after.  Several  other  versions  of  his  fate  and  burial- 
place  are  given.  Vctancvrt,  Teafro  J/ex.,  pt.  iii.  l-Ki.  Uut  he  testified  during  the 
rc'iideneia  investigation  against  Alvarauo,  ir>2[).  See  Ramirez,  ProTf-to  contra 
Alvaritdo,  Vl\.  Clavigero  follows  Vetancurt,  and  maintains,  notwithstanding 
i\\".  failure  of  the  conquest  writers  to  notice  that  event,  that  'e  certo,  che 
tutti  i  quattro  Capi  di  quclla  llcpubblica  furono  battez/jiti  avanti  la  con- 
quista . . .  Oltre  ad'  altrc  pruove  cio  coiiata  dalle  pitture  antiche.'  Sturia 
Meiis.,  iii.  1.30.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  what  the  'altrc  pruove'  are. 
I'rescott  arlmits  only  the  baptism  of  the  two  Maxixcatzms  and  old  Xicoten- 
catl, but  avoids  giving  the  new  names,  owing  to  the  conflict  of  authorities. 
Mex.,  ii.  445. 

''  'Como  era  Muchacho,  iinpriini6  mas  ea  (\  nuestra  convcrsacion  y  tomoso 
cristiauo.'  Cartas,  177. 


CHAPTER  XXX. 


CONSTRUCTION    OF    THE    FLEET. 
Dkcember,  1520 — Februaky,  1o21. 

The  0bjecti\  e  Point — Vessels  Needed — Maktin  Lopez  Sent  to  Tlaspala 
FOR  TiMJiEU — Thirteen  Uricaxtines  Ordered — Cortes  at  Tlascala  — 
Drill  and  Disi'ii'line — Address  of  the  General — Parade  of  thk 
Tlascaltecs— March  to  Tez«;uco — New  Kiler  Ai-i-ointed— Sackino 

OF  IZTAPAI^VPAN — TUE  ClLVLCANS — ArRIV  \L  AT  TeZCUCO  OF  THE  liillGAN- 

tine  Briciade. 

The  Tcpcaca  campaign  luid  been  only  pait  of  tlio 
plan  concoivod  during  the  Might  to  Tlascala  for  the 
recovery  of  the  dominating  point  of  the  empire.  The 
strength  of  the  capital,  and  the  ascendancy  accpiired 
by  the  Aztecs  during  Spanish  exclusion  from  the  lake 
region,  made  it  im})Ossible  to  strike  directly  at  the 
centre  of  the  uprising.  It  was  necessary  first  to  con- 
quer the  surrounding  provinces  on  which  ^fexico  de- 
l>endcd  for  aid,  and  to  do  this  in  detail  was  easier  than 
to  meet  the  combined  strength  of  the  foe.  This  would 
also  leave  the  conquering  troops  free  to  turn  their 
whole  attention  against  the  capital,  with  fresh  allies 
and  larger  resources.  A  centre  for  operation  was  now 
needed  within  the  valley,  and  one  from  which  the 
Aztecs  miufht  be  attacked  in  due  time  both  bv  land 
and  water.  For  this  object  Tezcuco  presented  the 
greatest  advantages  in  beiiig  situated  on  the  lake, 
some  six  leagues  from  Mexico,  in  the  midst  of  a  fi'rtihi 
country,  and  near  enough  to  Tlascala,  from  and  t  lirough 
wliich  reinforcements  might  readily  be  obtained.^ 

'  iLmy  favored  Ayotzinco,  near  Chalco,  which  offered  also  a  good  launch- 
ing place  for  the  vessels.   Jienial  Diaz,  Hint.   I'erdad.,  118. 

UiBT.  Hex.,  Vol.  I.    M  (  5C1 ) 


fi62 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLKKT. 


With  a  prudent  forcsij^ht  to  tlicso  luovonicnts 
Cortes  liad  shortly  after  liis  first  successes  in  Tepeaca 
Bent  Martin  Lopez,  the  shi[)\vrii^ht,  to  Tlascala  to  pn- 

f)aro  tiniher  for  thirteen  hrijj^antines,  wliich  were  to 
)e  transpoitecl  to  the  hike  for  Ijesieu^ini^  purposes. 
The  re})uhlic  offered  to  jirovide  material  and  native 
carj)enters,  an<l  aided  by  Andres  Nunez  and  others, 
Lopez  soon  formed  an  efficient  corps  of  assistants  for 
fellinj^  and  shaping  the  pieces,  as  modelled  and  nnin- 
hered  hy  himself  The  site  of  construction  was  at 
Atempan,  on  the  Rio  Lahuatl,'^  which  afforded  the 
necessary  water  for  the  trial  launch,  and  had  foi-ests 
near  by  from  which  timber,  masts,  and  })itch  could 
be  obtained.''  Iron,  sails,  cordage,  and  other  needful 
articles  taken  from  the  sunken  fleet  were  forwaided 
from  Villa  Kica,  together  with  smiths  and  other 
workmen. 

With  the  arrival  of  Cortes  at  Tlascala,  prepara- 
tions i-eceive  a  fresh  impulse,  and  weaj)o!is  and  armor 
arc  overhauled,  [)ikes  and  arrows  made,  and  stoics 
collected.  An  opportune  addition  is  made  by  the 
arrival  of  a  vessel  frf)m  Spain  and  the  Canaries,  laden 
with  war  material,  bows,  bowstrings,  arquebuses, 
powder,  and  a  variety  of  goods;  also  over  a  dozen 
soldiers,  with  three  horses.  (\)rtes  purchases  the 
whole  cargo,  and  persuades  the  owner,  Juan  de 
Biirgos,  the  captain,  and  the  men  to  join  him.* 


'Where  now  ia  the  chapel  of  San  Buenaventura.  Cnmar(fn,  Hid.  TInr., 
17(i.  Yet  Lorcnzana  wiya :  '  I'or  constantc  tradicioii  so  tnihiijo  en  un  IJani') 
«1o  Hueyothlipan,  ijiie  Uanuin  Qiuiusiiu  iliiii,  ((ue  (jniere  dcL-ir,  domle  labiaii  Ins 
Palos.'  ('ortrn,  JJisl.  N.  Ett/t.,  1(]7.  15ut  it  is  more  likely  to  have  been  mi 
the  river  passing  through  Tlascala  city,  and  near  Matlaluueyc  Mount. 

'  Tlie  tiniher  came  probably  from  the  Matlalcueye  slopes;  the  masts  fnnu 
Hueyotlipan;  the  pitch  from  the  pine  woods  near  iluexotzinoo,  says  itiriial 
Diaz,  where  it  was  prefiared  by  four  sailnrs,  for  the  natives  <liil  not  unileist.iinl 
its  manufacture.  '  Es  la  Sierra  Matlaleuie,'  states  Tornuemada,  Man  in/.  Iu'l., 
i.  r)'J4.  '  La  brea  se  saca  de ...  la  sierra  <le  la  Af^ua  de  Xalapa, '  near  San  J  nan  ile 
los  Llanos,  llusliuiiniilc,  in  ChiiiHtl/xiiii,  Hint.  ( 'nni{.,  ii.  l.'{.  This  applies  r;illur 
to  colonial  times,  llenial  Diaz,  f/ist.  Vvrilad. ,  1  IS,  1'24,  namesa  number  of  those 
who  aidetl  in  building.    Sec  also  Mora,  in  Sor.  Mc.x.  (r  o;/.,  Jlolitiu,  x.  ',{■)-  .'t. 

*  nernnl  Diaz  names  several  of  the  thirteen  soldieis.  The  captain  ".is 
Francisco  .Medel.  One  of  the  men.  Monjaraz,  was  saici  to  have  murdered  hit 
wife.  He  Ucpt  aloof  from  all  cond)at,  but  once  he  ascended  a  to\v(n-  to  loi'k 
on,  and  was  that  same  day  killed  by  Indians.  J/int.  Vvnlad.,  IIS-I'J. 


REGULATIONS  FOR  THE  ARMY. 


603 


Drill  roct'ives  attention,  and  ociually  necessary  is 
the  maintenance  of  order,  for  they  are  few,  reni(»te 
fioni  succor,  and  surrounded  by  a  powerful,  wai'likc;, 
and  astute  foe.  Then  tiiey  nnist  maintain  friendly 
relations  with  their  allies,  whose  aid  is  essential  to 
the  achievement  of  their  [)lans.  One  hasty  utterance, 
one  unjust  act,  can  raise  a  storm  wherein  all  may 
perish,  (iood  treatment  on  every  hand  is  necessary 
to  win  neutral  and  hostile  provinces.  It  is  often  easier 
to  persuade-  than  to  enforce.  With  this  view  Cortes, 
as  ca[»tain-general  and  justicia  mayor  for  his  majesty, 
prepares  a  series  of  regulations  which  arc  proclaimed 
on  the  LMJth  of  December  l.'i'iO. 

]n  a  lengthy  preandjle  are  .set  forth  .some  reascms 
for  its  pul)lication  and  the  necessity  for  good  conduct, 
as  recognized  not  only  in  human  but  in  divine  alfaiis, 
and  }>ractised  since  time  innnemorial  for  the  regida- 
tion  of  wars. 

The  first  article  ^irodaims  the  primary  motive  of 
this,  and  indeed  of  all  their  campaigns,  to  be  s[)iritual 
cotKjuest,  in  the  absence  of  which  material  con(piests 
must  be  ngarded  as  unjust.  Blasphemy  is  forbidden 
lest  the  oifended  Almighty  sliould  refuse  his  assistance, 
(lambling  in  a  modified  form  is  permitted,  but  rpiar- 
relling  is  prohibited. 

liules  are  laid  down  for  discipline  in  camp  and 
field  for  sentinels,  for  })r()mi)t  and  courageous  per- 
formance of  duty.  No  Spaniard  may  enter  houses 
in  a  hostile  city  to  plunder  until  the  foe  has  been 
driven  forth  and  victory  secured;  and  booty  of  wliat- 
soever  nature,  however  and  wherever  accpiired,  must 
be  declared  before  the  proper  olHcers,  under  j)enalty 
of  death.  Any  captain  who  attacks  an  enemy  without 
orders  shall  be  put  to  death." 

•"'Such  are  in  snbstauco  the  famous  re;^ulntion8  of  CorWa.  TIio  (loeuiin-iit 
was  witnessed  on  the  '22d  of  Dccfisiber  by  the  leaclin;,'  ollit't-rs,  licfoiv  .lii.in 
(le  liiht'ia,  '  notai'y  public  iu  all  tlio  kitr^ilonis  of  Spain,' ami  was  publicly 
read  at  the  review  of  the  troops,  the  'J;»th,  by  Anton  tiareia,  iiier.  i  lie  lull 
li^xt  has  been  reproduced  in  IrtrJiah-il'i,  Col.  iJuc,  i.  l-t '>  .")!,  ami  <  irt  s, 
L'.icii'o'  Sii'llo<,  i;!-'J.'{,  owin^'  to  the  defects  of  the  copy  by  1'rescui.t,  and  the 
briefnosa  and  blunders  of  earlier  references  to  it. 


H  >:  ■ 


S64 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 


Orders  wore  also  issued  to  re<;ulate  tlie  prices  of 
clothing  and  accoutrements,  wliicli  were  excessive. 
Ill  order  to  enforce  the  necessary  respect  for  the 
ii'L,ailations,  Cortes  punished  tiie  earhei- infiinjj^enients 
with  a  severity  even  in  eX(!ess  of  tlie  p«'nalty  j»i'n- 
claiined.  Two  of  the  general's  own  ne;^i<>  shives  weii? 
lianj^ed  for  petty  theft,  and  a  pilferinj,'  soldier  was 
pardoned  only  when  half  strangled." 

After  a  fortnight  of  rest  and  preparation  Coile's 
concluded  to  resume  the  cani[)aign,  pai'tly  lest  a  longer 
delay  should  cool  the  ardor  of  th»;  soldiers  and  allies. 
On  the  day  following  Christmas  the  tr(»ops  were  nuis- 
tered  lor  review  in  the  main  s(|uare  of  Tlascala,  where 
Cortes  in  velvet-covered  mail  stood  surrounded  hv 
the  royal  officials,  the  leading  chiefs  of  the  repuhlic, 
and  a  hrilliant  suite.  First  marched  the  cross-hou- 
men  in  double  file,  who  at  a  signal  diseharged  their 
arms  aloft  and  passed  on  with  a  salute.  xVl'ter  them 
came  the  shield-bearers,  saving  their  swords,  which 
they  sheathed  after  saluting;  then  the  i)ikemen  with 
copper- headed  })ikes,  foll()wed  by  arcjuebusiei-s,  who 
saluted  with  a  thundering  salvo  that  reechoed  along 
the  circlinfj  hills  and  sent  a  tremor  throuijh  the 
crowd  of  native  spectators.  Last  came  the  cavalry, 
j)rancing  and  skirmishing  in  rapid  evolutions,  to  dis- 
[>lay  their  skill  as  fighters  and  riders,  and  to  dazzle 
the  beholders  with  their  glittering  arms  and  adorn- 
ment. The  total  force  consisted  of  five  hundred  and 
fifty  infantry,  divided  into  nine  companies,  and  forty 
cavalry  in  four  g  [uads,  with  nine  saiall  pieces  of  artil- 
lery, eighty  cros  -bows  and  arquebuses.'^ 

The  main  reli  •  ce  of  the  infantry  was  in  the  swords 
and  pikes,  the  1(  ^  Chinantec  poles  being  largely  in- 
troduced, even  a   -ong  the  allies,  and  made  effective 

"'Quedb  tal,  quo  no  ,)luio  cu  si,  ni  pudo  tragar  en  vn  ines. '  J/cnrrn, 
die.  ii.  lib.  X.  cap.  xx.  uc  soldier  was  lashed  for  imposing  on  an  Indian, 
and  another  degraded. 

'  Tiiis  is  Cortes'  own  account,  with  the  exception  that  he  gives  the  iicM- 
piocea  as  eight  or  nine,  t'arlax.  Km.  Gomara  says  .")40  infantry  and  nine  jiuiis. 
JJitif.  Mcv.,  17-i.  Vetancurt  writes  six  guns,  whicli  may  be  a  misprint. 
TcalroJIex.,  pt.  iii.  150. 


REVIKW  OF  THE  FORCES. 


565 


by  long  (Irillin*;,  Tho  nucleus  of  the  troopja,  wIutooii 
rested  the  Inchest  hopes,  was  of  course  the  horsenu-n, 
M'hose  safety  had  been  carefully  looked  to  by  providini^ 
the  steeds  witii  poitrels,  and  side  and  quarter  coverings 
of  stout  bulls'-  hide,  reaching  to  the  liocks.  Tliey 
were  fringed  with  small  ])ieces  of  iron  which  jingle<l 
like  bells,  and  were  supposed  to  add  to  tl'<'  terror  (Vir 
sj>read  by  tliese  animals  among  the  naiives.^  The 
riders  were  equally  protected,  some  with  lielmet  and 
body  mail  of  steel,  which  covered  even  the  limbs, 
leaving  the  wearer  vuln^*"»ble  only  at  the  joints." 
Others  had  less  complete  mail,  while  many  possessed 
oidy  the  twisted  cotton  armor  worn  by  the  foot-sol- 
diers, though  this  was  sufficiently  effective  in  native 
warfare.  Thus  was  experience  rapidly  developing  the 
art  of  war  in  America. 

The  troops  having  fallen  into  line,  Cortes  advanced 
on  horseback  and  addressed  them.  They  had  mus- 
tered for  a  most  important  enterprise,  to  re(,'over  tho 
rich  provinces  once  acquired  but  wrested  from  them 
bv  treacherous  rebels,  to  elevate  the  holv  faith  in- 
suited  by  idolaters,  and  to  avenge  the  blood  of  cruelly 
murdered  friends  and  comrades.  "Just  are  the  reas(»ns 
Avhich  impel  us,"  cried  the  speaker,  "and  necessary  to 
our  security.  Spaniards !  God  has  ever  favored  you ; 
therefore  be  fearless.  Let  your  conduct  be  such  as  to 
inspire  with  respect  and  confidence  our  stout  and  tried 
allies,  a  hundred  thousand  and  more  of  whom  stand 
ready  and  eager  to  join  us.  What  more  can  Christian 
soldiers  desire  than  the  double  favors  which  God  bore 
giveth  us,  rich  rewards  in  temporal  blessings  and  that 
glory  immortal  which  follows  victory?"  Tlius  the 
astute  commander  stirred  the  hearts  of  his  men;  and 
believing  his  own  words,  was  himself  stirred  thereby. 
And  the  shout  came  back  to  him  that  they  would  le- 

"Annueras,'  as  Spaniards  call  the  covering,  are  still  in  use  by  rich  horse- 
men in  \iexico,  higlily  ornamented. 

•Thompson  describes  the  armor  of  Alvarado  at  the  Mexico  nuisciun.  It 
indicates  tliat  this  renowned  cavalier  was  a  smaller  man  thaii  Cortes,  whom 
he  supposes  to  have  been  of  Napoleon's  size.  Itecol.  Alex.,  IIJ). 


w 


5GG 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 


g<ain  tlio  lost  and  avenge  themselves  on  the  exultant 
Tenochtitlans.'" 

Not  to  be  outdone  by  foreigners,  next  morning  the 
Tlascaltecs  marched  into  the  plaza  to  the  soundofconchs, 
pipes,  and  drums,  the  four  lords  at  the  head  richly  attired 
and  in  plumage  studded  with  precious  stones,  which 
rose  a  yard  above  their  heads  in  variegated  colors,  de- 
noting their  rank  and  achievements.  Following  them 
were  four  squires  bearing  their  weapons,  and  the 
standard-bearers  of  the  respective  quarters.  Then 
in  files  of  twenty  deep  came  the  regular  warriors, 
divided  into  archers,  shieldmen,  and  pikemon,  and  into 
companies,  each  with  its  ensigns  and  musicians.  A 
striking  spectacle  they  presentetl  in  their  orderly  lines, 
gay  with  flowing  plumes,  glittering  arms,  ami  many- 
colorod  devices;  some  of  the  latter  displayed  on  a 
broad  plane  of  sliields  extended;  others  embroidered 
on  the  quilted  cotton  tunics  of  leadii  r  warriors.  jW\ 
together  formed  a  series  of  gay  streaks  l)roken  by 
wider  bronze-luied  masses  of  naked  rank  and  filo,w  hilo 
above  all  heads  rose  a  profusion  of  feather-work 
banners,  speckled  with  brilliant  ornaments."  These 
were  lowered  as  the  companies  passed  before  Cortes, 
who  doffed  his  cap  in  acknowledgment,  the  warriors 
responding  by  bending  the  head  and  discharging  their 
bows.  Their  number  on  this  occasion  has  been  es- 
timated as  higli  as  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand, 
and  although  this  is  evid<3ntly  exaggerated,  there  is 
no  doubt  that  the  large  Tlascaltec  army  was  swelled 
by  companies  from  the  neighboring  provinces." 

The  mai'ch  over,  Cortes  addressed  the  allies,  extol- 
ling their  deeds  which  had  covered  the  re}>ublic  witli 

'"In  (^orfi's,  Cartas,  lft'^~l\,  nre  given  tlio  main  points  of  tho  speech,  too 
brief  evidently  for  (Joinara,  wlio  falnicjites  a  verbose  sjtiritleHS  oi'ation  accnid- 
iiig  to  liis  fancy,  Hist.  Me.r.,  lT4-r),  while  shorter  versions  nre  presenteil  liy 
Ixtlilxochitl,  Oviedo,  Torqueinada,  and  (na.vi{.'cro. 

"See  \utive  Jiacrs,  ii.  4()r>-l'2,  for  description  of  arms.  l)anners,  etc. 

'■^Herrera,  who  objects  to  Ojeda's  large  tigiu-e,  gives  ()(),()()()  archei's,  40,000 
Khieldmen,  and  10,000  pikeinen,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xx.,  and  this  VeUmciirt 
accepts,  Tftitro  Mi'.r.,  pt.  iii.  l.W,  while  Soli.s  reduces  the  men  at  the  review 
to  10,000,  though  he  allows  over  00,000  to  join  the  march  tlie  following  day. 
JJi.1t.  J/(x,,  ii.  '2S7b. 


MARCH  TO  TEZMELUCA. 


5C7 


glory.  Soon  again  would  tlioy  add  to  its  renown  and 
its  wealth,  while  avenging  ancient  wrongs.  He  would 
see  to  it  that  their  services  were  recognized  by  the 
emperor.  A  small  proportion  would  accompany  him 
on  the  present  march;  the  remainder  could  follow 
after  the  completion  of  the  brigantincs."  In  orthodox 
cheers  the  native  warriors  testilied  approbation.  Their 
general  then  spoke,  exhorting  them  ever  to  remember 
that  they  were  Tlascaltecs,  a  name  of  terror  to  all 
foes.  Only  twenty  thousand  of  the  eager  i-t^publicans, 
including  some  lluexotzincas  and  the  carriers,  were 
allowed  to  jo'n  the  expedition,  for  more  could  not  bo 
conveniently  used  during  the  preliminary  cam[)aign. 
Their  general  was  Chichimecatl.'* 

On  the  following  day,  the  28th  of  December, 
after  the  invocation  of  divine  aid,  and  midst  the  stir- 
ring strains  of  music,  the  army  tiled  out  of  Tlascala, 
the  populace  lining  the  route  and  shouting  their 
farewell  blossinsjfs.  "The  <>()ds  <]crant  vou  vietorvl" 
they  cried,  "and  successful  I'eturn."  "There  go  the 
strong  ones  to  humble  the  })roud,"  said  some,  while  of 
the  women  many  sobbed:  "Oh I  if  our  ej'os  shoidd 
never  behold  you  again!"  There  were  three  routes 
leading  into  the  lake  j)r()vinces,  two  of  them  ti'ied 
already  during  foi'mer  marches;  but  since  the  c^nemy 
were  doubtless  on  tiio  alert  with  ambuscacU's  and 
other  measures,  it  was  deemed  best  to  select  the  third 
and  worst  road,  north  oi'  snow-crowned  Iztacciluuitl, 
by  which    an    approach    would    be    least    expected."* 

''If  any  tlierc  wore  wlio  followed  not  of  their  free-will  tluwHlioulil  remain 
behind.  Uo  li.id  eiimif^'h  iiu-n  as  it  was.  Tlu:  lords  replic^l  tliat  liny  would 
rather  lie  drowned  in  the  lake  than  letiirii  without  victory.  Th.-'/ik  i/hk/h,  i. 
■V2(i.  On  tills  oeeasioii  may  iiave  lieen  jircseiited  to  the  Tlaseallci;  hatUiliou 
the  red  diimask  liuuier,  lieaiin;.,'  on  one  side  the  crowned  iumu'c  of  the  vir;.;iii 
with  the  li:iiids  updtted  in  prayer,  and  on  the  other  the  royal  arms  of  t'astilo 
anil  l.eon,  a  banner  wiiiiij  ruiturini  obtained  po.sse8aion  of  villi  pmol's  of  it.s 
genr.ineness.  ('(itdloijn,  ','>.  Vet  this  de.sj  .:n  appeal's  to  belong  to  a  slandaiil 
l)orne  l>y  the  Spaniards  on  entcriii,^  tlie  coui|ueri'd  Mexico. 

"'I'lio chief  motive  for  restiictini;  t!ie  iniuilicr  was,  aceordiu}^  to  Oomara, 
the  trouide  of  sustaining  them.  Hit.  .l/r.c. ,  I7(».  licinul  Dia/.  mentions  oidy 
10,00()  warriors,  wherein  ho  evidently  does  not  ineludi;  carriers.  //(,s/.  Vrrilwl., 
\\\).  llerrera  increases  the  nninber  to  NO,(HH),  umler  four  captains,  dirceled 
to  a  certain  ex  lent  by  Ojeda  ,.  id  Juan  .Marijuez.   dee.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap.  xx. 

'••'Acordi?  do  eiitrar  por  esta  ile  Tezuioiuca,  por(juo...cl  puerto  del  era 


Ijfin 


668 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 


This  led  through  Tezmeluca,"  a  village  in  Hucxot- 
zinco,  six  leagues  from  Tlascala,  where  camp  was 
formed.  Here  began  a  three -league  ascent  of  the 
pass,  and  the  Tezcucan  border  was  crossed  amidst  in- 
tense cold,  the  gradually  dwindling  vegetation  giving 
freer  scope  to  the  bleak  wind  which  came  whistling 
from  the  summits.  A  league  farther  a  convenient 
spot  was  found  for  a  halt,  and  the  tired  and  shivering 
soldiers  were  soon  huddling  round  fires.  On  the 
following  day  a  thick  pine  forest  was  entered,  and 
soon  after  the  road  was  found  blocked  with  felled 
trees.  This  created  no  little  stir  among  the  men, 
but  Cortes,  who  had  not  expected  an  unobstructed 
path,  sent  forward  a  body  of  natives  to  clear  it.''' 
With  forces  massed  and  arms  prepared,  Cortds  there- 
upon led  the  way,  and  in  half  a  league  open  ground 
was  gained,  to  the  relief  of  all.  The  difficulties  of  the 
march  were  passed,  and  behind  the  army  now  lay  the 
grim  expanse  of  barren  rocks  and  hoary  peaks;  wliili; 
beneath  a  pale-blue  sky  they  descended  the  wooded 
slopes  to  the  valley  below,  rich  in  variegated  hues 
of  field  and  garden,  and  enlivened  with  the  gleaming- 
white  of  human  habitation.  Beyond  spread  the  glassy 
surface  of  the  lakes,  bordered  on  the  farther  side  by  the 
misty  outline  of  low  rancfes,  fadinjx  in  the  distance  like 
the  glories  of  the  now  fading  empire.  The  queen  city 
was  the  theme,  however,  and  while  some  descanted 
to  late  recruits  on  its  wealth  and  beauties,  others 
stood  silently  gazing  on  the  spot  so  dimmed  M'ith  sad 
remembrances.  Thus  pondering  on  the  past  they 
could  almost  hear  the  voices  of  fallen  comrades  call- 
ing on  them  for  vengeance,  and  "^we  vowed,"  writes 

mas  agro  y  frngoso.'  C'orlA<i,  Cartoft,  107.  Yet  Lorenzana  atUls  a  note  of  ix- 
p]aii;ktiui\  wliicli  show.s  that  lie  niisuudcrstands  the  text.  Ixtlilxochitl  ciUh 
the  road  Tlepehuaciin.  Hint,  t'hich.,  300.  Through  the  Rio  Frio  Mountains. 
Chimiilv'iiii,  llisl.  ('oin/.,  ii.  10.  The  present  improved  road  from  Vera  C'ni/, 
to  Mexico.  Oro::.ri>  y  JJcrrn,  in  A^oticias  Max.,  2J5. 

'•■'Lugar  do  Knzinas.'  J/irrvra,  loc.  cit.  Now  San  Martin  Tezmehua. 
BuMamaiitv,  in  C'/um(i//>nin,  ubi  sup. 

"llerrera  leaves  the  impression  that  a  new  road  was  now  opened  to  csoapu 
the  entrenchments  and  traps  alreaily  formed  by  the  enemy.  But  he  U  e\  i- 
deutly  wrong. 


ON  THE  WAY  TO  TEZCUCO, 


569 


Cortds,  "there  to  achieve  victory  or  perish."*^  As  if 
in  response  to  the  challenge,  ominous  smoke  columns 
rose  from  the  circling  heights,  the  signal  of  the  Mex- 
icans to  rouse  the  inhabitants  against  the  invaders. 

No  opposition  was  met  during  the  descent,  but 
beyond  a  ravine,  on  level  ground,  forces  were  seen 
approaching  from  different  directions."  By  a  quick 
movement  Cortes  managed  to  leave  the  broken  ground 
and  gain  the  bridges  ere  the  foe  had  united.  Having 
now  a  plain  before  them,  fifteen  of  the  horsemen 
charged  and  routed  the  main  body.  The  rest  dis- 
persed, with  the  Tlascaltecs  in  close  pursuit  to  kill 
and  ravage.  The  army  did  not  camp  till  they  reached 
the  deserted  Coatepcc,  some  tliree  leagues  i'rom  Tez- 
cuco. 

Shortly  before  this  there  had  been  an  accession  in 
the  person  of  Ixtlilxochitl,'^'  the  ruler  of  the  northern 
part  of  Acolhuacan,  who  had  offered  his  friendship  to 
the  Spaniards  before  tliey  ever  entered  the  valley. 
His  faith  in  tlicm  was  unshaken,  particularly  under 
the  aspect  of  their  late  successes,  and  he  came  to  re- 
new his  protestations,  assuring  Cortes  that  no  opposi- 
tion would  be  offered  at  Tezcuco.  He  gave  information 
about  the  political  feeling,  the  prospect  for  humbling 
the  hated  Aztecs,  and  the  fate  of  certain  small  bodies 
of  Spaniards  during  the  uprising.  He  also  stated  that 
Cuicuetzcatl  was  no  more.  While  at  Tcpcaca,  Cortes 
had  sent  to  Cohuanacoch,  the  usurper  king  at  Tezcuco, 
an  Acolhua  noble,"  witli  peaceful  proposals.  The  en- 
voy was  executed.  Not  long  after,  Cuicuetzcatl  set 
out  for  Tezcuco,  without  leave,  tired  as  he  was  of  the 
semi-captive  restraint  at  Tlascala,  and  confident  that 
with  the  aid  of  his  adlierents  and  the  prestige  of 
Spanish  success  he  would  be  able  to  overthrow  his 

""  Prometimos  todosdc  muica  dellassalirsin  victoria,  o  di' jar  alii  lasvidaa.' 
Cartnn,  100.  '  Wc  vowed,  if  (Jod  gave  success,  to  act  better  in  besieging  the 
city.'  Ikrual  Diaz,  Hint.  ]'erdft(l.,[U). 

»»  Hcrrera  calls  them  100.000;  Vctancurt,  140,000. 

'"At  Tlepeluiacan,  near  the  border.  IxtUirorhitl,  /list.  Chic/i.,  300-7. 

"  Ixtlilxochitl  calls  him  in  one  place  the  brother  of  Cohuanacoch.  /(/.,  200. 


^■1 


■i! 


i  11 


570 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 


usurping  brother  and  resume  the  sceptre  entrusted 
him  by  Montezuma  and  Cortes.  The  presence  of  so 
powerful  an  intriguer  in  the  capital  could  not  long- 
escape  the  spies  of  Cohuanacoch,  who  had  him  seized, 
aiid  by  the  advice  of  Quauhtemotzin  summarily  re- 
moved from  his  path.** 

Although  fully  a  hundred  thousand  warriors  were 
rumored  to  be  hovering  hereabout,  no  formidable  evi- 
dences of  hostility  were  encountered  during  the  march 
to  Tezcuco.  A  short  distance  from  Coatepec  a  pro- 
cession of  Acolhua  nobles  appeared,  headed  by  four 
prominent  personages,  and  bearing  a  golden  banner  as 
a  peace  offering.  They  came  in  the  name  of  Cohua- 
nacoch to  tender  his  submission  and  the  hospitality  of 
the  city,  with  the  request  that  no  ravages  be  com- 
mitted. After  what  he  had  learned  Cortes  could 
hardly  look  upon  their  master  as  other  than  an  inimical 
usurper,  whose  tardy  proffers  could  not  be  trusted,  and 
whose  opposition  need  not  be  feared.  He  accordingly 
received  the  message  coldly,  referred  to  the  treacherous 
slaughter  of  the  Yuste  party  of  fifty  Spaniards  and 
three  hundred  Tlascaltecs,  and  demanded  that  at  least 
the  treasures  seized  on  that  occasion  should  be  restoietl ; 
failing  in  which,  a  thousand  natives  should  die  ft)r 
every  Spaniard  killed.  The  envoys  tremblingly  ex- 
])laincd  that  the  outrage  had  been  conunittetl  by  Zol- 
tepecs  at  the  instance  of  the  Aztec  ruler,  whor?e  men 
had  carried  off  the  valuables.  Still,  they  would  in- 
stitute a  search."'' 

Regardless  of  their  urgent  request  that  the  entry 
into  the  capital  should  be  deferred  till  quarters  liad 
been  prepared,  Cortes  proceeded  through  the  outlying' 
suburbs  of  Coatlichan  and  Huexotla,  where  the  chiefs 


'^'Aaa  spy,' adds  CorWs,  Carfnn,  176.  Ixtlilxodutl  states,  contrary  to 
Corti's.  tliat  this  general  sent  him  to  Tezcuco  on  the  siuno  crranil  a.s  tiie  ]>n  ■ 
vioi'.s  envoy.  liitt/.  Vhlch.,  300.  But  this  appears  a  nec<lless  exposure  of  an 
important  personage. 

-•'  Menial  Diaz  states  that  Cortes  nevertlieloss  embraced  the  envoys,  thrc; 
of  whom  were  relatives  of  Montezuma.  Hint,  Venlad,,  120. 


QUARTERS  AT  TEZCUCO. 


611 


came  forth  to  render  homage,  and  passed  on  Monday, 
the  31st  of  December,  into  Tezcuco,  which  was  for 
many  a  month  to  be  his  '  halting-pUice,'  as  the  name 
signifies.^*  Quarters  were  taken  up  in  Nezahualcoyotl's 
palace,  as  the  largest  and  strongest  place."^ 

Meanwhile  some  soldiers  who  had  ascended  a  tower 
came  to  report  that  the  inhabitants  were  hurrying 
away  by  land  and  water.  Cortes  now  understood  why 
the  envoys  had  sought  to  detain  him  on  the  road,  and 
gave  immediate  orders  to  seize  the  ruler  and  as  many 
leading  men  as  possible.  It  was  too  late,  however. 
Cohuanacoch  had  escaped.  After  usurping  the  throne, 
combining  with  the  foes  of  tlie  Spaniards,  and  mur- 
dering the  ruler  appointed  by  them,  he  did  not  dare  to 
trust  himself  within  their  reach.  Hence,  as  the  in- 
vaders marched  in  he  embarked  for  ]\Iexico  with  his 
family,  his  chief  adherents  and  treasures,  attended 
l)y  a  fleet  of  canoes  with  fugitives  and  effects.  The 
anger  of  Cortes  at  this  escape  encouraged  the  pursu- 
ing troops  to  commit  certain  excesses;  and  in  thi.s  they 
could  hardly  be  blamed,  for  in  one  of  the  tem])les 
were  found  relics  of  the  Yuste  party,  which  very  nat- 
urally fired  tlie  soldiers  with  a  desire  for  vengeance.^ 
IxtHlxochitl  and  other  friendly  chiefs  implored  pity 
for  the  unoffending  inhabitants,  and  orders  were  issued 
ill  accordance,  thougli  not  until  the  allies  had  sacked  a 
number  of  houses  and  fired  the  beautiful  Nezahualpilli 
palace  containing  the  national  archivcs.^'^ 

Not  knowing  what  might  follow  this  exodus,  Cor- 
tus  hastened  to  fortify  his  quarters  and  to  collect 
supplies,  aided  by  IxtHlxochitl,  who  had  succeeded 
somewhat  in  reassuring  the  people.     In  order  to  re- 

•'^  fx-ailxochifl,  ir,Ht.  Chick.,  '214. 

^j  IVescott  says  Xezahuiilpilli's,  but  this  was  burned  at  this  very  time  ac- 
cnnling  to  the  only  authority  on  thu  point,  IxtHlxochitl,  II<ir.  ('rii'liliidiM,  10. 
liiiisseur  do  Bouibourg  assumes  that  the  allies  stayed  at  Uuexotla,  whicii  is 
doul)tful.  Hist.  Nat.  t'in.,  iv.  40-_'. 

^"The  stutVed  skins  of  the  live  horses  were  found,  and  other  things,  oflercd 
ti)  the  idol.  Cortfn,  Cartai*,  183.  Str.iniie  that  the  Tezcucans  should  uot  have 
removed  so  palpable  evidence  against  them. 

'^''IxUilxochiU,  Ilint.  Chich.,  300. 


M 


■^1 


¥l 


m 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 


■i^;^ 

m 


store  confidence,  however,  and  win  the  inhabitants  to 
his  purposes,  he  saw  that  tliere  should  be  a  recognized 
head,  with  influence  to  control  them,  and  one  whom 
he  could  trust.  The  former  necessity  demanded  that 
the  choice  should  be  made  among  the  brothers  of 
Cohuanacoch,  children  of  Nezahualpilli,  and  of  these 
Ixtlilxochitl  and  Tecocoltzin  were  the  only  professed 
friends  of  the  Spaniards.  The  latter  was  of  less  legit- 
imate birth,  it  seems,  than  some  of  the  brothers,  and 
a  mere  youth,  who  had  shared  the  quasi  captivity  of 
Cuicuetzcatl,  and  had  accepted  baptism  with  the 
name  of  Fernando  Cortds  de  Monroy.^^  He  was  tall 
and  well  formed,  of  noble  presence,  and  as  fair  as 
the  average  Spaniard.  Of  docile  disposition,  he  had 
readily  conformed  to  the  teachings  of  the  friars,  had 
adopted  Spanish  ideas,  and  had  become  t,  favorite 
among  the  conquerors.  It  may  be  readily  understood 
'hat  this  easily  ruled  boy  should  be  preferred  by  Cor- 
tes to  Ixtlilxochitl,  whose  stay  in  Tezcuco  during  the 
troublous  times  had  not  tended  to  strengthen  Spanish 
confidence. 

Cortes  summoned  the  chiefs  and  represented  that 
since  Cohuanacoch  had  forfeited  any  claims  that  ho 
might  have  had  to  the  throne,  by  murdering  the 
lawfully  elected  king  and  by  abandoning  his  country, 
they  should  therefore  choose  another  ruler.  He 
took  care  that  his  selection  should  become  known  to 
them,  and  the  electors  hastened  to  conform  to  the 

'^^lifal  Cidula,  1551.  In  this  c^dula  are  named  a  number  of  the  brothers, 
but  tlie  i^ugan  name  is  not  given  in  every  instance.  Bernal  Diaz  and  Torqiu'- 
mada  confirm  this  Iwiptisnial  name  for  tlie  ruler  now njipointed ;  Cortes  writts 
merely  Fernando ;  Ixtlilxochitl  adds  Tecocoltzin ;  Sahagun  gives  the  liittcr 
name  and  calls  him  legitimate,  as  he  was  in  a  certain  sense.  ///•>•■<.  Couii.  (fd. 
1840),  143.  Clavigero  calls  him  Fi^niando  Cortes  Ixtlilxochitl;  Chimaliiiiiii 
interiwlatcs  Dc  Alvarado  in  lieu  of  Cortes,  but  substitutes  Tecocoltzin  for 
Ixtlilxochitl  in  one  place.  Hint.  Conq.,  21,  55.  Vetancurt  evidently  acctpts 
the  true  n.ame,  but  applies  the  baptism  ami  appointment  to  Ixtlilxochitl. 
Te.atm  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  152.  The  latter,  who  succeeded  to  the  Tezcucan  rulur^hil) 
toward  the  end  of  1521,  received  the  name  of  Fernando  I'imentel,  and  it  is 
this  similarity  of  the  iirst  name  that  ha.s  led  to  the  pretty  general  confusimi 
about  tlie  appointee.  Lockhart  actually  attempts  to  rectify  the  correct  stjitt- 
inentof  Bernal  Diaz  with  a  blunder,  Mi'moirn,  ii.  41 1;  and  Zainacois,  in  doing 
the  same  with  the  bluuderuig  Soils,  gives  a  long  note  amusingly  erroneous. 
JJid.  M<'J.,iu.  585. 


PEACE  PROPOSALS. 


673 


that 
it  he 
the 
iitrv, 
He 
u  t(1 

the 

[•others, 

'orfjiR'- 

%vrito3 

liittfi' 

[i'/.  I'll' 

Izin  fill' 

liocliill. 

]lci>liil) 
11.1  it  is 
ifusiiiu 
stii  ti- 
ki doili^' 
jneous. 


conqueror's  will,  not  even  Ixtlilxocliitl  venturing  to 
remonstrate.'"' 

Fernando  was  accord ini^ly  brought  from  Tlascala 
soon  after  and  installed  with  great  ceremony,  receiving 
a  Spanish  dress  with  arms."*  He  proved  kind  and 
faithful,  particularly  to  his  patrons,  yet  Cortes  never 
relaxed  his  caution,  and  in  order  to  keep  him  under 
safe  surveillance  Antonio  de  Yillareal  was  appointed 
his  tutor,  and  Bachiller  Escobar  captain  of  Tezciico, 
while  Pedro  Sanchez  Farfim  and  his  brave  wife 
Maria  de  Estrada  also  remained  there.  This  recosfni- 
tion  of  an  esteemed  descendant  of  the  beloved  Neza- 
hualpilli,  and  the  just  and  moderate  conduct  of  the 
Spaniards,  served  to  reconcile  the  people,  who  speedily 
returned  to  their  homes  and  avocations.  The  caciques 
of  Coatlichan,  Huexotla,  and  Atenco  tendered  alle- 
giance within  three  days  of  the  Spanish  entry,  pro- 
testing that  their  hostility  had  been  wholly  compulsory. 

This  ready  submission  was  by  no  means  palatable 
to  Quaulitemotzin,  who  sent  messengers  to  stir  anew 
the  spirit  of  revolt,  while  pre[)aring  to  strike  a  blow. 
But  the  emissaries  were  promptly  surrendered  to 
the  SpaJiiards,  before  whom  they  pretended  to  be 
merely  ])eace  mediators.  It  pleased  Cortes  to  accept 
the  explanation,  and  after  treating  the  captives  with 
great  kindness  he  sent  them  back  to  Mexico  to  carry 
peace  proposals.  Those  who  had  been  the  chief  pro- 
moters of  the  late  uprising  were  now  dead,  and  it  was 
Ijotter  the  past  should  be  forgotten,  and  friendship 
established.     To  this  no  answer  was  vouchsafed. 

^'  Ixtlilxocliitl  states  not  wrongly  that  Toeocoltzin  wns  chosen  by  general 
nMjuest,  but  he  adds  that  Mhilo  the  imlitital  horizon  was  so  eloiuly  the 
electors  preferred  tliiit  n  legitimate  heir  like  Ixtlilxocliitl  should  not  till  so 
dangerous  ajwsition;  nor  did  the  latter  care  to  rule  while  the  elder  broliier 
lived.  Jlist.  C/iirh.,  ,'$07;  Nor.  ('imliliuli s,  ll-i;{.  Pretty  good  excuse  for  a 
liriiico  who  forcibly  wrested  lialf  the  domain  from  (Jaeama.  Brasseur  do 
liourbourg  assumes  that  he  fe  ired  to  lie  suspected  of  seeking  a  Siiaiiish  alli- 
iiiice  merely  to  obtain  tlie  crown,  ll'ist.  yal.  ('if.,  iv.  40!*.  15ut  this  desi'Mi 
ho  had  long  harbored,  as  even  the  ablie  intimates  at  times,  lie  no  doulit 
stood,  with  his  strong  character,  as  one  of  tlie  powers  behind  the  throne. 
<  oliuanacoeh  does  not  appear  to  have  had  mucii  iuduenoe. 

'"'Solis  takes  this  opportunity  to  elaborate  a  few  of  his  s]ieeimen  speeches. 
Ili.it.  ^f(•.l•.,  ii.  ."n.VlO.  '  I'ue  el  primero  (pie  en  publico  en  Tczcuco  se  cas6,  y 
velo.'   I'etaiicvrl,  Teufro  Mtx.,  pt.  iii.  lo"2. 


574 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET. 


No  hostile  clenionstratioii  havinsf  occurred  for  ciijlit 
days  after  the  eiitrj^  into  Tezcuco,  Cortes  resolved  to 
waste  no  further  time  in  preparation,  but  to  begin  the 
campaign.  This  course  was  also  needed  to  maintain 
the  troops  in  activity,  to  encourage  them  with  spoils, 
and  to  save  the  friendlv  Tezcucans  from  the  constant 
drain  of  providing  supplies.  Among  the  intended 
head-quarters  during  the  siege  of  Mexico  to  folio  .v 
was  the  rich  and  beautiful  garden  city  of  Iztapalapan, 
close  to  the  southern  entrance  of  the  capital.  This 
was  an  advantageous  point,  through  which  a  blow 
mirjht  bo  dealt  the  Mexicans  while  chastising  tlic 
town  itself  for  the  hostility  of  its  inhabitants  and 
their  late  ruler,  Cuitlahuatzin,  the  brother  and  suc- 
cessor of  Montezuma.  The  expedition  consisted  of 
eighteen  horse  and  two  hundred  foot,  with  a  ^v\\ 
thousand  Tlascaltecs  and  Tozcucans,^^  headed  by  C(n- 
t(5s,  Sandoval  remaining  in  charge  of  the  camp. 

Warned  by  the  movement,  the  inhabitants  began 
to  remove  their  families  and  valuables,  while  the 
warriors  marched  along  the  lake  shore  for  nearly  two 
leagues  to  meet  and  detain  the  invaders,  supported  by 
Aztec  forces  and  a  fleet  of  canoes.  As  soon  as  the 
Spaniards  came  up  a  lively  skirmish  ensued,  the 
warriors  being  obliged  to  retreat,  though  slowlv, 
rallying  at  times,  when  the  nature  of  the  ground  per- 
mitted.^'" Three  hours  of  fighting  brought  them  neai' 
the  town,  and  a  final  assault  by  the  soldiers  eflfected 
an  entrance  and  forced  the  warriors  to  take  refuge  in 
canoes  and  houses.  The  first  comers  occupied  tin- 
upper  quarters,  the  others  continued  their  course 
toward  the  lake,  where  the  dwellings  stood  on  piles, 
cutting  down  every  person  encountered  in  the  streets. 
General  massacre  was  follow^ed  by  pillage,  and  bcfoio 
nightfall  six  thousand  bodies  were  ready  for  the  funeral 

''  Bernal  Diaz difFcrs  somewhat, and  gives  the  proportion  of  forces,  attomlii! 
also  l)y  Alvavado  ami  Olid.  Jlist.  I'enlad.,  121.  The  Tlascaltecs  nuinbc  ir.l 
u'.)Out  4000,  .and  the  Tezcucans,  according  to  Ixtlilxocbl.i,  from  4000  t(j  (iOiH*. 

^-'(!(iniara  assumes  that  they  souglit  to  allure  the  iSpaniards  into  th« 
town.  J/ist.  Mex.,  170. 


CUTTING  OF  THE  DIKE. 


m 


pyrc.^  Suddenly  midst  the  work  of  destruction  Cor- 
tes observed  startlinij  si<j:ns  of  increasin<^  waters,  and 
soon  after  a  Tezcucan  broujjlit  word  that  tlie  (hko 
shieldin<ij  the  town  on  the  west  had  been  cut.  In  tlieir 
desperation  the  inhabitants  had  invoked  the  Hood, 
whose  mercy  could  not  be  more  pitiless  than  the  in- 
vaders, while  it  might  assist  the  work  of  revenge.^ 

The  opening  was  widening  every  moment.  Xo 
time  was  to  be  lost.  The  recall  was  sounded,  but 
with  the  people  so  scattered  it  took  some  time  to 
gather  them.  Staggering  under  the  weight  of  s])oil 
they  fell  into  line,  their  march  being  dimly  lighted 
by  the  flames  behind  them.  The  flood  increased  so 
nmch  that  few  of  them  could  retain  thoir  burdens, 
and  near  the  opening  the  water  came  with  such  force 
as  to  make  the  passage  difficult.  Several  of  the 
allies  were  swept  away.  It  was  nine  o'clock  before 
the  last  of  the  troops  gained  the  high  land  beyond 
the  dike.  "A  delay  of  three, hours  longer,  and  none 
of  us  would  have  escaped,"  writes  Cortes.  Failing  in 
their  desperate  sacrifice  to  catch  the  invaders  in  the 
flooded  houses,  there  to  be  imprisoned  all  night  ])y  the 
rushing  waters,  the  enemy  were  at  hand  in  canoes  with 
early  dawn,  showering  missiles  and  sall3-ing  against 
the  flanks  of  the  invaders.  The  Spaniards  could  only 
reply  with  sword  and  lance,  for  the  powder  was  wet, 
and  since  nothini;  more  could  be  done  under  the  cir- 
cumstances,  they  contmued  the  retreat  to  Tezcuco. 
A  number  of  allies  fell,  and  even  the  soldiers,  \\ho 
had  suffered  no  casualties  in  the  capture  of  Izta- 
palapan,  now  lost  one  out  of  their  ranks."^ 

Notwithstaa ling  the  loss  of  booty  and  the  humili- 
ating  retreat,  the   expedition   had  succeeded   in    its 

''  So  estimated  by  Cort(53  and  otlicra.     Ilerrcra  reduces  it  to  5000. 

"Cortes  stilted  tliat  he  saw  men  euttinji  the  dike  as  he  entered  th(!  town, 
Imt  did  not  consider  the  siyniiieanee  until  tlie  water  rose  and  recalled  it  to 
him.  CarloK,  174. 

•'^  So  saya  Cortt5s,  while  Bcrnal  Diaz  assumes  that  two  mt^n  and  one  horso 
wore  lost,  he  himself  receiving  so  severe  a  wound  in  the  throat  as  to  liceonic 
an  invalid  for  uome  tunc.  Hid.  I'crilad.,  I'Jl.  Solia  refers  to  the  atl'air  as  a 
gloiioua  victory. 


m 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  TIIK  FLIMCT. 


main  oljjt'ct,  to  i  nil  id  Ji  .si^vorc  Icshoii  on  tl»o  foe  hy 
dosolaiin^  ont;  of  tlu^  llncst  citii'H  in  (Im  vulKiy,  ut  iUv. 
very  tliivshold  of  ilio  i-uitilal.  Tho  oH'oct  wuh  iiolici'd 
in  tlu"  arrival,  tlu>  day  altt'i-  the  loturn  to  Tozcuco,  of 
nu'sst'iijj^crs  from  Otmnba  and  sovoral  iidjacuni  towns,'" 
jHMiitontly  to  lonew  tlieir  allrj^iance,  wliicii  was  n('v<r 
ai^ain  hrokrn.  A  nnndxT  of  otiicr  towns  and  domains 
followed  the  t'xam[)li',  notaMy  Clialco,  a  lai'^o  and 
fortilo  district  i>xtendin<jj  I'ound  Clialco  Jjakt;,  and 
toward  the  sontli-oastward.  It  had  fallen  from  the 
raidv  of  an  inilependcnt  kingdom  to  that  of  a  province 
trihntary  to  the  Aztecs.  The  seveiity  of  its  task- 
mastei's  kt'pt  ever  smoulder injj;;  the  llame  of  revolt, 
and  deeply  the  })eople  sighed  lor  deliverance.  Owini^' 
to  tlu>  proximity  t)f  tlu^  iMexicans  and  the  pi'esence 
of  their  lawless  jjjarrisons,  tlu'y  like  many  others  had 
not  before  ventured  to  cast  olf  the  yoke,  but  with  the 
apprt)ach  of  the  Spaniards  they  jLi^atheretl  courage,  and 
two  envoys  were  sent  to  imph)re  protection." 

This  accorded  with  Cortes' plans,  an«l  Sandoval  was 
instructed  to  assist  them.  His  iiist  order,  howevt  r, 
wa.s  to  escort  to  Tlascala  with  twenty  horsemen  and 
two  hundred  infantry  the  carriers,  together  with  a 
number  of  warriors,  who  desired  to  return  home  with 
the  booty  so  far  acijuired.  Fresh  sui)pli(!s  weie  like- 
wise desired,  and  conununication  with  Villa  Kica  nuist 
be  kept  o})en.  They  had  not  proceeded  far  bi-fore 
the  'J'lascaltecs,  who  had  hastened  in  ailvance  of  tlu; 
Sjninish  main  body,  found  themselves  attacked  by  a 
large  force,  which  slew  a  number  and  captured  the 
carriers'  train.  Sandoval  routed  the  assailants  and 
iecai)tured  most  of  the  booty. ^ 

"'Four,  says  Cortra,  ami  Lorcnzaiia  onuineratoa  several  which  may  liavc 
omiiraceil  them.  Jlint.  \.  £sp.,  I'M.  Brasseur  de  lJonrl)oiirg  confouiuls  some 
with  southcin  (^haleo  towns. 

■'■  l)uran  stiites  that  the  (/iialutuis  had  sent  ))re.seut8  with  olTers  of  aUiaiMC 
lufore  the  Spaniards  ero.ssed  tiic  mountain  border.  Jlist.  lild.,  MS.,  ii.  4!ll. 
lint  this  is  doubtfid.  Ixtlilxociiitl  assumes  tliat  they  apjiealed  first  to  hi.s 
iijime.salie,  as  their  suzerain,  and  he  advised  submission  to  Cortes.  Mizcpiic 
ivnd  Cuithdiuae  appear  to  have  joined  in  tlie  submission. 

'"Bernal  Diaz  writes  that  two  archers  fell  and  seven  of  the  foe.     Owing 


TKNDKKS  OK  AI-LKtilANCK. 
Froin    TI.'iHc'ilji    Sjindoval    tinned    to   ( 'luih'o. 


r.77 


Ti 


f.'i'tuin  niiii/,(ti(;l(|M  in  front  of  tin;  rapital  the  Mcxi- 
(■aiiH  .stood  |»f('|>aicd  with  t\v«lv(!  tlionsand  warrriors 
to  dis|)nt(!  possession.  Il(^  eiiai'<^'ed  them  at  th(!  head 
of  lii.s  cavah'V,  l)iit,  thonj^h  yielding,'  for  a,  moment, 
they  lalhed  and  with  theii'  lon^  pikes  compelled  him 
t.o  fall  hack  npon  the  infantiy  and  allies.  The  second 
<'liar;^(!  was  more  snccessfnl,  and  within  two  honis  tin; 


ot)  wjiH   m 


Hi'dit, 


(Itnintr  which  lar«re  nnmlxMs  were 


slau<^htei(!d  and  some  captives  taken,  inclndin^  threo 
leadint^  men,  while  hut  lew  of  the  Spaniards  were  even 
Avounded. 

Th(!  ('hah'ans  came;  forth  to  t»!nder  an  ovation, 
and  th«!  two  yomiL?  rulers  A<azitzin  and  ( )ma<'at- 
/in'"  accom|)anied  the  trctojis  to  jHTsonally  oiler  alle- 
j^danci!  to  ( 'oi'tes,  toj^n-ther  with  som<i  small  pi'esj-nts. 
Theii'  father  had  always  a<lmired  the  S|»aniar'ds  and 
souji'ht  to  serv(!  them,^"  and  on  his  deatli-l>ed,  <l!!!ii;,:; 
tho  late  small-pox  epidemic,  ho  had  iec(»nnnended 
th(!m  and  theii'  counsellors  lo  suhmit-  to  th(^  white 
chief,  for  to  him  and  his  children  of  the  sun  did 
prophecy  |)oint  jis  rulers  of  that  land.  So  im- 
portant an  accession  ^a,ve  no  little;  pleasure  to  ( 'ortcs, 
who  ti'eated  tho  younj^  pri.s<»ners  with  e-very  con- 
sideration. At  their  own  ro(pu.'st  ho  conlirmed  them 
in  the  lordship,  assiiifnini^  to  the  eldest  ( 'halco  city, 
with  more  tiian  half  the  towns  in  tin;  province;,  whiKj 
tiio  youni^m'  receive<l  Tlalmanalco  and  Chimalhuacan, 
with  Ayotzinc()  Jind  other  |)laces  suhjeet  to  thein.*^ 

Tho  eight  captives  were  kindly  treated,  and  sent  to 


to  this  incident  SMndoviil  left  ordiTS  tliiit  no  rcrnforrrnH'nts  frDtii  Villa  Itii;a 
hliould  ad,  iincc  hcyond 'I'lascala  till  fiiitlicc  ordiTs.  Hint,  i'trihn/.,  \'-2.  I'n.'H- 
I'ott  wroii^dy  iissiinics  that  this  att.'u'k  occiiricd  on  thi'  nianli  to  ( .'lialco. 

•'"ixtlilxoiliitl,  //(.■</.  C/iirli.  .'{II.  On  another  pai^c,  ;t()7,  hi;  iiani(\s  Oma- 
<'.it/.in  and  fouf  other  eaoi(|UeM,  iinil  (.'hinialpain,  wvcral  otlierH,  I/ist.  ('imi/., 
lili  -7;  hilt  they  appoar  noai'ly  idl  to  ho  sul>-iiici(|ii('S.  JJi-.'i.sMtMir  do  JJoiirhourg 
talLi  the  first  lord  It/cahnat/in. 

*"Jlo  had  served  tho  ^'.panianls  during  tlie  lato  uprising.  C'oft<:%  Cartas, 
ITS-!). 

*^  lie  null  Diaz,  Iluit.  Vvrdwl.,  I'2.'};  Clnriijero,  Storin  Mi-.is.,  jii.  171.    After 
taking  tiieni  hack  to  ( /haleo,  Sandoval  escorted  from  Tloscula  some  Spuniurda 
and  Don  Fernando,  tho  new  ruler  of  Tezuuco. 
UWT.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    a7 


i 


t 

i  ■ 


57S 


COXSTRUCTIOX  OP  THE  FLEET. 


]\rexico  with  peace  proposals  similar  to  Jiosc  trans- 
iiiitted  l)y  the  toriuer  eaittors;  but  there  came  no 
reply.  The  .secession  of  ("iialeo  was  a  blow  to  tlit.' 
^Mexicans  even  more  severe  than  the  capture  of  Iztu- 
palapan,  owing  to  the  bad  example  to  submis.sive  and 
wavering  provinces,  and  (^)uauhtemotzin  hastened  with 
allurements  and  threats  to  reimprcss  upon  them  the 
necessity  for  remaining  true  to  the  empire.  These 
messages  were  also  sent  to  the  towns  round  Tez(au(»: 
and  the  caci(|ues  of  Coatlichan  and  Huexotla  came  to 
the  S[)anish  camp  in  great  distress,  to  say  that  all 
Mexico  was  coming  u\Hm  them.  They  were  doubtful 
whether  to  flee  to  the  mountains  or  come  to  Tezcuco. 
They  were  reassured  and  promised  succor  when  re- 
quired; meanwhile  they  nmst  entrench  thcmselvts 
and  prepare  the  warriors.  The  Mexicans  did  little, 
however,  beyond  making  raids  on  farms  and  stragglers 
from  two  towns,"  wherein  they  were  entrenched,  not 
far  from  Tezcuco.  This  attack  on  the  lartler  of  the 
army  coukl  not  be  endured,  and  Cortes  went  forth 
on  two  occasions  to  secure  the  threatened  crops  for 
himself,  driving  ott*  a  force  of  marauders  who  had 
come  with  quite  a  tleet  in  the  expectation  of  a  tine 
harvest,  and  caj)turing  their  strongholds  on  the  lake. 

All  this  made  conununication  with  Tlascala  in- 
secure, and  on  last  leaving  that  province  Sandoval 
had  strictly  forbidden  any  one  to  cross  to  Tezcuco 
without  a  permit.  It  so  happened  that  a  vessel  ar- 
rived at  Villa  Rica  with  over  thirty  .soldiers,  besides 
the  crew,  eight  horses,  ptI  a  tjuantity  of  war  stores. 
Knowing  how  pleased  COrt  ;S  would  be,  a  young  sol- 
dier broke  the  rules,  advcr.lurcd  his  life,  and  carried 
the  titlings  to  the  g'nieial,  who  freely  forgave  the 
disobedience  of  orders.     This  young  cavalier  also  ri  - 

"Chimalpain  names  Chiinalhuae;\ii,  Chitlahuaca,  and  Chicoaloapan.  Jli-t. 
Conq.,  ii.  '24. 

"  .Some  of  the  raided  fields  ■were  Mexico  temple  properties.  One  Sii.iniaiil 
was  killed  and  twelve  wounded,  while  the  Mexicans  lost  over  a  dozen,  IjcsuIl^i 
a  number  of  prisoners.  Leriial  JJ'ur.,  llkt.  Verdad.,  12'2-3.  The  caciiiucs  nf 
the  captured  strongholds  came  now  to  submit.  The  Aztecs  recaptured  thiin, 
and  had  again  to  be  driven  forth.  L'orUs,  Carta--i,  180-1;  Tonjucinada,  i.  Ci'J','. 


a 


por 
for 
unt 
tini( 
pro( 
trail 
leag 
can, 
tho^ 
Sfi 
dred 
upon 
unhaj 
tants 
liad  I( 
party 
tains, 
der,  ai 
arras, 
one   c 
fno-iti> 
cliielly 
moved 
to  tlio; 
Meal 
TJasca 
brigant 
two  ab 
this  pr< 
the  sli 
loaded 
niarkoc 
the  .spa 


os( 


BRIXfiINT,  POWN  THE  SHIPS. 


n:9 


ported  that  the  hrigantincs  were  comj)lete(l  and  ready 
for  transport.  Since  nlege  operations  could  not  he^rin 
until  the  hri<^antines  were  flouted  on  Tezcuco  liuke,  no 
time  was  to  be  lost,  and  Sandoval  received  orders  to 
proceed  at  once  to  Tlascala  and  convoy  the  precious 
train.  In  pfoing  he  must  pass  through  Zoltepec,  five 
leagues  distant,  near  the  eastern  border  of  Acolluia- 
can,  and  there  inflict  chastisement  for  the  murder  of 
the  Yuste  party  during  the  late  uprising. 

Sandoval  set  out  with  fifteen  horse  and  two  luui- 
dred  foot.  On  the  way  a  house  was  passed  bearing 
upon  its  wall  the  touching  inscription,  "Herein  the 
unhappy  Juan  Yuste  was  a  prisoner."  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Zoltepec,  henceforth  termed  *  ])ueblo  Morisco,' 
had  long  expected  this  descent,  and  no  sooner  did  the 
party  appear  in  sight  than  they  hastonod  to  the  moun- 
tains. One  body  of  soldiers  entered  the  town  to  plun- 
der, and  found  among  other  tilings  relics  of  the  dress, 
arras,  and  accoutrements  of  their  slain  comrades  in 
one  of  the  temples."  Another  body  i)ursued  the 
fugitives,  killing  a  few  and  capturing  a  large  number, 
cliieiiy  women,  who  were  enslaved.  Their  pleading  so 
moved  the  heart  of  Sandoval  that  he  issued  a  pardon 
to  those  who  had  escaped. 

Meanwhile  Martin  Lopez,  the  master  shipwriglit  in 
Tlascala,  had  arranged  for  the  transportation  of  the 
brigantines.  A  trial  launch  had  been  made  of  one  or 
two  above  a  dam  thrown  across  Zahuatl  River,*'  and 
this  proving  satisfactory  they  were  broken  up.  Upon 
the  shoulders  of  eijjht  thousand  carriers  were  now 
loaded  the  separate  pieces  of  timber  and  planks,  duly 
marked  and  numbered  for  fitting  them  together;  also 
the  spars,  cordage,  sails,  together  with  o.  quantity  of 


1  que  auian  desollado . . .  quatro  cueros  de  cauallos  ciirtidos . . 
3  de  lo3  Espauoles  (j  auia  inuerto.'  Bcrual  Diaz,   llUt.  IVr 


** '  Dos  carag  i 
muchos  vestidoa 
dad.,  VIA. 

^^Herreca,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  v.,  intimates  that  all  were  launched,  as  do 
Camargo,  Prescott,  and  othei-s,  but  Tonjueniuda  obsovvcs  that  it  woidd  have 
been  needless  injuiy  to  the  timbers  to  put  all  together,  llesidos,  all  wi.to 
nia'le  on  one  or  two  models,  the  diflerent  pieces  being  shaped  in  exact  imita- 
tion of  those  for  the  models. 


i    a  'I 


\.i\ 


I 


I       '1: 


580 


CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  FLEET, 


ammunition,  two  heavy  guns, and  other  effects.^®  Gr^iy^y 
they  bent  to  the  burden  wherein  lay  enginery  so  por- 
tentous for  the  destruction  of  the  hated  Aztecs.  The 
caravan  set  forth,  escorted  by  a  large  force  of  warriors, 
and  halted  at  Hueyotlipan  to  await  the  Spanish  con- 
voy. After  a  time  the  Tlascaltecs  became  impatient, 
and  regardless  of  warnings  jiroceeded.  While  en- 
camped near  the  border  an  alarm  was  raised,  and 
tumultuously  the  warriors  rushed  to  arms  to  2:>rotect 
a  portion  at  least  of  tlie  train  which  had  cost  such 
labor  and  embodied  such  hopes.  The  next  moment  a 
cheer  was  heard.    It  was  Sandoval  and  his  men. 

With  this  new  protection  many  of  the  Tlascaltec 
escort  could  be  dismissed,  and  the  remaining  twenty 
thousand  were  redistributed,  the  rear  being  assigned 
to  the  leading  chief,  Chichimecatl,  and  the  flanks  to 
Axotecatl  and  Teotepil.*'' 

It  was  a  strange  sight  in  those  parts,  this  serpentine 
procession  as  it  wound  its  way  across  the  Tezcucan 
border,  along  the  narrow  defiles  of  the  mountains,^" 
extending  two  miles  from  front  to  rear,  it  is  said.    A 


*"  Ojeda,  who  appears  to  have  rendered  great  service  as  iiitei-pretcr  and  in 
controlling  the  Tlascaltecs,  was  soon  after  rewarded  with  what  he  terms  a 
generalship  over  all  the  auxiliaries  under  Corti:''S.  Herrera  makes  a  special 
later  expedition  of  .^(KX)  Tlascaltecs  convey  the  guns  and  other  effects,  caiTJcd 
in  wooden  beds  by  relays  of  twenty  natives  fur  each.  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  \\, 

*''  The  names  arc  written  in  different  ways  by  different  authors.  T!io 
former  is  probably  identical  with  the  chief  of  Atlihuetzian,  who  afterward 
killed  his  two  sons  ioi  becoming  Christians,  says  Clavigero,  Storia,  /l/ow. ,  iii. 
170.  Cliimalpain  calls  them  brothers.  Ilht.  Coinj.,  ii.  2G.  Canvtrgo,  followed 
by  Heri'era,  assumes  that  the  original  native  force  was  180,000.  (Unnara  and 
Ixtlilxochitl  allow  '20,(KK)  to  have  been  retained,  besides  carriers;  others  give 
each  of  the  chiefs  10,000  men,  whi'  Bcrnal  Diaz,  who  as  a  rule  seeks  to  ignuro 
the  value  of  native  aid,  reduces  the  number  to  8000  warriors  and  '2000  carriers. 
Chichimecatl  became  (juite  indignant  at  finding  himself  removed  from  the  van. 
Ho  was  a  lord  of  Tlascala,  and  had  ever  V)een  accustomed  to  posts  of  honor  .'ind 
danger.  'For  this  very  reason,*  replied  Sandoval,  'have  I  jilaced  you  in  tiie 
rear,  for  there  the  foe  will  bo  most  likely  to  attack.'  Though  mollilied  in  tlio 
main,  Chichimecatl  still  grximbled,  and  considered  his  army  sullicient  to  guard 
the  rear  without  the  aid  of  the  Spanish  force  attached  to  his.  Sandov-d  im 
doubt  took  the  van,  though  Bcrnal  Diaz  states  that  ho  joined  the  rear.  J /'■</. 
Vrnliid.,  1'24.  Cortes  implies  that  the  change  was  owing  to  the  viAi,  in  ciise 
of  attack,  to  have  in  the  van  the  cumbersome  timber  under  Chiciiinu't'titrs 
care,  i'ur/as,  184-5.  Cliimalpain  supposes  that  the  chief  carried  his  points. 
J/int.  Colli/.,  ii.  '27. 

■**  North  of  Tclapon,  as  the  easiest  route,  is  the  supposition  of  Orozco  y 
Bcrra,  in  Xoticiag  Mcx. ,  '25G. 


IN  THE  SHIP- YARDS. 


581 


fleet  impelled  by  human  agencies  over  mountain  and 
plain,  through  forest  and  dale,  it  was  indeed  a  "cosa 
maravillosa,"  as  Cortes  expresses  it.  The  feat  of 
Vasco  Nunez  stood  repeated,  but  magnified  in  some 
respects,  in  the  number  of  the  vessels,  in  the  distance 
of  the  journey,  the  lurking  foe  being  ever  present, 
and  in  the  audacity  of  purpose,  the  subjugation  of 
the  proudest  metropolis  on  all  this  vast  continent. 
And  great  was  the  rejoicing  at  Tezcuco  as  the  caravan 
came  in  sight  on  the  fourth  day,  arrayed  in  gala  attire, 
with  brightly  gleaming  devices  and  ornaments,  and 
waving  plumage,  advancing  in  one  long  line  to  in- 
spiring music.  With  a  large  retinue,  also  in  gala 
dress,  Cortes  went  forth  to  meet  them,  and  as  the 
procession  passed  into  the  city  the  Tlascaltecs  rolled 
forth  their  newly  acquired  Spanish  vivas:  "A'^iva  el 
Emperadorl"  "Viva  Malinchel"  "Castilla!"  "  Tlas- 
cala,  Tlascala,  Castillal"  The  march  past  occupied  six 
hours,  says  Cortes.  Ship-yards  were  prepared  for  the 
vessels  on  the  border  of  a  creek  or  irrigation  canal, 
which  had  been  deepened  and  widened  for  nearly  half 
a  league,  fortified  in  places  with  timber  and  masoniy, 
and  provided  with  dams  and  locks.  This  labor  had 
occupied  eight  thousand  Tezcucans  fifty  days.^' 


^  m 


=  SB 


^''nizicron  la  qiiatro  cientos  mil  honibres.'  Gomara,  Hist.  Mcx.,  101. 
That  is,  8000  fresh  men  ihiily  for  oO  <laya,  to  judge  by  the  figure.  Ixtlil- 
xochitl  fails  not  ti)  adopt  ii  iiuuilior  whioli  speaks  so  well  for  tlie  size  of  iiis 


liroviiice.  lliM.  Chich.,  307;  J!' 


's,  4 Hi.     'I^  zanja  tenia  nuis  ile  ilos 


estados  do  hondr.ra  y  otros  ti'Uto.-,  de  naelu;';i,  y  iba  toda  chapada  y  estaeada.' 
t'orIcK,  ('(irtd-i,  20(5.  Bustaraant.  eluiuis  to  have  seen  truces  of  it,  S'i/khiiiii, 
llixt.  Coii<i.,  ()0-7,  as  did  Lvireiizana  in  liis  time.  Cortrn,  Hist.  N.  7>j),,  'I'M. 
For  the  caulking  of  the  ves.s.;s  cc  tton  was  uiso  used,  and  for  want  of  ^'rcase, 
human  fat  Mas  ol)tained  from  slain  enemies,  writes  Gomara.  OidorZiiazo 
was  assured  fif  this  pa','an  consecration  for  the  fleet,  'i'ids  has  Ix'cn  ilcnied 
by  others,  observes  Oviedo,  iii.  4'_'.'{-4;  l)ut  there  is  nothinj,'  imjirolialjle  in  a 
jiartial  use  thereof,  for  human  fat  had  been  frec[uently  used  in  otiur  cases,  as 
( 'orti'S  adu\its.  xidiUtioual  timber  was  ubtaiiied  ill  Toluutziiico,  says  Ixtlil- 
Xochitl. 


'l!,    ! 


CHAPTER    XXXI. 


PRELIMINARY    CAMPAIGNS. 
March-May,  1521. 

Plan  for  the  In-vestment  of  Mexico — Reconnoitring  Tour  rocnd  the 
Lake — Cortes  in  Command— Alvarado  and  Olid  Accompany — They 
Proceed  Northward  from  Tezcpco — CArrtJRE  of  Cities  and  Stronu- 
HOLDs — Xaltocan,  Qcauhtitlan,  Tenayocan,  Azcapuzalco,  Tlvcopa.v, 

AND   BACK  TO   TeZCUCO  —  CUAtCO   DISTURBED  —  PeACE    PROPOSALS   SeNX 

TO  Mexico — Further  Reconnoissance  of  the  Lake  Region  —  Many 
Battles  and  Victories — Quachnahuac  Captured — Bcrnino  of  Xoch- 
iMiLco — Second  Return  to  Tezcuco — Conspiracy. 

The  arrival  at  Tezcuco  of  the  briijantines  recalled 
the  necessity  for  planning  the  investment  of  Mexico, 
and  this  involved  a  reconnoitring  tour  round  the  lake, 
for  which  the  Tlascaltecs  in  particular  were  importu- 
nate. Chichimccatl  pressed  this  measure  the  moment 
lie  arrived  at  Tezcuco.  He  had  come  to  serve  thu 
emperor,  to  join  the  Spaniards  in  avenging  their  fallen 
countrymen.  Cortes  expressed  appreciation  of  his 
zeal,  "but  rest  now,"  he  said,  "for  soon  you  shall 
have  3"our  hands  full."  A  few  days  later  the  general 
Bet  out  from  Tezcuco  with  twenty-five  horse,  throe 
hundred  foot-soldiers,  twenty-five  archers  and  crijss- 
bowmen,  and  over  thirty  thousand  allies,  cliieHy  Tlas- 
caltecs, with  a  number  of  Tezcucans.  Among  the  war 
material  were  six  field -pieces.^  Alvarado  and  01  it  I 
accompanied  the  expedition,  and  also  a  number  of  the 
Tezcucan  leaders,  partly  as  hostages,  while  Sandoval 
remained  in  charge.     A  northward  coiuse  was  taken, 

'  Tliia  is  ncconling  to  CortOa;  others  (litTer  sliglitly,  nnd  Ixtlilxocliitl  in- 
creases the  Tezcucan  force  to  00,000.  Uor,  t'nicUkidvs,  13. 

(082) 


CAPTURE  OF  TOWXS. 


583 


though  the  aim  and  destination  were  divulged  to  but 
a  tow,  owing  to  the  distrust  still  entertained  of  the 
Tezcucans. 

On  the  Teeama  Plain,  four  miles  from  Tczcueo, 
a  hostile  foree  approached,  probably  by  accident. 
After  routing  them  the  army  encamped.  The  fol- 
lowing day  they  proceeded  to  Xaltocan,^  a  prominenti 


:-i 


\ 


oca      '  Xilolzini'o 
->Zuni|>an£p 

C*^  yJIZUmpunoo  '  f 

^  /\Xaltooan  ,  Zwmnol.'o  t       ^ 


\s. 


^  /  ,P>^ — ^Otoncapolco\  %0' 


cV 


/AjUlliiith 


,»"" 


Azcupuzolec 


Lain 

yueuc 


^^^ 

"Uucxotla 

oCuutliLlian 


tvlapon 


renixliUtlaij 


oAJilzco 


■!\;y 


'?«- 


"•"A, 


Ayutzlnuuu 


-'vi' 


Chalco  V,    V 

£      Iztaccihuatlj 
'""noloo  N^aluiaimlco  <-'     ^  k 

u«  auUIarcjuea     Tcuaucoj 

]i  ■'  'i'/'-  ■■"■"•    'iilk  ■■■■•- 


0AlllU(|UtMlll'UUI 

Ithualc'o 


/  TIayucupuu  f 

/  ijuaulinalmai;  / 

T    LA  ir/'tr   I    c 


} 


/  TeiHjxtlaii      S     ,1    "  ^  \YaLaplclitla 

y      YaiiliU'pi'C 


The  Vallev  df  Mexico. 

'  From  ^oc'i^/  ami  xal,  spider  and  sainl.  ( 'hlmal/iuiii,  fHxl.  Com/. ,  ii.  20.  Tho 
lako  iu  M  liicli  it  lies  is  divided  ul)()ut  tlio  ceiitro  liy  an  artiticiiil  e.iuseway 
nldnit'ine  loagno  loiif,',  runuiiig  from  east  to  west,  the  soutlieni  watei'  lieinjj 
).  isv  known  as  San  Cristobal  J'leatepoe,  from  tlu;  town  of  that  name,  iiiid  tin 
v.;  'lieiii  v/ater  as  Xaltocun  or  Tonuinitla,  Sun  Cristobal  being  also  the  yeneral 
t    in  fur  both  waters. 


I 


I 


i 


m 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


town  situated  on  an  island  in  the  noi'tlicrn  end  of  the 
lake  bcariiif^  that  name.  Once  tlic  capital  succes- 
8ively  of  a  Toltec,  Otoini,  and  Cliichinioc  princi'^nJity, 
it  had  succumbed  to  the  vicissitudes  of  political  revo- 
lution and  wars,  and  was  at  present  one  of  the  chief 
strongholds  belonging  to  tlie  tripartite  power  in  the 
valley.  It  was  approached  by  a  causeway  provided 
with  breastworks  and  drawbridges. 

The  intention  of  the  army  had  been  surmised,  so 
that  ])reparations  were  made  in  every  direction  to  re- 
sist an  ent^^ ,  and  the  water  swarmed  with  canoes.  In 
advancing     r  the  causeway  a  tempest  of  stones, 

arrows,  and  o  came  upon  them  from  both  sides, 

while  hampered  on  a  narrow  road,  hennned  in  by 
the  waters,  and  able  to  do  little  against  the  float- 
ing entimy,  who  were  comparatively  safe  behind  tlie 
bulwarks  lltted  to  tlieir  canoes.  Advance  was  soon 
stopped  by  the  first  trench  in  the  causeway,  not  only 
wide  and  deep,  but  protected  on  the  farther  side  l>y 
strong  breastworks.  The  situation  was  embarrassing. 
Falling  back  a  little,  with  the  loss  of  one  man,  the 
guns  were  brought  forward  to  })i'otect  the  allies  while 
iilling  the  gap;  but  at  this  juncture  two  Tezcucans 
informed  Cortes  that  they  could  guide  him  across  by 
a  fordable  passage. 

The  offer  was  eagerly  accepted,  and  while  a  part  of 
the  forces  attracted  the  foe  to  the  causeway,  and  the 
horses  covered  the  rear,  Cortes  led  another  party  by 
the  ford.  The  water  reached  only  to  the  waist,  and 
though  the  enemy  hastened  forward,  resistance  w;is 
in  vain,  and  soon  the  town  was  reached,  and  idl  who 
had  not  escaped  innnediately  surrendered.  (Jootl 
S})oils  were  secured  of  fal)rics  and  other  merchandise, 
as  well  as  soujc  gold.  Since  the  canoe  fleet  might 
attemi)t  a  night  attack,  it  was  not  considered  safe  to 
camp  on  the  island,  and  as  the  army  withdrew  to  the 
plain  one  league  beyond,  a  j)art  of  the  town  was  iired, 
in  further  warning.  Xaltocan  had  more  than  (»nti' 
before  risen  from  her  ashes,  but  these  were  the  flames 


CORTfiS  PONDERS. 


585 


of  !icr  funeral  pyre.  She  never  assumed  importance 
again,  and  is  now  hut  a  pretty  villagt;. 

The  next  camp  was  formed  in  Quauhtitlan,  "a  larj^o 
and  heautiful  city,"  as  Cortes  calls  it,  which  was  found 
deserted.  Tlience  they  followed  the  route  which  liad 
been  taken  after  that  niglit  of  ineffaceable  liorrors,  when 
the  foe  seemed  to  fill  the  air  and  beat  their  faces  in  the 
blackness  like  the  birds  of  Avernus,  cutting  off  the 
stragglers  faint  witii  wounds  and  hunger,  and  sending 
terror  to  the  hearts  of  the  bravest.  Now  they  came 
in  confident  strength,  yet  again  the  foe  liovered  rouml, 
though  only  at  •>.  distance,  along  the  safe  liill  slopes, 
while  from  the  i  ui^mits  rose  pillars  of  snioke  to  pro- 
claim the  coming  of  the  avengers.  They  passed 
through  Ten.iyocan,  once  the  capital  of  the  Chiciiimee 
emi)ire,  and  now  renowned  only  for  the  innnenso 
serpent  idols  in  its  temple,  from  which  the  Spaniards 
called  it  El  Pueblo  de  los  Sierpes.  Thence  to  Azca- 
puzalco,  the  former  proud  seat  of  the  Tepanec  kings,^ 

No  resistance  being  offered  at  any  of  these  towns, 
they  were  spared  the  brand,  whereat  the  (hsappointed 
Backers  felt  aggrieved.  As  the  army  ncaied  Tlaco- 
pan  a  large  (»pp()sing  Ixxly  appeared,  which  was  rein- 
forced by  warriors  from  the  towns  thereabout  and 
from  ^lexico.  The  ground  being  level,  the  cavalry 
easily  broke  through  tlieir  lines,  and  the  infantry  com- 
j)leted  the  rout,  pursuing  them  into  the  city.  ^Vfler 
clearing  the  greater  number  of  streets  from  foes,  cam[) 
was  formed  in  the  jialace. 

There  was  hardly  any  evidence  of  the  late  ravages 
to  which  j\[(!xico  and  its  apj)roaches  had  been  exposed 
during  Sj)anish  oc('Uj)ation,  and  (Jortes  saw  Ihat  it 
would  be  no  easy  niaiter  to  l)(;si('ge  such  a  stronghold, 
or  series  of  strojigholds,  as  the  massive  buildings  m;iy 
be  termtul,  held  as  they  were  by  so  obstinate  a  people 
as  the  vVztecs,  witii  whom  any  ti'illing  or  imagitiaiy 
success  seemed  to  eiface  the  effect  of  continual  dcleats. 

The  prospect  was  not  encouraging,  and  as  he  looked 

'Sco  ^,'ative  Jliici'K,  ii.  v. 


i 


ti 


i 


C86 


PRELIMINAEY  CAMPAIGNS. 


at  the  causeway  full  of  those  pitfalls  which  had  de- 
feated his  high  purposes,  gloomy  thoughts  filled  his 
breast.  "Why  so  sad,  your  worship?"  broke  in  a 
cavalier.*  "Yours  was  not  the  fault,  and  never  will 
you  be  compared  with  heartless  Nero."  "I  am  not 
thinking  of  that  sorrow  alone,"  said  Cortes,  "but  of 
the  struggles  yet  required  to  achieve  the  mastery. 
Still  with  God's  approval  we  will  soon  attempt  it."'' 

In  the  morning  hostile  forces  again  a,^peared,  only 
to  be  driven  back,  whereupon  the  allies  dispersed  to 
sack  and  fire,  with  the  determination  to  avenge  the 
attack  made  upon  them  during  the  flight  from 
Mexico.  "And  in  this  they  used  such  diligence," 
writes  Cortes,  "that  even  our  quarters  were  endan- 
gered." The  general  was  nothing  loath  to  see  the 
llames,  for  it  suited  his  plans  not  only  to  chastise  the 
jieople,  but  to  render  the  place  less  strong  in  view  of 
later  operatini;  furthermore,  it  was  no  easy  matter  to 
restrain  the  Tlascaltecs.  Next  day  the  enemy  camo 
again  in  force,  but  this  time  they  waited  not  to  bo 
routed.  They  retired  steadily  to  and  along  the  cause- 
way to  Mexico,  drawing  the  Spaniards  after  them.  It 
was  the  very  spot  where  they  had  suffered  so  severely 
the  year  before.  Cortes  had  led  the  cavalry  far  along 
the  causeway  ar.d  across  one  bridge,  when  the  Mexi- 
cans with  inspiring  shouts  and  doubled  force  came 
rolling  back  on  front  and  flank,  from  houses  and 
lanes,  thrusting  with  pikes  and  striking  with  swords, 

*Biichillcr  Alonso  Perez,  afterward  iiscal  of  Mexico.  Benml  Diaz,  IHst. 
Vcrdad.,  135. 

*  This  incident  was  commemorated  by  some  poetic  follower  in  a  ballad 
'which  became  a  favorite  with  the  conquerors : 

Kn  Tnciibii  osti  Cort'.'s, 
{.'on  611  t'sqmidron  csfon.'ftdo, 
Trisfo  t'stiiuii,  y  iiiuy  pciiDso, 
Tristo,  y  con  gnin  cuiiliulo, 
La  vnii  luitnu  on  la  niuxillo, 
Y  lu  otrii  vn  cl  coatado. 

Which  may  be  translated  literally: 

In  Taonba  stamis  Cort's, 

WItli  hirt  troopers  strim;;  nnd  bravo; 

ftid  liu  wiis  uiiil  doi'ply  Rravu; 

Sad,  and  heavily  opprewned. 

With  one  hanil  \\\:i  cheek  lie  proascd; 

Against  kia  bide,  tuu  ottiur. 


SINGLE  COMBATS. 


587 


the  roofs  meanwhile  swarminjx  with  slinfjcrs.  Cortds 
quickly  sounded  retreat,  and  the  troops  retired,  but 
the  onslauf^ht  had  been  tremendous,  and  it  required 
no  small  effort  to  stay  themselves.  Almost  every  ono 
was  wounded,  it  is  said,  and  several  fatally.  In  cross- 
injj  the  bridjje  Alf(5rez  Juan  Volante  was  knocked 
into  the  water.  Several  canoe-men  seized  him,  but 
he  was  a  powerful  fellow,  and  with  the  strength  of 
desperation  he  shook  them  off  and  sprang  back  to  his 
comrades  with  his  banner.  Cortes  made  repeated 
charges  with  the  horses  to  relieve  the  pressed  foot- 
soldiers,  till  open  ground  was  gained  and  the  danger 
past.^ 

On  the  following  days  the  Mexicans  sought  to  re- 
peat their  manoeuvres,  but  Cortes  was  more  prudent, 
and  covered  his  rear  carefully  as  he  advanced.  Ob- 
serving this,  the  Mexicans  tauntingly  called  out: 
"Enter,  O  brave  ones,  and  fight  1  for  to-day  you  will 
be  masters  of  Mexico.  Enter  to  feast,  all  is  pre- 
pared!" And  again:  "You  shall  find  no  Montezuma 
now  to  do  your  bidding.  Begone,  tnerefore,  to  your 
own!"  Others  confined  themselves  to  insults  directed 
against  the  Tlascaltecs.  "  Rogues,"  they  cried,  "never 
would  you  thus  dare  to  approach  us  but  for  the  Chris- 
tians, whose  concubines  you  are.  But  wait  awhile; 
we  shall  eat  you  both  with  cliile,  for  you  are  not  fit 
to  be  slaves!"  The  Tlascaltecs  were  not  slow  to 
answer:  "Always  have  you  fled  before  us  like  treacli- 
crous  cowards.  We  are  the  men,  you  the  women. 
Never  have  you  entered  our  territory  as  we  yours. 
The  Castilians  are  not  men  but  gods,  one  of  whom 
suftices  to  rout  a  thousand  such  as  you!"  This  verbal 
skirmish  led  in  several  cases  to  challenges,  the  princi- 
pals being  accorded  a  free  field  wherein  to  settle  their 
disputes;  and  since  they  were  generally  men  selected 

*So  runs  Bcmal  Diaz'  ncconnt,  which  appears  a  little  cx.i.L'.ircratcd,  for 
recently  Cortda  had  shown  the  greatest  caution,  and  would  hiirdly  have  allowed 
liiniself  to  be  so  readily  trapped  on  so  nieniorablo  a  spot.  IHkI.  Vcnlad.,  120. 
C'orti^s  states  that  not  a  Spaniard  was  lost,  though  tieverul  Mexicans  fell. 
Cartas,  187. 


'     ^S' 


n;a 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS.  "   " 

from  both  sides  for  their  bravery,  skill,  and  strength, 
the  struggles  were  eagerly  watched. 

On  one  occasion  a  solitary  warrior  of  great  stature 
stepped  from  a  canoe  to  the  causeway,  armed  with 
sword  and  shield,  and  challenged  any  Spaniard  to 
combat,  for  he  desired  to  appease  the  gods  with  blood. 
The  soldiers  gaped  in  astonishment  at  this  rashness. 
"What,  you  hesitate,  you  cowards!"  he  cried.  The 
next  instant  a  soldier  named  Gonzalo  Hernandez 
rushed  upon  him  with  sword  and  shield,  whereupon 
he  leaped  into  the  water,  pursued  by  the  soldier,  who 
sought  to  despatch  him.  A  number  of  canoes  stole 
up,  however,  and  Hernandez  was  seized  by  the  war- 
riors. His  comrades  rushed  to  the  rescue,  and  so 
beset  the  canoes  as  to  kill  a  chief  and  bring  their 
champion  ashore."'  During  one  of  the  sallies  Cortes 
reached  the  breach  in  the  causeway  where  his  men 
had  suffered  so  severely  during  the  Sorrowful  Night. 
The  bridge  was  down,  and  he  appealed  to  the  warriors 
on  the  other  side:  "Why  so  foolishly  court  destruc- 
tion? If  there  is  a  leader  among  you,  let  him  appear, 
so  that  I  may  speak."  "  Speak,"  was  the  response, 
"we  arc  all  leaders  here;  leaders  who  shall  make  a 
banquet  of  thee  and  thine  I" 

Six  days  had  been  spent  at  Tlacopan,  and  since 
nothing  could  be  achieved,  not  even  an  interview  with 
Quauhtcmotzin,  for  which  Cortes  ardently  longed,  he 
turned  homeward.  This  abandonment  of  what  th(3 
Mexicans  had  probably  regarded  as  the  beginning  of 
the  siege  created  no  small  exultation  among  them, 
and  eagerly  they  pursued  the  retreating  army,  though 
repelled  now  and  then  with  some  punishment  by  tlu; 
cavalry.  The  following  day  the  pursuing  forces  had 
swelled  to  larger  proportions,  and  were  more  daring 
than  ever.  Cortes  accordingly  ordered  the  infantry 
to  advance,  while  he,  with  twenty  horses,  divided  into 
several  parties  and  formed  an  ambuscade.    No  sooner 

''JIvrrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  vii. 


CHALCO  IN  DANGER. 


C89 


had  the  unsuspecting  Mexicans  reached  the  spot  than 
the  cavalry  charged  into  their  midst  with  thundering 
war  cries.  The  surprise,  no  less  than  the  execution, 
caused  a  panic,  and  the  infantry  hastened  back  to  join 
in  the  usual  chastisement.     Molestation  ceased. 

From  Quauhtitlan  the  army  proceeded  by  way  of 
Acolman  to  Tezcucc.  The  presence  of  so  large  a 
body  of  allies  being  considered  for  the  moment  un- 
necessary, the  greater  number,  elated  with  success  and 
laden  with  spoil,  were  dismissed  to  their  homes,  there 
to  prepare  for  the  gathering  to  follow  the  completion 
of  the  brigantines." 

The  withdrawal  from  Tlacopan  encouraged  the 
Mexicans  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  Chalco  and  to 
inflict  chastisement  for  its  secession.  The  place  was 
indeed  most  important  to  Mexico,  since  from  its  fertile 
plains  came  the  largest  supplies,  now  more  than  ever 
I'equired.  The  threat  had  been  held  over  the  Chalcans 
ever  since  their  submission  to  Cortes,  and  the  two 
young  lords  had  hardly  returned  ^'om  Tezcuco  before 
they  sent  messengers  to  implore  aid.  This  occurred 
while  Sandoval  was  preparing  to  leave  for  Tlascala  to 
convey  the  brigantines,  and  no  further  troops  could 
therefore  be  detached  without  great  risk,  so  that  the 
Chalcans  were  told  to  wait.  As  the  messengers  were 
leaving  with  this  cold  comfort  envoys  arrived  from 
Huexotzinco  and  Quauhquechollan.  Tho}""  had  seen 
the  signal  pillars  of  smoke  of  the  hostile  allies,  and 
had  come  to  ask  if  they  could  be  of  service.  The  pro- 
posals came  most  opportunely. 

The  Huexotzincas  and  Quauhquechollans  had  long 
entertained  a  hatred  of  the  Chalcans,  as  natives  of  nn 

*  They  beg'^'cd  permission  to  return  homo,  says  Chim.'ilpaiii.  ///>■'.  Cnix/., 
i.  31.  lIcn-er.T  relates  thtit  the  efforts  of  Ojeda,  by  CortOs'  onlfr,  to  take  from 
the  Tlascaltecs  the  gold  part  of  their  booty  so  ofloniled  them  that  they  began 
to  desert.  Tlie  extortion  was  accordingly  stopped,  doe.  ill.  HI),  i.  cap.  vii. 
Clnvigero  doubts  the  story.  I'rcscott  regards  the  departure  of  the  allies  aa 
distasteful  to  Cortes;  but  we  have  seen  that  he  diil  not  care  at  present  to  en- 
cumber himself  with  too  many  unruly  auxiliaries  to  prey  upon  the  peaceful 
provinces.  Tiio  Tlascaltecs  would  willingly  have  remained  to  share  iu  raid- 
ing expeditious. 


600 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


Aztec  province  against  whose  forces  they  had  often 
been  arrayed,  but  Cortes  represented  the  true  state 
of  affairs  and  convinced  the  respective  envoys  of  the 
important  service  they  could  render  themselves  and 
their  new  sovereign,  to  whom  all  owed  allegiance,  by 
forgetting  occurrences  for  which  their  oppressors  wore 
to  blame,  and  to  combine  for  mutual  aid.  His  argu- 
ments were  convincing,  and  both  Huexotzinco  and 
Quauhquechollan  promised  immediately  to  support  the 
Chalcans  with  a  large  force. 

The  Aztecs  do  not  appear  to  have  gone  much  be- 
yond threats  until  after  the  Spanish  retirement  from 
Tlacopan,  but  two  days  after  their  return  to  Tczcuco 
Chalcan  messengers  appeared  with  such  supplications 
that  Sandoval  was  despatched  to  their  aid  with  twenty 
horse,  three  hundred  infantry,  and  a  force  of  allies,'' 
largely  reinforced  at  Chalco  by  Huexotzincas,  Quauli- 
quechollans,  and  Chalcans.  On  arriving  before  Chimal- 
huacan,^"  he  found  the  enemy  drawn  up  in  battle  array 
in  three  large  divisions.  A  rush  at  the  invaders  wa;^ 
made.  The  cavalry  met  them,  breaking  their  ranks 
and  throwing  them  into  confusion.  Retiring  to  more 
broken  ground,  where  they  were  comparatively  safe 
from  the  horses,  they  rallied  to  face  the  infantry,  but 
the  well  directed  volleys  of  fire-amis  and  cross-bows 
proved  another  surprise,  which  prepared  the  way  for 
an  effective  charge  from  swordsmeu  and  lancers.  Xow 
the  retreat  assumed  more  the  form  of  a  flight,  the 
Spaniards  pursuing  eagerly.  During  this  operation 
Gonzalo  Dominguez  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  which 
fell  upon  him,  inflicting  such  injuries  that  he  died  with- 
in a  few  days.  In  him  the  army  lost  one  of  its  most 
dashing  horsemen,  and  the  equal  of  any  in  daring. 

The  troops  then  retired  to  the  town  for  the  night. 
Next  day  they  marched  to  Huastcpec,  the  objective 
point  of  the  expedition,  where  fifteen  thousand  jMcx- 

'  Including  8000  Tezcucans  under  Chichinquatzin.  IxtJilxochitl,  Ifor.  Crud- 
dadcs,  15.    On  March  Tith,  says  Vetancurt,  Teatro  Mcx.,  pt.  iii.  154. 

'"Also  known  as  Ohimalhuacan-Chalco,  to  distinguish  it  from  Chinialhuacau 
on  Tezcuco  Lake. 


CHALCO  AGAIN  IMPERILLED. 


591 


icans,  composed  partly  of  the  defeated  forces,  attacked 
them  with  such  enerf^v  that  five  horses  and  a  number 
of  sohhers  were  wounded.  The  Spaniards  soon  routed 
them,  and  chased  the  fleeing  through  the  town,  a 
number  taking  refuge  in  a  stronghold.  While  a 
portion  of  the  troops,  together  with  the  Tlascaltecs, 
dispersed  in  quest  of  the  rich  spoil,  and  the  cavalry 
were  tending  their  horses,  the  fugitive  garrison  stole 
back  to  the  town  and  fought  their  way  to  the  strong- 
hold near  the  square,  where  they  took  a  stand  behind 
some  breastworks.  Their  position  was  not  h^ng  main- 
tained, however,  after  the  troops  had  collected  for 
the  assault.  The  entire  force  of  ^Mexicans  was  then 
driven  for  over  a  league,  with  considerable  slaughter. 
The  army  now  took  up  their  quarters  for  two  days  in 
the  palace.  A  peaceful  summons  was  sent  to  the  lord 
of  the  place,  without  meeting  any  response;  another 
to  Yacapichtla  brought  an  insulting  answer.  The 
insolence  was  due  to  the  confidence  of  the  garrison 
in  its  strength,  situated  as  it  was  on  an  almost  inac- 
cessible  height."  The  Chalcans  implored  Sandoval  to 
capture  the  place  and  drive  forth  the  occupants,  who 
would  otherwise  not  fail  to  descend  with  lire  and 
sword  on  their  land.  The  proposition  was  by  no 
means  agreeable  after  so  arduous  a  march  and  with 
so  many  wounded,  including  himself;  but  Sandoval 
never  shrank  from  what  he  regarded  duty,  and 
soon  he  appeared  before  the  fort  to  repeat  his  de- 
mands, only  to  hear  taunts  and  jeers.  The  ascent  was 
steep,  with  few  points  aflbrding  cover,  and  when  the 
Chalcans  were  urged  to  begin  the  attack  for  which 
they  had  pleaded  they  objected  unless  the  Teules 
accompanied  them.  Sandoval  unhesitatingly  place  i 
some  horsemen  to  guard  the  rear,  and  dismounting 
with  Tapia  the  two  took  their  shields  and  swords  and 
led  the  way,  followed  l)y  a  number  of  scjldiers. 

The  garrison  lustily  plied  their  stones  and  darts,  and 
despite  the  protecting  shields  several  were  wounded, 

''  Lorenzaua  inspected  the  jiosition  in  later  times.  CoHcs,  Hist,  N.  Exp.,  21't. 


602 


preliminahy  campaigns. 


anion;.^  ihcxn  T;ij)ia  and  Osina,  Avliilo  otliors  wore 
t.vertlirown  l»y  tlio  concussiou  and  canio  tunil)lin<^ 
down.  With  cliecrinfj  Santiagos  the  soldiers  iirn^cd 
one  another  onward  until  even  the  Chah-ans  joined 
the  assault.  Tiie  lirst  Spaniard  had  hardly  reached 
the  suuiniit  het'ore  the  occupants  attempted  ili,L,dit, 
only  to  l)ring  death  upon  them  the  quiekei*.  Many 
were  chased  over  the  clifT,  to  tall  into  e<jually  rehnitless 
hands  below;  otiiers  in  their  fear  and  despair  cast 
themselves  headlon*^  from  the  heii^ht.  Ho  freely 
iiowed  hlood,  the  soldiers  say,  that  the  creek  at  the 
foot  of  the  fortress  was  stained  sanguine,  and  so  re- 
mained for  an  hour,  repelling  in  horror  the  victors  who 
approached  it  to  quench  their  thirst.'"  The  Chalcans 
being  now  content,  Sandoval  returned  toTezcuco  with 
considerable  s[)oils  and  a  number  of  prtitty  slaves. 

Informed  of  the  victorious  advance  of  the  Spaniards, 
Emperor  (^uauhtemotzin  hastened  to  send  reinforce- 
ments to  his  garrisons,  and  hardly  had  Sandoval 
t'^ndered  a  report  to  his  general  before  the  alarmed 
Chalcans  sent  messengers  stating  that  a  ileet  of  tw(^ 
thousand  large  canoes  with  numerous  warriors  were 
descending  U[>on  them.  Believing  that  Sandoval  must 
have  been  too  hasty  or  negligent,  Cortes  without 
deiixning  to  listen  to  excuses  ordered  him  to  return 
inunediately.  ISIeanwhile  the  Chalcans,  enc(jura<jfed 
by  the  allies,  had  faced  the  invaders  l)ravely  and 
routed  them  in  a  fierce  battle,  killing  quite  a  number 
and  capturing  over  twoscore  warriors,  among  them 
the   general   and    several   chiefs."     When    Sandoval 

""Que  todos  los  que  alii  se  hallaron  afirman.'  Cortds,  Car/nn,  190.  The 
general  lauds  the  achievement  with  rare  fervor  for  him.  Bernal  ]>iaz  .sneei-s 
at  the  river  of  lilood  story;  but  then  ho  was  not  present  to  share  llie  glory. 
The  Roman  Mario  v.as  less  dainty  than  tiiese  Spaniards  under  a  similar  cir- 
cumstance, conunemoratcd  by  Plutarch;  or  as  Floro  more  prosjiically  puts  it: 
'Ut  victor  Romanua  dc  cnieiito  fluminc  non  plus  aqua)  biberit  quam  sanguinis 
barbarorum.'  I'/iitnTiie,  lib.  iii.  cap.  iii. 

"  Fifteen,  says  Bernal  Diaz.  Chimalpain,  the  Chaloan  narrator,  states  that 
his  tribe  lost  3.'»0  men,  Init  killed  ITrtJO  foes,  capturing  the  captiiin-general, 
Chimalpopoeatzin,  a  relative  of  the  emperor,  who  now  became  a  captain  among 
the  Tezcucans,  and  was  killed  during  the  siege.  JIIM.  t'oiifj.,  ii.  34.  Some  of 
these  facts  are  evidently  not  very  reliable.  He  also  assumes  that  Soudovui 
lost  eight  soldiers  ou  Lgaiu  rctuniing  to  Tczcuco. 


Tin:  TAITIIFUL  CIIIXAXTECS. 


BOB 


camo  np  tlic  fli^lit  was  over,  and  tlio  jiroud  victors 
surrt'iKlcri'd  xlicir  caplivcs,  who  wiTc  sent  to  Ti-zciico, 
tlio  Spaniards  lollowiiig  as  soon  as  the  danger  a[)|)earc'd 
to  be  over. 

Ai^ijfrieved  at  the  brusquoncss  of  his  coni>nander, 
8an(l(»val  sent  in  his  report  without  presentinLj  liini- 
selt';    hut   Cortes    had    hy  tliis   time   recoijjnized    the' 
injustice  of  Ids   treatment,  and    actuatcnl  l)y  policy 
no  less  than  hy  allection,  he  8unnnon(Ml  his  captain 
and  frankly  avowed  his  haste,  thus  strenjjftheninLj  tho 
fiiendsliip  which  ever  after   hound  them.     '.i'l)e  vic- 
tories in  (,'lialco  left  secure  the  entire  region  between 
A'^illa  llica  and  the  Sjtanish  lines,  and  communication 
was  henceforth  regularly  maintained,  permitting  fresh 
su])plies  and  war  material  to  be  brought  from  a  vessel 
which  had  recently  rciiched  the  coast.    A  great  event 
was  till!  arrival  of  three  vessels  with   two  hundred 
Spaniards,  eighty  horses,  and  a  full  complement  of 
arms,  amnumition,  and  other  eftc'cts,  partly  l)ougl)t  and 
l)artl3'  eidisted  by  the  agents  whom  Cortes  had  de- 
spatched to  the  Islands  iluring  the  previous  autunm. 
Among  the  new-comers  were  Julian  de  Alderete  of 
Tordesillas,  a})p()inted  I'oyal  treasurer  for  New  Si)ain, 
and   the    Franciscan  Pedro  Melgarejo  de   Urrea  of 
Seville,  bearing  a  supply  of  papal  indulgences  for  tho 
men  who  had   l)een  engaged   m   the  crusade.     That 
the  soldiers  were  conscious  of  frequent  transgressions 
may  be  judged  from  the  suggestive  and  not  wholly 
leverential   observation  of  l^ernal  Diaz,  that  "after 
] latching  their  defects  the  friar  returned    to   S[)ain 
within  a  few  months,  a  rich  man."** 

C(jrtes  was  cheered  by  offers  of  submission  and 
alliance,  owing  partly  to  the  good  offices  of  Tezcucans 
and  other  allies.  Some  came  from  i)laces  quite  dis- 
tant, such  as  Nautla  and  Tuzapan,  on  the  coast  north 

•♦Tlie  'comissarlo' or  clerk  in  charge  of  the  l.n.llo  T^-as  Oeroniino  Lopez, 
afterward  secretary  at  Mexico.  Jkni(dJ)iiiz,  UK  Ven/wl.,  I  •_'!».  Tlii.s  author 
names  several  of  tho  arrivals,  some  of  whom  l>ecame  ea)(Unn.s  of  vessels.  A 
number  also  arrive.l  during'  the  following  week,  he  adds,  notably  in  Juan  do 
Burgos'  vessel,  which  Ijrouglit  much  material. 
HiBT.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    ^S 


:i 


594 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


of  Villa  Rica,  "iadcn  as  usual  with  presents."  Another 
pleasing  cvitbnce  of  still  more  devoted  loyalty  came 
not  long  after  from  the  south,  from  the  country  of 
the  valiant  Chinantecs,  of  the  long  pikes.  During 
the  great  uprising,  when  Spaniards  in  small  or  strag- 
gling parties  had  everywhere  been  slaughtered,  this 
people  faithfully  protected  the  two  soldiers  who  hap- 
pened to  be  with  them,  and  were  in  return  aided  by 
their  prowess  and  advice  to  achieve  victories  over  ad- 
joining tribes.  One  of  these  men,  Captain  Hernando 
de  Barrientos,  sent  two  natives  in  April  with  a  letter 
to  his  countrymen  imparting  the  assurance  that  Chi- 
nantla  and  its  six  sub-towns  were  loyal.^" 

The  recent  successes  and  the  arrival  of  the  two 
hundred  men  induced  Cortes  once  more  to  propose 
peace  to  Quauhteniotz"ii.  To  tliis  end,  during  passion 
week,  he  bade  some  of  the  captured  nobles  proceed  to 
^Mexico  with  a  letter  as  a  symbol  of  their  commission, 
and  impress  upon  their  master  the  superiority  in  arms 
and  skill  of  the  Spanish  forces,  their  constant  and 
large  reinforcements,  and  their  unvar3'ing  success  in 
the  field.  They  must  j)oint  out  the  generous  and  hu- 
mane treatment  of  the  provinces  which  had  submitted, 
and  as^aire  the  x\ztec  leaders  that  equal  forgiveness 
would  be  accorded  them.  Refusal  to  return  to  their 
alletjiance  would  lead  to  the  destruction  of  themselves 
and  their  city.  Only  two  of  the  captives  ventured  to 
accept  the  coiiimissiuu,  for  according  to  Aztoc  articles 
of  war  any  noble  who  returned  to  his  country  after 
having  been  captured  by  an  enemy  was  doomed  to 
decapitation  unless  he  had  performed  some  extraoidi- 
nary  deed." 

No  answer  came  from  Mexico,  and  .'t  was  afi^erward 

"Gnmora  mentions  also  Maxcaltziuco  as  a  distant  placn.   flist.  Mex.,  ISd. 

'"The  chiefs  were  awaiting  orders  to  appear  before  Cortes.  The  general 
told  tliem  to  wait  till  tranquillity  wa3  more  fully  restored.  The  name  of  thu 
other  soldier  was  Nicolas.  '  'ortrx,  Cdrtun,  203-5.  Herrera  assumes  that  Bar- 
rientos arrived  in  camp  during  the  late  Tcpeaca  campaign,  dec.  ii.  lib.  x.  cap. 
xvii. 

"Of  the  rank  and  lilo  none  sufTered  penalty  on  returning,  for  captivity 
was  regarded  as  disgraceful  only  to  a  noble.  Xutivc  Jluceti,  ii.  410. 


SECOND  EXPEDITION". 


503 


learned  that  the  messencjers  had  suffered  death.  The 
Aztec  ruler  had  not  even  given  a  thought  to  peace. 
He  was  watching  his  opponents,  prepared  to  take 
advantage  of  any  neglect  or  relaxation  in  their-  effort. 
No  Rooncr  had  Sandoval  been  induced  by  peaceful 
appearances  to  retire  from  Chalco  than  Aztec  forces 
again  prepared  to  invade  the  province.  The  Chalcan^i 
had  due  warning,  and  close  upon  the  heels  of  Sando- 
val came  two  messengers  lamenting  louder  than  ever, 
and  exhibiting  a  painting  wherein  were  named  the 
many  towns  whose  f(»rces  were  coming  upon  them, 
fully  fifty  thousand  strong.  These  constant  menaces 
and  movements  weie  exasperating,  and  Cortes  resolved 
personally  to  inflict  a  lesson  which  might  be  lasting. 
At  the  same  time  he  proposed  to  complete  liis  recon- 
noissance  of  the  lake  region  and  encourage  his  troops 
with  spoils  from  hostile  localities  wherocai  the  Aztecs 
yet  relied  for  support."* 

Cortes  selected  thirty  horse,  three  hundred  infantry, 
a  number  of  Tlascaltecs,  and  over  twenty  thousand 
Tezcucans,  under  Prince  Jxtlilxochitl,  to  which  twice 
that  number  of  other  allies  were  added  on  the  way. 
A  large  proportion  of  archers  and  aijuebusiers  were 
taken,  together  with  Alvarado,  Olid,  Alderete,  Me)- 
garcjo,  and  others,  while  Sandoval  was  left  in  charge 
of  Tezcuco,  with  instructions  to  watch  and  promote  the 
completion  of  the  brigantines  against  which  several 
incendiary  attempts  had  been  made. 

The  expedition  left  Friday,  the  5th  of  April,  and 
passed  tlirough  Chalco,  Tlalmanalco,  rind  ChiniAlhua- 
can,'**  and  crossing  in  a  south-westerly  direction  into 
the  Totolapan  province,  they  entered  the  hills  which 
form  the  southern  border  of  the  Mexican  valley. 
By  this   time   the  foi'ces   had  assumed  proporti;>us 


'*  Bernal  Diaz  states  that  the  soldiers  verc  tired  of  these  repeated  calls, 
many  beiujj;  also  on  the  sick-list,  but  (JurtOs  had  now  a  large  fresh  force  only 
too  eager  for  a  fray  attended  witii  spoliation. 

'"According  to  a  native  painting  the  army  entered  here  April  5th,  whicii 
is  a  day  or  two  too  early,  antl  received  a  reeufurcenieut  of  20,000.  See  opy 
ill  Carbajal  Espmosa,  l/'ial.  Mix.,  ii.  5'J3. 


50G 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


liardlj  inferior  to  those  of  the  Iztocan  campaign, 
when  over  one  hundred  thousand  moved  against  the 
foe.  Highly  picturesque  was  the  spectacle  of  this 
army,  its  nakecl  hordes  of  warriors  relieved  by  plumage 
and  glittering  iztli  points  which  rose  above  the  broad 
lineof  gaudy  shields;  its  white  adventurers  in  n)ail  of 
cotton  and  metal,  surmounted  by  bright  helmets,  and 
armed  knights  on  proudly  stepping  steeds :  picturesque 
in  particular  as  it  wound  in  almost  endless  line  along 
the  rounded  slopes  of  the  cliffs,  or  climbed  in  clearly 
defined  file  across  the  hill-tops,  only  to  descend  again 
into  gulches  gloomy  as  their  own  sinister  puri)0se. 

Alarmed  bv  the  invasion,  the  inhabitants  had  aban- 
doned  their  valley  homes,  and  had  sought  refuge  on 
the  summits,  whence  they  hurled  missiles  at  the  passing 
lines.  Little  attention  was  paid  these  irregular  bands, 
composed  as  the}'^  were  to  a  great  extent  of  women 
and  children.  On  entering  the  Tlayacapan  Valley, 
however,  and  observing  on  the  craggy  sides  t)f  an 
almost  perpendicular  isolated  rock,  perched  there  like 
an  eagle's  nest,  a  place  of  refuge  peopled  with  more 
pretentious  opposers,  in  a  fit  of  insensate  folly  Cortes 
ordered  the  place  to  be  assailed.  He  seemed  to  think 
the  honor  of  the  army  demanded  it,  and  was  roiidy  to 
stake  the  lives  of  valuable  men  on  its  destruction. 

Orders  were  given  to  attack  from  three  several 
sides,  the  steepest  being  assigned  to  Alferc^z  Corral, 
a  brave  and  sjjirited  leatler.  Verdugo  and  A'illafuerto 
were  given  another  side,  and  Ircio  and  Monjarari 
the  third.  Each  part}^  conusted  of  about  tliroL'- 
score  men,  and  included  archers  and  arqiiebusiors. 
At  a  ijiven  signal  all  rushed  forward  to  the  ascent. 
Soon  they  were  on  hands  and  knees,  crawling  ovor 
projections  and  pulling  themselves  uj)  by  means  of 
shrubs.  All  tlve  while  stones  and  darts  rattled  on 
helmet  and  breastplate;  and  liuge  rocks  came  rolling 
down  upon  them.  In  vain  they  sought  shelter  in 
crevices  and  under  crags;  they  nmst  face  the  storm. 
Bernal    Diaz   followed    Corral,    and   after  receiving 


A  STRONGHOLD  TAKEX. 


597 


many  a  hard  knock  tlicy  gained  what  was  called  two 
turns  of  the  rock.  There  they  paused  and  looked 
around,  wondering  at  their  success  thus  far.  Sup- 
porting himself  against  a  small  tree,  his  face  bathed 
in  blood,  his  banner  rent,  Corral  said,  ''Seilor  Diaz, 
it  is  useless  to  advance  farther;  not  a  man  will  sur- 
vive." Then  they  shouted  a  warning  to  Pedro  Barba, 
at  the  head  of  his  archers,  not  to  climb  farther. 
•'The  order  is  to  advance!"  was  the  reply.  The  next 
moment  Barba  was  wounded  by  a  stone,  and  a  soldier 
at  his  side  was  killed.  Cortes  then  sounded  the 
recall,  but  not  until  eight  brave  men  had  laid  down 
their  lives,  victims  of  their  commander's  puerility, 
and  of  the  rest  most  of  them  returned  wounded.-' 

The  recall  was  likewise  prompted  by  the  approach 
of  a  considerable  force  in  the  vallev.  This  the  cavalry 
charged  and  quickly  routed,  following  in  dose  pursuit, 
thouofh  the  broken  trround  soon  enabled  the  fugitives 
to  gain  shelter.  During  this  ride  some  of  the  horsemen 
came,  a  league  beyond,  to  another  hill  fortress,  strong 
in  its  natural  features,  and  held  by  a  large  force.  Near 
by  were  some  springs.  The  need  of  water  was  press- 
ing, which  atforded  a  plausible  excuse  for  abandoning 
the  scaling  of  Tlayacapan,  and  the  whole  force  was 
moved  to  the  springs.  Early  next  murning  Cortes 
examined  the  approaches  to  the  new  strongholil.  It 
extended  over  three  hills,  the  central  one  excectliinjiv 
steep  and  heltl  by  the  largest  force;  the  otiiers  easier 
of  ascent,  though  higher,  and  occupied  by  smaller 
numl)ers.  In  reconnoitring,  Cortes  advanced  toward 
the  cen!re.  This  movement  led  the  occupants  of  the 
other  hills  to  infer  an  attack  on  tlie  central  height, 
and  thev  be<jfan  to  aban(K)n  their  ix^sitions  witli  a  view 
to  reenforce  the  threatened  point.  Observing  this, 
Cortes  ordered  Barba  to  occujiy  the  most  conunand- 
ing  elevation  with  some  fifty  ar([Uebusicrs  and  archers, 

*''So  says  Boninl  Diaz,  7//V.  I'mhi'l.,  130,  who  names  four,  (^irtrn 
allows  only  two  killed  unil  twenty  woiindeil;  how  many  futully  so,  he  care- 
fully ontitii  to  nieutiou.   C'uWcu.  IIU. 


. 


1  h 


iiii 


i:  i 


508 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


while  he  hhnself  continued  to  scale  the  centre  as  a 
feint,  for  there  was  little  hope  of  capturing  a  point  so 
steep  and  strongly  held.  The  stones  and  darts  rained 
here  as  previously,  and  man  after  man  was  struck 
down,  some  bleeding  freely  from  the  wounds  sus- 
tained.'^* 

Meanwhile  Barba's  sharp-shooters  had  made  so 
effective  a  use  of  their  weapons  that  within  half  an 
hour  the  volleys  from  the  fortress  ceased,  and  the 
women  began  to  wave  their  robes  in  token  of  truce, 
shouting  their  submission.  Cortes  graciously  met  the 
advances,  and  extended  full  pardon.  He  also  prcvaikid 
on  the  chiefs  to  induce  the  Tlayacapans  to  submit. 
On  the  extensive  surface  of  the  rock  were  collected 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  neighborhood,  with  their 
effects,  which  Cortes  ordered  not  to  be  touched."^ 

The  army  remained  encamped  for  two  days  to  re- 
fresh themselves  after  their  arduous  march,  and  after 
sending  the  wounded  to  Tezcuco,  Cortes  proceeded 
to  Huastepec.  The  report  of  the  clemency  extended 
to  preceding  settlements  had  a  reassuring  effect  on  this 
town,  whose  cacique  came  forth  to  welcome  them,  and 
tender  his  paloce  for  their  entertainment.  This  was 
situated  in  a  garden, celebrated  throughout  New  Spain 
for  its  beauty  and  extent,  and  the  immense  variety  of 
its  plants,  collected  partly  for  scientific  ]:)urposes.  A 
river  with  tributary  canals  flowed  through  its  grounds, 
which  extended  over  a  circuit  of  nearly  two  leagues, 
murmuring  its  melody  in  unison  with  winged  songsters 
hidden  in  arbors  or  playing  between  bush  antl  hedge, 
mingling  their  bright  color  with  the  green  expansi". 
Adjacent  were  steep  rocks,  on  whose  smooth  surface 
were  sculptured  tlie  })ortraits  of  noted  warrioi-s,  states- 
men, and  orators,  with  hieroglyj^iic  inMcri[)tiuns  of 


"  Twenty  fell,  says  Bernal  Diaz.  Ho  speaks  of  two  futile  attempts  o»  the 
previous  evening  to  scale  the  central  hill.  It  hccius  unlikely  for  .soMierHi,  tiriil 
liy  repulse  and  march,  to  unilertiikc  so  ditlicult  a  feat,  and  tliai.  at  tl;e  loiist, 
ussailahlo  point. 

■•'•'  Yet  Bvnial  Diaz  relatua  a  story  to  show  that  the  order  was  a  mere  pi'c- 
tenoo. 


THE  PEOPLE  OF  QUAUHNAHUAC. 


599 


their  fame.  It  was  a  paradise  formed  equally  for 
student  and  idler,  and  to  the  weary  soldiers  no  spot 
could  perhaps  have  proven  so  grateful.  Cortes  cer- 
tainly grows  ecstatic  in  describing  it,  declaring  it 
"the  largest,  most  beautiful,  and  freshest  garden  ever 
seen.'"^^  Tempting  as  was  the  retreat,  Cortes  tore 
himself  from  it  the  following  day,  and  proceeded  in  a 
south-westerly  direction  to  Yauhtepec.  Although 
many  warriors  were  gathered  there,  they  fled  on  the 
approach  of  the  Spaniards,  and  were  chased,  with 
some  slaughter,  for  about  two  leagues,  into  the  town 
of  Xiuhtepec.-*  The  women  and  effects  there  found 
were  appropriated  as  spoils,  and  rendered  agreeable 
the  two  days'  stay.  The  ruler  failing  to  appear,  the 
place  was  fired,  and  terrified  by  this  warning  the  lord 
of  Yauhtepec  hastened  to  proffer  submission. 

After  a  day's  hard  march  the  army  came  in  sight  of 
Quaulmahuac,^'  capital  of  the  Tlahuicas.  They  were 
one  of  the  Nahuatlaca  tribes,  which  according  to  tra- 
dition had  entered  the  Andhuac  country  to  supplant 
the  Toltecs.  Coming  rather  late,  they  found  their 
brethren  already  in  possession  of  the  lake  region,  and 
so  they  crossed  the  range  to  seek  a  home  on  the 
headwaters  of  the  Zacatula,  where  soon  a  number 
of  settlements  rose  round  Quauhnahuac.  They  after- 
ward fell  under  the  sway  of  the  Chichimecs,  and 
finally  the  Aztecs  took  advantage  of  ijiternal  discord 
to  establish  sovereignty,^"  maintaining  it  by  a  garrison 
in  the  capital.  This  was  a  natural  stronghold,  situated 
on  a  tongue  of  land  between  two  steep  ravines  over 
forty  feet  in  depth,  and  through  which  ran  a  little 
stream  during  the  rainy  season.  It  was  further  pro- 
tected by  strong  walls,  particularly  on  the  side  where 
a  strongly  guarded  gate  opened  to  a  fine  stretch  of 
country.     Two    otlier   entrances   faced    the    ravines, 

"Crtrto-f,  100;   Tnrqwmmla,  i.  530. 

**  Somo  writo  Xilott'iico.  Berual  Diaz  mentions  Tcpoxtlan,  wliich  may 
have  l)een  visited  by  a  (li'tiiclnni'iit. 

'■•j  Place  of  the  Kayle.  Corrupted  into  the  present  Cuernavaca,  which  sin- 
gularly enough  means  eow'a  horn. 

■•"'Soo  Native  liaccn,  v. 


^'    ^ 


600 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGMS. 


sometimes  spanned  by  bridges,  which  were  now  re- 
moved. 

Situated  at  the  gateway  to  the  tropical  southern 
valleys,  between  which  and  the  colder  lake  region 
interposed  a  range  of  mountains,  the  spot  stood  as  a 
new  Eden  in  its  manifold  beauties.  A  sight  even  of 
the  pine-fringed  mountains  that  rolled  oft'  toward  the 
north,  with  their  green  slopes  shaded  by  oak  and 
birch,  and  bathed  in  soft  though  bracing  airs,  was  re- 
freshing to  the  indolent  inhabitants  of  the  burning 
plain  beyond.  On  the  other  hand  the  sturdy  toilers 
of  the  northern  plateaux  might  in  this  sunny  soutli 
seek  relaxation  in  the  varied  charms  of  a  softer  air 
balmy  with  the  incense  of  a  more  lustrous  vegeta- 
tion.*^^ 

It  was  an  opulent  community  that  of  (^)uauhnahuac, 
surrounded  as  it  was  by  endless  resources  and  advan- 
tages, and  the  people  were  in  no  mood  tamely  to  yield 
their  wealth  to  invaders.  And  in  this  determination 
they  were  sustained  by  their  lord,  Yohuatzin,^^  who 
was  not  only  a  vassal  but  a  relative  of  Quauhtemotzin. 
Confident  in  the  impregnable  position  of  his  city,  in 
which  supplies  were  ample,  he  replied  with  volleys  to 
the  demands  of  the  Spanish  forces  as  they  appeared 
on  the  other  side  of  the  ravines.  It  seemed  almost 
impossible  to  effect  a  crossing  and  climb  the  steep 
wall  of  the  ravine  to  the  city;  nevertheless  Cortes 
selected  a  position  and  began  to  open  fire  so  as  to 
occupy  the  attention  of  the  garrison  and  cover  the 
scaling  parties. 

While  they  were  thus  busied  a  brave  Tlascaltec  re- 
connoitred and  came  to  a  point  half  a  league  bCyond, 
where  the  ravine  was  steepest  and  narrowed  to  an 
abyss.    On  the  two  sides  grew  two  large  trees,  which 


"Cort(?s  was  so  captivated  by  the  alluring  clime  and  scenery  that  he  made 
the  town  his  favorite  residence  in  later  years.  It  was  included  in  the  domains 
granted  to  him,  and  descended  to  his  heirs.  Madame  Calderou  speaks  of  his 
ruined  palace  and  church.  Life  in  Mexico,  li.  50. 

'^^  /xtlilxochiU,  Hist,  t'hich.,  311.  Krasseur  do  Bourbourg  calls  him  Yao- 
mahuitl. 


YOHUATZIN  SURRENDERS. 


601 


inclined  toward  each  other,  with  branches  intertwined, 
forming  a  sort  of  natural  bridge,  though  by  no  means 
secure.  He  called  the  attention  of  his  party  to  this 
and  led  the  way  across,  followed  by  several  Spaniards. 
The  natives,  who  were  more  accustomed  to  this  kind 
of  tactics,  found  comparatively  little  difficulty  in  swing- 
ing themselves  across;  but  to  the  soldiers  it  was  far 
from  easy,  and  tliree  of  them,  overcome  by  dizziness 
or  weight  of  armor,  slipped  and  fell,^" 

The  attention  of  the  inhabitants  beini;  attracted 
elsewhere,  a  number  of  the  invaders  had  gained  a 
secure  foothold  within  the  city  before  they  were  ob- 
served. Even  now  a  few  resolute  men  might  have 
driven  tliem  back,  but  such  were  wanting,  and  the 
sudden  appearance  of  the  dreaded  white  men,  as  if 
indeed  they  had  dropped  into  the  stronghold  from 
some  cloud  made  radiant  by  the  sun  whose  reputed 
childien  they  were,  struck  terror  to  the  hearts  of  the 
poor  natives.  All  impotent  and  nerveless,  they  per- 
mitted the  daring  strangers  to  lower  the  drawbridge, 
and  turned  to  spread  the  panic.  Meanwhile  the  re- 
ports of  a  formidable  army  advancing  from  the  roar 
so  wrouglit  on  the  fears  of  the  garrison  that,  when 
the  handful  who  had  crossed  on  the  bushy  bridge  fell 
on  them,  they  offered  no  resistance.  This  also  allowed 
the  scaling  forces  to  pour  in,  so  that  within  a  short 
time  the  siege  was  turned  into  a  rout,  wherein  the 
cavalry  played  a  prominent  part.  The  zeal  of  the 
allies  was  already  indicated  by  smoky  colunms  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  city,  and  tlie  foot-stldicrs  hastened 
to  share  in  the  rich  plunder  and  intercept  the  women. 

Most  of  the  fu2,"itives  had  j^athered  on  an  adjacent 
height,  and  though  no  attempt  was  made  that  day 
to  molest  them,  yet  they  began  to  fear  that  men 
who  could  so  readily  capture  one  of  the  strongest 

'"  '  El  viio  se  (]iipl)n')  I;i  picnia.  .  .y  se  iiio  dcsvaiiccia  la  cabei^i,  y  todavia 
pns6  yo,  y  otnia  voiuto,  o  ti-ientii  soldd'os.'  Ih  nidi  ]>ka,  Hist.  ]'(  ri/m/.,  \o2. 
Solis  luisiiitorprets  tlio  i)a.ssaj.'o,  ai  1  ^,..os  this  author  credit  for  loading  the 
party,  l/isf.  J/-.c.,  ii.  .S(i'2.  Vutaiicurt  calls  the  district  toward  thid  spot 
Amaiialco.    'JVuIro  JIc.c.,  pt.  iii.  loo. 


602 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


fortresses  in  the  country,  would  find  no  difficulty  in 
reaching  them  anywhere;  therefore,  after  listening  to 
the  advice  of  messengers  sent  by  Cortes,  Yohuatzin 
concluded  to  surrender,  and  presented  himself  on  the 
following  day  with  a  large  retinue  and  ricli  presents. 
The  Mexicans  were  as  usual  blamed  for  the  opposition 
offered.  He  would  have  submitted  before,  but  tliouijht 
it  best  to  expiate  the  fault  of  resistance  by  allowing 
the  Spaniards  to  pursue,  so  that  after  spending  their 
fury  tliey  might  be  more  ready  to  forgive.^' 

There  was  no  time  at  present  to  extend  the  recon- 
noissance  farther  in  this  direction,  and  after  a  brief 
rest  Cortes  turned  northward  to  the  lakes.  The  route 
over  the  mountains  proved  far  more  difficult  than  be- 
fore, and  after  issuing  from  the  pine  forest  the  army 
entered  a  desert  country  terminating  in  a  three-league 
pass  through  the  Ajuzco  Mountains.  Here  thirst 
became  so  intense  that  several  natives  succumbed.^^ 
This  suffi^ring  was  relieved  in  a  hamlet  not  far  from 
the  pass. 

On  the  following  day  they  passed  through  a  fine  and 
cultivated  country  toward  Xochilmilco,  that  is  to  say, 
Field  of  Flowers,  aptly  named,  for  round  almost  every 
house,  particularly  on  the  outskirts,  was  a  flower- 
garden  enclosed  by  canals.  Many  of  them  were  of 
the  chinampa  class,  or  floating  gardens,"^  the  out- 
growth of  early  Aztec  weakness,  now  forming  a  pictu- 
resque border  to  the  lake  towns.  Altogether  the 
aspect  was  most  pleasing,  while  the  buildings  of  the 
central  parts  wf  re  artistic  and  striking.  Besides  the 
strength  added  by  canals  and  moats,  pile  buildings 
were  frequent,  and  intrenchments  had  been  thrown 


'"Cortes,  Cartax,  19G.  IxtlilxochitLossumcs  that  tho  submission  is  tendered 
through  his  namesake,  as  prince  of  Tezcuco,  tlie  only  capital  of  tho  tripartito 
empire  loyal  to  the  SpaniariiS.  llor.  Cruchltides,  17-18. 

^'Also  one  old  Spaniard,  l)elieve8  Berual  Diaz,  who  relates  his  own  suffer- 
ings minutely,  and  how  he  followed  some  mounted  scouts  in  search  of  water, 
which  ho  found,  bringing  a  supply  to  Cortes.  I/ixt.  Virdad.,  Vi'i.  Vetan- 
curt  names  this  watering-place  Topilcjo,  now  San  Miguel.  Tcatro  Mcr.,  pt. 
iii.  155.  Chihialpain  mentions  (juauhxomolco,  just  before.  Jlint.  t'omj.,  ii.  40l 

"•^iSco  Natice  Races,  ii.,  345. 


CRITICAL  SITUATION  OF  CORTfiS. 


603 


up  and  drawbridges  raised  to  defend  the  approach 
against  any  enemy  of  the  Aztecs,  for  its  loyalty  to  the 
queen  city  was  fully  as  great  as  that  of  Iztapalapan. 
It  was  the  most  important  place  on  the  thickly  settled 
fresh-water  lake.  Bishop  Garcds  relates  that  angels 
were  heard  to  sing  praises  in  the  Mexican  tongue 
when  it  was  converted.**  The  usual  summons  was 
issued  by  the  Spaniards,  and  no  heed  being  given, 
they  attacked  in  three  divisions  by  different  ap- 
proaches. The  enemy  fell  back  behind  the  raised 
bridges  and  intrenchments,  whence  tliey  kept  up  a 
steady  volley.  The  archers  and  arquebusiers  replied 
briskly,  and  covered  the  van  as  it  plunged  into  not 
very  deep  water  and  waded  across  to  capture  the 
fortifications.  This  effected,  the  foe  was  driven  from 
one  retreat  to  another.  Seeing  how  affairs  went,  they 
sought  to  parley,  but  the  pursuers  paid  no  heed,  re- 
garding it  as  a  trick  to  gain  time  for  the  removal  of 
their  families  and  property.  Within  half  an  hour 
the  greater  part  of  the  city  was  won,  and  soldiers  and 
allies  were  sacking  as  they  advanced.  The  foe  rallied 
now  and  then  to  cover  their  retreat,  and  in  one  in- 
stance managed  to  despatch  two  soldiers  who  had 
allowed  avarice  to  overcome  prudence. 

Not  long  after,  a  body  of  some  ten  thousand  war- 
riors, reenforced  by  fugitives  from  the  city,  was  seen 
advancing  from  tlio  rear  as  if  to  cut  off  retreat.  Thoy 
were  already  close  at  hand  when  first  observed  and 
without  losing  a  moment  Cortes  charged  them  at  the 
head  of  a  body  of  cavalry.^* 

At  first  they  boldly  faced  the  animals,  and  fought 
so  w^ell  as  to  severely  wound  four,  besides  several 
riders;  but  the  mounted  body  kept  breaking  tlirougli 
their  ranks  and  then  turned  to  fall  on  the  rear.  This 
movement  proved  decisive,  and  the  enemy  dispersed 
in  flight,  the  horsemen  scattering  in  pursuit.  Already 
weakened  by  the  severe  march  across  l.;<>  mountains, 
the    horse  of  Cortes  became   quite   exhausted,  and 


"^  Lorevzaim,  in  CcriSi,  Hint.  N.  E»p.,  225. 
'*  Six,  saya  Cortua. 


604 


PRELIMIXARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


while  its  rider  was  striking  right  and  left  into  a 
large  body  of  fugitives,  it  fell.  No  other  horseman 
being  near,  the  enemy  gathered  courage  and  rushed 
upon  the  general,  who  had  risen  to  his  feet  and  stood 
with  sword  in  hand  to  defend  himself.  It  was  a  crit- 
ical moment,  and  had  not  a  brave  Tlascaltec  warrior 
come  to  his  rescue  thus  opportunely,  the  career  of  the 
Estremaduran  would  have  ended  there;  for  he  had 
already  received  a  severe  blow  on  the  head  and  was 
about  to  be  dragged  away  when  thus  rescued.  The 
general's  body-guard  then  came  up  and  cut  in  pieces 
his  late  stupid  assailants — stupid  because  they  might 
so  easily  have  killed  him,  and  did  not.^  The  pursuit 
was  not  long  maintained,  tired  as  the  horses  were, 
and  remounting  his  steed  Cortes  led  the  way  back  to 
camp  in  the  square. 

Late  as  it  was  he  superintended  the  filling  of  all  the 
channels  which  broke  the  causeways,  and  the  erection 
of  defences,  and  ordered  the  soldiers  to  put  in  order 
their  arms  and  prepare  arrows.  The  forces  were  dis- 
tributed at  three  points,  and  extra  guards  were  posted 
for  the  night,  together  with  bodies  of  troops  at  prob- 
able landing-points.  These  precautions  were  prompted 
chiefly  by  the  evident  effort  of  the  last  body  of  the 
enemy  to  shut  up  the  army  within  the  city,  a  move- 
ment which  boded  other  attempts,  as  Cortes  rightly 
supposed. 

When  Quauhtemotzin  heard  that  the  Spaniards 
had  marched  ajjainst  Xochimilco  he  called  a  council  to 
consider  the  course  to  adopt,  and  the  result  was  the 
despatch  of  reenforcements.  Finding  that  the  city  had 
so  easily  fallen,  he  became  furious.  Tiie  gods  were 
indio:nant  at  the  outrages  of  the  strano;ers.     Arms 


'■■  Bemal  Diaz  states  that  a  soldier  named  Olea  was  the  main  instrument  in 
saving  Cortus,  llisf.  Verdod.,  133;  but  Ixtlilxochitl,  Jfi^t.  (7i/f/i.,3Il,  givos 
tlie  credit  to  the  Tlascaltec  lord  Chichimecatl,  and  Chinialpain  to  a  nolilo 
named  Ocelotzin.  JliM.  Cviki.,  ii.  41.  Cortds  says:  'Un  indio  de  los  de  Tlas- 
caltccal,'  Cartas,  199,  who  could  not  be  fonnd  the  next  day,  and  Corttis  accord- 
ingly attributed  the  aid,  writes  Herrera,  to  St  Peter,  dec.  ill.  lib.  i.  cap.  viii. 


EXPENSIVE  VICTORIES. 


60S 


must  be  employed  more  manfully,  and,  these  failint^, 
the  loyal  ones  must  let  their  nails  grow,  as  the  last 
means  of  protection.  The  first  step  should  bo  the 
recovery  of  Xochiniilco.  That  very  night  two  thou- 
sand canoes  were  sent  with  some  twelve  tliousand 
warriors,  and  a  similar  force  by  land,  all  approaching 
stealthily,  without  music.^ 

The  rumor  of  a  probable  night  attack  kept  the 
Spanish  camp  on  the  alert,  and  advised  of  this,  the 
enemy  made  no  attack.  At  dawn  their  canoes  were 
already  swarming  round  the  city,  the  inmates  rending 
the  air  with  loud  and  repeated  shouts,  and  brandish- 
ing their  weapons,  those  of  the  chiefs  being  captured 
Spanish  swords.  "With  your  own  arms  you  shall  be 
killed,  and  we  will  eat  you !"  they  cried.  "  We  fear  you 
not,  for  Montezuma  is  dead  I"  At  the  same  time  the 
land  forces  were  seen  approaching,  evidently  to  assist 
the  fleet  in  besieging  the  Spaniards  within  the  city, 
which  would  give  the  Mexicans  gi-cater  advantage,  as 
they  had  well  learned  during  the  siege  of  Mexico. 
Cortes  understood  the  manoeuvre,  and  leaving  the 
greater  part  of  the  infantry  and  allies  to  guard  the  city, 
lie  sallied  with  most  of  the  horse,  in  three  parties,  a 
few  of  the  infantry  and  several  hundred  Tlascaltecs, 
breaking  through  the  enemy's  ranks  and  gaining  the 
foot  of  a  hill  in  their  rear,  the  Tepeclipan. 

While  the  enemy  were  rallying,  Cortes  led  the 
horse  round  to  their  denser  flank,  and  gavo  orders  to 
the  infantry  to  allure  the  Mexicans  by  climbing  the 
steepest  part  of  the  hill  and  pretending  to  escape. 
This  succeeded,  and  the  next  moment  they  were  at- 
tacked in  several  directions  with  such  effect  as  to  cause 
a  panic  and  drive  them  in  flight  toward  a  quarter 
where  one  division  of  horse  had  taken  a  stand.  Five 
hundred  Mexicans  covered  the  field  and  five  leaders 
were  among  the  captured,  while  the  Spanish  loss  was 

''Followed  by  other  botlies.  BemalDiaz,  Ilkt.Vcrdad.,  134;  Torqucmada, 
i.  537. 


006 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


only  one  soldier  and  a  few  allies,  including  throo 
Tlascaltec  chiefs,  although  a  number  wore  wounded. 
During  tlic  pursuit  the  foremost  division  of  horso 
came  upon  a  finthcr  Mexican  reenforcement,  estimated 
at  ten  thousand,  which  rallied  the  fugitives  and  caused 
the  ])ursuers  to  halt.  Soon,  however,  the  remaining 
force  came  up,  the  charge  was  continued,  and  the 
Mexicans  routed.^ 

Too  tired  for  long  pursuit,  the  Spaniards  returned 
by  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  to  Xochimilco,  where 
their  garrison  had  repulsed  tlie  lake  force.  The  fight 
had  been  fierce,  and  the  soldiers  had  exhausted  all 
their  ammunition,  capturing  in  return  two  Spanish 
swords.  These  victories  brought  little  satisfaction, 
however,  for  the  captives  gave  information  that  the 
forces  so  far  sent  were  but  detachments  of  the  armies 
destined  for  Xochimilco,  which  must  be  recovered, 
and  the  Spaniards  driven  forth,  if  it  cost  the  lives  of 
all  the  men  in  Mexico.  The  Spaniards  might  defeat 
force  after  force,  but  even  victor  •  must  so  weaken 
them  tliat  the  Mexicans  would  finally  triumph.  TJiis 
seemed  to  be  confirmed  by  the  movements  of  the  fieet, 
which,  though  repulsed,  was  still  hovering  tliereabout. 

Cortes  now  gave  orders  to  burn  the  city,  as  a  warning 
to  the  wilful  inhabitants  and  preparatory  to  its  evac- 
uation. The  soldiers,  who  had  been  interrupted  in 
their  plundering  the  day  before,  obeyed  with  alacrity. 
Xochiiailco  was  a  wealthy  city,  and  not  a  Spaniard  or 
ally  but  obtained  an  abundance  of  robes,  feathers,  and 
other  effects,  and  even  some  gold,  which  helped  to 
cheer  those  Avhom  ordinary  merchandise  and  slaves 
did  not  satisfy.  The  enemy  had  been  watchful,  how- 
ever, and  in  their  canoes  they  fiitted  round  the  city  to 
cut  off  stragglers.  At  one  point  quite  a  charge  was 
made,  wherein  several  Spaniards  were  wounded  and 
four  carried  off  alive.    This  event  did  more  to  cast  a 


^'Cortds  loaves  the  impression  that  the  foremost  division  of  six  horse  de- 
feated tlic  foe.  Both  Gomara  and  Herrora  are  confused,  and  Prescott  and 
others  arc  led  into  several  mistakes. 


TIIK  MARCH  CONTINUED. 


607 


g]  ^om  ovor  the  Jiriny  than  many  defeats,  for  all  knew 
the  fate  of  iJiisonors."" 

After  a  stay  of  three  (laJ^s,  all  frauj^ht  with  hard 
fightinuf,  the  army  liled  out  from  Xoehlmileo,  pre- 
Hentin-,'  the  ajii)earancc  of  a  dilipidated  caravan  ratiier 
than  of  a  reconnoitring  and  lighting  expedition,  so 
much  so  tliat  Cortes  thought  it  necessary  to  remon- 
strate, but  in  vain.  The  enemy  hovered  about  like 
vultures,  to  harass  them  in  what  they  regarded  as  a 
retreat.  The  niarch  was  made  in  )'egular  liufhting 
order,  with  cavalry  distributed  in  three  sections,  in 
van,  i-car,  and  on  Hank.  In  order  to  complete  the 
reconnoissai!''e,  a  north-westerly  route  was  taken  to 
Coyuhuacan,  the  centre  of  a  series  of  inner  towns 
which  lay  clustered  within  a  radius  of  a  league  and  a 
half,  along  the  shores  or  upon  islands  in  the  lake, 
all  picturesque  in  their  pyramidal  temples  and  their 
white  walls,  which  gleamed  amidst  blooming  orchards 
and  shady  groves.  Coyuhuacan  itself  was  a  beautiful 
town,  and  Cortes  felt  so  captivated  with  it  that  ho 
afterward  made  it  for  some  time  his  favorite  residence.*' 
It  had  been  evacuated,  but  toward  and  beyond  Mexico 
the  lake  teemed  with  canoes,  while  in  every  direction 
spread  one  continuous  extent  of  farms  and  handets, 
connected  by  causeways  and  roads  with  busy  traffic. 
To  Alderete  and  friar  Melgareio  this  was  a  novel 
scone,  and  tliey  could  not  refrain  from  expressing  their 
admiration  at  the  enterprise  and  prowess  of  Cortes 
and  his  followers  in  undertaking  so  vast  a  conquest. 
God's  aid  alone  could  have  enabled  them  to  succeed  as 
they  had  done.'*'' 

Tile  army  remained  here  over  the  following  day, 
cliielly  to  examine  the  ])lace  as  i»"^ended  head-cpiarters 
of  a  besieging  force.  It  was  found  satisfactory;  and 
while  arrows  were  prepared  and  the  wounded  tended, 

'*  Bcmal  Diaz  names  two  of  tlicm. 

•*lIo  even  uilled  that  his  bones  should  there  bo  cntomljctl,  a  request  which 
was  not  cnrrieil  out. 

*"'  No  erau  cosaa  do  hombrcs  huinnnos. .  .que  iiyan  liecho  ningunos  vasallos 
tan  grandes  SL-rvicios  a  au  llcy . . .  y  dcUo  hariau  relation  ;v  su  Magcstad. '  licniul 
Diaz,  Ukt.  Wrdad.,  135. 


ill; 


COS 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


the  general  advanced  along  the  causeway  leading  to 
Mexico  and  expended  his  remaining  anununition  in 
the  useless  capture  of  the  temple  fortress  (tf  Xoloc/^ 
during  which  a  number  of  soldiers  were  wounded, 
though  the  enemy  suffered  considerably.  After  offer- 
ing to  heaven  the  fiery  sacrifice  of  pagan  temple,  the 
army  proceeded  through  Tlacopan  without  halting, 
for  they  had  no  anununition,  and  this  place  had  been 
examined  on  the  previous  expedition.  This  unex- 
pected haste  encouraged  the  Mexicans  to  come  fortli 
in  great  numbers  and  attack  the  baggage  train  and 
rear.  Owing  to  the  level  nature  of  the  ground  the 
cavalry  found  no  difficulty  in  repelling  them,  yet  they 
caused  more  trouble,  and  succeeded  even  in  carrying 
off  two  of  the  favorite  equerries'*''  of  Cortes.  Jlo  was 
deeply  grieved  at  the  loss,  and  partly  with  a  view  to 
avenge  them,  partly  to  inflict  a  lesson  which  should 
save  the  army  from  such  annoyance,  lie  formed  an 
ambuscade  beside  the  road  with  twenty  horse.  Seeing 
the  otlier  ten  horses  engaged  as  formerlv  in  covering!" 
the  rear,  the  Mexicans  continued  their  pursuit.  At  a 
favorable  moment  the  hidden  horsemen  ap[)eared,  and 
soon  over  a  hundi-ed  of  the  flower  of  the  jMexieans  lay 
dead  upon  tlio  ground,*^  their  rich  panoplies,  dresses, 
and  arms  offering  a  pleasing  addition  to  the  already 
heavy  plunder.  Freed  from  further  molestation,  the 
army  proceeded  through  Azcapuzalco  and  Tenayocau 
to  Quauhtitlan,  all  deserted.  Here  the  army  clus- 
tered round  cam})  fires  of  green  wood,  wet  from  a 
recent  shower  and  supperless.  Next  morning  tliey 
followed  the  route  already  pursued  during  the  flight 
from  Mexico,  round  Zumpangc  Lake  through  Citlal- 
tepec,  and  thence  through  Acolman  to  Tezcuco.** 

**At  the  junctions  of  the  causeways  M-hich  led  from  the  ilifTcrcnt  shores 
to  the  southorn  avenue  of  Mexico.  The  place  is  also  known  as  Aoachi- 
iianco. 

'■'  Bernal  Diaz  states  that  Corti^s  was  preparing  an  anilmscade  with  ten 
horse  and  four  equerries  wlien  lie  fell  into  one  liiniself  and  lost  the  two,  whom 
lie  names.  Alarmed  at  his  delaj',  Alvarado  went  back  to  look  for  him,  loo.  cit. 
This  is  less  likely  than    he  version  of  Corti's. 

**  Nobles  they  are  termed,  and  lUrrera  doubles  the  number. 

^'Prcscott  aud  others  iutiuuitu  that  they  passed  between  the  lakes,  from 


DISAFFECTION  AGAIX. 


ceo 


A  mass  of  booty  and  slaves  being  now  at  band,  a 
general  distribution  was  ordered,  tlio  second  in  Tez- 
cuco.  Aijfain,  says  ])ernal  Diaz,  Cortes  disreujarded 
bis  promises  and  secured  not  oidy  for  biniself  tbe  t)b- 
jectionable  fiftli,  but  allowed  bis  favorites  to  carry  oif 
tbe  prettiest  women  before  tliey  Avere  brougbt  ibrward 
at  auction.  Many  wbo  remembered  tbe  formei-  tricks 
bid  tlieir  woi.ien  and  said  tbey  bad  escaped,  or  tbey  de- 
clared tbem  frev  servants  from  allied  tribes;  wliile  a  few 
manaiT'^dto  obtain  a  private  brandin<^,  payiuL'"  tlie  iiftb 
required.  A  large  proportion  of  tbe  soldiers  were  so 
beaviiy  in  debt  for  stores  and  iiftbs  tbat  tbeir  booty 
left  tbem  no  sur;)lus.^'' 

Wbile  tbe  reconnoitring  expeditions  bad  on  tbe 
wbole  been  fraugbt  witb  pecuniary  beneiit  and  glory, 
tbey  bad  nevcrtbeless  served  to  open  tbe  eyes  of 
many  to  tbe  ditBculty  of  tbe  great  purpose,  tbe  cap- 
tiu'e  of  ^Mexico.  Tbis  was  pai'ticularly  tlie  cnse  witb 
tbe  A'elaztjuez  ])arty,  wbose  adbesion  belbre  tbe  Te- 
pcaca  campaign  bad  l)een  compuls<n"y,  nnd  after  it 
mercenary  in  its  motives.  Every  obstacle  to  tliem  ai)- 
peared  terrible,  magnified  tbrougb  constant  fear  of  tbe 
dreaded  stone  of  sacrifice,  on  wbicb  so  many  comrades 
bad  alivadv  l)een  laid.  And  tbis  tbey  were  oncoun- 
tering  for  wbat '  tlie  achancement  of  an  envied  usui'per 
and  a  pecuniary  reward  far  beneatb  tbeir  expectations. 
Tbe  failure  at  Izta[>alapan,  tbe  repeated  inroads  of 
tbe  Mexicans,  unabasbed  by  constant  iv])u]ses,  and 
tbe  bar(lsbi[)s  of  tbe  camjiaigns,  particulai'ly  tbe  last, 
all  tended  to  sup[)ort  tbeir  arguments  against  Cortes' 
plans  as  cbinierical,  involving  long  delays,  constant 
toil,  and  waste  of  life,  and  witb  poor  reconn)enso  save 
for  Cortes  and  bis  favorites. 

Presently  tbe  alfair  assumed  tbe  colore.!'  conspiracy, 
beaded  by  Antonio  do  A'illafane,  a  conmion  soldier 

Qimulitithm  to  Aculiiiiiii,  but  rorti^s  inentiona  ZilDtoju'c,  wliii'li  niay  lie  itlen- 
tit-al  with  Citlaltipct',  as  iiiciitioiitil  l)y  lIiMTcia,  or  Xilot.diirn,  about  t'vo 
Kagucs  eastward,  as  given  liy  Ixtlilxochitl.  Beriiul  Diaz  also  ainnjuis  to  in- 
dicate the  iioi'tliiTU  roiiU'. 

*'''Bvntii/  Dl'iz,  l/l.st.  Vrnlml.,  129. 
Ulsi.  Mlx..,  Wil.  I.    U9 


010 


PRELIMIXARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


from  Zamora,  who  is  claimed  by  Horrera  to  have  liad 
the  active  or  passive  sympathy  of  some  three  liundred 
malcontents,  nearly  one  third  of  the  army.  The  pro- 
fessed object  was  to  secure  a  pliable  leader  who  would 
consult  the  wishes  of  the  soldiers,  even  those  desirous 
of  returning.  Such  a  man,  and  withal  of  i^reat  in- 
fluence and  valor,  was  Verdugo,  the  brother-in-law  of 
the  all-powerful  patron  Velazquez,  and  him  the  con- 
s[)irators  chose  as  the  new  captain-general,  unknown 
to  himself,  since  he  might  prove  too  honorable  to  en- 
gage in  plots  against  the  commander.  As  a  rewanl 
f<»r  his  own  eftbrts  Villafaile  claimed  the  position  of 
alguacil  mayor,  while  otlier  friends  and  influential  men 
of  Narvaez  were  assured  of  the  remaining  offices, 
from  alcalde  mayor  and  maestro  de  campo  downward, 
now  held  by  the  retainers  of  Cortes,  as  well  as  a  share 
in  the  arms  and  otlier  effects  of  the  doomed  number.^" 
It  was  arranged  that  when  Cortes  was  seated  at  table 
with  his  intimate  friends,  as  Alvarado,  Sandoval,  Oid, 
and  Tapia,  a  letter  was  to  be  handed  him,  as  if  coming 
from  liis  fatlier,  and  while  he  was  reading,  the  conspir- 
ators should  fall  on  and  stab  him  and  his  supporters, 
since  all  must  be  removed  who  might  prove  trouble- 
some. The  new  officers  were  thereupon  to  be  pro- 
claimed, together  with  the  libend  plan  agreed  on,  by 
which  it  was  hoped  to  allure  even  the  friends  of  Cortes. 
There  were  too  many  in  the  secret,  however,  and 
Cortes  was  a  man  of  magnetic  inlluence.  At  the 
eleventh  hour,  two  days  after  tlie  return  from 
Xochimilco,  says  Diaz,  an  accomplice,  struck  witli 
compunction,  rushed  distractedly  to  the  feet  of  Cortts 
antl  im})lored  pardon  for  having  even  dared  to  listen  lO 
the  vile  machinations.  He  thereu])on  revealed  the 
plot  and  stated  that  Villafane  carried  the  names  and 
details  on  a  list  in  his  breast-pocket.  Cortes  quietly 
summoned  his  captains.    He  re[)resented  the  need  for 

**]lurn;il  I)i;iz  assiiiiu"-'  that  inoro  than  ono  captiun-gciu'ral  was  to  bu  aji- 
poiutod.  'Tiira  bohicrse  a  t'ulm,  y  deslia/cr  a  Coitos,'  is  all  the  cxplauatioii 
given  by  Goniura,  Hid.  Mex.,  178. 


CONSPIRACY  QUELLED.    * 


611 


a  "remedy,  since,  besides  the  scandal,  it  was  evident 
that  all  the  Spaniards  must  perish  if  once  they  turned 
one  against  the  other;  and  to  this  end  not  only  de- 
clared foes  but  allies  would  join."^^ 

Attended  by  Sandoval  and  others,  Cortes  hastened 
to  the  house  of  the  accused  and  found  several  persons 
assembled.  Some  were  secured  as  they  sought  escape. 
Villafane  found  time  to  take  a  paper  from  his  breast 
and  tear  it  in  pieces,  but  Cortes  gathered  and  ar- 
ranged them,*^  and  was  grieved  to  read  the  names  of 
quite  a  number  of  promising  persons  whom  he  had 
honored  and  regarded  as  friends.  Villafane  con- 
fessed the  details  of  the  plot,  which  had  been  forming 
since  the  Tepeaca  campaign.  A  court-martial  was  held, 
presided  over  by  Cortes  himself,  and  there  being  no 
doubt  of  his  guilt,  the  accused  was  condemned  to 
death  and  promptly  hanged  from  the  window  of  his 
dwelling.'"* 

Cortes  had  probably  no  doubt  regarding  the  guilt  of 
the  persons  named  on  the  list,  but  the  prosecution 
of  so  many  notable  men  might  not  be  [)rudent,  and 
would  only  widen  the  breach  between  himself  and  the 
malcontents  and  gain  them  sympathy.  The  day  fol- 
lowinuj  the  execution  the  ufeneral   called  a  meetinij;. 

o  o  o 

Many  were  tlie  consciences  that  pricked  their  pcjsses- 
sors  to  trembling  on  that  occasion.  But  the  sage 
Cortes  preferred  the  traitors  should  risk  their  necks 
in  winning  for  him  Mexico,  rather  than  himself  to 
break  them  with  a  rope. 

*'Snch  arc  iit  substance  the  words  used  by  Cort(?s  in  hia  relation  to  tlio 
emperor.  '  ]■;  ctinio  yo  vi  que  sc  nie  liabia  rcvclado  tan  ^'ran  traicion,  ili 
gracilis  a  nucstio  Scuor,  porcine  en  aipicUo  consistia  el  reincilio.'  Ciirta.i,  'JOK. 

**'Si)  ('urn'S  intimates,  while  licrrei'a  states  that  Villafauo  hastened  to  de- 
vonr  tin?  paper.  His  thioat  lieiiij,'  jiressed,  about  half  of  it  vas  rcscuiil.  <lee. 
iii.  lib.  i.  I'ai).  i.  He  further  says  that  Sandnval  was  sent  to  make  the  ari'est; 
l)nt  ISernal  i)iaz  asserts  that  t'oitt's  went  in  persim,  which  is  likely  under  the 
eirennistanees,  and  took  from  Villafafle's  breast  the  paper.  l'"indiii.L(  theieun 
so  many  names  of  (|nality  he  caused  it  to  bo  nnnored  that  tlie  man  had  eaten 
it,  or  part  of  it.  Jlint.  I'd'ilwL,  l.'iO  7.  C'lavi;:en>  assumes  that  i\w  culprit 
revealed  the  names,  and  that  (Jortes  pi-eferied  not  to  lielie\e  him.  sturia 
Mc-t".,  iii.  lUl.  Torture  failed  ''p  extort  any  names  from  him,  wiites  'ror<pie- 
niada,  i.  o'JiS,  and  those  on  tlie  list  he  dedarctl  to  be  merely  of  men  whom  ho 
intended  to  sound. 

"'Un  alcalde  y  yo  lo  condeuamoa  A  niuerte.'  Cortijn,  Curiae,  'JllO. 


C12 


PRELIMINARY  CAMPAIGNS. 


Napoleon,  who  in  national  warfare  could  open  with 
his  sword  the  veins  of  the  people  until  there  poured 
forth  torrents  of  blood,  shrank  in  horror  from  blood 
shed  in  civil  broils.  It  was  policy  with  Cortes,  how- 
ever. So,  after  finishing  his  narration  of  the  con- 
spiracy, he  coolly  informed  them  that  Villafano  had 
refused  to  reveal  his  accomplices,  and  he  could  not 
therefore  name  the  guilty.  There  were  no  doubt 
men  amongst  them  with  real  or  fancied  grievances 
which  may  have  induced  them  to  harbor  resentment; 
but  let  them  frankly  state  their  wrongs  and  he  would 
seek  to  right  them.  If  he  had  erred,  let  the  error  be 
named.  The  conclusion  of  the  affair  created  general 
satisfaction.  Thankful  for  their  escape,  the  guilty 
sought  both  by  words  and  deeds  to  prove  their  de- 
votion, and  although  Cortes  kept  his  eye  upon 
them,  there  was  no  indication  that  he  suspected  any. 
He  rather  sought  to  win  them  back  with  fav<jrs.^  So 
impressed  were  his  intimate  followers  by  the  risk  to 
which  so  valuable  a  life  had  been  exposed  that  they 
insisted  on  his  accepting  a  body-guard  of  twelve  select 
men,  under  the  conunand  of  Antonio  de  Quinoues,  an 
liidalgo  of  Zamora,"  who  watched  over  him  day  and 
night. 

*"  Benial  Diaz  states  that  ho  frightened  many  liy  having  them  arrested  and 
thrcntened  with  trial;  prol)al)ly  those  seized  with  Villafaue.  Oviedo,  iii.  ~>l'>, 
mentions  Kscudero  as  executed  for  pUjtting;  but  this  is  dcjuhtful.  As  I'or  Vor- 
dujio,  he  lieeame  regidor  of  Mexico,  and  in  l.VJO  ak'alde.  He  afti'rward 
joined  (luzman's  expedition  and  settled  at  Tonahi  in  Jalisco,  lliizon,  iu  Curtia, 
Jie.'tiiltiiriii,  i.  ,3!i3. 

^'Tliis  was  Corti's'  own  idea,  says  Bernal  Diaz,  and  he  appealed  to  ns  to 
guard  him.  Jiint.  Venlad.,  137.  Quifioues  was  succeeded  by  Francisco  de 
Teueaas  [Ten-azaa],  Ixlidx.ocliHl,  Hist.  (Jhkh.,  313. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 


INVESTMENT     OF     MEXICO. 
May-June,  1521. 

Phases  of  Heroism — The  Brigaxtixes  upon  the  Lake — Division  op 
Forces  between  Alvarado,  Sandoval,  and  Olid — Desertion,  Cap- 
ture, AND  Execution  of  Xicotencatl — Departure  of  the  Troops 
FROM  Tezcuco — Naval  Battle — Possession  Taken  of  the  Cause- 
ways— At  One  Point  Cortes  unexpectedly  Gains  Entrance  to  tub 
City — But  is  Driven  out. 

The  ideal  heroic  character  is  to  be  viewed  from  two 
standpoints:  the  effect  of  heroism  on  the  lioi-o,  and 
on  the  world.  A  very  bad  person  may  do  mankind  a 
great  service.  An  evil-minded  man,  while  sinking  his 
soul  yet  deeper  in  corruption,  may  bring  benefactions 
upon  society.  But  even  a  fairly  good  man  camiot  in- 
crease his  iimate  nobleness  of  character  while  doinu' 
injury  to  his  fellows. 

I  do  not  know  that  the  claim  of  good  man  was  over 
advanced  for  Hernan  Cortes,  except,  indeed,  l)y  that 
strange  fanaticism  which,  dazzled  by  one  object,  fails 
to  see  other  objects,  or  the  terrible  means  for  their 
attainment.  He  and  his  followers  formed  a  sad  mix- 
ture of  good  and  evil,  in  which  the  latter  predomi- 
nated, if  judged  l)y  the  moral  standard  which  they 
had  formed  for  themselves  as  soldiers  of  the  cross. 
The  grossest  injustice,  the  most  liorrible  wickedness 
constituted  part  of  their  moral  ideal^  so  that  while 
fighting  for  the  liigliest  morality  they  were  the  most 
immoral  of  men.  Long  aft  jr  the  conquest  was  con- 
summated, under  the  ministrations  of  men  of  piety 

(613) 


Hi 


GU 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


and  abillt}^  It  would  seem  that  the  weapons  used  by 
these  conquerors,  who  at  times  justified  nmrdcr  as 
the  highest  morahty,  were  still  instinct  with  blood, 
even  as  the  cornel-wood  spear  with  which  the  king  of 
Thrace  transfixed  the  unhappy  Polydorus  springs  into 
life  instinct  with  the  blood  of  Priam's  slaughtered  son. 

Cortes  was  not  an  idealist  after  the  manner  of 
Columbus.  Both  were  full  of  egoism ;  the  spiritual- 
mindedness  of  both  was  essentially  selfish.  They 
would  both  dictate  terms  to  God  and  their  king,  that 
for  so  much  service  they  must  have  so  much  reward. 
Both  were  full  of  the  follies  of  their  day ;  but  Colum- 
bus displayed  a  grave,  unconscious  folly,  while  Cortes 
consciously  indulged  in  all  the  follies  of  lust  and 
cruelty  that  prudence  admitted  or  his  aim  demanded. 
Cortes  al^andoned  himself  to  ambition ;  Columbus  to 
brooding  thought.  The  insanity  of  reckless  adventure 
was  not  the  insanity  of  Columbus,  who  nevertheless 
was  as  mad  as  any  lunatic  in  his  own  way.  Com- 
n)anding  energy  and  practical  daring  wore  as  con- 
s[)icuoas  in  Cortes  as  in  Columbus;  but  it  happened 
tliat  the  aims  of  Columbus  were  of  greater  import  to 
the  race  than  those  of  Cortes. 

How  alike,  and  yet  how  Jifferent,  tliese  men! 
Cortc5s  was  impetuous  and  extravagant;  Columbus 
calm,  calculating,  and  prudent.  One  was  full  of  joyous 
activity,  the  simple  exercise  of  which  was  his  greatest 
pleasure;  obligations  of  every  sort  sat  lightly  on  him; 
the  other  was  but  an  instrument  in  the  hands  of 
providence.  Both  were  ambitious,  both  excessively 
religious;  but  Cortds,  in  the  main,  made  religion 
subservient  to  advancement,  as  before  noted,  while 
mundane  glories  to  Columbus  were  hollow  indeed 
beside  his  heavenly  aspirations.  Both  were  exceed- 
ingly great  men;  both  became  eminent  by  a  selfish 
adventure  of  self;  but  Columbus  saw  the  New  Woild 
through  the  glorious  haze  of  immortality,  while  Cortes 
viewed  jNTexico  under  the  lightly  woven  covering  of 
personal  ambition. 


LAUNCHING  OF  THE  FLEET. 


918 


Cortes  was  an  Antony  rather  than  a  Ca)sar,  nor  did 
he  lack  that  one  great  gift  of  Antony's,  suhordination, 
as  we  have  seen.  He  was  not  so  greatly  in  love  with 
himself,  stood  not  so  greatly  in  awe  of  liiniself,  as 
(.'sesar;  he  was  possessed  of  finer  perceptions  and  feel- 
ings, and  with  consnnnnatc  versatility  could  drop  him- 
self out  of  his  plans  as  occasion  required.  Nor  was 
Coiies  without  imagination  and  the  aesthetic  sense, 
though  of  a  grosser  and  sensual  kind;  but  it  is  not 
in  great  men  that  we  are  to  look  for  the  swelling  har- 
monies of  nature. 

A  turning-point  was  now  reached  in  the  campaign. 
The  brigantines  were  completed,  and  the  siege  coulvl 
begin.  The  day  for  the  entry  of  the  vessels  into  the 
lake  was  a  gala  day,  inaugurated  with  the  conununion 
and  festive  witli  the  concourse  of  gayly  attired  spec- 
tators.^ After  prayer  and  a  discoui-se  the  Hags  with 
name  and  roval  arms  v/ere  hoisted  on  each  vessel,'' 
amid  salvos  and  cheers,  and  the  dams  being  broken, 
the  gallant  fleet  floated  down  the  canal  to  the  placid 
lake. 

While  the  mute  bunting  was  thus  proclaiming  Span- 
ish supi'omacy  over  these  inland  waters,  a  To  Deum, 
in  which  joined  a  thousand  voices,  echoed  aloud  the 
gratitude  of  every  heart.  Each  vessel  was  placed  in 
charge  of  a  captain''  with  twenty-four  Spaniards,  of 

'  Several  leading  authors  assume  this  to  have  occurred  on  the  2Sth  of  April, 
■when  CortOs  mustered  Ids  foroes.  He  says  n(jthing  about  the  f(jnnal  launch 
on  that  occasion,  and  it  is  hardly  likely  that  two  such  performances  could 
have  been  efVccted  in  one  day. 

■' '  Las  vandcras  Ecalcs,  y  otras  vandcras  del  nombrc  que  so  dezia  ser  el 
vcrgantin.'  Bcnml  JJi  a,  l/ixf.  Vcnhtil.,  l.'JS.  Ixtlilxochitl  assumes  that  tlio 
flag-ship  was  named  Mnldlin,  /li4.(Jhich.,',U',i-]4,  but  this  appeals  to  lie  based 
on  a  juisinterpretation  of  Herrcra,  who  places  Villafuerte  'of  McdcUiu'at  tho 
head  of  the  list  of  captains.  \'ctancurt  believes  that  the  vessels  were  natned 
after  the  apostles,  to  whom  Curtt^s  was  so  devoted.  Tcntro  Mix.,  pt.  iii.  l.")(i. 
If  so,  file  Itag-ship  may  have  lu'en  called  .S';(/(  Pedro,  after  his  patron.  When 
uU  were  iioated  a  storm  came  m  hicli  threatenc'  to  break  them  one  against  tlio 
other.   Tiiniui  iniutit,  i.  .">:!•_'. 

^  Tlieir  names  appear  to  have  been  .Tuan  Rodriguez  di;  Villafuerte  of 
Medellin,  Juan  Jaramillo  of  Salvatierra,  Francisco  Kodriguez  Magurifio  of 
Werida,  (,'rist(.>bal  Flores  of  Valencia,  Juan  (jarcia  Ilolgtiin  of  Ciiceres,  ( 'ara- 
vajal  of  Zamora,  Pedro  liarba  of  Seville,  Ger6niiuo  Kuiz  de  la  Mota  of  Biirgos, 


III 


ei6 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


whom  about  six  were  cross-bownicn  and  arqucbusier.s, 
some  artillerists  to  manage  the  bron/e  gun,  and  twelve 
rowers,  six  to  eaeh  side.  The  boats  were  evidently 
half-decked.* 

Acti\c  preparations  were  now  made  to  begin  the 
siege.  Tlascaltecs,  Hiicxotzincas,  Cholultecs,  Chal- 
cans,  and  other  allies  were  summoned  to  send  in  con- 
tingents by  Whitsunday,  the  latter  to  assemble  at 
Chalco,  and  the  Tlascaltecs  at  Tezcuco.  Though  but 
ten  days'  notice  was  given,  the  last  named  i)resented 
themselves  in  the  camp  before  the  appointed  time  to 
the  number  of  over  fifty  thousand,  which  was  increased 
by  later  reenforcement.® 

As  they  approached  Tezcuco  under  the  guidance 
of  Ojeda,  and  commanded  notably  by  Chichimecatl 
and  Xicotencatl  junior,  they  spread  out  in  one  long 
serpentine  file,  bristling  with  iztli  points  and  brill- 
iant with  shields  and  armor  covered  with  variegated 
devices    and    liowii.g    plumage,    while    at    intervals 


Pedro  lie  Brioncs  of  Siilanianca,  Roilrigo  ^lorejon  do  Lovcra  of  ^ledina  del 
('ampo,  Antonio «lc  Sotclo  of  Zaniora,  Juan  de  I'ortiUo  of  Portillo,  and  Migiul 
Diaz  da  Auz.  Martin  Lopez,  the  ship-builder,  aLso  joined,  in  the  character  of 
chief  pilot.  Ilerreia,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xii.  xxi.,  has  Franciisco  do  Verdnifo, 
of  ArOvalo,  in.stead  of  Dia:;  de  Auz,  but  Benial  Diaz  names  him  as  one  of  the 
company  c.-.ptains  under  Olid,  and  he  ought  to  know  better  in  this  reapect. 
Ho  al.so  names  a  second  Caravajal,  Zamora,  a  ship-master,  afterward  .settled 
iu  Oajaea,  Colmeiiero,  (iines  Xortes,  and  Lenna.  V/'/'.-.Y.   Vcrdail.,  l.'iS. 

*  The  smallest  was  soon  set  aside  as  useless.  Tlierc  was  some  trouble  in 
obtaining  rowers,  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  the  employment  iu  Spain  <jf 
criminals  in  that  cajiacity.  Hidalgos  shrank  iiom  anything  that  could  be  re- 
garded as  connnon  labor,  and  even  ordinary  sailoi  .i  refused  to  handle  a  branded 
implement.  In  this  dilemma  a  list  was  made  of  all  natives  of  seaports,  and 
of  those  known  to  be  able  (isliermen,  and  linally  the  selected  number  were 
ordered  to  take  the  oar,  regardless  of  caste. 

"  So  says  Cortes,  (Jarkif!,  '208.  Bernal  Diaz  as  usual  implies  a  smaller  num- 
ber by  sfaiting  that  Cortes  siuit  to  ask  for  only  110,000  men  from  the  republic.--. 
Jlisf.  Vcnlail.,  137-8.  The  Cholultecs,  ho  says,  who  had  maintained  a  neu- 
tral attitude  since  the  massacre  tlierc,  sent  a  small  force  under  their  own 
captain.  Goniara  allows  (iO,000  allies  to  come ;  Vetancurt  1)0,000,  of  whom 
00,000  are  Tlascaltecs ;  Clavigcro  limits  the  arrival  to  .50,000  Tlascaltecs,  the 
wh<de  number  of  allies  sweUing  gradually  to  over  200,000,  while  Herrera 
makes  that  numl  )er  arrive  within  two  days ;  Ixtlilxochitl  names  thirteen  chiefs, 
who  commanded  the  ")0,000  Tlascaltecs  (a  misprint  gives  5000),  and  some 
of  those  leading  the  10,000 Huexotzincas;  he  also  allows  10,000  Cholultecs;  of 
his  own  Tczcucans  he  claims  over  200.000  to  have  come,  50,000  each  licing 
furnished  \iy  the  provinces  of  Tezcuco,  Otumba.  Tziuhcohua,  .ind  Chalco,  with 
Tepeaca,  Quauhnahuac,  etc. ;  8000  chiefs  or  nobles  joined  besides  from  Tezci'.co, 
and  50,000  laborers  in  addition,  it  seems.  Hid.  t'l'ikh. ,  31o ;  lior.  (Jruddtuks,  20. 


REVIEW  OF  TROOPS. 


617 


waved  high  the  banners  of  the  different  corps.  Cortes 
went  forth  to  meet  them  with  grand  demonstrations, 
and  as  they  marched  past  loud  vivas"  rent  the  air. 

On  the  28th  of  April  Cortes  had  mustered  his 
forces  and  found  that,  with  the  several  reiinforcements 
lately  arrived,  there  were  present  over  nine  hundred 
Spaniards,  of  whom  eighty- six  were  horsemen  and 
one  hundred  and  eighteen  cross-bowmen  and  arque- 
busiers;"  the  rest  being  armed  with  swords  and  shields 
and  the  more  formidable  pikes.  They  were  well  pro- 
tected with  cotton  armor,  many  having  cuirasses  and 
corselets,  and  small  weapons  were  not  wanting.  The 
artillery  consisted  of  three  heavy  iron  guns,  fifteen 
smaller  pieces  of  bronze,  mostly  distributed  among 
the  vessels,  with  ten  quintals  of  powder  and  a  quan- 
tity of  shot,  while  some  fifty  thousand  arrows  had 
been  furnished  by  the  Tezcucan  towns,  all  fitted 
according  to  pattern  with  copper  tips.*' 

Not  only  had  the  Spaniards,  particularly  the  new 
recruits,  been  well  exercised  in  cavalrv  movements, 
target  practice,  fencing,  and  pike  drill,  but  the  allies 
had  been  trained  to  a  certain  extent  in  European 
tactics.  For  efiiciency  and  good  conduct  this  army 
rose  far  above  any  yet  mustered  in  the  Indies.  In 
the  usual  speech  before  the  ranks,  Cortes  pointed  out 
how  God  had  favored  them  with  constant  victories 
and  with  reenforcements  which  had  nearly  doubled 
their  numljcr  and  resources.  They  might  indeed  be 
hopeful,  for  holy  was  their  cause.  Full  of  confidence 
tliej  could  march  against  the  only  stronghold  yet 
opposed  to  them,  avenge  their  slaughtered  comrades, 
and  win  liclies  and  glory  for  themselves. 

•'ViuaclEniperador  nncstroscfior,  yCastilla,  Castillo,  llascaln,  Tlascala!' 
Bernal  DUr.,  loc.  cit.  It  took  three  days  for  the  auxiliaries  to  enter,  say.-i 
Ojeda,  and  great  as  was  Tezcueo,  there  was  not  room  for  them.  //<  ircni,  dec. 
iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xii.    IJernal  Diaz  reduces  the  days  to  houi's. 

'' C'ort<s,  C'lr'an,  '2(K).  (iomara  agrees,  J/ist.  Mv.r.,  1!)1,  but  IJernal  Diaz 
gives  thenundieras,S4  horsemen, G5U  soldiers  with  swords,  shields,  and  lances, 
and  lO-i  archers  ami  arijuel)usiers.  loc.  cit. 

*'Some  half  a  dozen  towns  furnished  8000  cacli  within  eiu'ht  days.  The 
feathers  were  fastened  by  the  archers  with  glue  from  tlie  racilf  i-oot.  Tiiey 
kept  two  strings  and  as  many  catches,  and  iiiaintuiued  theii-  skill  by  target 
practice.  Id, 


CIS 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


On  Wliitmonday,  the  20tK  of  May,  an  aj-nortion- 
mcnt  of  the  troops  was  inadc  to  Alvarado,  Olid,  and 
Sandoval,  who  led  the  cavalry  in  person,  but  directed 
tl '  movements  of  the  infantry  through  cai)tains,  and 
of  the  allies  throuo-h  native  cliiefs.  Each  received 
from  twenty-four  to  ihirty  horsemen,  and  one  hundred 
and  fifty  infantry,  divided  into  two  or  three  battalions, 
with  a  proportionate  number  of  arquebusiers,  cross- 
bowmen,  guns,  and  annnunition,  besides  from  twenty 
to  forty  thousand  allies.  To  Sandoval  was  given  the 
smallest  number  of  horse  aril  the  largest  number  of 
allies,  those  gathered  at  Clialco  having  orders  to 
await  him,  while  Alvarado  received  a  full  half  of  the 
Tlascaltec  force,  with  whom  the  Tonatiuh  was  a  great 
favorite.  To  this  leader  Tlacopan  was  assigned  for 
head-quarters;  to  Olid,  Coyuhuacan;  and  Sandoval  re- 
ceived orders  to  complete  the  destruction  of  Iztapa- 
lapan,  and  then  to  advance  through  Coyuhuacan  and 
along  one  of  the  southern  causeways,  and  there  to 
select  his  head-quarters,  under  the  protection  of  the 
brigantincs.  These  appointments  and  orders  under- 
went several  changes  during  the  siege.  For  himself 
Cortes  selected  the  management  of  the  fleet,  whereon 
so  much  depended  during  the  opening  of  the  siege, 
and  in  addition  to  its  ships'  companies  of  three  hun- 
dred men  he  was  supported  by  several  thousand 
allies,  chiefly  Tezcucans  under  Ixtlilxochitl,  who  at- 
tended in  a  large  number  of  canoes.  This  selection 
hardly  pleased  the  army,  which  considered  their  oper- 
ations the  most  important  and  dangerous,  and  there- 
fore m  need  of  Cortes'  supervision.  But  he  evidently 
never  intended  to  remain  with  the  fleet  except  at  the 
beginning." 

'  The  distribution  of  forces  as  given  by  Cortda  stands  thus :  To  Alvarado, 
30  horse,  18  arquebusiers  and  archers,  150  sword  ami  shield  men,  and  over 
2."),000  Tlascaltecs ;  to  Olid,  33  horse,  18  archers  and  arquebusiers,  IGO  sword 
and  sliield  men,  and  over  20,000  allies ;  to  Sandoval,  24  horse,  4  arquebusiers, 
marchers,  150  sword  and  sliield  men,  and  over  .30,000  allies  from  Iluexotzinco, 
Cholula,  and  Chalco.  Carta<i,  207.  Othera  differ  more  or  less,  some  giving 
details  that  hardly  accord  with  the  totals.  Ijcraal  Diaz  names  as  Alvarado's 
three  captains  his  brother  Jorge  de  Alvarado.  Gutierre  de  Budajoz,  and 


DESERTIOX  OF  XICOTENCATL, 


tt» 


Tlic  followino-  (lay  the  allied  forces  apportioned  to 
Alvaradoand  Olid  were  ordered  to  march  in  advance, 
for  greater  convenience,  to  the  border  of  Tezcuco 
I)rovince  and  there  await  the  Spaniards.  Not  many 
hours  after  their  departure  a  messenger  appeared  with 
the  announcement  that  Xicotencatl,  the  companion 
general  of  Chichimecatl,  had  disappeared.  Inquiries 
revealed  that  shortly  before  his  cousin  Piltoculitli  had 
been  severely  and  wantonly  struck  by  a  soldi'  i  during 
a  quarrel  over  some  carriers.  In  order  to  save  the 
soldier  from  the  wrath  of  Cortes,  Ojeda,  the  Spanish 
inspecting  officer  over  the  allied  forces,  smoothed  the 
matter  and  sent  the  injured  nobleman  home.  It  was 
claimed  by  some  that  this  outrage  had  so  woundetl 
Xicotencatl  that  he  followed  his  cousin.  Others  as- 
sumed that  both  chiefs  were  in  love  with  tlie  same 
woman,  and  that  Xicotencatl  could  not  bear  to  leave 
his  rival  alone  in  tlie  field.  But  tlie  true  reason  lay 
no  doubt  in  his  dislike  to  fight  for  the  Spaniards, 
whom  he  had  never  ceased  to  oppose,  openly  and  in 
secret,  as  invaders  bent  on  the  enslavement  .>f  the 
whole  country.  This  idea,  if  faint  at  first,  liad  become 
more  fixed  with  every  fresh  blow  against  his  personal 
ambition,  such  as  the  first  series  of  defeats  which 
])lucked  from  him  his  just  renown;  the  equal  or  per- 
haps superior  position  assigned  in  the  native  army  to 
Chichimecatl,  of  whom  he  appears  to  have  been  deeply 

Aiulri^s  de  Monjaraz,  the  latter  an  agreeable,  bright-faceil  fellow  of  about 
3'i  years,  always  sull'criiig  from  a  Lotliarian  disease  whiuli  jjiwentcil  liini 
from  doing  anything.  The  three  captains  under  Olid  were  An(lrt''s  de  lYipia, 
a  growing  favorite  of  Cortes',  Francisco  Verdugo,  tlic  unconscious  fellow-con- 
spirator of  Villafafie,  and  Francisco  do  Lugo,  the  natural  sou  of  a  jirominent 
estate-holder  at  Medina  del  Cnmpo.  Sandoval  had  but  two  captains,  the  in- 
sinuating Pedro  dc  Ircio,  and  Luis  Marin  of  San  Li'icar,  a  muscular  ancl 
dashing  fellow,  of  Monjaraz'  age,  with  an  open  blonde  face,  S(jmcwhat  pitted, 
and  possessed  of  a  voluble  tongue.  Jllxt.  Vtnlad.,  130,  'J40,  '24(».  Ixtlilxochitl 
gives  a  longer  list,  which  is  clearly  wrong  in  many  respects,  and  lie  adds  some 
names  of  native  leaders.  Alvarado  kept  the  Tlasealtecs  of  Tizatlan  and  Te- 
peticpac;  Olid  those  of  Ocotchilco  and  Quiahuiztlan.  Iii<f.  C/dc/i.,  313-14. 
He  furtlier  states  tluit  his  namesake  joined  Cortes'  lleet  with  1(J,(>'M)  canoes, 
containing  50,000  Tezcucans,  of  whom  8000  were  nobles.  J/or.  ('riiddadex,  '21. 
Brasseur  de  Bourbourg  follows  this  author  in  many  respects,  inipi'oving  some- 
what on  the  names.  Herrera  names  five  of  the  sub-captains,  among  them 
Hernando  de  Lerma  of  Gulieia.  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xii. 


020 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


jealous;'"  and  the  prospect  of  a  wearisome  and  un- 
profitable canij)aign,  wherein  he  must  be  content  t(j 
ti«,nire  as  a  subordinate,  not  only  of  Alvarado,  Init 
subject  ]ierliai)s  to  the  orders  of  petty  Spanish  ofK- 
ccrs.  All  this  became  too  gallin<^  to  his  proud  soirit, 
and  with  a  few  followers  he  turned  toward  his 
mountain  home. 

It  would  never  do  to  countenance  desertion,  and 
by  so  prominent  a  man,  at  the  very  opening  (^f  a 
campaign;  and  Cortes  immediately  sent  a  number  of 
troopers  in  jmrsuit,  with  instructions  to  represent  to 
the  chief  the  gravity  of  his  offence,  which  cast  a  heavy 
stain  on  Tlascaltec  honor,  and  to  persuade  him  to  re- 
turn. They  speedily  overtook  him,  only  to  meet  with 
insolence.  He  would  not  go  back;  if  his  people  had 
listened  to  him  they  would  not  now  bo  tools  and  ser- 
vants of  a  horde  of  fc^reigners.  With  this  reply  the 
troops  were  forced  to  return.  "This  cacique  is  incor- 
rigible," exclaimed  Cortes,  "and  will  ever  be  a  traitor 
and  counsellor  to  evil.  I  have  had  enough  of  him!" 
The  troopers  were  at  once  sent  back,  accompanied  by 
an  alguacil  and  some  trusty  Tlascaltec  nobles,  with 
orders  to  arrest  the  fugitive  and  1)ring  him  to  Tez- 
cuco.  In  a  letter  to  the  republican  lords,  Cortes  at 
the  same  time  complained  of  the  desertion  and  its 
grave  influence,  and  declared  that  according  to  Spanish 
law  the  penalty  was  death.  They  replied  that  the  same 
punishment  obtained  in  Tlascala;  and  not  only  do  they 
appear  to  have  actively  aided  in  surrendering  the  cul- 
prit, but  they  declared  all  his  property,  including 
wives  and  slaves,  confiscated  to  the  crown,  against 
which  he  had  sinned."     Indeed,  the  arrogance  of  the 

'"  'Iva  a  tomar  por  fuer(;a  el  Cacicazgo,  c  vassallos,  y  tierra  del  mismo 
Chichiinceatccle,'Z>V»-Hrt/Z'(a3,  HtKt.  Vtrdad.,  130,  wliich  must  bo  an  itUc  rumor. 

"Some  time  later  when  Ojeda  went  to  Tlascala  for  supplies  ho  brought 
back  the  confiscated  property,  including  a  quantity  of  treasure,  and  oO 
women,  the  daughters,  servants,  etc.,  of  Xieotencatl.  Tonjiiemculu,  i.  ooS. 
The  Tlascaltec  laws  were  severe,  'E  I'odio  particolore,  cho  porta vano  a  (jucl 
I'rincipe,  il  cui  orgoglio  non  potevano  piii  soUVire. '  VUivhjero,  Slorh(  JIcxi., 
iii.  ly.").  Some  Thiscaltecs  say  his  father  had  warned  Cortes  against  his  sou, 
and  urged  his  death.  Bcnial  Diaz,  loc.  cit.  Herrera  observes  tiiat  he  couM 
hardly  have  been  seized  without  Tlascaltec  aid.  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  x\ii. 


ALVARADO  AND  OLID  QUARREL. 


021 


youncj  chief  does  not  seem  to  have  endeared  him  to 
the  otli;'!'  luK'is.  Instantly  on  his  arrival  lie  was 
sentenced  and  handed  on  a  very  hiixh  ifallows,  while 
the  crier  and  inter) )reter  announced  his  crime. 

The  execution  or'  so  prominent  a  chief,  heir  to  ono 
of  the  rulers  amont^  his  best  allies,  was  an  act  which 
few  besides  Cortes  would  have  ventured  on;  l)ut  ho 
saw  the  necessity  for  a  firm  observance  of  diseipline, 
and  was  not  deceived  in  the  salutary  effect  which  it 
had  on  the  allies.*^  There  were  not  many  Tlascaltecs 
left  in  Tezcuco,  or  a  serious  demonstratit)n  mi,L?lit  have 
occurred;  as  it  was,  the  mantle  and  maxtli  of  the  de- 
ceased were  secured,  and  an  eager  contest  ensued  for 
them  as  relics.  Axayacatzin  Xicotencatl  had  achieved 
fame  before  the  advent  of  the  Spaniards." 

Alvarado  and  Olid  had  set  out  from  Tezcuco  for 
Tlacopan  with  their  Spanish  forces  on  tlie  122(1  of 
!May,''  taking  the  same  route  by  which  Cortes  had 
r  turned  from  tlie  Xochimilco  campaign,  and  though 
longer  than  that  north  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  yet  it  was 
easier  and  safer.  On  approaching  Acolman,  Olid  sent 
a  party  in  ulvance  to  secure  cjuarters,  and  when  Alva- 
rado arrived  he  found  every  house  bearing  the  green 
bough  on  the  roof,  which  indicated  occupancy.  This 
raised  a  tumult  between  the  parties,  and  even  the 
captains  woukl  have  come  to  blows  but  for  the  inter- 

'-0/cr/r(,  in  TTcrr< ra,  loc.  cit,.  Solis, Illxt.  3fc.v.,  ii.  379,  thinks  that  it  M-ouhl 
have  )>ct'n  hazardous  to  liaiig  liini  at  Tezcuco,  where  many  Tlascaltecs  were 
giitheied ;  but  lio  foigi'ts  tliat  nearly  all  this  people  had  already  set  out  for 
Riexito,  His  sui)pf)sition  is  based  on  Ikrnal  Diaz,  wlio  intimates  that  he  was 
not  lianijcd  in  Tezcuco.  Alvarado  had  pleaded  for  his  life,  and  Corti's,  MJiilo 
pretending  compliance,  secretly  ordered  the  alguacil  to  despatch  him.  Hint, 

"Cortes  divided  the  lordship  of  the  chieftain  aftei-ward  between  his  two 
sons,  and  the  name  of  Xicotencatl  has  been  perpetuated  by  mori;  than  ono 
line,  as  Camargo  shows  in  his  y//.<<.  Tla.c.  Two  olhccrs  of  that  name  ligured 
during  the  American  invasion  of  1S47  in  defence  of  their  country,  llnuiscur 
lie  JJiiiirfioiir',/,  1 1 1st,.  Nal.  dr.,  iv.  447. 

'*  Most  writers  say  tliu  lOth,  misled  by  an  error  in  Cortes,  Cartas,  208;  and 
this  error  causes  I're.scott,  among  others,  to  fall  into  more  than  one  mistake, 
■which  he  upholds  with  vain  argumepta.  On  earlier  jiages  in  the  ('nrt'iH  aro 
given  dates  in  connection  with  religioi's  festivals  whicli  show  tiiat  Wliitsun- 
day  fell  on  the  I'Jth  of  May,  and  the  departure  took  ]jlace  three  days  later. 
Benial  Diaz  gives  tlie  l.'Uh,  and  says  that  ti;o  Xicotencatl  all'air  bad  detained 
them  a  day.     lie  afterward  vaiics  the  date. 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


ference  of  friends.  Informed  of  the  trouble,  Cortes 
took  steps  to  reconcile  them,  although  the  two  leaders 
never  renewed  their  former  intimacy. 

On  the  evening  of  the  fourth  day  they  reached 
Tlacopan,  which  was  deserted,  as  were  all  the  towns 
along  the  route."  Late  as  was  the  hour,  forages  and 
reconnoissances  were  made,  involving  a  skirmish  with 
the  Mexicans.  The  following  day,  Sunday,  Olid  pro- 
ceeded to  Chapultepec  to  cut  the  aqueduct  which 
supplied  the  city,  a  task  which  involved  another  en- 
counter wherein  a  score  of  Mexicans  fell.  Meanwhile 
the  canals  were  filled  and  other  obstacles  removed 
which  might  impede  a  free  advance,  and  foraging 
tours  were  made.  The  Mexicans  continued  to  harass 
the  operations  with  repeated  sallies,  and  finally  Alva- 
rado,  with  characteristic  rashness,  pursued  them  until 
his  troops  were  well  advanced  between  the  Jiousts  and 
bridges.  The  Mexicans,  who  had  retreated  on  pur- 
pose, now  rolled  back  upon  his  front  and  flanks.  The 
roofs,  hitlierto  deserted,  teemed  with  slingers  and 
archers,  who  (showered  their  missiles  with  terrible 
efl;ect,  while  from  the  lanes  and  openings  between  the 
houses  sprang  numbers  who  assailed  the  cramped 
soldiers  with  tlieir  long  lances,  swords,  and  clubs,  and 
leaped  back  into  their  holes  and  canoes  and  behind 
breastwoi'ks  whenever  they  were  pressed.  The  allies 
were  ordered  bai  Iv,  and  t!;e  Spaniards  slowly  retreated, 
with  a  loss  of  ciglit  killed  and  fifty  wounded,  glad  to 
be  relieved  from  thv'ir  strait. 

Olid  was  highly  incensed  with  Alvnrado  for  his  rasli- 
ncss,  and  ivgardless  of  all  remonstra;  ce  he  seized  the 
pretext  to  hasten  the  departure  to  ]  is  own  camp  at 
Coyuliuacaii.  He  established  his  lead-quarters  d.i 
Corpus  Christi  day,  the  30th  of  M  y,  and  from  tliis 
date,  accordingly,  Clavigoro  and  mai;y  others  date  the 
beginning  of  the  siege.  The  causeway  leading  thmico 
to  jMexico  was  broken,  and  he  sought  for  several  days 

''■They  passed  round  Zumpango  Lake,  tliroxifj;h  Quaidititlan  aud  Teiiayo- 
can.  Cor'u-ii,  Curkw,  '210;  Birmil  Diaz,  UUt.  Wrdud.,  130. 


n 


HOW  THE  MEXICANS  VIEW  IT. 


623 


to  cover  tbo  breaches  and  gain  a  footing  upon  it,  but 
without  success.  The  Mexican  warriors  displayed 
great  spirit,  and  their  loaders  are  to  be  blamed  for 
not  cnerget  ?ally  assuming  the  oifcnsive  and  attack- 
ing the  twj  camps. 

The  Mexicans  had  not  quite  understood  the  drift 
of  Cortes'  delay  and  preliminary  manoeuvres.  When 
they  found  two  camps  establish^,  the  aqueduct  de- 
stroyed, and  earnest  preparations;  ai  progress  for  in- 
vestment, their  eyes  were  opened;  but  they  were 
then  too  bewildered  to  act  with  promptness  and 
precision.  The  chronicles  relate  that  Quauhtemotziu 
held  a  grand  council  to  consider  the  situation,  and 
to  sound  the  spirit  of  the  people  for  peace  or  war, 
so  that  there  might  be  no  faltering  when  necessity 
came.  A  number  indeed  of  the  elder  and  wiser  lords, 
particularly  of  the  Montezuma  faction,  spoke  of  tlio 
formidable  enginery  and  strength  of  .'»e  Spaniards, 
and  their  host  of  allies,  and  expressed  fears  of  failure. 
With  the  occupation  of  all  the  surrounding  territory, 
and  the  influx  of  people  from  abroad,  the  food  supply 
might  fall  shoit,  and  famine  and  sickness  ensue.  But 
the  young  men  and  the  warriors,  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, would  listen  to  no  counsellor  whose  words 
implied  coward  u'<;:  they  were  enthusiastic  for  resist- 
ance, and  formed  t<jo  numerous  a  party  to  allow  the 
cntertaini'ig  of  })eacc  proposals.  Qua.uhtemotzin  cau- 
tiously refrained  from  couunitting  Limself/"  but  ro- 

""Jiinias  quisicron  Paz  [tlio  Aztecs];  y  nunquc  ti  la  postre  Li  rfc!l>ieion, 
T>'  Iici  no  la  acipto,  jionnio  al  pvaicipio,  contra  sii  CouHcjo,  la  rchuwimn.' 
Torqiieniadii,  i.  r)T'J.  {J(  iiiara  says  tin;  samo,  but  Diiraii,  the  liistcuian  of  liis 
dynasty,  lU'clarcs  that  1  o  loviil  too  niiiuh  to  niK;  anil  to  disjilay  iiis  pi  i>>onal 
valor  ever  to  listen  to  peace  proposals.  Jlint.  //«/.,  M.S.,  ii.  4'.H).  On  llie  fol- 
lowing pages  lie  gives  a  speech  by  tiiis  ruler,  painting  the  .«iianie  ami  evil  of 
Burreniler.  ISefore  this,  accoiiling  to  the  native  records  of  .Sahagnu,  Cortes 
Iiad  invited  Qua''.ateiih,t7.in,  uucler  promise  of  security,  to  a  conference,  in 
order  to  explain  lii.s  motives  for  the  i  mpaign.  Xot  wishing  to  appear  afraid, 
the  Aztec  nioiarcli  came  to  the  rendczvou.s  nejir  Acaihinanco,  in  a  state 
barge,  attiaidtd  by  several  nobles.  Cortes  arrived  in  a  brigantine.  Ho  re- 
viewed the  allegiaiRi,  tendered  to  the  .Spanish  sovereign,  the  revolt,  jirecipi- 
tatod  by  Alvar.iilo's  etl'ort  to  anticipate  the  murderous  plot,  and  the  sub.-;e(|uent 
slaughter  of  Spaniards  anil  robbery  of  treasures.     These  unjr.stilial)le  and 


3 


624 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


minded  the  assembly  that  the  oracles  of  their  gods 
and  heroic  ancestors  had  above  all  to  bo  listened  to 
in  so  ini})ortant  a  matter  as  the  preservation  of  the 
homes  and  sacred  temples  intrusted  to  their  care. 
He  knew  well  what  answer  would  come  from  the 
priests,  whoso  possessions,  wealth,  and  honors  de- 
pended on  the  exclusion  ci  invaders,  aiming  above  all 
at  the  overthrow  of  their  religion.  "My  people  shall 
not  fear  the  enemy,"  spake  the  war- god  Huitzilo- 
pochtli,  "for  the  allied  hosts  will  not  persevere  long 
in  the  siege,  and  I  will  scatter  the  Castilians  now  as 
hitherto."  This  utterance  suited  many  views,  and 
the  declaration  for  war  was  solemnized  by  sacrifices 
of  human  beings,  including  the  four  Spaniards  lately 
captured.^'' 

Renewed  efforts  were  made  to  fortify  and  supply 
the  city,  and  canoes  were  collected  to  aid  in  the  defence. 
With  insolent  assurance,  derived  from  tlic  oracles, 
corps  of  warriors  M'ould  advance  close  to  the  Spanish 
camps  and  vent  their  feelings  with  insults  and  menaces, 
*'  ]\Ien  of  evil,  you  shall  pay  for  your  madness  I  I^ehold, 
the  gods  have  already  feasted  on  your  bodies!"  they 
cried,  Hinging  in  among  the  horritied  soldiers  pieces 
of  their  saciiticed  comrades.  "  Our  snakes  shall  drink 
vour  blood,  and  our  tiijers  devour  vour  flesh,  though 
thev  are  alreadv  satiated  therewith.  And  vou,  in- 
famous  Tlascaltecs,  slaves  and  traitors!  vou  shall 
atone  for  your  misdeeds;  you  shall  die  a  bad  death, 
and  I'urnish  flesh  for  our  banquets!     ]3ehold!"    And 


inhuman  outrages  ho  had  conic  to  avenge;  and  lie  would  not  stay  his  haiicl 
till  the  cncmiea  of  his  king  and  <iod  had  l)etn  driven  forth.  (,)uivulitomotzin 
merely  roplied  that  he  accepted  war,  and  thereupon  returned  to  the  city. 
Sii/iai/iiii,  lllst.  Cntiq.  (ed.  1840),  147-")0.  Torqueniada,  i.  .543,  and  IJrasseur 
do  liouiliourg  adoi)t  this  story,  the  latter  stating  that  the  A/tec  ruler  pro- 
posed to  consult  his  council.  ]Jut  Clavigcro  rightly  assumes  that  the  interview 
never  took  place.  All  other  records  say  that  Quauhtemot/.iu  persistently  re- 
fused ever  to  speak  with  ("ortOs,  even  from  behind  his  wa'ls. 

"Many  captives  liad  lieen  secured  during  recent  raids  on  Chalco  and 
Tczcuco,  and  other  parts,  so  that  there  was  no  laeh.  The  native  victims 
iiunibi'icil  4il(M1,  it  is  said,  Jlrrreni,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  caj).  xvii.  'AH  hoys,' 
says  Ovicdo,  iii,  iii'i.  'Vo  biea  crco  que  fuero  muclias,  mas  no  tautas.' 
llmiinrii,  loc.  cit.  The  limbs  of  the  Spaniards  were  sent  to  dillerent  prov. 
incca  to  frighten  the  inhabitants.  Benial  Diaz,  JJist.  \'vnlad.,  llij. 


MOVEMENTS  OF  THE  SPANIARDS. 


therewith  they  threw  in  disjointed  pieces  of  dusky- 
human  bodies.  "  We  shall  not  rest  till  your  land  is 
desolated,  and  not  a  man  or  woman  left  to  perpetuate 
your  vile  race."  Unabashed  by  this  tirade  the  Tlas- 
caltecs  told  them  not  to  threaten  like  women,  but  to 
act  like  men.  Still  it  were  better  for  them  to  yield 
ui>!ess  they  wished  to  be  destroyed. 

Cortes  had  been  delayed  till  the  fleet  should  be  fully 
prepared.  On  the  31st  of  May,  following  Corpus 
Christi  day,  ho  was  able  to  despatch  Sandoval,  wlio, 
reenforced  l)y  some  forty  thousand  allies  awaiting'  liini 
on  the  Chalco  border,  marched  against  lzta[)al;ipan. 
Although  severely  crippled  by  Cortes'  expedition,  this 
town  still  figured  a3  a  stronghold  of  too  great  im- 
portance to  be  left  in  the  rear.  Advised  of  the 
movement,  the  Mexicans  hurried  by  road  and  water 
to  aid  in  covering  the  retreat  of  the  inhabitants. 
Suddenly  smoke  colunms  were  observed  in  different 
parts  of  the  lake,  and  cries  of  alarm  ran  through  tlio 
town.  Yet  more  and  more  hurriedly  the  people  fled, and 
v.hile  one  body  of  warriors  retired  along  the  causeway 
to  Mexico,  others  departed  in  canoes.  The  Spanish 
forces  pressed  onward  in  clo.se  pursuit,  and  slaughter, 
pillage,  and  torch  accompanied  them.  The  chief  cause 
of  the  pnnic  was  the  appearance  of  the  brigantines, 
which  had  set  sail  shortly  after  Sandoval's  departure, 


18 


attended  by  a  large  nund)er  of  Tezcucan  canocis 
whose  objt3ct  was  to  cooperate  against  Iztapalapan. 
On  appmaejiing  it  the  vessels  passed  close  to  a  steep 
rocky  isle,  tlu'  Tepe[)uleo,  since  known  as  El  I'efiol 
del  ]\lar(jues,'''  occrupied  by  a  large  number  of  fugitives 
wlio  shouted  deliance,  and  showered  stones  and  arrows. 
Finding  that  Sandoval   required  no  aid,  Cortes  re- 

"  Ixtlilxocliitl  states  in  one  place  that  his  namesake  remained  at  Tezcuco 
to  raise  trodps  iiml  to  iiii;in;.;i'  foi-  regular  trains  of  supplies  for  tlie  Sj)anis!i 
camps.  In  anotlier  lelation  lie  allows  liiiii  to  aeconipany  C'ortes  with  1(],0()0 
cunocs.  //'■/•.  (rill  liliti/i  ■-■, -\;  Jo  liidtiii,  'A\4.  'Die  canoes  which  now  attended 
the  fleet  apjiear  to  Iuiac  served  ihietly  as  tninsjtorts. 

'"Ownid  even  uiid' r  rep«l)lican  rule  Ity  the  heira  of  Cortt'S,  as  a  tetzontli 
quarry. 

IIIST.  Mlx,,  Vol.  I.    40 


i 


i 


«l 


626 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


Bolvcd  to  inflict  a  lesson  on  the  insolent  islanders. 
The  Mexicans  appeared  confident  in  the  impregnable 
strength  of  the  rock,  and  gave  so  warm  a  reception  to 
the  hundred  and  fifty  men  with  whom  Cortes  began 
to  climb  it,  that  fully  a  score  were  wounded  at  the 
onset.  The  brigantines  turned  their  guns  upon  them, 
however,  and  under  this  cover  the  soldiers  speedily 
gained  the  summit,  there  to  wreak  bloody  vengeance. 
Not  a  man  was  spared,  only  the  women  and  children. 
"It  was  a  beautiful  victory!"  exclaims  Cortes. 

While  they  were  pillaging,  a  large  fleet  of  canoes, 
five  hundred  at  the  lowest  estimate,'"  was  seen  to  ap- 
proach from  the  direction  of  Mexico,  bristling  with 
iztli  points,  which  found  a  gleaming  reflection  in  the 
smooth  waters  of  the  lake.  Cortes  ordered  an  im- 
mediate return  to  the  brigantines,  and  rowed  them 
forward  into  an  extended  line.  He  had  longed  for  an 
opportunity  like  this,  to  meet  a  formidable  fleet  upon 
which  the  brigantines  might  inflict  a  lesson  severe 
enough  to  open  the  eyes  of  the  enemy  to  their  invin- 
cible power;  for  "  in  them  lay  the  key  of  war,"  as  he 
expressed  it.  Unfortunately  the  wind  was  so  light  as 
barely  to  flap  the  sails.  The  hostile  fleet  had  already 
drawn  up  in  good  order  just  beyond  range,  evidently 
puzzled  at  the  passive  attitude  of  the  monster  vessels, 
yet  shouting  defiance.'*'  Cortes  stood  chafing  with 
impaticinoo,  for  without  \vind  his  greatest  advantage 
would  be  lost,  and  his  position  even  become  precarious. 
Just  then  the  waters  rippled  and  a  breeze  came  from 
abaft  wliicli  speedily  freshened.  "Ah,  God  favors  us  !" 
he  cried,  and  with  a  grateful  gaze  toward  heaven  ho 
gave  orders  to  advance  under  full  sail.  As  they  came 
close  to  the  enemy  a  blinding  volley  was  sent  pouring 
in  upon  them  from  the  whole  line,  from  guns,  arque- 


^"Cortvs,  Cartas,  21 1.  Bcrn.il  Diaz  raises  the  number  to  4000,  Peter  Martyr 
to  oOOO,  wliilo  Vctancurt  assumes  that  the  500  were  merely  the  van.  Taatro 
Mcx.,  pt.  iii.  l.")8. 

'■"  Ovioili)  writes  that  they  were  sacrificing  boys  to  propitiate  the  gods.  iii. 
f)lfi.  '  L.i  llota  ("i  loH  parccio  no  dur  batalla  con  tun  pocas  y  cansadas,'  obsers'oa 
•Uomara,  y/.',s/.  J/c.r.,  ID-t. 


THE  FORMIDABLE  FLEET. 


627 


buses,  and  cross-bows,  and  while  the  natives  were  trying 
to  recover  from  their  confusion,  from  out  the  smoke 
burst  the  ponderous  bows,  crashing  into  the  hnes  of 
canoes,  overturning,  breaking,  and  sinking.  In  the 
vessels'  wake  were  wrecks  and  struggling  bodies,  while 
the  few  canoes  which  had  escaped  by  passing  between 
the  ships  struggled  to  escape  the  Tezcucan  boats  in 
the  rear.  At  the  first  encounter  the  canoes  in  the  far- 
ther lines  turned  in  hot  haste  for  home,  as  did  a  vast 
number  of  others  which  had  ventured  forth,  partly 
with  reenforcements,  partly  with  spectators.  But  the 
clumsy -looking  vessels  sped  faster,  pursuing  their 
career  of  destruction  for  three  leagues,  into  the  very 
canals  of  the  city,  whence  they  turned  back  to  pick 
up  captives.  The  victory  exceeded  the  wildest  hopes 
of  the  Spaniards,  as  Cortes  admits,  for  not  only  did 
the  Aztecs  lose  a  great  number  of  their  foremost 
warriors  and  their  best  canoes,  but  they  surrendered 
forever  to  the  formidable  craft  sovereignty  over  the 
lake  waters,  and  with  it  the  hope  of  assistance  from 
trans-lacustrine  allies. 

Encouraged  by  this  success,  Olid  advised  Alvarado, 
and  both  hastened  to  take  advantage  of  the  panic  to 
advance  along  the  causeways  and  effect  considerable 
execution,  impelled  as  they  were  with  emulation  and 
fresh  courage.'*^  Olid  had  advanced  close  to  Fort 
Xoloc,  which  with  its  stout  battlemcnted  walls  and 
towers  guarded  the  junction  of  the  southern  cause- 
ways, when  the  brigantines  approached  it  from  the 
eastern  side.  It  was  already  after  vespers;  neverthe- 
less Cortes  landed  to  cooperate  with  his  lieutenant 
and  pursue  the  ailvantage  gained.  A  breach  was 
made  in  the  wall  with  one  of  the  heavy  guns,  and 
under  cover  of  the  fioet's  artillery  the  j)laco  was  soon 
carried.  Cortes  had  intended  to  make  Coyuhuacan 
his  head-quarters,  but  such  were  the  obvious  advan- 
tages of  Xoloc,  in  strength  and  in  position,  for  it  lay 

** Alvanulo  aflvanncd  as  far  as  the  first  wide  uridgc,  bat  lost  three  men. 
Bernai  Uiai,  Hiu.  Verdad.,  141. 


1': 


I 


G28 


im^ESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


but  lialf  a  league  from  Mexico  and  was  connected  in 
the  rear  witli  the  mainland  by  three  causeways,  that 
he  at  once  decided  to  establish  his  camp  there,  making 
it  also  his  naval  station. 

Enraged  rather  than  discouraged  by  the  several 
defeats,  Quauhtemotzin  ordered  a  night  attack  on 
Xoloc,  contra ry  to  native  custom.  They  approached 
both  by  sea  and  land,  but  owing  to  their  noise  they 
were  observed,  and  driven  back  by  the  artillery. 
The  fort  was  not  very  strong  on  the  northern  side, 
and  the  force  within  was  small;  but  in  the  morning 
half  of  Olid's  troops  came  to  reenforco  him,  togetlicr 
with  fifty  of  Sandoval's  infantry.  The  addition  was  op- 
portune, for  the  Mexicans  were  advancing  in  swarms 
along  the  causeway  as  well  as  by  water,  this  time 
on  the  inner  side  of  the  road  where  the  vessels  could 
not  reach  them.  I'hc  heavy  guns  soon  cleared  a 
space  on  the  roadway,  but  as  the  soldiers  pursued 
they  sufferetl  severely  from  the  canoes,  which  not 
only  showered  )nissiles  but  afforded  retreat  for  the 
sallying  parties.  Orders  were  accordingly  given  to 
(^ut  a  passage  through  the  embankment,  so  that  tlie 
four  brigantinos  might  enter  to  clear  the  inner  basin. 
By  this  means  fjie  Spaniards  were  able  to  advance  to 
the  very  entrance  <  f  the  city  and  inflict  some  damage, 
whiL'  the  remaining  vessels  explored  the  waters  be- 
yond, and  drove  back  canoes  and  fired  buildings  in 
the  sul)Uibs. 

Sandoval  at  the  same  time  axlvanc*-/!  along  the 
causeway  from  Iztapalapan  to  Coyuhua<'an,  It  was 
a  league  and  a  half  in  Icngtii,  and  a  (niiift(  r  of  a 
league  from  shore  it  passed  through  an  island  town, 
whicli  was  captured  and  burned.  Advised  of  this. 
Quauhtemotzin  directed  a  fleet  to  cut  the  ^'ausevviiy 
and  entrap  the  Spaniards;  but  before  long  two  of  the 
vessels  were  able  to  relieve  Sandoval,  who  tliereuj>or) 
left  a  portion  of  his  troops,  including  the  allies,  ut 
Coyuhuacan,  and  joini;d  his  cliief  witli  tlie  remuindor. 
Netirly  a  week  was  occupied  in  strengthening  Fort 


A  SIMULTANEOUS  ATTACK. 


629 


Xoloc,  arranging  the  camp,  and  bringing  in  sup- 
plies, during  which  time  desultory  skirmishings  were 
maintained,  wherein  Sandoval  among  others  received 
wounds.  The  brigantines  roamed  incessantly  and  in- 
flicted great  damage,  entering  on  one  occasion  for  a  long 
distance  a  canal  which  led  into  the  suburbs.'*'  Canoes 
no  loniier  ventured  abroad  when  a  sail  was  in  sij^ht, 
and  the  Mexicans  began  to  protect  the  water  ap- 
proaches and  channels  with  stakes. 

In  order  to  complete  the  investment  of  the  city  it 
was  only  necessary  to  occupy  the  northern  causeway 
to  Tepeyacac,  along  which  the  besieged  maintained  a 
steady  intercourse  with  the  mainland.  Advised  of 
this  neglect  by  Alvarado,  the  general  ordered  San- 
doval to  form  a  camp  at  that  town^*  with  one  hundred 
and  forty  Spaniards,  of  whom  twenty -three  were 
horsemen,  and  a  full  proportion  of  allies.  Alvarado 
had  half  as  many  more  infantry  and  a  few  more  cav- 
alry, while  two  hundred  infantry  were  quartered  at 
Xoloc,  supported  besides  by  a  cavalry  force  in  the 
rear,  and  by  Olid's  party,  with  whom  remained  the 
largest  proportion  of  allies,  now  over  eighty  thousand, 
accordiiiij  to  Cortes'  own  statement.  The  fort  could 
not  bold  them,  and  they  accordingly  encamped  at 
Coyuhuacan,  which  lay  more  convenient  for  supplies, 
and  must  be  occupied  to  watch  the  hostile  shore  and 
lake  towns  clustered  iti  this  quarter.  The  brigantines 
carried  fit  least  two  hundred  and  fifty  men.^' 

Everything  being  prepared,  Cortes  ordered  a  simul- 
taneous attack  from  all  the  camps,  so  as  to  divide  the 
attention  of  tlu;  3Iexicans  and  gain  all  possible  advan- 
tage.    He   himself    advanced    along  the  IztapalapJin 

"Probably  boliinil  tli»»  irrcit  southern  li^voo.     Sec  N^afiv  Rnfis,  ii.  .■i(>4. 

'■'*«r>>iiii»r,i  calls  it  wruiinly  \alti"  a,  ami  Robertson  eonlouiuls  it,  siiigubiily 
enough,  v\)th  Tezouio.   J'i.sf.  Am.,  li.  114. 

*<'ort/s,  Cartas.  liKi-IT.  The  (ijre.ater  number  of  the  allies  ciiine  daily 
from  their  emnji  at  CciyuhuiKaii  to  join  (Jurti's  as  warriors  and  Ma|)|H'is.  l)ig- 
ginj,'  and  Hiniilar  M'nrk  was  dont-  eliiefly  by  Tezc n- ,uis.  Hi'ri'iTa  stati'8  that 
the  vessels  of  Flores  and  Itni/,  de  la  Mota  were  [..aoed  at  a  broki'U  causeway 
between  the  camps  of  Ahuradj  and  Sandoval,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xvii. 


630 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


causeway  with  the  greater  part  of  his  infantry,  at- 
tended by  several  cavaliers  on  foot,  and  by  over 
eighty  thousand  allies,  while  a  vessel  skirted  the  road 
on  either  side.  There  was  more  than  one  breach  in 
tlio  road,  behind  which  were  posted  large  forces  of 
warriors  protected  by  intrenchments  of  earth  and 
masonry. 

Without  the  vessels  it  would  have  cost  much  time 
and  many  lives  to  cross;  but  the  well-directed  fire 
from  the  guns  and  arquebuses  on  the  flanks  and  rear 
of  the  enemy  soon  wrought  disorder,  which  enabled 
the  sallying  parties  to  obtain  a  foothold.  Meanwhile 
a  number  of  infantry  had  swum  across  the  channel 
and  aided  to  drive  the  Mexicans  beyond  the  next 
breach.  The  same  manojuvre  was  repeated  at  this 
and  the  other  chasms,  till  the  army  found  itself  at 
the  very  entrance  of  the  city,  protected  by  a  wider 
channel  than  the  preceding,  with  more  extensive  forti- 
fications, commanded  by  a  temple  tower.  This  with 
its  swarms  of  slingers  and  archers  made  the  capture 
difficult,  and  the  Mexicans  also  showed  more  deter- 
mination; but  the  guns  and  fusillade  could  not  be 
resisted,  and  soon  the  Spaniards  stood  within  the  city 
for  the  first  time  since  the  memorable  Noche  Triste. 
Ilcvenge  seemed  already  secured,  and  the  lost  treas- 
ures almost  within  the  invaders'  grasp.  Cortes,  how- 
ever, did  not  permit  himself  to  be  carried  away  by  a 
momentary  success.  He  saw  the  main  street  beyond 
thronged  with  warriors  fiercely  bent  on  resistance, 
streets  as  far  as  the  distait  temple  of  the  war-god 
bordered  with  buildings,  each  a  fortress  in  itself,  while 
many  a  barricaded  channel  bloclced  the  way. 

A  large  force  of  allies  had  been  left  to  fill  the 
chasm  and  level  the  ground  as  ihe  army  advanced, 
using  for  this  purpose  the  captured  intrenchments  and 
buildings,  or  even  material  from  the  causeway  itself. 
This  work  was  under  the  direction  of  Diego  Hernandez, 
a  man  of  herculean  strength,  who  could  tL''ow  a  stone 
with  a  force  and  precision,  it  was  said,  approximating 


IN  THE  PLAZA. 


m 


{hose  of  cannon.-"  This  filHug  of  the  chasms  enabled 
the  horses  to  be  brought  forward,  and  thoy  now  led 
the  charge  against  tne  dense  masses  of  natives,  after 
the  arquebuses  had  effected  the  preliminary  clearing. 
Cortes  had  not  underestimated  the  annoyance  to  be 
encountered  from  the  archers  and  slinjjers  coverinu;  the 
roofs  on  either  side;  but  the  operations  of  the  cavalry 
left  the  many  arquebusiers  and  cross-bowmen  at  liberty 
to  cover  the  points  of  approach  through  which  the  allies 
in  particular  poured  in  countless  numbers  with  side- 
arms  and  fire-brands.  The  progress  so  far  had  sur- 
passed all  antici[)ation ;  but  now  the  Spaniards  came  to 
a  canal  from  which  the  retreating  IMexicans  removed 
the  few  planks  remaining  of  the  bridge,  leaving  a  soli- 
tarv  beam.  Here  the  warriors  were  massed  in  yfreater 
confidence,  free  as  they  were  from  the  attack  of  vessels 
and  sheltered  by  strong  intrenchments,  while  the  ad- 
joining roofs,  equally  protected  by  the  canals,  teemed 
with  missile-throwers.  The  soldiers  tried  a^jain  and 
again  to  cross  the  chasm,  only  to  be  driven  back  with 
injury.  The  volleys  from  cross-bows  and  fire-arms 
could  effect  but  little  damaj^je  a<xainst  the  well  shel- 
tered  w^arriors,  while  their  arrows  and  stones  came  in 
rattling  showers.  Finally  two  cannon  were  brought 
forward.  This  changed  the  issue,  for  a  breach  was 
speedily  made  in  the  intrenchments,  and  now  the  small- 
arms  were  able  to  cooperate  with  great  execution. 

After  a  delay  of  two  hours  the  soldiers  were  across ; 
and  wdiile  the  allies  filled  the  canal  they  again  pursued 
their  advance  alonjjf  the  avenue,  thouj^h  sutferinu"  con- 
siderably  from  the  roof  missiles.  They  ntnv  came  to 
the  last  channel  in  the  street,  close  to  the  main  })laza, 
wherein  stood  the  famous  temple  of  Huitzil()[)()chtli. 

The  advance  of  the  Spaniards  had  been  so  unc;x- 
pected  and  rapid  that  the  Mexicans  had  not  tJKJUght 
of  fortifying  this  canal,  and  little  difficulty  was  met 
in  crossing.     But  beyond,  the  plaza  was  filled  with 

'^'Asserratlor. .  .trabaj6  mas  que  mil  Indioa.'  Ilerrcra,  tlec.  iii.  lib.  i. 
cap.  xviii. 


I 


032 


INVESTJkfKNT  OF  MKXFCO. 


files  of  (lofondors,  dc'tormiiicd  to  save  their  (l«Mti(>s  and 
that  sacred  ground.  (Jrcjatly  iVighteiuul,  the  priests 
cried  out  to  them:  "Boliold!  it  was  lu^re  upon  this 
s[)ot  you  fouj^ht  these  l)ein;^s  infernal  before^,  and 
(hove  them  fortli  in  sliameful  iliuflit;  tlie  gods  will 
help  you  again  I"  Even  the  Spanish  soldii^rs  weie  im- 
pressed by  the  words  and  gestun^s  of  the  frantic 
devotees,  and  noted  their  effect  in  the  glciaming  eyes 
and  pressed  lips  of  the  warriors,  and  they  paused.  ]hit 
presently  a  gun  was  brought  forwanl  and  dire(;ted 
against  the  packed  throng.  This  (^fleeted  a  backwaid 
movement.  "There  is  no  time  for  rest  or  fear  I" 
shouted  Cortes,  as  with  shield  in  hand  he  rushed 
forward.  With  a  thundering  Santiago  the  soldiers 
followed.  The  charge  was  irresistible,  and  already 
startled  by  the  mowing  cannon-balls  the  IStexicans 
took  refuge  within  the  temple  enclosure  and  in  the 
by-streets. 

The  Spaniards  followed  the  crowd  within  the  snored 
groutids,  slashing  and  thrusting.  It  seemed  a  rc>|)eti- 
tion  of  Alvarado's  massacre,  and  the  war-god,  thirst- 
ing for  blood,  might  now  have  his  fill.  In  a  few 
moments  not  a  warrior  was  left  round  the  teiin)le, 
only  prostrate  bodies.  Then  the  soldiers  prej)are(l  to 
ascend  the  })yramid  to  hurl  down  the  idol  and  its  <le- 
fenders.  But  the  deity  was  aroused.  The  son)bie 
notes  of  the  sacred  drum  struck  their  fearful  nj)peal 
on  every  lieart,  *'  Rouse  yo  to  your  imperilled  hearths 
and  temples  1"  It  was  but  now  the  Mexicans  observed 
that  the  death-dealing  horsemen  were  not  present,  for 
the  last  chamiel  had  not  yet  been  filled  to  afTord  a 
crossing.  This  lent  them  et)uragc,  and  on  the  foe  tliey 
quickly  rushed  from  lanes  and  houses,  while  down 
from  the  temple-top  came  a  doubly  inspired  avalanche. 
The  shock  was  overwhelming.  The  Spaniards  wrvo. 
forced  to  retire,  partly  in  disorder,  ('ortes  made 
franti(^  efFoi'ts  to  stay  the  flight,  and  at  tlui  gate 
a  monunitary  rally  was  made  by  a  lew;  but  what 
availed    that    handful  against   the    torrent  sweeping 


OBSTIXATK  FIGIITIXO, 


633 


onward,  lioadod  by  the  reiiownod  bund  of  Qiiauhtin  ? 
]\'rf'()r(0  they  nuist  yield  und  join  tlio  trooj)s  which 
■wiTo  in  such  liasty  llij^dit  from  tho  plaza  that  they 
even  abandoned  the  cannon.  CortcH  was  on  foot  in 
the  crowd,  and  his  voice  was  drowned  in  the  tumult. 
He  could  but  follow  with  the  wild  current,  which 
threateiuul  to  lead  into  another  disaster.  Just  then 
cries  of  alarm  bur.st  from  the  crowds  on  the  roofs,  and 
there  was  a  lull  in  tho  shower  of  stones  an<l  darts,  and 
the  pressure  of  pursuers  relaxed.  The  next  moment 
the  ears  of  the  wandering  S[)aniards  cau«^ht  the  clatter 
of  luwfs. 

The  cavalry  had  come  up;  a  revulsion  set  in.  They 
were  but  a  few,"''  but  enough  to  bring  back  to  the 
minds  of  the  Mexicans  their  original  and  ever  present 
fear  of  the  monsters,  for  they  knew  not  how  many 
might  be  coming  down  upon  them. 

The  infantry  followed  the  horsemen  with  insj>iiing 
cheers,  and  l)ore  unresisted  onward,  for  the  late 
bravery  of  tho  foe  was  now  turned  to  cowardice. 
Before  long  the  Spaniards  had  penetrated  through 
tho  plaza  and  occupied  once  more  the  temple  court. 
Once  more  their  looks  were  upward  towanl  the 
summit  of  the  lofty  p3n'auiid  consecrated  during  their 
former  occupation  to  the  holy  virgin;  and  while  the 
main  portion  of  the  trooi)S  fought  the  now  rallying 
Mexicans,  a  sturdy  handful  undertook  the  capture  of 
the  sanctuary.  A  dozen  chiefs  held  possession,  but 
naught  could  stay  the  fury  of  the  soldiers,  and  in  a 
few  moments  the  last  defender  had  yielded  his  spirit 
in  defense  of  his  faith. 

The  Spaniards  looked  in  vain  for  any  trace  of 
their  own  altar  and  symbols,  round  which  they  had 
so  oft  congregated  in  prayer.  In  their  stead  rose  a 
new  idol  glittering  with  ornaments  and  hideous  with 
devices,  while  fresh  stains  of  blood  spread  horror 
over  all.  The  gleam  of  gold  proved  all  absorbing, 
however,  and  hastily  the  jewels  and  the  golden  mask 

*'  Only  three,  says  Cortes  uud  others. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  sr^SET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

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63i 


INVESTMENT  OF  MEXICO. 


were  torn  away,  and  then  the  head  of  the  idol  was 
struck  off  and  sent  clattering  below.  ^' 

There  was  time  for  nothing  more,  for  on  finding  so 
few  horsemen  present,  the  Quauhtin  knights  had  again 
made  an  effective  rally,  pressing  the  troops  closely. 
Fortunately  a  larger  force  of  cavalry  came  up  agam 
to  turn  the  tide  of  battle  and  inflict  a  severe  lesson. 
As  it  was  late  by  this  time,  tliere  remained  no  choice 
but  that  of  returning  to  camp.  This  movement  gave 
fresh  confidence  to  the  Mexicans,  who  followed  in 
swarms,  harassing  from  roofs  and  lanes,  on  front  and 
flanks,  rushing  forward  with  renewed  fury  after  every 
charge  by  the  cavalry  which  covered  the  rear.  But 
for  the  liorscs  the  soldiers  would  have  suffered  severely; 
as  it  was,  the  retreat  proceeded  in  good  order,  and  as 
many  houses  as  possible  were  fired  with  a  view  to 
make  the  next  entry  safer.  On  approaching  the  cause- 
way the  canoe  crews,  composed  of  selected  warriors, 
fell  on  the  flanks  and  created  no  little  confusion  before 
they  were  driven  back.  After  this  no  difficulty  was 
experienced  in  reaching  camp,  thanks  to  the  foresight 
of  Cortes,  who  had  ordered  the  channels  filled.^  The 
other  captains,  Alvarado  and  Sandovn^  A  performed 
their  share  in  the  day's  work,  and  a.  jugh  they  do 
not  appear  to  have  reached  even  the  suburb,  detained 
by  the  many  breaches  and  other  obstacles  on  the 
causeways,  yet  the  diversion  created  by  their  attacks 

^*  Ixtlilxochitl  allows  liia  namesake  and  Cort<5R  to  figure  in  this  scene,  the 
former  cutting  off  the  idol's  head  while  the  general  secured  the  mask.  He 
states  that  the  temple  was  captured  during  the  first  entry  into  the  court. 
When  the  Mexicans  rallied,  Ixtlilxochitl  managed  to  kill  their  general,  which 
80  enraged  them  that  they  rushed  ma<lly  on  and  drove  back  the  Spaniards  till 
tlie  horse  arrived.  JJor.  Vrueldades,  29-30.  His  version  is  adopted  in  the  main 
by  Prcscott  and  others ;  but  tiiere  are  several  discrepancies.  The  death  of  a 
general  as  a  rule  discouraged  native  armies.  Corti^-s,  who  would  not  have 
failed  to  claim  the  overthrow  of  the  idol,  states  that  it  was  effected  by  four  or 
five  Spaniards,  after  the  second  capture  of  the  court.  Cartas,  '218.  His  presence 
was  needed  below  to  direct  operations.  Gomara's  text  must  have  misled  Ix- 
tlilxochitl and  others.  Iliat.  Mex.,  197-8.  Herrcra  and  Torquemoda  adhere 
better  to  Cortes. 

^'Corti^s  speaks  of  on  ambuscade  by  the  horsemen  wherein  30  Mexicius 
fell.  Ciirlag,  218.  How  mon^  of  his  own  were  lost  ho  prudently  idwtains  from 
mentioning,  though  admitting  miny  woumled.  'Dexaron  jicrdido  los  Es- 
puQoles  esta  vez  el  tiro  grueso,  says  Torquemada,  i.  548,  but  this  is  unlikely. 


THE  RETREAT. 


635 


proved  of  great  service  to  Cortds.  One  reason  for 
their  slower  advance  was  the  want  of  cooperation  from 
the  vessels,  which  had  been  of  such  great  assistance 
on  the  Iztapalapan  road.  This  was  at  once  remedied 
by  the  detachment  of  three  brigantines  each  for  the 
Tlacopan  and  Tepeyacac  camps.*" 

'"Cot^a,  Cartai,  221.    Bornal  Diaz  states  that  Alvarado  received  four  and 
Sandoval  only  two.  Uiat.  Vtrdad.,  141. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

CONTINUATION    OF    THE    SIEGE. 

JUNE-JCLV,  1521. 

SOMETHINO   ABOrT  QrArHTEMOTZIN— INFAMOUS  PRETENSIONS  OF   EmoPEAW 
ClVM.IZATIoy    ANO    CllKISTIANlTY  —  PkOMPT  A«mON   OF    THE    MEXIfAV 

Emperor — Repetitions  of  the  Entry  Assahlt — Submission  of  tub 
srrroitndino  nations — dire  coniiition  of  the  mexicans— spanish 
Defeat  ani>  UiaAFFEcrioK — llEiioLUTiuN  to  Kaze  the  City. 

In  tlicir  present  position,  with  the  advantages  of 
superior  civilization,  there  was  equal  glory  accruing 
to  the  Spaniards  in  winning  ^lexico,  and  to  the  Mex- 
icans in  manfully  losing  their  city.  Quauhteinotzin 
as  a  patriot  and  a  skilful  general  was  fully  alive  to  the 
perils  of  his  j)osition,  but  he  was  prepared  to  use  to 
hest  advantage  all  the  resources  at  his  conunand,  and 
that  is  all  any  one  can  do.  Stern  as  Saturnius,  and 
jtassionately  patient,  from  the  day  of  the  capture 
of  Montezuma  his  nature  had  been  proof  against  all 

Iileasure.  Of  an  imperious  temper,  haughty  and  over- 
learing  as  Coriolanus,  yet  was  he  as  faithful  to  defend 
the  city  as  any  Hector  or  Horatius.  I  hold  that 
Spaniards  of  the  sixteenth  century  were  no  worse 
than  their  neighbors.  It  was  a  bigoted  and  cruel  age; 
though  for  that  matter  enough  of  bigotry  yet  remains, 
and  there  is  sufficient  cruelty  in  our  latter-day  fightings 
to  keep  us  humble.  And  while  we  sec  much  to  con- 
demn in  the  motives  that  brought  hither  these  for- 
eigners, and  nmch  in  their  conduct  that  was  cruel  and 
in  1  just,  yet  we  are  constrained  to  admit  that  the  work 
which  they  accomplished  was  in  the  pathway  of  destiny. 

(030) 


REiiNPORCEMENTS. 


037 


The  conquest  of  tlio  country,  the  destruction  of  its 
barbarous  and  inhuman  rites,  and  the  establishment 
of  tlie  rehgion  of  Clirist  in  tlieir  ])lace  wero  tli«;  inevi- 
table consequences  of  the  discovory  of  America.  ( )iu'v. 
brought  face  to  face  with  the  sacrilic'.al  stone,  and  othc  r 
brutal  atrocities  of  the  Aztecs,  and  Christianity  1i:m! 
no  alternative  but  to  eradicate  these  evils  or  bo  its(  if 
overthrown. 


The  victorious  advance  into  the  heart  of  the  city 
had  been  a  pleasant  surprise  to  the  Sj)aniards,  while 
to  the  Mexicans  it  was  inconiprehensiblu.  If  su<'h 
were  the  results  of  the  first  day's  dcjings,  what  would 
the  days  following  bring  forth?  QLiauhteniotzin  im- 
mediately issued  orders  to  reoi)en  the  channels  and 
construct  fresh  intrenchments  and  pitfalls.  Such 
were  the  forces  enq)loye(l,  and  such  their  zeal,  that 
when  the  morning  dawned  the  causeways  and  streets 
presented  even  greater  difKculties  than  before.  The 
allies  of  the  Mexicans  were  not  so  easily  reassured, 
however,  and  several  began  to  waver,  among  them 
the  Xochimilcans,  to  the  rear  of  Olid's  camp,  who 
sent  in  their  submission  to  Cortes,  promising  not  only 
active  aid  but  much  needed  supplies.  The  same  offer 
came  frtmi  the  njore  numerous  Otonu's,  occupying  the 
western  mountain  bortler  of  the  valley,  followed  by 
the  substantial  reinforcenient  of  twenty  thousand  of 
their  sturdy  warriors,  with  large  supplies.*  Still  larger 
reinforcements  arrived  just  before  these  from  Tezcuco, 
where  ever  since  Cortes'  departure  the  young  king 
and  his  brothers  had  been  busily  engaged  in  for- 
warding supplies"^  and  fitting  out  troops.  Fifty  thou- 
sand were  raised  an<l  placed  under  the  command  of 
the  energetic  Ixtlilxochitl,  who  had  great  military 
reputation  and  possessed  fur  more  influence;  than  his 
ruling  brothel".  He  joined  Cortes  with  thirty  thou- 
sand, and  distributed  the  rest  among  the  other  cap- 

•'Eran  esclavos  del  Bcflor  ilc  TcnuxtitHii,'  is  VortC-a'  Uffinition  of  their 
vuHsaluge  to  Mexico.   Cnrliix,  '2*20. 

''A  service  wiiicii  employed  20.(XH)  (yirriers,  10()0  canoes,  nnd  .1'i,(KX)  convoy 
wurrioni,  all  at  the  ex^MiUsc  of  Tezcuco,  Huyii  Ixtlilxochitl,  lidaciunen,  311. 


038 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


tains.  Cortes  praises  him  for  liis  bravery  and  goml 
traits,  a  eulogy  wliicli  serves  only  to  embitter  Mcxi- 
ean  writers  aijfainst  one  who  favored  aliens  ajjainst  his 
own  race,  and  aided  to  overthrow  their  liberty  and 
religion.  During  the  campaign  he  was  frequently 
taunted  as  a  renegade,  traitor,  and  fratricide,  but  he 
never  swerved  in  his  allegiance,  and  found  ready  re- 
torts and  excuses,  the  strongest  being  that  he  favored 
the  Christians  for  introducing  the  true  faith.  Yet 
this  strange  religion  he  was  in  no  haste,  personally, 
to  adopt.  "  Curses  on  his  odious  memory  1"  exclaims 
the  rabid  Bustamante.' 

Three  days  after  the  last  assault  a  second  was  made, 
supported  by  more  allies  than  ever.  Cortes'  Spanish 
forces  consisted  of  twenty  horses,  three  hundred  in- 
fimtry,  with  three  guns.  Although  he  had  noticed 
the  operations  of  the  Mexicans,  he  was  hardly  pre- 
pared to  find  his  work  so  completely  undone.  As 
before,  each  channel  with  its  intrenchments  had  to  be 
c'aptured  anew,  and  while  the  causeway  was  readily 
gained  with  the  aid  of  brigantines,  the  advance  along 
iho  street  was  slower,  although  the  soldiers  were  some- 
what less  exi)osed  to  roof  volleys  since  the  burning  of 
so  many  of  the  buildings  during  the  previous  entry. 
The  breaches  and  channels  were  filled  up  as  they  ad- 
vanc^ed.  In  tiic  plaza  the  houses  were  yet  intact  and  the 
missile  shov/ers  severe,  so  much  so  that  CortC's  found 


•  His  biographer  admits  to  a  certain  extent  the  truth  of  the  invectives,  but 
eager  to  piuaMC  his  Spanish  masters  he  seeks  rather  to  extol  the  sclf-sacritice 
and  loynlty  of  Inn  Kinsman.  Ho  claims  tiiat  with  this  rciinforcvmcnt  tliu 
Tezeucnn  auxiliaries  readied  the  improhablo  number  of  2.">0,000  men,  of  wlioni 
TKHX)  wounded  were  now  sent  home.  '  Next  to  (jod,  Cort«!'8  owed  to  Tczcucan 
aid  tlic  conipiest and  tlic  phmtingof  the  faith.'  Ho  furtlier assumes  that  Ixtlil- 
xocliitl  was  already  king,  and  had  Ijeen  with  Cortes  since  the  fleet  set  sail, 
while  his  brotlier  Aiiuaxpiftzoctzin  remained  at  Tezcuco  to  provide  su])plies. 
//or.  (JntcUlivlfH,  '2l-3.'l.  He  contradicts  liimsclf  on  several  (viints  in  Ids  He- 
lacionrit,  'AW  et  seq.  Durun  also,  as  may  ho  expected  from  a  compiler  of 
native  records,  extols  the  hero,  '<l  (luien  di('>  una  espoda  dorutla  que  L)on  Her- 
nando Cortes  traiay  una  nvlela.'  Ilint.  /ml.,  MS.,  li.  4(),'>.  With  Ixtlilx(x;Iiitl 
came  half  a  dozen  out  of  his  hundred  brothers.  Gomarc,  IIM.  Mcj:,  108; 
Vhima/itain,  Hist.  Com].,  ii.  !i5.  Torquemadu,  i.  548,  sends  Cohuanacoch  vm 
general  of  the  forces,  whih-  Clavigero  allows  King  F'ernando  IxtlilxochitI  to 
8ond  his  brother  C;irlo8  IxtlilxochitI.  Storia  AIct».,  iii.  202.  Ho  is  evidently 
confused  with  res^)oct  to  the  surname. 


SPOILING  THE  CITY. 


639 


it  necessary  to  apply  the  torcli,  ainonjf  others  to  the 
Axayacatl  palace,  his  former  head-quarters,  wherein  he 
liad  sustained  so  fierce  a  siej^e,  an<l  to  the  House 
of  Birds,  which  formed  so  prominent  and  admired  a 
feature  in  the  city.  It  was  of  vast  extent,  and  de- 
voted almost  wholly  to  the  maintenance  of  beasts  and 
birds  of  every  species,  some  kei)t  in  the  gardens, 
some  in  courts,  others  in  galleries,  rooms,  and  cages; 
altogether  a  collection  which  must  tend  to  cast  a 
favorable  light  on  the  culture  of  the  race.  ]ioth 
palaces  were  splendid  specimens  of  Nahua  archi- 
tecture, adorned  with  marble  galleries  supj)orted  on 
monolith  pillars,  with  elaborate  cornices  and  stucc(^ 
work,  and  surmounted  by  turrets  and  battlements, 
while  M'ithin  and  around  rose  groves  of  rave  trees, 
choice  shrubbery,  and  flowers,  refreshed  by  ever 
sparkling  fountains.  Cort(5s  had  rightly  concluded 
that  the  destruction  of  such  monuments,  cherished 
not  alone  for  their  beauty  and  contents  but  for  their 
hallowed  a.ssociations,  would  be  a  more  severe  li^sson 
than  the  loss  of  numerous  lives;  and  as  the  flames 
rose  over  all  that  vast  area,  fed  by  the  r(K)rs,  inteiior 
wood-work,  and  other  combustible  material,  lamenta- 
tions mingled  with  tiie  maddened  cries  of  burning 
animals.  Around  in  the  suburbs,  also,  could  be  seen 
column  after  colunm  of  dense  smoke  started  by  the 
torches  of  the  cruisers,  and  settling  in  dense  miusses 
over  the  city  as  if  threatening  to  bury  her  forever 
from  sight.  Fortunately  for  the  inhabitants,  the 
houses  thereabout  were  too  wide  apart  to  allow  the 
flames  to  spread  far.  Even  at  this  juncture  the  work 
of  destruction  might  have  been  stopped  for  the  reason 
that  Cyrus  sto|)ped  the  sack  of  Sanlis  when  ( 'la-sus 
said  to  him:  "These  are  not  my  goods,  but  thine, 
O  Cyrus,  that  thou  art  spoiling  I" 

All  this  time  waged  the  conflict  of  arms,  the  Mex- 
icans seeking  by  repeated  charges  and  sallies  to  check 
the  advance  of  the  Spaniards  and  to  haiiiss  them. 
The  native  chronicles  relate  that  during  one  of  the 


640 


CONTINUATION  OP  THE  SIEGE. 


countercharges  by  the  cavalry  a  horseman  pierced  a 
warrior  with  such  force  that  the  lance  remained  fust 
in  the  ground.  Regarding  it  as  a  disgrace  to  aban- 
don his  weapon  ho  rashly  dismounted  to  unfasten  it, 
only  to  be  surrounded  by  the  ft)e  and  cut  in  pieces. 
His  comrades  hastened  to  the  rescue,  but  could  re- 
cover only  the  mangled  remains.* 

When  evening  came  and  the  signal  was  given  for 
return  to  camp,  the  Mexicans  fell  upon  the  rear  with 
rciiiewed  ardor.  It  seems  as  if  courage  came  to  them 
in  proportion  to  their  misfortunes.  For  their  fury 
broke  forth  anew,  fed  by  the  dire  conditions  round 
them,  by  the  sight  of  lately  enslaved  Otomis,  Xochi- 
niilcans,  and  Chalcans,  now  fighting  against  them 
under  the  sheltering  wings  of  the  invaders,  an<l  ex- 
ulting over  their  misfortunes  with  bitter  taunts.  "  Be- 
hold 1"  they  cried,  displaying  dismembered  limbs  of 
Aztecs,  "we  shall  fill  our  bellies  with  your  braves, 
and  have  enouijh  over  wherewith  to  feed  the  beasts. 
])()  not  starve  yourselves,  for  to-morrow  we  will  return 
for  more."  "And  in  truth  they  both  supped  and 
breakfasted  on  the  limbs,"  says  Cortes."  Camp  was 
regained  without  serious  trouble. 

The  following  day  the  entry  was  repeated,  and  early 
as  it  was,  the  channels  had  been  nearly  all  reopened 
and  provided  with  the  usual  intrenchments.  This  in- 
volved a  repetition  of  the  previous  day's  manoeuvres, 
but  the  Mexicans  fought  with  greater  obstinacy,  partly 
because  they  had  become  accustomed  to  the  Spanish 
tactics,  and  it  was  one  o'clock  before  the  plaza  was 
readied,  by  which  time  the  archers  and  arquebusiers 
had  exhausted  their  quivers  and  ammunition-pouches. 
(^ortc5s  now  advanced  beyond  the  temj>le  along  the 
Tlacopan  road,  well  known  to  the  veterans  from  the 
hard  fighting  there  met  durin'^  ,  he  previous  siege,  and 
captured  two  canal  crossings,  which  were  filled  up, 

*Snhmpin,  Hint.  Cotiq.  (ed.  1840),  17'-S.  Torquemacla  places  tlie  incident 
earlier,  i.  047-     Cortt^s  udinits  iiu  luHsei  of  S])aniard8  this  day. 

^VartiiH,  2*2*2-3.  'Los  uonibiduuau  a  ^eiia,  inostruiido  Ics  picnias  y  bi'a90S. ' 
Oomara,  Hist.  Mex,,  199. 


THE  TRKACIlEROU.l  CHINAMPANEC^. 


641 


while  to  tl»e  buildiuijs  on  cither  side  tlie  torch  was 
applied.  The  object  of  the  inoveinent  was  partly  to 
open  intercourse  with  Alvnrado's  forces,  which  were 
advancinj^  less  rapidly,  owing  to  the  number  of  in- 
trenched channels.  Progress  was  slowly  increased 
during  the  succeeding  entries,  when  Andres  de  Tapia 
and  Avila  pushed  along  adjoining  streets  with  detach- 
ments.' 


One  result  of  the  Spanish  successes  was  the  sub- 
mission oi'  all  the  threateninj;  and  neutral  lake  and 
island  towns  to  the  south  and  south-west  of  Mexico, 
from  Iztapalapan  antl  Culhuacan  to  Cuitlahuac.  To 
this  steji  they  had  been  partly  impelled  by  the  re- 
peated raids  of  the  Clialcan  confederates,  and  since 
their  submission  was  so  tardy  they  were  employed 
chicily  as  laijorers  and  purveyors.  Gomara  now  esti- 
mates the  native  auxiliaries  at  two  hundred  thousand 
men,  "some  engaged  intent  on  fighting,  some  on  (gating, 
some  on  stealing,  and  many  on  gazing."'  These  lake 
peoples,  known  as  (^hinampanecs,  from  their  floating 
gardiius  and  aquatic  life,  [)ossessed  canoes  in  abundan(;e, 
and  Cortes  availed  himself  of  this  to  reiinforce  the 
blockading  ileet  with  a  boat  llotilla,  three  thousand  in 
all,  which  harassed  the  city  on  every  side,  entering 
into  the  canals  to  burn  and  pillage,  and  landing  sallying 
parties  to  carry  desolation  all  through  the  suburbs. 

Allured  by  the  prospect  of  spoils,  the  (vhinampanec 
crews  arranged  a  plan  whereby  a  still  richer  drauglit 
miglit  be  made.  Before  their  adhesion  to  the  Span- 
ish cause,  or  knowledge  of  it  had  yet  comc!  to 
Quauhtemotzin,  they  sent  to  offer  him  their  services 
agninst  the  invaders,  with  whom  they  proposed  to 
deal  treacjierously.  They  were  assigned  a  post  and 
j)laye(l  their  part  well.  No  sooner  were  the  ^Lfxicans 
occupied  witli  the  Spanish  forces  than  they  rushed 

"lierniil  Diiiz  spotiki^  of  a  )>ri<lf;c  attack  which  cost  the  lives  of  four 
Sittiniiiril.s,  l)C8i(h's  nuincrous  woiinilod.  llixt.   Vrrdad.,  145. 

'Ho  eniiiiHTiitea  also  the  ('ities  of  Mexicalciiico  uinl  Vitzilopuchtli.  Ji'ist. 
Mex.,  20'J.     Hen-era  atiils  Mi/.i|iuc.  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xlx. 
Hut.  Mex.,  Vol.  I.    11 


642 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


into  the  dwcllinj;^  of  their  pretended  allies  and  began 
to  rob,  filay,  and  carry  oft'  women  and  children.  An 
alarm  was  given  and  reenforcementa  hurried  up  which 
speedily  overwhelmed  the  traitorous  crews,  killing  a 
number,  capturing  others,  and  recovering  nearly  all 
the  booty.  The  captives  were  condemned  to  the  stone 
of  sacrifice,  those  of  Cuitlahuac  by  one  of  their  own 
caciques,  Mayehuatzin,  a  companion  of  Quauhtemotzin. 
The  incident  cost  many  lives  on  both  sides,  greatly 
to  the  delight  of  the  Spaniards,  to  whom  this  mutual 
throat-cutting  was  the  economy  of  war.^ 

With  so  large  a  hostile  fleet  upon  the  lake  the 
Mexican  crews  never  ventured  abroad  by  day,  but 
when  darkness  set  in,  their  canoes  sped  across,  im- 
pelled by  the  demand  for  food.  Informed  of  this, 
Cortes  detached  two  brigantines,  under  Portillo  and 
Pedro  Barba,  to  cruise  all  night.  This  proved  a  se- 
vere blow  to  the  poor  Mexicans,  although  a  number 
of  canoes  stiU  ran  the  blockade  successfully,  and  it  was 
resolved  to  entrap  the  vessels,  since  open  battle  could 
not  avail  against  them.  Thirty  of  the  largest  canoes, 
or  piraguas,  were  accordingly  manned  with  stout  war- 
riors and  strong  boatmen,  and  hidden  amongst  the 
rushes  near  a  heavily  staked  channel,  into  which 
some  swift  canoes  were  to  decoy  the  brigantines. 
This  succeeded,  and  no  sooner  were  they  fast  on  the 
stakes  than  the  canoes  attacked  them  with  such 
spirit  that  every  Spaniard  was  wounded,  while  Por- 
tillo fell,  and  Barba  died  within  three  days."  The 
brigantines  managed  to  escape.  Encouraged  by  this 
attempt  the  ISIexicans  became  more  brisk  in  their 
blockade-running,  and  stationed  forty  piraguas  to  re- 

*  Mazeoatzi,  aa  Sahagun  calls  the  cacique,  sacrificed  four  chiefs,  Qtiauhte- 
motziii  foiii'  more;  the  rest  fell  by  the  haiulsof  priests.  J/ixt.  Conq.  (cd.  1840), 
187.  Ho  <locs  not  speak  of  a  premeditated  plan  like  Torquemada,  i.  551-2,  and 
since  the  uocotint  comes  from  native  sources  it  may  bo  merely  an  exaggerated 
version  of  n  flotilla  raid. 

*This  was  tiie  lieutenant  of  Velazquez  at  Habana,  who  joined  Cortes 
during  the  Tepcaca  campaign.  Portillo  was  a  soldier  from  the  Italian  wars. 
Bcrnal  Diaz  adds  that  one  brig  was  captured,  but  this  is  doubtful.  Hiat. 
VerdcuL,  143;  t'taviyero,  StoriaMtiiB.,  iii.  214;  Sahagun,  Iliat,  Coaq.,  40. 


FAMINE  TllRKATEXED. 


643 


peat  the  decoy  surprise.  Atlvised  of  this  by  two  cap- 
tives, Cortes  sent  six  brigantiiies  by  night  to  hide 
near  the  spot,  leaving  one  to  cruise  about  for  canoes. 
Some  of  these  soon  appeared,  and  the  sailer  pursued 
them  for  a  distance  toward  the  hiding-place  of  tlio 
Mexicans.  Suddenly  she  turned  about  as  if  afraid  of 
stakes.  Observing  this,  the  forty  piraguas  ventured 
forth  and  were  allured  toward  the  Spanish  ambus- 
cade. At  the  proper  moment  the  six  vessels  came 
down  upon  the  pursuers,  overturning  and  sinking  a 
number,  and  capturing  others,  together  with  many 
warriors.  The  Mexicans  attempted  no  further  naval 
surprises.*" 

By  the  night  cruisers  and  the  Chinampanecs,  sup- 
plies were  nearly  all  cut  off,  and  gaunt  hunger  began 
to  stalk  the  streety  of  the  fated  cajiital.  The  ravagt!S 
of  the  fleet  and  the  flotilla  along  the  eastern  suburbs 
had  rendered  these  wholly  untenable,  and  the  south- 
eastern district  had  been  desolated  by  Cortds'  divis- 
ions, compelling  the  inhabitants  to  abandon  the  greater 
f>art  of  Tenochtitlan  and  concentrate  chiefly  in  Tlate- 
ulco.  These  two  main  divisions  of  the  city  had  becjn 
rivals  ever  since  its  foundation,  with  freaucnt  dis- 
putes to  sustain  the  flame  of  discord.  Gradually  the 
Tenochtitlans  had  assumed  the  sway,  honored  by  im- 
perial presence,  while  the  other  division  had  assumed 
a  plebeian  stamp,  patronized  by  the  former.  During 
this  common  misfortune,  however,  rivalry  was  for- 
gotten, and  the  more  warlike  Tlatelulcans  unhesi- 
tatingly aided  the  others  and  now  welcomed  them 
into  their  quarter." 

Every  loss  of  allies  to  the  Mexicans  was  a  corro 
spending  gain  to  the  Spaniards,  less  in  regard  to  fresh 
auxiliaries  than  to  the  relief  from  hostile  attitude  and 
to  supplies.     The  Chinampanecs,  for  instance,  were 
ordered  to  bring  material  and  construct  barracks  along 

^'^Bemal  Diaz,  I/int.  Verdad.,  144-6. 

"  Cort«?s  exultantly  claims  that  three  fourths  of  the  city  is  now  captured. 
Carta$,  227 ;  HaJtaguH,  Uut.  Conq.  (ed.  1840),  181 ;  Tortptemada,  i.  000. 


C44 


CONTIXUATIOX  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


the  causeway  on  oitlicr  side  of  Fort  Xoloc.  Thesso 
afionlod  slioltor  for  all  the  Spaniards  and  two  thousand 
servants,  and  proved  most  welcome,  for  the  rainy  season 
had  already  set  in.  The  same  natives  were  ()l>li<^ed  to 
provide  supplies,  such  as  fish  and  a  species  of  cherry, 
M-hich  tonrcthcr  with  maize  formed  the  chief  sustenance 
of  the  arm}'.  Frijolcs,or  l)eans,cacao,  quillte  herbs,  and 
vochfli,  afforded  variety.  The  maize  was  ground  by 
hand  and  made  into  tortillas,  or  pancakes,  by  the  slave 
women  and  mistresses  of  the  soldiers,  either  for  their 
individual  lords  or  for  the  mess  to  which  the}'  be- 
longed. These  duties  were  also  assumed  by  some  cf 
tlie  few  Spanish  and  mulatto  women  who  had  accom- 
j)anied  their  husbands.  Although  there  was  little  fear 
of  starvation  in  the  Spanish  cam[)S,  yet  the  fare  was 
at  times  not  of  the  best."  The  less  fastidious  auxili- 
aries were  content  with  a  range  of  eatables  which  the 
soldiers  would  not  touch;  human  meat  with  them  was 
a  honno-houclic  for  which  they  were  prepared  to  risk 
t'ven  their  own  flesh."  Alvarado's  men  enjoyed  per- 
haps the  least  comfort,  for  they  had  moved  their  camp 
to  a  point  on  the  causeway,  leaving  the  auxiliaries  at 
Tlacopan,  together  with  the  slaves  and  tortilla-makers. 
Nor  were  their  barracks  properly  constructed,  so  that 
exposure  to  wind  and  rain  was  ac'  .ed  to  poor  faro 
and  miry  roads,  while  the  situation  of  the  camp  added 
to  danger  and  guard  duty. 

The  camp  had  been  formed  round  a  temple  square 
on  the  causeway,  quite  close  to  IMexico,  or  rather  to 
Tlatelulco,  for  Alvarado  had  tired  of  having  his  day's 
work  destroyed  every  night,  and  he  reserved  at  least 
to  protect  the  approacli  to  the  suburb.  One  deep 
channel  yet  intervened,  beyond  which  the  camp  could 
not  well  be  moved,  but  a  large  force  was  stationed  to 
guard  it  at  night,  so  that  the  crossing  should  be  as- 


'"Xo  8CS  hartauan  dc  pcscado,  que  tunierd  pocos  dios:  y  demaa  de  la 
Iiambix'  con  Tj  pelcauaii,  cl  sol,  y  el  frio  no  les  dio  pequefio  trubajo.'  Jhrrera, 
dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xix. 

'^ '  Soliti  sunt  liostt'S  in  pra^lio  cadentos  intra  sues  ventres  sepelire,'  explains 
Peter  ^Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  viii.,  and  with  some  ti-utli. 


IN  ALV.VRAD(^S  QUARTER. 


G45 


Hurc'd  for  tlio  inorniii'^'s  attack.'*  On  the  otlicr  sulc 
f,'lL'aiiU'(l  tln'  watch-liivs  of  tlio  Mexicans,  bcliiiitl  and 
between  wliicli  niij^ht  be  seen  the  flitting  liguns  of 
their  warriors,  simuilhnjx  to  one  another  by  wliistlinL'. 
This  and  other  <)i)eratior..'^  "ere  forced  upon  tiieni  to 
a  great  extent  by  Spanish  tu  *i';s,  from  wliieh  tliey 
had  copied  many  features  with  no  little  effect. 

From  Alvarado's  camp  to  the  Tlatelulco  market,  the 
licart  of  the  enemy's  stronghold,  the  distance  was  los 
than  from  the  camp  of  Cortes,  though  the  first  part 
of  the  way  was  more  diflicult  than  the  IztapuLi  rui 
road.  The  innuense  stride  of  the  Fort  Xoloc  pai  i_v 
had  wholly  eclipsed  the  progress  of  the  others,  and 
Alvarado's  men  began  to  fear  that,  near  as  tl  •  /  Were 
to  the  enemy's  centre,  the  more  distant  comrad  s 
mij'ht  reac''  "'  '.)efore  them.  It  was  therefore  resoK  id 
to  make  strenuous  efforts  to  penetrate  into  tlie  submb. 
The  assault  being  on  Tlatelulco  itself,  the  Mexicans- 
found  no  diflicidty  in  offering  so  strong  a  resistance 
that  hardly  any  advance  could  be  made.  Several  ves- 
sels were  thereupon  directed  against  the  suburb  to 
co6i)erate  with  a  brisk  fire,  and  to  divert  attention  by 
landing  .sallying  parties.  This  succeeded  for  a  while, 
but  inspired  by  the  })rowessof  two  Tlatelulcans  nanied 
Tzovetzin  and  Temoctzin,  the  warriors  rallied  and 
drove  back  the  invaders.  Anotliec  brave  who  distin- 
guished himself  during  the  repulse  was  Tzilacatzin. 
In  the  guise  of  an  Otomi  warrior,  and  protected  by 
cotton  armor  and  shield,  he  rushed  toward  the  Span- 
iards as  if  bewildered,  in  advance  of  his  comrades, 
and  threw  his  stone,  knocking  down  an  oppcjnent  at 
each  throw.  This  man  appeared  in  dilferent  guise 
on  different  days,  and  did  no  little  to  encourage  his 
companions." 

•♦Forty  soUlicra  watched  till  midnight,  when  a  similar  numljcr  reli-'vcd 
them,  and  they  again  were  relieved  two  liours  Iwfore  da'vn  ;  all  three  divi  -ions 
eampiufi  on  the  spot.  Often  every  man  was  kept  awu.u  by  alarms.  I'f  riml 
Diaz,  llixl.  Vcrdml.,  142-3.  Tlic  old  soldier  waxes  elo<juent  over  tl:e  iiard- 
8hii>s,  for  he  served  at  this  camp. 

'^Tiie  Spanii'.idd  tried  in  vain  to  despatch  him.  Sahagxm  stales  tluit 
during  thebe  utUusks  lifteen  soldiers  were  captured,  oud  shortly  after  eighteeu 


G40 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


Notwitlistamling  those  rebuffs  Alvarado  persevered, 
and  the  Mexicans  resolved  to  take  advantajjje  of  his 
zeal  to  entrap  him.  Two  or  tliree  wide  channels  in- 
tervened hetwecn  the  end  of  the  causeway  and  the 
nnat  market,  and  the  first  of  these  was  now  the  point 
of  contention,  a  chasm  of  sixty  feet  in  width  and  over 
ten  feet  in  depth.  By  great  effort  a  crossing  had 
here  been  formed  with  ddbris.  This  the  Mexicans 
un  lermined  one  night  and  covered  a  part  with  a  false 
ground.  In  the  morning  they  attacked  the  Si)anish 
outpost  with  great  demonstration,  but  retired  as  soon 
as  the  horsemen  charged.  Flushed  with  success,  the 
Spaniards  followed  in  divided  parties,  and  one  of  fifty 
with  a  number  of  allies  pursued  across  the  channel. 
No  sooner  were  they  over  than  the  boatmen  below 
tore  away  the  support,  while  the  warriors  turned  with 
overwhelming  force  upon  the  band.  Resistance  was 
impossible,  and  they  retreated  only  to  fall  into  the 
opening,  where  crews  were  at  hand  to  pounce  upon 
them.  Indescribable  confusion  ensued.  Thick  fell 
the  blows  off  the  despairing  men,  as  they  sought  to 
beat  back  the  triumphant  foe.  Bernal  Diaz,  who  was 
among  the  number  trapped,  felt  himself  seized  by 
stout  arms,  but  although  badly  wounded  he  managed 
to  cast  off  the  assailant  and  spring  to  the  bank,  where 
he  fell  exhausted.  •  Fortunately  Alvarado  came  uj)  at 
this  moment,  after  driving  back  a  division  in  another 
direction,  and  so  startled  the  assailants  that  they  re- 
treated, though  with  four  captive  Spaniards,  one  or 
two  more  being  killed,  besides  a  horse  and  a  number 
of  allies.^" 


niorp,  who  were  sacrificed  in  a  tcmplo  of  Tlacuclicalco  ward,  'dondc  agom 
cs  la  iglcsia  do  Santa  Ana.'  llixt.  ('out/.,  183,  cd.  1840,  188-9.  One  rcpulso 
took  place  in  Coyonaoazco  ward.  Torijiiownlti,  i.  550-2.  Spanish  versions  in- 
dicate no  such  losses,  and  tiiey  may  prohjibly  belong  to  the  later  great  defeat. 
"'Such  is  in  main  the  version  of  Ikrnal  Diaz;  tiic  other  accounts  dillcr 
greatly.  This  author  states  that  live  Spaniards  were  captured,  nearly  all  the 
nien  wo\inded,  and  two  rowei-s  killed,  forthebrigantines  in  seeking  to  aid  had 
become  fast  on  stakes  and  exposed  to  attack.  Had  the  Mexicans  not  been  so 
frightened  by  the  horsemen  the  loss  would  have  been  very  great.  J/iM.  Vrriinl., 
14;{-4.  Cortes  allows  three  or  four  captured.  ( Vir^i,*,  '22S ;  ( '/;iri;ii-ro,  Slaria 
Mtss.,  iii.    llHi.      Duran   places  the  scene  where    rose  afterward    tlio   San 


IN  THE  CAMr  OF  CORTfiS. 


M7 


When  Cortc'.s  heard  of  the  affair  ho  came  over  to 
achninister  a  rej>riinaiul,  l)ut  on  learning  the  particu- 
lars he  couhl  not  withhold  his  admiration  for  the 
vahant  deeds  performed,  and  merely  exhorted  his 
lieutenant  to  he  more  cautious."  Great  was  the  ex- 
ultation of  the  Atexicans  over  their  success,  and 
tauntingly  they  hovered  round  the  camp,  imitating 
the  cries  of  the  entrapped  soldiers.  So  encouraged  did 
they  feel  as  to  make  several  determined  night  attacks 
on  the  different  camps  or  their  advance  posts.  Al- 
varailo's  being  nearest  and  most  exposed  had  to  sus- 
tain quite  a  severe  fight,  losing  several  men  " 

Although  Alvarado  had  made  little  advance  into 
the  city,  the  i)lanting  of  his  camp  so  near  it  saved 
much  fighting  and  enabled  him  to  direct  daily  oi)era- 
tions  almost  at  once  against  the  main  points.  In 
tins  he  possessed  an  advantage  over  Cortes,  who  was 
compelled  daily  t(^  recapture  a  numl)er  of  positions 
already  gained.  He  himself  remarks  on  this  loss  of 
time  and  work.  "Your  Majesty  may  blame  me  for 
retreating  instead  of  holding  what  is  gained,"  he 
writes,  but  guards  at  the  bridges,  which  nmst  be  large, 
would  be  so  harassed  as  to  u.xfit  them  for  the  next 
day's  work,  while  to  take  up  a  position  within  the 
city  w^ould  draw  the  whole  of  the  large  })opulation 
upon  them,  and  might  lead  to  the  cutting  off  of  com- 
numication  and  supplies,  and  probably  to  a  re})etition 
of  the  great  disaster  of  the  previous  year.  Such  a 
position  would  besides  render  it  possiblii  for  the  Mexi- 
cans to  obtain  supjdies  from  the  mainland,  I'or  the 
Spanish  allies  could  not  be  relied  on  to  watch  them. 

llipolito  liennitiigc.    HiM.  fiid.,  MS.,  ii.  500.     But  for  Qunuhtlizcutziu,  tlio 

Iniiu'c  who  led  tlieTczciK'aiii  aiixiliiirii's,  all  tlie  Spaiiianls  wimld  liuvc  boi'ii 
OHt,  I'xclaiins  Ixtlilxocliitl,  //ar.  i'rw/ilutlex,  'Mt.  Ilcrrcra  iissuiiun  tliat  tlio 
fault  lay  with  Alvurado  for  SAi'^lrotinj'  to  till  the  chunncl.  due.  iii.  lii).  i.  cap.  xx. 
"  'No  solo  no  le  culpo,  iinw  loolu.  (•oiiiiirif,  Hist.  Mux-.,  'KYX 
'"  The  most  surioun  atticka  took  placo  on  June  '24th  and  'J.'»th,  us  if  oradca 
had  inipollod  the  Mexicans  tu  seek  the  destruction  of  the  Spaniards  on  the 
anniversary  of  their  reentry  into  the  city  after  the  Alvarado  massacre. 
The  Tlaeopan  c  up  lost  ten  soldiers  an<l  had  a  dozen  .severely  wuundcil,  in- 
cluding Alvariulo.  JJtnial  Diaz,  Hint,  VerdaxL,  14'J,  140. 


048 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


Cortt's'  own  officers,  however,  could  not  fail  to  oliscrvo 
that  Alvaraclo's  ».ourso  might  havi.'  boon  followed  with 
some  advantage.  They  began  to  tire  of  the  slow 
j)rogross,  attended  as  it  was  with  so  much  fighting 
i'or  Ko  little  gain;  so  much  exposure  to  alternate  rain 
and  heat;  so  much  discomfort  in  rude  camps  with 
jioor  diet  .and  want  of  proper  care  for  wounded  or 
sick  men.  This  was  represented  to  Cortt's,  with  the 
request  that  a  general  storming  be  attempted  with  a 
view  to  abbreviate  the  siege.  He  represented  the 
danger  of  advancing  over  so  many  channels,  along 
streets  lined  with  houses,  against  hosts  of  determined 
warriors,  with  the  prospect  of  being  caught  in  the  rear. 
Still  he  was  as  eager  as  any  one  to  end  the  siegc>,  and 
would  call  a  council  to  deliberate  on  the  matter.  The 
result  was  a  decided  majority  for  the  proposition  to 
.attempt  the  capture  of  Tlatelulco  market  and  there 
establish  a  permanent  camp.'" 

Since  Sandoval  will  not  be  .able  to  render  efficient 
service  on  his  route  for  an  attack  on  Tlatelulco,  Ik;  is 
ordered  to  join  Alvarado  with  the  weightiest  ])art  of 
his  forces,  ami  to  take  advantage  of  the  movement 
to  entrap  the  Mexicans.  Ho  will  jjretend  to  make  a 
general  evacuation  of  his  camp,  and  thus  allure  the 
i'oe  to  an  .attack  on  the  baggage-train,  during  which 
the  .ambuscaded  cavalry  can  inflict  a  lesson  which 
shall  also  serve  to  secure  the  camp  against  later  at- 
tack. Sandoval  sends  another  portion  of  his  forces 
to  Cortes,  who  has  more  points  to  cover,  and  receives 
instructions  to  attend  in  particular  to  the  capture  of 
the  ch.annels  and  their  idling,  and  otherwise  to  secure 
the  safety  of  the  more  impetuous  Alvarado. 

On  the  day  appointed,  the  brigantines  with  their 
ilotillas  are  sent  early  to  aid  in  clearing  the  causeways 
.and  appro.aches.     The  troops   find  little   trouble    in 

'"  Bcrnal  Dinz  seeks  to  convoy  the  iiloa  that  ho  or  his  camp  were  oppoHod 
to  tlic  nttciiipt,  ill.,  14(5,  but  hail  it  snccceilctl,  ho  would  pnilnibly  havo  ilo- 
cland  llio  truth,  that  (Jortt'S  was  urged  on  all  sidoa  to  luako  the  ofl'ort,  aa 
Btatod  in  (liimnra.  Hist,  .l/c.r. , '20,1,  Iter  rem,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xx.,«Md  Cor- 
/(■•■I,  <'tirl'i<,  'J2.S-!I.  I'erhapH  the  general  niude  objections  chiclly  to  cover  his 
responsibility  in  cusu  of  failure. 


DRTERMIXnD  ASSAULT. 


9i» 


Tcnvhhv^  tlio  Tlacopan  avonuo,  from  which  throe  loni^ 
roads  givo  access  to  the  market.  It  is  a(lvaiitai;(u)us 
to  push  the  advance  on  each  of  these,  and  thrt^o 
divisions  are  accordinj^ly  fornjed,  one  to  follow  the 
main  street  under  command  of  the  comptroller  and 
treasurer,  Julian  de  Alderetc,  who  has  been  anidULf 
the  foremost  to  ur<;e  the  assault;  another  undtr 
Andres  de  Tapia  and  Jor«^c  de  Alvarado,  hrother  of 
the  Tlacopan  leader,  Ix^th  dashing  and  ahle  nu'u;  the 
third  and  somewhat  larger  body,  swelled  particularly 
by  auxiliaries,  Cortes  himself  directs  along  the  most 
dangerous  approach,  a  sort  of  causeway,  lined  with 
houses  but  bordered  with  water.**  Two  cannon  are 
placed  on  the  Tlacopan  road,  guarded  by  eight  horse- 
men, and  (Jortes  leaves  his  horse  at  the  entrance  (tf 
the  road  taken  by  him,  and  gives  strict  orders  to  all 
captains  for  filling  every  channel  behind  them. 

Cortes  at  first  leads  his  men  on  foot,  and  with  tho 
aid  of  a  field-piece  readily  gains  the  first  bridge  and 
barricade,  carrying  all  before  him,  while  the  auxiliaries 
swarm  into  the  houses  and  drive  slingers  and  archers 
from  the  roofs.  The  determination  of  the  assaulting 
party  seems  to  have  disheartened  tho  Mexicans,  for 
the  advance  is  quite  rapid,  so  much  so  that  the  captain 
who  has  taken  Cortes'  place  at  the  head  of  his  division 
soon  reports  that  he  is  approaching  tho  market  and 
can  hear  tho  operations  of  Alvarado  and  Sandoval. 
May  ho  advance?  This  message  reaches  Cortes  on  a 
section  of  his  causeway  to  tho  rear,  where  he  has 
remained  to  gain  a  contested  point,  and  to  oppose 
assaults  from  tho  cross-streets.  He  replies  that  the 
captain  must  first  secure  his  rear  and  Hanks,  and  look 

'"AMcrctc's  party  consisted  of  70  infantry,  7  or  8  horsemen,  nn<l  l.",00(>  to 
20,0()0  uUius,  busiilos  a  force  ot  laborers  to  tear  down  and  to  fill  up:  Tapiji's  of 
80  men  and  over  lO.OOOallicH,  and  Cort<5a'  of  8  horsemen,  1(H)  iniimtry,  inul  an 
immenso  niimlxir  of  idlies.  Cortex,  C'nrtoi, '2;10-1.  (Jomaranxl  Hi!rn;r,i  diU'cr 
slightly.  Ixtlilxochitl  sjiya  tiiat  his  namesake  followed  Corti's  wiUi  H(K)') 
Tczciicans.  I/or.  I'nicUlinles,  IVJ.  This  insignificant  number  makes  it  dillicult 
to  account  for  tiie  2.")0,(X)()  Tezcucans  which  ho  lately  introduced  inio  tlio 
camps.  Chimalpnin  names  the  three  streets  Cunhueuatitlun,  Tecoutlana- 
inucuya,  uud  the  later  Suntu  Ana.  J  J  int.  C'uiiq.,  ii.  (i2. 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


particularly  to  the  channels,  of  which  there  are  three  in 
that  causeway.  "They  are  filled,"  was  the  answer, 
made  without  a  thought  as  to  its  accuracy,  for  flushed 
w  ith  the  success  of  the  advance,  soldiers  and  cavaliers 
alike  cast  prudence  to  the  winds,  and  disregarding 
common  ditches  bend  their  eyes  alone  upon  the  goal. 
Immediately  after  comes  the  doleful  sound  of  the 
tc'ponastU,  and  a  shrill  trumpet  blast,  the  alarm  signal 
of  Paynalton,  the  mythic  page  of  the  war-god.  Struck 
on  the  summit  of  Tlatelulco  temple,  the  sounds  float 
over  the  contestants,  sending  a  chill  into  the  heart  of 
the  Spaniards  and  allies  as  they  rush  onward  fdled 
with  visions  of  success.  To  the  Mexicans,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  comes  as  a  magic  appeal  from  Huitzilo- 
j)ochtli,  stirring  their  spirit  with  fresh  energy:  a  re- 
sistless appeal  to  make  a  supreme  eflfort  for  imperilled 
home,  and  faith,  and  liberty." 

Cortes  pi  so  hears  the  warning,  only  too  deeply 
impressed  since  that  Sorrowful  Night,  and  with 
anxious  heart  he  hastens  forward  to  see  how  matters 
stand.  His  anxiety  is  increased  as  the  jubilant  cries 
of  his  own  men  appear  to  change,  while  high  above 
them  rise  the  unmistakably  triumphant  shouts  of  the 
Aztecs.  Just  then  he  comes  to  one  of  the  cross- 
ings formed  by  his  party  at  a  channel  ten  to  twelve 
paces  wide,  and  over  ten  feet  deep.  It  seems  inse- 
cure, and  on  looking  he  finds  it  constructed  of  some 
loosely  thrown  pieces  of  wood  and  reed,  covered  with 
a  little  earth.  He  at  once  orders  the  auxiliaries  in 
his  following  to  rebuild  the  structure.  Scarcely  is 
the  order  uttered  before  he  sees  his  forces  coming 
down  the  causeway  in  disorderly  flight,  led  by 
the  allies.  Cortds  makes  frantic  eflc)rts  to  stay  the 
current.  None  heed  him.  Fears  lend  wings  and 
drown  all  appeal.  On  come  the  pressing  throng,  on 
to  the  frail  Ibridge,  which  sinks  with  its  living  freight 
into  the  deep  water.  Still  onward  rush  the  mass  be- 
hind, impelled   by  their  mad   momentum,   tumbling 

'■"  See  Xative  Races,  ii.  303 ;  iii.  293  et  acq. 


CORTES'  DESPERATE  STAND. 


65t 


on  the  heads  of  these,  serambhng  and  wading,  adding 
their  cries  for  help  to  the  shrieks  of  despair  beneath, 
while  from  the  rear  roll  the  terrifying  shouts  of  hot 
pursuers.  Already  the  house-tojis  teem  with  slingers 
and  archers;  the  lanes  pour  forth  their  warriors 
with  swords  and  long  pikes  to  pierce  the  flanks,  and 
the  canals  are  alive  with  canoes  whose  crews  se- 
cure the  struggling  fugitives  for  Sacrifice,  or  deal  the 
more  grateful  coup  de  grace.  The  Spanish  soldiers 
are  among  the  last  to  come  up,  and  a  terrible  gauntlet 
they  have  had  to  run.  Regardless  of  the  showering 
missiles  or  the  pressing  foe,  Cortes  stands  on  the 
brink  to  strike  back  the  hungry  crew  and  lend  a 
helping  hand  to  his  floundering  men.  "I  was  deter- 
mined to  remain  there  and  die  fighting,"  he  writes. 
But  so  many  are  beyond  his  reach,  and  there  he  must 
stand  iiclpless  to  watch  the  struggle;  to  behold  now 
this  soldier  felled,  now  the  other  carried  off;  and  more, 
to  see  the  banner  torn  from  the  hands  of  his  alferez. 
Tlapanecatl  is  the  name  given  by  the  records  to  the 
doughty  captor  of  so  esteemed  a  prize. 

Standing  there  conspicuously  on  the  brink,  Cortes 
becomes  the  target  for  hundreds  of  missiles,  though 
protected  by  his  mail ;  but  soon  the  foe  begin  to  press 
round  him,  and  even  in  his  rear,  separating  him  from 
the  men."  The  next  moment  more  than  one  pair  of 
arms  had  coiled  round  his  body,  and,  with  triumphant 
shou+s  of  "Malinche!  xJalinohe!"  they  seek  to  drag 
him  ...»  the  water  to  the  canoes.  Alarmed  by  the 
outcry,  his  body- soldier,  Cristobal  de  Olea,  hastens 
to  his  side,  and  with  a  sabre-blow  severs  the  arm 
which  was  well  nigh  pulling  over  the  bent  form  of  liis 
master.  The  next  instant  he  himself  falls  beneath 
the  furious  onslaught  roused  by  the  magnitude  of  the 

?rize,  "a  glorious  death  in  so  good  a  cause!"  exclaims 
lerrcra.     Another  soldier,  named  Lerma,  rushes  to 
the  spot  and  is  nearly  overpowered;  while  a  stout 

''^IIu  crossed  the  channel  with  fifteen  soldiers  to  sustain  the  fugitives, 
Bays  Tun^ueuKula,  i.  ooA;  but  this  seems  iiicurrcet. 


C52 


COXTIXUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


Tlascaltoc,  Teiiiacatzin,  plants  hiinsolf  in  front  of  the 
leader,  half  prostrate  with  exhaustion  and  wounds, 
and  wards  ott'  the  blows  till  Antonio  de  Quinoncs, 
captain  of  the  guard,  manages  to  force  his  way  for- 
ward and  sustains  him,  followed  by  a  number  of  men 
Avhom  the  report  of  their  general's  danger  has  stirred 
to  fierceness.'^  "Away  from  here,  your  worship,  and 
save  your  person,"  cries  the  captain,  "for  without  you 
all  will  be  lostl"  Cortes  refuses,  "for  I  desired  rather 
death  than  life,"  he  writes;  but  finally  by  dint  of 
pleading  and  main  force  he  is  induced  slowly  to  re- 
tire, seeking  to  cover  the  rear  of  the  fleeing.  And 
well  it  was,  for  a  longer  stay  would  have  proved 
fatal.  But  for  the  ea<;erness  of  the  Mexicans  to  se- 
cure  as  prisoner  so  magnificent  a  prize,  they  could 
easily  have  despatched  him.  Aztecs  made  it  a  point 
to  obtain  as  many  prisoners  as  possible,  particularly 
chiefs  and  nobles,  and  white  men,  who  ranked  even 
above  these,  in  order  to  do  honor  to  the  war-god. 
This  effort  was  prompted  by  a  deep  religious  obliga- 
tion as  well  as  by  warrior  spirit. 

Not  far  from  the  disastrous  channel  a  horse  was 


-'Tlio  claims  to  the  honor  of  rescuing  the  general  are  conflicting. 
Ooniara,  followed  by  Ilerrcra  and  Torqueniada,  names  'Francisco'  do  Olca, 
l!ernid  Diaz,  who  states  that  this  soldier  slew  four  of  the  captains  holding 
Cortes,  lets  Lenna  dispose  of  the  rcmain<ler.  After  this  came  other  sol- 
diers and  Quinoncs.  Cristolud  do  Olea  was  <juitc  young,  '20  years  of  age,  a 
native  of  Medina  del  Canipo,  muscular,  and  skilled  in  arms,  and  a  general 
favorite.  Bemal  Diaz  adds  other  particulars.  Hist.  Vmlml.,  WQ,  2W.  Ix- 
tlilxochitl,  on  the  other  hand,  claims  for  his  namesake  the  credit  of  ha%ing 
done  what  Spaniards  claim  for  Olea,  aided  by  his  Tczcucans,  who  kept  the 
enemy  at  bay.  This,  ho  adds,  is  proved  by  a  painting  on  the  gate  of  tho 
monastery  of  Santiago  Tlatelulco.  llor.  Criieldades,  38-9.  Ilerrcra  briefly 
alludes  to  Ixtlilxochitl  as  coming  up  after  Olea,  and  then  relates  with  some 
detail  that  at  tho  same  timo  came  the  TIascaltcc,  Tamaxautzin  ho  calls  iiim, 
a  native  of  Hucyotlipan.  Ho  was  afterward  l)aptizcd  as  Antonio  or  Bautista, 
and  became  a  good  Christian,  tho  firet  native  to  receive  extreme  unction, 
dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  xx.  Torqucmoda,  i.  555,  copies,  but  calls  the  man 
Toamacatzin.  Both  evidently  prefer  Tloacaltec  to  Tczcucon  records.  In 
fact,  Ixtlilxochitl  adds  certain  incredible  particulars  about  the  prowess  of  his 
wounded  hero  in  pursuing  the  Mexican  general  Into  a  temple,  although  such 
p'.irsuit  could  not  liavo  taken  place  under  the  circumstances.  Seo  also  JJuran, 
Hint.  IikI.,  MS.,  ii.  503,  and  Vamargn,  Hist.  Tlax.,  130.  Cortds  writes  that 
he  would  have  been  lost  but  for  Quiilones,  and  one  of  his  men  who  lost  his 
lii'c  to  .save  him.  Curtds,  '233.  A  small  chapel  was  erected  in  tho  convent 
lie  l:i  Coiict'pciou  to  commemorate  tho  escape.  See  ^cuivcdra,  India  Pcreyrino, 
canto  '20. 


TACTICS  OF  THE  BESIEGED. 


683 


broujjflit,  upon  which  Cortt's  was  inoiintc<l,  tlioiiiLifh 
wiHiiukHl  in  the  log.  Shortly  hoforo,  his  chaniborlaiii, 
Cristobal  tie  Guzman,  a  jjfroat  iavorite,  had  riddon  up 
with  a  charger  to  the  relief  of  his  master,  only  to  Ik; 
surrounded  with  warriors  and  cut  d(^wn,  together  witii 
the  animal/*  while  anotlier  rider  was  obliged  to  retreat 
with  a  lance-thrust  in  the  throat.  On  retiring  from 
the  section  of  causeway  assigned  to  the  horse,  anotlier 
animal  was  killed  and  a  third  narrowly  escapi'd. 
Finally  the  troops  reached  the  broader  Tlacopan  road, 
and  now  Cortes,  with  the  nine  horsemen  left  in  his 
division,  was  able  to  take  a  lirm  stand  aijainst  the 
enemy.  Checked  in  their  pursuit,  and  made  timid  in 
their  charges  by  the  presence  of  the  bold  line  of  horses 
and  lances,  they  flung  their  missiles  and  insults  with 
increased  energy.  Suddenly  two  or  three  S[)anish 
heads  were  cast  befoi-e  the  ]i(H"semen,  with  the  cry: 
"Tonatiuh!"  "Sandoval!"  The  meaning  could  not  be 
misunderstood,  and  as  the  Spaniards  gazed  on  the  gory 
and  disfigured  faces  a  sickening  fear  crept  over  them. 
Could  it  bo  that  these  beloved  leaders  hatl  fallen! 
There  was  no  time  for  deliberation.  Finding  his  own 
party  now  comparatively  secure,  Cortes  hurriedly  sent 
messengers  to  recall  the  other  divisions  under  Aldereto 
1  apia. 
There  was  hardly  need  for  this  message.  The  tri- 
umphant shouts  of  the  Mexicans  in  pursuit  of  tlu; 
troo[)s  of  Cortes  and  the  increased  attack  on  tlieir 
own  had  already  wanunl  the^e  leaders.  Still  they 
persevered,  although  their  men  manifested  some  dis- 
couragement. It  was  not  long,  however,  before  two 
or  three  mutilated,  bearded  luads  were  cast  before 
them  with  the  cry,  'Olalinclie  is  dead!"  "Tonatiuh 
and  all  tlieir  men  have  falKn!"  The  leaders  saw  that 
farther  atlvance  was  useless,  es[)ecially  since  the  Mex- 
icans now  attacked  with  great  fury.  The  leaders  kept 
their  men  in  good  order,  and  were  already  retiring 

**]lorn;il  Diaz  aasumes  that  Guzman  nxlc  n\>  after  Cortes  was  mouiitcd, 
akd  itil  oaptivc  into  Aztuc  hands.   IJitt.  WnUul,  147. 


m 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


when  the  order  of  recall  reached  them.  The  streets 
there  being  wider  and  easier,  and  the  channels  all 
filled,  they  found  no  trouble  in  rejoining  their  general. 
Now  jointly  they  retreated  through  the  plaza  and 
down  the  Iztapalapan  road,  furiously  pursued  by  the 
warriors,  who  showed  themselves  more  reckless  than 
usual  on  seeing  their  prey  escape.  The  central  temple 
was  filling  with  a  vast  throng  to  watch  the  onslaught, 
and  on  the  summit  the  priests  were  already  burning 
incense  and  chanting  in  honor  of  victory,  while  the 
rabble  railed  at  the  humiliated  children  of  the  sun. 

Alvarado  had  meanwhile  advanced  along  the  road 
to  Tlatelulco  from  his  causeway,  leaving  Sandoval  to 
cooperate  along  the  flank  .*nd  to  direct  the  movements 
of  the  brigantines  and  the  filling  of  the  channels.  The 
advance  was  fiercely  resisted  by  the  Mexicans  from 
roofs,  cross- lanes,  and  barricades,  and  hundreds  had 
been  severely  wounded,  chiefly  Tlascaltecs,  only  too 
many  fatally,  yet  he  persevered.  He  was  already 
near  the  market,  the  aim  of  all  efforts,  when  the  drum 
and  trumpet  came  to  startle  his  men  and  to  encourage 
the  Mexicans  to  greater  resistance.  Progress  was 
now  almost  checked,  and  soon  came  the  cry,  **Malinche 
is  dead  I"  **  Sandoval  and  the  other  captains  are  dead !" 
"Behold  their  faces!"  And  therewith  several  heads 
with  gory  beards  were  cast  before  them.  "This  shall 
be  your  fate !" 

Alvarado's  men  were  white  with  dismay,  and  but 
for  the  intrepid  courage  of  their  leader  the  rout  of 
Cortds'  party  might  have  been  repeated.  Making  a 
bold  stand  with  his  Spaniards,  he  ordered  the  Tlascal- 
tecs to  fall  back  and  leave  the  retreat  open.  They 
needed  no  second  instructions  to  this  end,  for  the 
bleeding  heads  lent  wings  to  their  haste.  Then  grew 
the  onslaught  fiercer  than  ever,  for  the  retreat  of 
Cortds'  forces  enabled  a  larger  number  of  enemies  to 
turn  against  Alvarado  and  Sandoval.  The  latter  also 
received  his  cast  of  bloody  heads  with  a  new  string 
of  prominent  names,  all  calculated  to  inspire  terror. 


THE  BATTLE  UPON  THE  WATER. 


65S 


"  By  this  time  thoy  had  us  all  killed,"  adds  Bernal 
Diaz,  "but,  in  truth,  we  were  all  wounded,  and  filled 
with  anguish  concerning  the  fate  of  our  chief.  With- 
out God's  aid  we  could  never  have  escaped  from  the 
swords  and  clutches  of  the  Mexicans."  Some  pious 
chroniclers,  indeed,  assert  as  usual  that  the  virgin 
appeared  in  person,  together  with  perennial  Santiago, 
to  save  the  Spaniards  from  their  greatest  peril. 


25 


Encouraged  by  the  victories  on  land,  the  Mexicans 
had  ventured  forth  also  in  their  canoes  to  harass  the 
vessels  which  were  occupied  in  protecting  the  retreat 
of  the  armies.  Unable  in  some  instances  to  leave 
their  position,  or  impeded  in  their  movement  by 
stakes  and  other  obstacles,  many  of  the  brigantines 
were  severely  pressed, and  one, commanded  by  }3riones, 
in  Alvarado's  division,  was  actually  captured,  with 
the  loss  of  four  men,  one  being  taken  alive.  Jara- 
millo  came  to  the  relief  of  the  vessel,  however,  drove 
forth  the  enemy,  and  kept  them  at  bay.'*  13y  this 
time  both  the  forces  of  Alvarado  and  Sandoval  had 
reached  the  causeway,  pursued  by  a  great  host,  reck- 
less in  their  endeavor  to  inflict  all  the  injury  possible 
ere  the  Spaniards  escaped.  Some  delay  occurred  in 
crossing  the  only  partly  filled  channel  to  the  cause- 
way, and  a  number  of  soldiers  were  detained  waist- 
deep  in  water,  seeking  to  lift  a  brigantine  over  the 
stakes,  for  the  auxiliaries  were  already  away  from  the 
front;  and  all  this  time  the  cavalry  were  compelled  to 
remain  before  the  causeway  to  cover  the  infantry  and 
bear   the   brunt  of  the  terrible  onslaught.    Charge 

'■""Como  lo  hallardn  pintado  en  la  Yglesia  de  Tlatilulco,  los  cuales  Indioa 
contiesan  haberle  visto.'  Duran,  Hist.  Intl.,  MS.,  ii.  512.  Why  these  patrona 
did  not  give  their  aid  before  is  a  question  to  which  Bernal  Diaz  answers 
'porque  Nuestro  Seflor  lesu  Christo  lo  permitio.'  Ilkt.  Verdi  id.,  140. 

'^Herrera  relates  how  two  captains,  Flores  and  Mota,  advanced  with  their 
vessels  up  a  narrow  channel.  Flores  was  severely  pressed  at  one  time,  and  the 
latter  had  to  sally  on  the  street  to  relieve  him  and  enable  the  brigantines  to 
cain  more  open  water.  Flores  died  within  a  week  of  his  wounds,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  i.  cap.  XX.  Torqucmoda  says  that  Briones'  vessel  was  lifted  through  a 
breach  in  tlic  causeway,  i.  555.  Bernal  Diaz  speaks  of  several  such  uurix>w 
escapes,  loc.  cit. 


069 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


after  charge  they  made  to  l;cep  l)ack  tlio  advaiiciiifj 
foe,  tliroii<T;li  the  sliower  of  hlinding  missiles,  against 
the  line  of  bristling  lances,  amidst  the  whirling  sword.s 
and  clubs,  until  not  a  rider  but  felt  his  arm  droop  and 
his  body  grow  faint  with  loss  of  blood.  Sandoval 
himself  had  a  number  of  wounds.  "For  God's  sake 
make  haste  and  retire,"  he  cried  to  his  foot-soldiers, 
"or  we  shall  all  be  lost!" 

Finally  the  passage  was  clear,  and  they  fell  back 
along  the  causeway,  still  fighting,  and  now  exposed  to 
the  canoe  sallies.  On  reaching  his  quarters,  Alvarado 
turned  two  cannon  against  the  swarm  which  sought 
to  scale  the  camp,  and  this  with  the  fusillade  procured 
a  much  needed  respite.^  It  was  time,  for  the  in- 
creasing darkness  would  soon  have  added  i'resh  dan- 
gers to  the  retreat.  Sandoval  had  already  hurried 
away  with  a  solitary  companion  to  seek  the  camp  of 
C^orti's  and  calm  his  fears.'^^  With  a  similar  object 
Andres  de  Tdpia  had  been  sent  with  three  horsemen 
irom  Fort  Xoloe  to  Alvarado's  camp,  where  ho 
arrived  with  some  scars  from  marauding  stragglers. 
Not  wishing  to  discourage  the  soldiers,  he  reduced  tho 
losses  of  his  party  to  quite  a  small  number,  and  made 
light  of  the  matter. 

By  this  time  the  enemy  had  retired,  but  from  the 
city  rose  their  shouts  of  triumph,  and  every  temple 
was  ablaze  with  fires  to  celebrate  the  victory.  Tho 
summit  of  the  Tlatelulco  pyramid,  the  highest  of 
them  all,  was  the  scene  of  great  commotion,  and  soon 
the  sombre  notes  of  the  melancholy  drum  called  to  it 
attention.  A  number  of  instruments  now  added  their 
discordant  notes,  in  clash  and  blast,  and  a  procession 

^'  The  artillerists  being  all  disabled  or  deatl,  Pedro  Moreno  de  Medrano, 
afterward  a  settler  at  Puebla,  took  their  place.  Id. 

-'*  iJernal  Diaz  writes  as  if  Sandoval  gained  tho  camp  at  an  early  hour, 
roile  over  to  Fort  Xoloc,  and  came  back  in  time  to  aid  in  Alvarado's  retreat. 
]5ut  he  would  never  have  ventured  to  leave  his  command  and  his  comrade  in 
their  danger;  nor  does  it  seem  likely  that  ho  could  have  ridden  the  long  dis- 
tance to  Xoloc  and  back  in  time  to  join  in  Alvarado's  conflict,  even  if  Cortes' 
defeat  took  place  Ijefore  '  misa  mayor,' as  ho  assumes.  JJint.  Venial.,  140-8. 
'J'hia  autlior  is  here  very  confused,  assuming,  for  instance,  that  Sandoval  was 
lighting  from  his  own  camp  instead  of  coiiperating  near  Alvarado. 


THE  HonniBLK  SCENE  OF  SACRIFICE. 


C57 


with  tonlios,  .swini,niiLf  ^'onsers, and  rolif^ious  parapher- 
nalia circled  roiuul  with  iinposinjj  ceremony.  Then  a 
space  was  cleared,  aud  a  long  file  of  naked  men  stood 
revealed.  A  cry  of  horror  hurst  from  the  gazing 
soldiers.  There  could  he  no  mi.stako.  Distant  as  was 
the  temple,  the  glare  of  fire  clearly  revealed  the  white 
hue  and  bearded  faces  of  their  comrades,  hound  for 
sacrifice,  and  plumed.  Xow  they  were  made  to  march 
forward,  and  with  blows  to  dance  before  the  idol  to 
whom  they  had  been  consecrated.  Ah,  to  be  a  help- 
less looker-on  at  such  a  timel  Again  they  formed  hi 
line  exhausted,  and  then  one  was  .seized  by  several 
i)riests  aiul  borne  struggling  to  the  stone  of  sacrifice. 
He  was  thrown  on  his  back  and  held  down  by  the 
limbs  wliile  the  higli-jiriest  with  ceremonious  flourish 
raised  the  glittering  blade.  The  gazing  soldiersclutched 
each  other's  hands  in  agony,  as  tiieir  eyes  followed  the 
instrument  and  saw  it  plunged  into  the  breast  of  the 
victim.  They  seemed  to  hear  his  stifled  cry,  to  feel 
the  knife  in  their  own  neart,  and  realizing  that  they 
were  still  safe  they  thanked  heaven  for  their  escape.'** 
A'^ictim  after  victim  was  carried  to  the  stone,  some 
with  frantic  struggles,  others  resigned,  and  .still  others 
weighed  down  in  helpless  fear  of  what  they  had  be- 
held. Heart  after  heart  was  torn  from  the  gaping 
breasts  and  held  before  the  idol,  while  the  bodies  were 
cast  down  the  steps.  The  .skin,  particularly  of  the 
head  and  upper  body,  was  removed  and  used  as  a  dress 
for  festive  occasion,  and  the  flesh  was  hacked  to  pieces, 
the  limbs  for  the  bau(iuet  table,  the  trunk  for  the 
beasts.  After  a  wliile  came  darker-hued  victims,  and 
now  the  Tlascaltecs  and  other  allies  shuddered.  To 
them  the  sacrifices  were  not  so  terrifying  as  to  the 

■•"So  deeply  affected  was  Bemal  Diaz,  among  othcrH,  hy  the  siy;lit,  and  by 
the  fear  of  himself  fallin!^  captive — twice  had  he  narrowly  escaped— that  ho 
ever  after  had  an  oppressive  fooling  hoforc  battle.  He  then  had  recourse  to 
prayer,  and  this  invariably  fortilied  him  for  tlic  light,  so  tiiat  lie  always  main- 
tained liis  reputation  as  a  good  soldier,  lie  enumerates  several  inciilcnts  to 
prove  that  he  was  esteemed  a  brave  man.  JJist.  I'irUuI.,  157.  <)viedo,  re- 
ferring to  human  sacrifices  among  the  Romans,  observ'cs  that  they  could  not 
have  been  half  so  fearful,  iii.  515. 
Hist.  M£s.  Vol..  I.    12 


ll 

Si 

w 

i 


658 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


Spaniards,  but  thoy  could  not  unmoved  behold  the 
cruel  death  of  their  countrymen.  Then  came  more 
processions,  music,  and  idolatrous  rites,  followed  by 
iresh  companies  for  the  sacrifice,  white  and  dark; 
and  so  passed  the  night,  until  the  horror  palled  on 
the  gazers,  and  many  expressed  the  opinion  that  the 
I)ricsts  were  pretending  sacrifice  by  producing  the 
same  bodies  upon  the  stone  several  times  so  as  to  in- 
spire greater  fear.  This  belief  was  strengthened  when 
they  observed  similar  ceremonies  take  place  on  other 
minor  temples,  and  by  the  continuance  of  the  sacrilices 
for  several  days.  The  offering  at  the  minor  tcm[)les 
consisted  chiefly  of  the  lower  class  of  allies.  All  the 
pyramids,  however,  received  a  quota  of  heads  from 
Spanish,  leading  native,  and  equine  victims,  where- 
with to  decorate  their  summits.''" 

Aware  tiiat  the  sight  of  the  sacrifice,  purposely 
intensified  for  Spanish  edification,  must  have  stirred 
deeply  the  breasts  of  the  survivors,  the  Mexicans  took 
advantage  of  this  to  attack  the  camp  of  Alvarado 
during  the  night.  "  Behold  the  fate  in  store  for  you 
all!"  they  cried,  casting  in  half-roasted  pieces  of  flesh 
from  white  and  dusky  bodies.  "Eat,  for  we  are  sa- 
tiated!" The  Spaniards  were  too  well  prepared  to 
suffer  from  the  assault,  but  it  added  to  their  sorrows. 
The  lesson  had  been  costly,  for  about  sixty  men  were 
lost,  with  six  horses,  one  gun,  and  a  number  of  small- 
arms,  while  the  ranks  of  the  allies  ha  I  been  dimin- 
ished by  from  one  to  wo  thousand,  and  this  without 
reckoning  the  vast  n    aber  of  wounded.''^ 

""Sacriflcatloa  los  Nuestros  a  el  Motnoztli,  y  Tcmplo  de  su  Maior  Dios,' 
observes  Torqiiemada,  i.  55.3,  ai  ng  other  points,  tliougli  all  are  not  exactly 
true.  Hnitzilopochtli'a  im.agc  hi  l)een  brought  with  the  retreating  Mexicans 
to  Tlateliilco.  '  Immediataracn  aacritlcati,*  says Clavigero,  StoriaMom.,  iii. 
212,  probably  on  authority  of  G'  ifiara;  but  Bcrnal  Diaz  states  tliat  the  sacri- 
fices lasted  ten  days,  Hist.  Ver  iid.,  150;  others  write  eight;  one  victim  is 
said  to  have  been  kept  eighteen  days.  See  also  Sahagun,  Hist.  Conq.,  102. 
Ixtlilxochitl  states  thi^t  three  victims  were  burned.  Ilor.  Crueldades,  39. 

^'A  count  revealed  the  loss  of  G2  men  and  6  horses,  says  Bernal  Diaz, 
Hist.  Verdad.,  146,  152,  241,  though  he  in  one  place  leaves  the  impression 
that  the  men  were  all  captured  auve.  This  could  hardly  bo  the  case,  for  a 
'count'  would  reveal  only  the  missing;  none  could  tell  how  many  fell  cap- 
tive.   Yet  Prescott  boldly  assumes  this  number  to  have  been  token,  besides 


SANDOVAL'S  REBUKE. 


C50 


When  Sandoval  reached  Carup  Xoloc  and  learned 
the  news  he  hurst  forth,  "Seilor  Coi)itan,  what  is  this? 
Where  are  the  fine  counsels  and  warlike  skill  which  you 
are  wont  to  exhibit  ?"  With  tears  springing  to  his  eyes, 
Cort<5s  replied:  "Sandoval,  my  son,  my  sins  I  admit, 
but  I  am  not  so  guilty  in  this  matter  as  T  appear. 
The  officer  whom  I  charged  to  fill  the  channel  failed 
to  obey."  He  further  intnnated  that  Alvarado  might 
be  led  by  his  daring  into  difficulties,  and  bade  Sando- 
val watch  carefully  over  the  safety  of  the  western  and 
northern  camps,  particularly  for  the  present,  while 
Cortes  was  restrained  by  his  wounds.*"    The  injunction 

those  who  fell.  Vetancurt  tlivitlcs  the  figures  into  40  captives  and  20  dead, 
Teatro  Mex.,  pt.  iii.  IG2,  and  Clavisero  also  includes  dead  and  captive  in  that 
number,  while  raising  the  dead  liorses  to  7.  Stvria  Mrsn.,  iii.  212.  Solis 
writes  that  over  40  Spaniards  were  carried  off  alive,  and  tliat  Alvanulo  and 
Sandoval  lost  20.  Hint.  Mex.,  ii.  410.  Ik^rnal  Diaz  acknowh^dges  only  a 
third  of  such  loss  between  these  two  captains.  CJoinara  gives  40  captives, 
several  killed,  .3  or  4  horses  lost,  and  over  .30  wounded.  J I  lit.  Mfx.,  2().'>-0. 
Ixtlilxochitl  raises  the  allied  loss  to  over  2000.  Ilor.  <'rueldiiden.  ,'{7-1). 
Fifty-three  Spaniards,  says  Sahagun,  Hist.  Com/.,  192.  lu  the  cOdiila  of 
March  7,  1525,  granting  a  coat-of-anns  to  Cort»''S,  50  are  mentioned,  hut  in  his 
letter  to  the  sovereign  the  general  acknowledges  only  35  to  40  and  over  l(MK) 
allies.  Herrera  and  Torqueniada  adopt  these  figures.  Oviedo,  iii.  510,  lowers 
the  number  to  .3( .  Duran,  who  confounds  the  late  repulse  of  Alvarado  with 
the  Sorrowful  Night  and  this  defeat,  allows  4  banners  to  b<!  captured.  JJisl. 
Jnd.,  MS.,  ii.  501-4.  508. 

^'  Bemal  Diaz  gives  this  conversation  with  some  detail,  and  namoa 
Treasurer  Alderete  as  the  guilty  officer  who  neglected  to  till  the  channel,  in- 
timating that  Cort<5s  had  been  heedlessly  allured  onward  by  the  Mexicans, 
leaving  Alderete  to  attend  to  the  filling.  Ho  even  allows  the  treasurer  to 
retort  to  the  charge,  in  Sandoval's  presence,  tliat  Cortes'  eagerness  had  l)cen 
the  cause  of  the  neglect.  This  is  probably  an  invented  account,  based  fni 
Gomara's  statement  that  the  'treasurer,'  no  name  being  given,  neglected  to 
fill  a  channel  on  his  route.  Informed  of  this,  Corti^-s  hastened  thither  to 
remedy  the  fault,  only  to  meet  the  fleeing.  Herrera  adopts  this  version,  as  do 
most  writers,  including  Prescott;  but  it  is  evidently  wrong,  for  Cort<5s  writes 
clearly  that  the  misfortune  occurred  on  his  own  route,  sonu  distance  atjovo 
its  junction  with  the  Tlacopan  road,  to  which  they  soon  retreated.  On  reach- 
ing this  road  he  sent  to  recall  the  'treasurer  and  comptroller,'  who  were 
leading  their  division  victoriously  at  the  farther  end  of  it.  Owing  to  thcii 
care  in  filling  channels  '  they  received  no  injury  in  retreating.'  Carton,  23.3-4. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  about  this  statement,  since  Cortt^s  would  have  l>ecu 
only  too  glad  to  cast  the  blame  on  any  other  division  than  his  own.  lie  does 
not  even  claim  to  have  been  at  the  front,  but  in  the  rear,  and  near  the  spot 
where  the  negluct  occurred.  The  only  question  then  is,  who  was  the  guilty 
officer?  The  'treasurer'  commanded  the  centre  division,  and  although  there 
were  several  treasurers,  the  royal,  late  and  new,  and  he  who  acted  for  tho 
array,  yet  the  new  royal  treasurer  is  undoubtedly  meant,  and  this  appeal's 
to  have  been  Alderete,  according  to  tho  statement  of  several  authorities. 
Hence  the  accusation  against  Alderete  must  be  wrong ;  anything  besides  thij 
must  be  conjecture. 


mt 


COXTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


was  needful  in  view  of  the  reoccupation  by  the  Mex- 
icans of  the  channels  from  which  they  had  lately  been 
driven,  and  their  harassing  attacks,  chiefly  by  night, 
against  the  camps  and  fleets.  Alvarado's  camp,  as  the 
nearest  to  the  city,  was  the  most  exposed,  and  San- 
doval with  his  tried  prudence  could  be  best  relied  on 
to  counteract  the  recklessness  of  its  commander  in 
repelling  these  attacks.  Knowing  the  signal  for  the 
sallies,  usually  a  shot,  the  enemy  were  warned  in 
time  to  retire,  or  to  form  some  trap  or  combination, 
S(3  that  the  charge  of  the  soldiers  carried  little  ad- 
vantage. 

On  one  occasion,  it  is  related,  a  shield-bearer  named 
Peinado  stepped  outside  the  camp  gate  and  found  him- 
self surrounded  by  a  horde  of  marauders.  Escape 
was  cut  oflT.  In  this  dilemma  he  began  to  rattle  his 
shield  and  sword,  and  shout,  looking  at  tht  same  time 
toward  the  camp.  The  enemy  assumed  at  once  tliat 
he  was  signalling  to  some  party  in  ambush,  and  beat 
a  hasty  retreat.^^  For  several  days^*  the  Spaniards 
remained  inactive.  During  this  time  tlie  Mexicans 
continued  their  daily  sacrifice  of  captives,  with  con- 
spicuous rites  and  loud  demonstrations. 

As  usual  amidst  trying  scenes,  there  were  here 
examples  of  the  dev^otedness  of  woman.  In  one  of 
the  encounters  on  the  causeway  to  drive  back  the 
prowling  Mexicans,  Beatriz  Bermudez  de  Velasco, 
wife  of  Francisco  de  Olmos,  accompanied  the  soldiers, 
in  cotton  armor,  and  with  sword  and  shield.  Such 
was  the  pressure  of  the  enemy  that  the  troops  were 
thrown  into  disorder  and  began  to  turn  in  flight. 
With  raised  sword  she  planted  herself  in  their  path 
and  cried,  "Shame  upon  you,  CastiliansI  turn  at  once 
against  this  vile  rabble,  for  I  will  kill  any  man  who 
attempts  to  pnss  this  way."  So  abashed  were  the 
men  by  this  resolute  demeanor  that  they  again  fell 

^'  'Bolvih  .''  la  grita,  Andrds  de  Tapia  [the  captain  of  hia  party]  matb  maa 
de  Hcsentii  Mexicancs, 'adds  Torqueinada,  i.  "i^S-O, 

*'  'Esto  no  fue  sine  cinoo  dias.'  JJenial  Diaz,  I  list,  Verdad.,  149. 


THE  DIVINE  PROCLAMATIOIir. 


eer 


upon  the  Mexicans  and  dofeatocl  tlicm.^"  Other 
•women  of  less  valor  did  equally  good  service  as  sisters 
of  mercy,  to  tend  and  cheer  the  many  disabled.  One, 
named  Isabel  de  Rodriguez,  attained  quite  a  reputa- 
tion in  curing  wounds,  a  success  attributed  chiefly  to 
her  holy  invocation,  for  in  applying  the  bandage  she 
invariably  uttered  the  formula,  "In  the  name  of  tlic 
father,  the  son,  and  the  holy  ghost,  one  true  God; 
may  he  cure  and  restore  theel"^" 

Cortds  found  it  absolutely  necessary  to  resume 
operations  in  order  to  prevent  the  utter  demoraliza- 
tion of  his  men,  although  they  could  advance  no 
farther  than  the  last  canal  on  the  Iztapalapan  road, 
which  was  strongly  fortified  to  protect  the  plaza.  On 
the  Tlatelulco  side  the  channel  separating  the  city 
from  the  causeway  had  been  reopened  as  a  barrier. 
No  serious  effort  was  made  to  pass  these  points,  and 
the  movements  were  effected  with  the  greatest  pru- 
dence possible. 

For  this  caution  several  reasons  existed,  based  on 
momentous  consequences  of  the  late  defeat.  In  their 
exultation  the  Mexicans  had  imprudently  published 
the  oraculai-  utterance  that  within  eight  days  the 
Spaniards  would  be  destroyed,  though  many  Aztecs 
wouhl  also  perish.^''  Care  was  taken  that  tiiis  divine 
proclamation  should  be  known  in  the  Spanish  camps, 
with  the  intent  of  disheartening  ihe  allies  and  pro- 
curing their  desertion.    This  main  object  accomplished, 

*^  Similar  women  of  cournL;L'  were  !Maria  dc  Estrada,  tlic  heroine  of  Otumba, 
Beatrix  de  Escobar.  Juana  ^lartin,  and  Beatriz  dc  I'alacios.  Ilerrera,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  ii.  cap.  i. 

^"Oil  was  the  chief  remedy.  Tonpiewadu,  i.  r)r>S-GO.  Bcrnal  Diaz  speaks 
of  a  soldier  named  Juan  Oitalan  who  performed  cures  with  the  Kittn  of  (lio 
cross  and  psalin-sinying.  Tlie  Tiascaltecs  also  besieged  tlie  man  for  his 
attentions.  'Y  verdiiderauR'nte  digo,  ([uc  hallauumos  (]iio  Nucstro  Scuor 
lesn  Christo  era  scrvido  de  darnos  esfuer(,'o, .  .  j  de  jn'esto  sanauan.'  Xofc 
twenty  <jf  Alvarado's  men  wei'c  free  fiom  wounds  at  this  time.  //(■-<.  I'rrilai/., 
14'2.  Solis  allows  this  wonderful  healing  power  to  be  attributed  to  no  woni.ni. 
iJisf.  Mc.r.,  ii.  41'2.  But  thev  he  was  u  strict  priest,  who  saw  woman  eliiclly 
as  a  feeble  ami  adoring  .supplicant. 

"  'Que  lie  ai  a  oelio  dias  no  aula  <lc  quedar  ninguno  do  nosotros  a  vida, 
porque  assi  le  lo  auiau  prometido  la  noche  antes  sus  Diosea.'  BenuU  Uiuz, 
llUl.   Venlad.,  149 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


it  was  hoped  tliat  neighboring  districts  might  bo  again 
persuaded  to  join  in  hostile  operations,  or  at  least 
assume  a  neutral  attitude  against  the  isolated  Spon- 
iards.  Severely  harassed  by  all  the  strength  of  the 
capital  and  its  allies,  the  Spaniards  would  be  unable 
to  maintain  the  siejje  or  even  to  sustain  their  own 
])()sition,  particularly  if  supplies  were  cut  off,  and  so 
1)0  obliged  to  retreat.  Many  indeed  looked  upon  the 
Spaniards  as  doomed,  and  tired  besides  of  the  long 
siege,  so  contrary  to  native  ideas  of  warfare,  corps 
after  corps  of  their  allies  disappeared,  in  secret  retreat 
to  their  homes.  Others  wore  sufficiently  shaken  in 
tlioir  belief  to  lose  all  ardor,  the  more  so  when  they 
recalled  the  prophecy  of  disaster  uttered  by  the 
hanged  Xicotencatl.  Cortes  and  his  officers  did  all 
they  could  to  counteract  this  influence  by  referring  to 
pivvious  failures  of  oracles,  to  the  comparatively 
ismall  percentage  of  the  late  losses,  the  critical  condi- 
tion of  the  besieged,  and  their  efforts  to  gain  advan- 
tages by  spreading  lies.  Let  the  allies  but  abide  till 
the  end  of  the  term  mentioned  by  the  oracle  and  they 
would  be  convinced  of  its  falsity.  The  last  argument 
was  perhaps  the  strongest  that  could  be  offered  under 
the  circumstances,  and  it  was  decided  to  take  no  lisks 
that  might  imperil  the  proof.^ 

These  precautions  were  imperative  in  view  of  the 
effect  of  Aztec  machinations  in  the  lake  districts  and 
outlying  i)rovinces.  The  lake  towns  last  to  join  the 
Spaniards  relapsed  into  a  frigid  neutrality,  and  might 
have  risen  but  for  the  imposing  proximity  of  tlio  fleet 
and  army.  Remoter  districts  assumed  a  more  decided 
attitude,  and  from  Quauhnahuac  came  an  urgent  ap- 
j)eal  for  help  against  the  attacks  of  the  JMalinalcas 
and  Cohui.Kcas,  prompted  by  Mexico.     Immediately 

'"Solis,  I  list.  M<'x.,\i.  41.^),  states,  anil  Prescott  hastily  aflirms,  tliat  nearly 
all  till'  allies  ileserteil,  and  Hernal  Diaz  euuineratcs  the  mere  liaiidful  that  re- 
iiiiiiiiud  ;  but  this  must  be  erroneous,  as  shown  by  the  eourseof  the  narratives 
ill  general.  Two  expeditions  were  sent  forth  about  this  time,  and  the  lari,'0 
niiiiilier  of  allies  which  joined  therein  may  aeeount  in  part  for  the  gaps  wliieh 
ga\  e  rise  to  the  above  exaggeration.  Cortes,  indeed,  alludes  very  iiidii-ectly 
to  any  dufectiuu. 


tApia's  assault. 


6C3 


after  the  late  victory  Quauhtcmotzin  had  sent  envoys 
to  these  and  other  provinces,  in  every  direction,  bear- 
ing heads  or  flayed  skins  of  Spaniards  and  horses,  and 
other  tokens,  wherewith  to  impress  their  story  that 
more  than  half  of  the  white  besiegers  were  slain,  and 
that  the  remainder  would  soon  perish,  as  declared  by 
the  oracle.  It  behooved  them,  therefore,  to  decide 
at  once  whether  they  would  join  for  a  share  in  the 
spoils,  or  be  forever  excluded  from  all  favor  at  the 
hands  of  victorious  Mexico.  Thus,  while  many  were 
frightened  into  severing  their  connection  with  the  in- 
vaders,  secretly  or  openly,  more  aggressive  provinces 
like  Malinalco  hastened  to  profit  by  the  state  of  affairs. 

To  detach  troops  under  the  circumstances  was  not 
agreeable,  and  many  officers  objected,  but  Cortes  con- 
sidered that  it  would  be  far  more  dangerous  to  Spanish 
prestige  and  prospects  to  encourage  such  hostile  move- 
ments by  a  passive  demeanor.  "It  was  now  more 
necessary  than  ever,"  he  writes,  "  to  exhibit  prowess 
and  spirit,  so  as  to  hide  our  weakness  both  from 
friends  and  foes."  Andres  do  Tiipia  was  accordingly 
despatched  with  ten  horse  and  eighty  foot,  together 
with  a  considerable  force  of  allies.'*"  In  order  to  calm 
the  many  remonstrances  against  the  expedition,  he 
was  instructed  to  return  within  ten  days.  Tilpia 
found  the  enemy  awaiting  him  in  large  force  near  a 
hamlet  not  far  from  IMalinalco,  and  at  once  prepared 
to  attack,  assisted  l)y  the  Quauhnahuacs.  The  ground 
being  level,  the  horses  })r()ved  of  great  service,  and 
the  hostile  army  was  presently  in  flight  toward  Mali- 
nalco. This  place  was  strongly  situated  on  a  height, 
well  supplied  with  water,  so  that  Tdpia  considered  it 
useless  to  atteni[)t  an  assault,  nmch  less  a  siege  when 
so  short  a  term  had  been  allowed  him,  and  he  accord- 
ingly returned. 

'"Forty  thousand,  says  Ixtlilxochitl,  obtained  cliicfly  from  Quauhnaliuac 
and  other  towns  suhjcct  to  Tozciieo.  1 1  or.  <  'nieldadi'i,  40.  Ilt'rrt'ni  uud  uthurs 
mention  no  uuxiliariua  from  thu  cuinp.     Uernal  Diaz  is  confubud. 


664 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


The  coinj)laint  from  Quaulmnliuao  was  followed  by 
a  doopor  wail  from  Tolucaaiid  adjoining  Otonif  sotile- 
ments  in  ilie  mountain  rejjion  west  of  the  lake.  Tiie 
Matlalzincas,  devoted  adherents  of  Quauhtemotzin, 
liad  been  indueed  to  openly  declare  for  him  and  to 
invade  their  districts,  j)reparatory  to  advancinj^  a,<;ainst 
the  Si)aniards.  This  intention  had  been  ah'oady  vaunt- 
ingly  proclaimed  by  the  A/tecs,  and  since  Ihe  JMatlalt- 
zincas  were  both  powerful  and  warlike,  the  necessity 
for  })rompt  measures  became  even  more  aj)parcnt  in 
this  case.  The  tried  Sandoval  was  intrusted  with  the 
exjvjdition,  composed  of  eightcuin  cavalry,  one  hundriMl 
infantry,  and  a  large  force  of  allies  chielly  Otomis, 
which  soon  grew  to  about  severity  th()usan<l.  Alter 
a  quick  march  he  came  to  the  smoking  ruins  of  some 
settlements  and  startled  into  flight  a  band  of  maraud- 
ers, who  left  behind  them  a  (juantity  of  plunder  and 
provisions,  including  some  teniKu"  childi'en  still  roast- 
ing on  the  s|)it.  Jle  pursued  the  raiders,  and  after 
crossing  a  river'"*  came  upon  a  larger  force,  which 
turned  as  he  aj)proached,  to  seek  safety  within  tl»e 
town  of  ]\Iatlaltzinco,  over  two  leagues  distant,  'f  he 
<'avah-y  made  terrible  havoc  aniong  them,  and  the  in- 
fantry following  in  their  wake,  killed  nu)re  than  two 
thousand.  Those  who  escaped  madi;  a  stand  at  the 
town  to  covt>r  the  conveyan(;e  of  I'aniilies  and  eflects  to 
a  fortified  liill  close  by.  This  was  [>r(!tty  well  accom- 
plished before  tlie  infantry  came  u[)  to  assist  in  ca[)- 
turing  the  town.  The  defenders  now  lied,  and  the 
place  was  entered  ami  burned,  after  binng  rilled  <»f 
what  remained  to  takt>.  Since  it  was  late,  the  assault 
on  tlu»  hill  was  deferrcid  till  th«^  moining.  There  the 
natives  mainlained  a  loud  ui)roar  until  some  tiin(;  after 
midnight.,  when  all  became  (piiet.  With  eaily  dawn 
the  Spaniards  prej)ared  to  storm  the  hill  only  to  Ic^arn 
that  it  had  Ixhmi  abandoned.  A  nundxir  of  peo[)l(i 
were  seen  in  the  ti(dd,  howm'(>r,  and  eagerly  the  sol- 
diers revived  the  fading  e.\pectation  for  a  I  ray.      In  a 

*"  The  Chiculiimulitlii.  Ixtlilxochitl  cuUa  it. 


TIIK  OMINOUS  KIOHTH  DAY. 

twinkliiii;  tlxn'  were  ain()n«jf  the  niltl)le,  and  a  nuuil)er 
worn  .slain  before  the  ex[)lana,ti(m  }jjaiiie<l  viwh  iliat 
those  peopU;  lulon^jfcMl  to  the  fVieiully  Oioim's.  San- 
doval now  advaneed  on  anotlier  f'oitilied  town,  wlioso 
('aei(|ue  threw  oj)i!n  the  gates  on  ItelioUluig  tlie  hosts 
before  liiin,  niid  n»»t  only  offered  his  own  suhndssion, 
hut  promised  to  elfeet  the  submission  of  (iu!  allie<l 
taci(iues  and  those  of  Mnlinalco  and  Cohuixco.  ]\,e- 
gardlcfss  of  the  insinuations  of  tin;  Otonn's  that  sueli 
itromises  could  not  be  relied  on,  Sandoval  nturned  to 
^lexieo,  and  four  days  latcn*  api)eared  there  tho 
caeiijues  of  all  thi'se  provinces  to  tender  allegiance 
and  aid  for  the  sieije.*' 


Meanwhile  tlio  portentous  eightli  day  had  dawned 
on  the  Spanish  caniiys.  jfardly  less  conceiiied  than' 
the  nativi's,  the  soldiers  could  not  control  their  ticpi- 
dation  as  th(>y  thought  of  the  or;icli;,  although  stiiviiig 
to  appear  indill'erent.  Nor  wi'rc;  they  wit  hotit  taiigibh) 
r(;asons  for  their  fears.  With  a  daily  growing  desei- 
tion  among  the  nnich  neede<l  allies,  and  fadinjj:  entliu- 
jsiasm  among  those  who  remained;  with  supplies  greatly 
reduced  owing  to  tho  neutral  attitude  assumed  by  sui'- 
rounding  <listric(s;  witJi  fi'c^sh  wars  upon  tlieii-  hands, 
\vhi(h  <leniande(l  not  only  untio.  haidships  but  a  di- 
vision ol'  their  weakened  forces;  with  constant  vigils 
and  alai'ms  amid  tlu?  harassing  at  tacks  of  a  t  rium[»]iant 


1 


oe;  with  a  lav'-r.  mnn 


her  of 


WOUIK 


led 


(lennvec 


I  of 


nee( 


l- 


ful  care  and  comforts,  and  abovi;  all  tlu;  ghastly  s|)ec- 
tacle  of  a  daily  sacrilic(M>f  late  comrades,  atifiidcd  by 
Avild  and  imposing  celebi-ations — with  all  this  gloom 
and  distress  it  r(>(juired  stout  hearts  indeed  to  remain 
Kteadfast.  Yet  they  wcire  firm;  thev  believed  in  tli(j 
strength  and  justict;  of  theii'  cause,  and  in  their  ulli- 
inate  trium[)h,  though  momentarily  ilismayed,  prayer 

*''V  olios  lo  Hirnioniii  muy  bui  vn  A  ccrco.'  Gomnrn,  /lis/.  Mit.,  'J(l7. 
Ixtlilxocliitl  I'laiinit  of  coiirHo  that  lii.s  Ti^/cuciiiis  foriiii'd  tho  tliii'f  imxiliiii  irn 
of  Sandoval,  noma!  l)ia/  Mioii;^ly  ^^'\\i^n  Tapiii  this  »'X|K'(litioii,  which  Cortis 
intinuiti's  to  havo  liooii  sent  ubuut  tiireu  ihiyx  uftcr  thu  roturu  of  the  (Juuiiii- 
uuliuuu  ^NU'ty.  C'urkin,  21(7. 


666 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  3IEGE. 


afforded  them  relief.     It  dissipated  fear  and  infused 
fresli  courage. 

Thus  passed  the  day,  amidst  fear  and  hope,  and  the 
Spaniards  still  existed.  The  Mexicans  do  not  appear 
to  have  made  any  special  effort  to  support  the  oraclo 
by  a  determined  attack.  Nor  had  they  been  able  to 
open  any  effective  communication  with  the  mainland; 
for  although  the  lake  towns  had  withdrawn  their 
canoe  fleet,  they  offered  no  aid  to  the  besieged,  while 
the  brigantines  maintained  too  strict  a  guard  to  per- 
mit many  boats  to  gain  the  capital  with  supplies. 

The  ninth  day  came,  and  now  it  was  the  turn  of  the 
Spaniards  to  exult,  for  not  only  did  they  feel  inspired 
with  the  belief  that  providence  was  protecting  then  - 
and  nobly  the  friars  helped  Cortds  to  impart  that 
stirring  idea — but  they  were  cheered  with  revived 
animation  among  the  allies  and  the  early  return  of 
most  of  the  deserters.  From  Tezcuco,  indeed,  came 
additional  troops  under  the  command  of  some  Span- 
iards there  stationed."  Cortds  greeted  the  returning 
cor})s  with  rather  cold  forgiveness.  He  showed  them 
that  besides  carrying  on  the  siege  without  tlieir  aid 
he  had  undertaken  victorious  campaigns,  and  needed 
not  tlieir  assistance.  Nevertheless,  since  they  had 
served  so  zealously  before,  he  would  not  only  over- 
look the  grave  crime  of  desertion,  due  partly  to  igno- 
rance of  Spanish  laws,  but  let  them  again  share  in 
the  final  reduction  of  the  city,  and  thus  gain  both 
revenge  and  riches.  Cortes  could  adopt  no  other 
course,  for  the  siege  could  not  be  carried  on  without 
tlie  allies. 

Under  Spanish  training  the  latter  had  besides  grown 
very  efficient,  as  the  following  instance  will  illustrate: 
No  sooner  had  the  eight  portentous  days  passed  by 
than  Chichi mecatl,  the  leading  Tlascaltec  captain 
.'irving  under  Alvarado,  disgusted  with  the  idle  fears 
which  had  unmanned  his  people,  and  eager  to  retrieve 

^M'arfau  and  Villarcal  came,  saya  Rernal  Diaz,  and  Teeapaneca,  cacique 
of  Tupeyuuco,  led  tliu  returning  TiuHcultccs.  JJiat.  Verdad.,  151. 


ADVENTURE  OF  CHICHIMECATL. 


607 


them  in  the  eyes  of  the  Spaniards,  resolved  to  show 
both  them  and  the  Aztecs  what  lie  could  do.  With 
the  aid  of  the  soldiers  the  first  fortified  channel  was 
ca[)tured,  and  the  chief  advanced  into  the  city  with 
his  own  people  only,  the  flower  of  his  warriors,  after 
leaving  several  hundred  archers  near  the  passa<^e  to 
keep  the  route  clear  for  retreat.  With  unwaveriiii^ 
columns  he  advanced  along  the  main  street  and  cap- 
tured the  next  canal  passage  after  a  fierce  struggle. 
Then  he  passed  onward  to  the  next,  maintaining  a 
sharp  contest  all  the  day.  Finally  came  the  hour  for 
returning,  and  the  Aztecs  bore  down  with  doubled 
fury  on  his  flank  and  rear.  The  retreat  was  per- 
formed in  good  order,  partly  owing  to  the  foresight 
of  leaving  a  rear  body;  and  Chichimecatl  came  back 
a  lauded  hero.** 

IVTessengers  had  been  sent  to  the  allies  far  and 
wide  to  encourage  them  with  the  news  of  the  non-ful- 
filment of  the  oracle.  Ojeda  and  Marquez  went  in 
person  to  Tlascala,  j)artly  also  with  the  object  of  pro- 
curing certain  supplies.  They  left  Alvarado's  cam}) 
at  midnight  with  only  a  few  natives,  and  when  about 
half-way  to  Tepeyacac  they  perceived  a  train  of  men 
descending  from  the  hills  with  heavy  burdens,  which 
they  deposited  in  a  number  of  canoes.  Information 
was  at  once  sent  to  Alvarado,  who  placed  a  guard 
along  tlie  shore  to  check  this  smuggling  that  had 
evidently  escaped  tlie  cruisers."  Ojeda's  party  pro- 
ceeded to  Tlascala  and  brought  a  large  train  of  j)rovis- 
ions,*"  In  addition  to  this  the  camps  were  cheered 
by  the  arrival  of  a  ]>arty  of  recruits  with  quite  a  mass 
of  war  material,  chiefly  powder  and  cross-bows,  relics 


"CorWs  leaves  the  impression  tlmt  tliis  incitU-nt  took  platio  during  tlio 
days  wlicu  the  Simniards  were  nmliing  desultory  entries  into  tii«^  <:ity;  Imt 
since  lie  does  not  speak  of  tiio  oracle  or  the  defection  tlie  ad'air  is  iindeeided. 
Tor<iuemada,  i.  657,  intimates  that  Chichimcuatl  served  under  Sandoval,  l»ut 
this  is  wronji;. 

*'  Ojeda  magnifies  the  train  of  men  to  40(X)  and  thn  canoes  to  3000.  /firnrn, 
dec,  iii.  lii).  i.  cap.  xxii. 

*^  l'"ifteen  huiulred  loads  mnize,  1000  loads  fowl,  UOO  sides  venison,  Ix'sidcs 
other  ell'ects,  including  Xicoteucatl's  cuuliscuted  property  and  wumuu.  JU, 


668 


CONTINUATION  OF  THE  SIEGE. 


of  Poncc  do  Leon's  Florida  expedition."  The  war 
stores  were  particularly  valuable;  so  low  had  run  the 
actual  stock  that  Cortus  was  preparing  more  Chi- 
nantec  pikes  to  cover  the  deficiency  in  weapons. 

Everythinj^  was  again  ready  for  a  serious  revival  of 
hostilities.  Over  six  weeks  had  passed  since  the  siege 
began,  and  the  end  seemed  little  nearer  than  before. 
On  the  day  of  the  defeat  throe  fourths  of  the  city 
might  be  said  to  have  been  reduced;  but  nearly  all 
this  advantage  had  been  lost,  owing  chiefly  to  the 
narrow  streets,  encompassed  by  houses  which  served 
both  for  attack  and  retreat,  and  the  numerous  traps  in 
the  form  of  canals  and  channels.  So  long  as  these 
obstacles  remained  the  progress  must  not  only  be 
slow,  ever  slower  as  advance  was  made,  but  the  troops 
would  be  constantly  exposed  to  fresh  disaster.  One 
more  defeat  might  ruin  all,  and  Cortes  resolved  to 
avoid  risks.  He  would  tear  down  every  building  as 
he  advanced  on  both  sides  of  the  streets,  and  fill  up 
every  channel;  "not  take  one  step  in  advance  without 
leaving  all  desolated  behind,  and  convert  water  into 
firm  land,  regardless  of  the  dela3^"  So  writes  the 
general,  and  yet  he  expresses  regret  for  this  destruc- 
tion of  the  city,  "the  most  beautiful  in  the  world."" 
In  pursuance  of  this  plan  he  asked  the  allied  chiefs  to 
summon  additional  forces  of  laborers  with  the  neces- 
sary implements.  They  eagerly  consented,  and  within 
a  few  days  the  men  stood  prepared. 

*'  Herrera  intimatca  that  tho  material  may  have  been  a  consignment  to 
Loon,  for  which  the  disappointed  owner  sought  a  market.  A  vessel  of  Aillon's 
fleet,  saya  Bemnl  Diaz,  JJist.  Verdad.,  153. 

*'Some  time  before  ho  had  expressed  the  same  intention,  and  the  fear  that 
little  or  no  treasure  would  bo  recovered.  Cartas,  22'2,  'i^l.  Ixtlilxochitl 
claims  that  his  namesake  provided  100,000  men  for  the  tiisk,  Ilor.  Cruildadv*, 
42,  and  ISernal  iJia.:  states  that  this  prince  proposed  purely  a  sti'ict  blockade 
as  a  safe  and  sure  plan.  U'tst.  Verdad.,  160.  The  result  proves  that  tliis 
Would  have  been  the  best  and  as  speedy  as  tho  one  adopted,  wliile  the  city 
would  have  been  saved  from  destruction.  That  the  plan  was  evci  seriously 
suggested  among  this  impatient  crew  is  afiBrmed  by  no  other  authority. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

THE     CONQUEST    ACHIEVED. 
July-August,  1521. 

The  Destroi'ers  Advance — Fierce  Fiohtino  in  the   Plaza— Dismal 

SiTrATION  OP  THE  MEXICANS  —  ThE  WoUK  OF  DEMOLITION  —  MOVE- 
MENTS OF  Alvarado — The  Emperor  REPrsES  to  1'arley  —  Misery 
OF  THE  Aztecs  Unbearable — Horrible  Massacre  of  Women  and 
Children — The  Tender-hearted  Cortes  Mourns  over  his  own 
Work— Capture  of  the  Emteror— The  Conquest  Completed — ]>an- 

QUETS    AND     ThANKSOIVINOS  — DISPERSION     OF     THE    ALLIES    TO    THEIR 

Homes — Reflections. 

With  a  force  of  over  one  hundrccl  and  fifty  thou- 
sand men  the  Spaniards  now  advanned  on  tlio  city,  a 
large  proportion  destined  wliolly  to  raze  buildings,  iill 
channels,  and  remove  obstacles,  while  the  rest  were  to 
drive  back  the  enemy  and  kceji  tliem  at  bay.  At  the 
channel  near  the  plaza  the  JSIexicans  detained  the 
forces  for  an  hour  with  a  peace  proposal,  in  order  to 
gain  time  for  some  operation,  and  then  suddenly  tlu^y 
began  to  ply  their  missiles.  Cortes  was  not  slow  to 
accept  the  challenge,  and  led  the  attack  with  a  reck- 
lessness that  caused  his  followers  to  remonstrate  with 
him  for  exposing  .so  valuable  a  life.  It  had  the  efl'ect, 
however,  of  so  encouraging  the  charging  party  that 
the  channel  with  its  intrenchments  was  quickly  caji- 
turcd.  On  reaching  the  plaza  they  I'ound  it  covered 
with  loose  stones,  which  prevented  the  horses  from 
running.  Several  streets  leading  to  it  were  blocked 
with  stone  barricades.  The  main  effort  for  this  day 
was  directed  toward  opening  the  approach  to  the 
plaza,  which  was  to  serve  as  the  starting-j)oint  for 

(COO) 


m 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


subsequent  movements.  The  work  was  slow,  owing 
to  the  massive  character  of  the  buildings  along  the 
leading  avenue,  and  in  this  imperial  centre  of  the  city ; 
but  myriads  swarmed  thereat,  and  structure  after 
structure  was  levelled,  opening  wide  access  to  the 
southern  causeway. 

The  Mexicans  made  repeated  efforts  to  stay  such 
ruthless  destruction.  But  their  onslaught  was  futile, 
for  thundering  cannon  and  fiery  chargers  protected 
every  point.  "  Burn  and  raze,  you  shaves,"  they 
shouted  to  the  auxiliaries  in  their  impotent  fury;  "you 
will  have  to  rebuild  it  all,  either  for  us  if  we  win,  or 
for  your  present  masters  if  they  conquer  I"  And  so  it 
happened.  With  dreary  tasks  did  they  pay  for  the 
momentary  triumph  over  their  enemy.  During  the 
withdrawal  of  the  troops  to  camp  in  the  evening  the 
Mexicans  were  able  to  make  a  forcible  demonstration, 
more  so  than  usual  on  these  occasions,  if  we  may  credit 
the  native  records.  They  pushed  in  front  of  their 
lines  a  fine-looking  Spanish  cross-bowman,  reserved 
from  the  late  captives,  and  sought  to  make  him  direct 
his  arrows  against  his  countrymen.  This  he  refused 
to  do,  always  shooting  too  high,  and  finally  the  enraged 
Aztecs  cut  him  down.  His  presence  naturally  inter- 
fered with  the  free  operations  of  the  soldiers,  as  the 
enemy  had  expected. 

On  the  following  days  Cortds  ascended  the  com- 
manding temple  pyramid  in  the  plaza,  and  thence 
directed  more  effectively  the  operations  for  razing 
buildings  and  driving  back  the  Mexicans,  who  fought 
with  desperation  for  every  foot  of  ground,  so  much  so 
that  on  one  day  alone  fell  twenty  thousand  it  is  said. 
On  one  occasion  a  corps  of  Tlascaltecs  crossed  a 
canal  and  were  thrown  into  disorder  by  the  enemy. 
The  Aztecs  began  to  exult,  and  one  of  their  num- 
ber, a  muscular  warrior  with  enormous  bejewelled 
plumage,  armed  with  a  Spanish  sword  and  shield, 
shouted  a  challenge  to  any  Spaniard.  Several  were 
ready,  among  them  Hernando  de  Osma,  who  had  just 


SINGLE  COMBATS. 


671 


swum  across  the  canal  to  sustain  the  wavering  alHes. 
Dripping  wet  ho  rushed  upon  the  warrior,  but  received 
a  blow  which  cleft  his  shield.  Ilccovering  himself,  ho 
dealt  the  Mexican  a  thrust  from  below  and  stretched 
him  dead,  whereupon  he  snatched  the  sword  and 
plumage  and  sprang  back  in  time  to  escape  the  pursuing 
friends  of  the  fallen  man.  He  afterward  offered  the 
trophy  to  Cort(5s,  who  accepted,  but  returned  it  at 
once  with  the  remark  that  none  was  so  worthy  there- 
of as  he  who  had  won  it.  Tiie  deed  served  also  to 
reanimate  the  Tlascaltecs,  and  they  sustained  their 
position. 

Not  long  after,  another  powerful  warrior,  similarly 
plumed,  came  forth  brandishing  a  Spanish  sword  and 
announcing  that  he  sought  the  glory  of  either  dying 
by  the  hand  of  a  brave  Spaniard  or  defeating  him. 
Cortds,  who  was  present,  told  him  that  ten  more  men 
like  himself  were  needed  to  match  one  soldier.  The 
warrior  insisted.  "Very  well,"  said  the  general,  "this 
beardless  page  of  mine  shall  despatch  you,  and  de- 
monstrate the  mettle  of  our  Castilian  boys."  Juan 
Nunez  de  Mercado,  as  the  youth  was  called,  thereupon 
stepped  forward,  and  bravely  as  this  Goliah  fought, 
a  few  passes  from  the  skilled  arm  of  the  youngster 
soon  sufficed  to  lay  him  low.  This  feat  served  not 
alone  to  discourage  duels  with  Spaniards,  but  was  re- 
garded by  many  Mexicans  as  a  bad  omen.* 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  reverses  of  the  enemy, 
they  usually  rallied  in  the  evening  to  pursue  the 
troops  as  they  returned  to  camp,  the  allies  being  al- 
ways sent  back  first  so  as  to  leave  the  road  dear  for 
the  soldiers,  covered  by  the  cavalry.  One  day  the 
pursuit  was  not  made  for  some  reason,  and  a  few 
horsemen  ventured  to  look  into  it,  but  only  to  be 
driven  back  with  two  animals  badly  wounded.  Cortes 
resolved  to  be  avenged.  He  ordered  Sandoval  to  re- 
enforce  him  so  as  to  increase  the  number  of  horse  to 


'  Hcrrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  ii.,  lib.  i.  cap.  xx.,  placea  thia  incideut  oa 
the  third  day  of  entry  into  the  city. 


072 


THE  CONQUEST  ACIIIEVED. 


forty.  Thirty  of  tlioso  wore  posted  early  in  tlic  clay 
in  a  hi(liii^-i)lace  near  the  ]»laza,  and  dose  hy  a  liiiii- 
driid  select  soldii'rs  and  a  corps  of  Tlascalti>cs.  When 
the  hour  came  to  return  to  canjp,  the  AFexIcans,  as 
expi'cted,  fell  ui)on  the  retreatinj;  lines  in  stron<^er 
force  than  ever,  encouraged  hy  the  achievement  of 
the  previous  evening  and  hy  the  pretended  timidity 
of  the  ten  horsemen  who  covered  the  rear.  Wiien 
thi^  first  columns  of  ])ursuers  had  well  iJassed  tlio 
hi(nng-|)lace,  the  signal  was  given,  and  with  ringing 
Santiagos  the  parties  in  and)ush  rushed  upon  the 
startled  warriors.  Finding  their  retreat  cut  off,  the 
severed  section  lost  presence  of  mind,  and  luirmitted 
themselves  to  he  hutcjiered  like  cattle.  When  the 
iiiassacie  was  over,  fully  five  hun<lred  of  the  flower  of 
the  Aztec  armies  covered  the  <xround.'^  Never  a<jrain 
wore  the  Spaniards  exposed  to  pursuit  near  or  heyond 
the  plaza,  or  indeed  to  any  such  fierce  charges,  and 
the  horses  hecame  again  an  object  of  awe." 

Tile  ca])tives  were  questioned  regarthng  tlu^  condi- 
tion of  the  city,  and  from  them  a  revelation  was 
obtained  showing  tliat  the  majority  of  the  occupants 
were  in  favor  of  capitulation,  but  afraid  to  express 
tluir  views  in  face  of  the  firmness  of  Quauhtemotzin 
and  his  party,  who  were  resolved  to  defend  their  city 
to  the  end.  And  there  was  still  enthusiasm  among 
the  Mexican  people.  Women  and  cripj)les  could  be 
seen  preparing  and  bringing  war  niutcrial  for  stronger 
arms  to  use;  they  swept  dust  from  the  roofs  into  the 
faces  of  assailants,  while  childi\M»  threw  tiny  stomas 
and  lispixl  an  echo  of  the  curse  tiiat  fell  from  the  lips 

'  'Toiloa  log  tnas  principales  y  eaforzados  y  valicntcs.'  Cortfa,  Cdrfan,  244. 
And  itHK) captives.  IrUiU-oc/iill,  llor,  Cruehkule-i,  43.  'Tuiiicroii  bion  q  ccnar 
n(|uclla  nocho  los  Iiidios  iiucstroa  amigoa,'  observes  Goniara,  unctuously.  Hixt. 
Mi'.i;,  'JOK.  ]5ernal  Diaz,  who  claims  to  liavo  been  among  the  100  select,  in- 
tiiiiiitcs  that  Alvarado  also  fofmcd  an  ambuscade  that  day,  tiiough  less 
elicotive.  Jli-t.  Vrrdwl.,  l')3-4.  In  rushing  from  the  l-iding-placc,  says 
Corti'a,  two  horses  collided,  one  of  them  throwing  its  rider  and  charging 
nlune  amid  the  foe.  After  receiving  several  wounds  it  sought  refuge  among 
the  soldiers  and  was  conducted  to  camp,  where  it  died. 

'  '  Fui'  Viien  jirincipal  causa  para  que  la  eiudad  mas  presto  ae  ganase,' 
Cortis,  Cartas,  24"),  but  this  must  be  regar'- d  as  an  exaggerated  estimato. 


IIOIIUOIJS  OK  rAMIN'H. 


fi79 


of  tlicli*  I  tan '11  Is.  llut  Jill  iliis  iiiaiiifcst,  spiril,  wnn 
>!<>\vly  Imt  sur«Iy  siil)si(Iiii<j^,  jiiid  dccj)  a;i(l  dismal 
Woe  was  set!  liii!^' down  upon  (licni.'  Alas  foe  Mtxico, 
]»rid('  (»r  llic  i;iand  jtlatcaii!  Alas  lor  tliino  ancient 
f;ran(k'url  lUottcul  out,  loiwci-  immsI  Ik-  thy  cuitiiic, 
cnislicd  tliv  Ixiddin"'  |)i<)j''n'ss!  'I'lir  days  (»r  <liv  ••lorv 
jii'o  ended;  and  s»»  are  thy  Moody  ceroinoiiies  and  sae- 
rilieial  stonesl 

Tionij  sien'cH  liad  never  suited  tlie  uaiive  ideas  of 
varl'are,  and  experience;  coidd  t,herel'oi-e  teach  little 
in  the  preparation  j'oi-  the  <'vent.  \'ast  supplies  had 
l»een  accuniuhited  hy  the  Mexicans,  hut.  ii  larij^t;  inllux 
of  fun'itiveH  from  the  lake  towns  had  swelled  the  num- 
ber of  non-cond)atants  and  had  helped  to  diminish  tho 
food  supply,  which  had  receix'ed  hut  scanty  additions, 
owiuLj  to  the  close;  watch  of  the  ci-uisers.  No|-  h;ul 
any  i-estiictions  heen  |)lace(l  on  consumption,  since"  tho 
]»rovisions  were;  chietly  in  pi'ivat(!  hands.  Now  liuuino 
was  lau'lu'^-  with  rapidly  increasini^  horr'ors,  and  JciwijIm 
^vert!  oifered  hy  the  handful  for  an  etpial  (plant ity  of 
food.''  ivxcluded  from  such  competition,  the  pooler 
classes  sought  in  h(»les  and  canals  foi'  snails,  lizards, 
an<l  i-ats,  skinuned  tlu;  surlace  of  the  water  for  its 
mucilaginous  scum,  or  tore  up  the  earth  for  roots  and 
we-eds,  t^dad  even  to  chc^w  the  bark  of  trejes,  and  anx- 
iously waitinu:  for  the  scanty  allowance  of  biackish 
Avater.  JJisease;  \vas  marcbiu!.,^  hand-in-haml  with  huii- 
fi^er,  and  weakened  by  tlieii*  sull'eiinL;s  hundreds  wer>! 
left  to  linj4'er  in  torment  till  weleomt;  death  relieyed 
them,  "^i'lie  fre<pien<;y  of  these  ine.-idenis  made;  the 
people;  e;allous,  and  the  suiferinj^s  even  of  near  irie;n(i4 

*ll<rr<rii,  (li.'o.  iii.  liU.  ii.  c;ip.  ii.  T<)i'(|ii('iiiii<la,  i.  .^(JO,  TM,  w.ivii.h,  inli- 
liiiitiii;,'  ill  (,!!<'  jiliico  that  !i!l  were  dotcrmiiuil  tn  *\\t'.  Wluii  tlii^  ])co|)lc  iit  la.st 
iiicliiicii  to  pcaci!,  says  Oimiara,  (^uaiilitcniot/iii  opjio.stid  it  on  tlii^  L,'riiimii  lliat 
tlicy  liail  (iiice  tlcciiled  for  war,  '(•oiitra  hu  voliiutad  y  coiiscjo, '  llisl.  Mr.r., 
'2i:{.  .Most  (if  tlio  I'livelatioii  was  iiiaili-  liy  a  woman  of  rank,  it  ajipcars.  (,'ar- 
ricd  away  liy  lii.-.  lovi;  for  iicro-jiaintin^',  I'lv-scutt  has  oitliir  nii.s.sud  or  i^'norcd 
the  facts  which  now  reveal  his  false  coloring. 

*'^'  asi  cscondiilas  huvualgiinos  IVincipalos  do  las  IVovinciaH  ecrcanas  <pio 
aciidiei-on  con  alj^'un  niaiz  para  sola  llcvar  joyiis.'     'J'hat  is,  where  the  cruisers 
allowed  such  .smuggling.  JJitran,  IJiat.  JiiU.,  MS.,  ii.  4U7. 
H18T.  Mex.  Vul.  I.    la 


074 


TUE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


were  looked  on  with  indifference  by  the  gaunt  and 
hollow-eyed,  who  were  themselves  marked  for  death. 

Regardless  of  the  consequences,  mo.ny  crept  at 
night  close  to  the  Spanish  camps  in  search  of  roots 
and  refuse  which  could  no  longer  be  found  within 
tlioir  precincts.  Advised  of  such  movements,  a  body 
of  soldiers  and  allies  was  sent  out  before  sunrise  one 
day  and  fell  on  a  large  number,  slaughtering  many  of 
them  before  discovering  them  to  be  starving  women 
and  children."  It  was  necessary  to  take  increased 
measures  even  against  these  surreptitious  attempts  to 
sustain  the  defence,  and  to  keep  in  the  useless  popula- 
tion, though  there  was  little  prospect  of  any  important 
exodus,  since  the  fear  of  the  savage  and  cannibal 
auxiliaries  who  surrounded  the  city  made  its  very 
pest-holes  appear  attractive  places  of  refuge.  The 
vessels  were  particularly  efficient  for  this  purpose,  the 
more  so  since  the  crews  had  found  a  ready  means  to 
render  the  submerged  stakes  and  palisades  of  little 
hindrance.^  They  were  thus  enabled  to  ravage  the 
suburbs,  and  to  cooperate  with  the  other  forces  by 
landing  and  driving  the  inhabitants  toward  the 
narrow  quarter  in  which  they  were  now  confined. 
They  had  not  always  an  easy  task,  however,  for 
the  Mexicans  were  growing  more  reckless,  and 
would  sometimes  venture  to  meet  even  the  '  winged 
houses. 

On  one  occasion  a  portion  of  the  fleet  was  closely 
beset  in  a  confined  place,  and  the  flag-ship  happening 
to  strand  on  some  timbers  the  crew  became  panic- 
stricken  and  sought  to  abandon  her.  Martin  Lopez, 
the  builder,  who  was  the  chief  pilot,  at  once  turned 
against  the  deserters,  and  being  a  large  and  powerful 
man  he  pitched  two  into  the  water,  beat  and  bruised 
half  a  dozen  others,  and  soon  compelled  their  return 
to  duty.     He  thereupon  led  them  against  the  enemy 

"About  1000  were  killed,  says  Ixtlilxochitl,  Ilor,  Crmldndes,  44 ;  but  Cortds 
puts  the  killed  and  captured  at  more  than  800.  Cartas.  245. 

'  '  Usauan  nuestrus  vcrgantincs  romper  las  estacjidos . . .  remauan  con  gran 
iutii\u,y. ,  ,11  tudas  velaa.'  JJeniul  Diaz,  IJist.  Verdoil.,  luO. 


THE  IMPALED  HEADS 


075 


and  drove  tlicm  off,  killing  the  leader,  who  was  a 
prominent  officer.  For  this  important  service  the 
brave  Lopez  was  rewarded  with  a  captaincy.* 

Cortes  made  quite  rapid  advance  in  the  work  of 
demolition,  considering  the  immensity  of  it.  The 
Tlacopan  road  had  been  levelled,  rendering  communi- 
cation easy  with  the  camp  of  Alvarado,  and  on  the  eve 
of  Santiago's  day**  the  greater  part  of  the  main  street 
to  the  market  was  gained.  This  thoroughfare  bore 
afterward  the  name  of  Guatemotzin,^"  because  this  em- 
peror's palace  was  here  situated.  Strongly  fortified, 
its  capture  was  not  effected  without  a  severe  struggle, 
wherein  many  a  brave  fellow  met  his  fate.  During 
the  fiijht  Alderete's  horse  became  unmanageable  from 
i\.  thrust,  and  rushed  amid  the  enemy  in  mad  fury, 
creating  more  disorder  by  his  pawing  and  biting  than 
a  squad  of  soldiers  could  have  done." 

Equally  severe  was  the  struggle  on  the  following 
days  in  entering  and  filling  a  street  with  a  wide 
canal,  adjoining  the  main  road.  At  the  same  time 
was  taken  a  tcmple,^^  wherein  a  number  of  impaled 
bearded  heads  stared  the  horrified  Spaniards  in  the 
face.    Tears  filled  the  eyes  of  the  beholders,  and  rev- 

^ '  Do  la  Capitana,  que  b\  havia  salvado, '  saya  Hcrrcra,  while  assorting  that 
the  captain  Villafucito  iihandoneil  her;  hut  this  hardly  agrees  with  his  own 
later  statonicuts  that  Villafunr  ?  rcmaiiuO.  in  chargo  of  the  Heet.  dec.  iii. 
lil).  i.  cap.  xxi. ;  lib.  ii.  cap.  viii.  The  slain  leader  is  called  the  lieutenant- 
general  of  Quauhteinotzin,  mid  hij  d(?atli  'fue  causa,  quo  niaa  presto  so  ganase 
lalHudad,'  Toi'jiiemudtt,  i.  •■"H,  all  of  which  is  doubtful.  A  similar  reward 
to  that  of  Liopez  was  accorded  on  another  occasion  to  a  soldier  named  Andrus 
Nuficz,  who  after  tlie  cnptain  had  abandoned  his  vessel  led  her  to  the  rescue 
of  two  consorts.  Wiien  the  coininander  ciiino  to  resume  liis  post  Nunez  re- 
fused to  admit  him,  saying  tliat  lie  had  forfeited  it.  On  being  appealed  to, 
CortOs  sustained  the  brave  fellow  and  gave  him  the  command,  in  whicli 
capacity  he  rendereil  iuiportant  service.  Ihrn'ra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  i. 

"July  '2i")th,  according  to  Clavigcro,  while  Torqueniada  less  correctly  niake.i 
it  August  oth. 

""  '  •  Spanish  corruption  of  Quauhteniotzin.  'La  callo  (f  ba  al  tiangui.j 
do  'i ',.  .jiulco  qo  se  llama  de  (ruatiiuosa.'  Lihni  de  ('nhililo,  MS.,  SH. 

"Herrera  names  Magallanes  as  o.io  of  those  wlio  succumbed  under  tlie 
onslaugiit  of  a  chief,  but  his  death  was  avenged  l)y  Diego  C^^ttllaiios.  a  noted 
marksman,  dec.  iii.  lib.  i.  cap.  x.x.  On  this  occiwi(ui  Ixtliixo.  lii^l  inliinatcs 
that  Ids  namesake  captured  his  brother,  the  usurper  k.'ig  of  T"zcuco,  ;.nd  sur- 
renilering  him  toCortos,  he  wasat  once  secured  with  shac'ul's.  //«>/•.  f^rnc'Jadit, 
42-3.  '  De  manera  (|ue  de  euatro  partes  de  la  ciudad,  las  ti'.K  cataban  ya  por 
no.sotro8.'  Cortts,  (Jartns,  24(3. 

'^At  the  corner  of  the  street  leading  to  Saudoval's  quart,  i-.  /(/.,  247. 


670 


THE  COXQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


crcntly  the  ghastly  remains  were  taken  clown  to  re- 
ceive Christian  rites." 

The  progress  of  Cortds'  party  in  the  direction  of 
Tlatelulco  market,  the  ol)jectivc  point  of  all  the 
niovements,  had  impelled  Alvarado  to  almost  sui)cr- 
liuman  efforts  to  gain  before  them  a  spot  lying  inueh 
nearer  to  his  camp.  Once  within,  he  hoped  to  keep 
his  ground,  for  it  was  large  and  level,  twice  the  size 
of  the  market-place  in  Salamanca,  says  Cortes,  and 
capaole  of  accommodating  sixty  thousand  persons.  It 
was  lined  with  porticos,  wherein  more  substantial 
traders  had  their  shops,  while  the  open  square  was 
«,'overed  with  booths,  between  which  the  Spaniards 
Jiad  so  often  wandered  to  gaze  on  products  of  every 
variety,  from  field  and  forest,  from  river  and  mountain, 
as  well  as  from  the  workshop  of  artisan  and  artist." 
Thus  it  was  formerly;  but  nov/  were  to  be  displayed 
only  the  worst  phases  of  human  scllishness,  cunning, 
and  brutality;  blood  and  corpses  in  lieu  of  fabrics  and 
provisions;  lierce  war-cries  and  the  clash  of  arms  in 
jilace  of  merry  traffickings  and  tlie  clink  of  coin. 
By  the  day  following  Santiago's  day  Alvarado  had 
levelled  a  wide  approach,  and  now  he  resolved  to  direct 
his  whole  strength  against  this  plaza,  leaving  merely 
a  portion  of  his  auxiliaries  to  attend  to  further  razing 
operations.  Before  dawn  the  next  morning  ho  ad- 
vanced with  all  his  force  and  took  the  Aztecs  by 
sur[)risc.  He  effected  an  entrance  with  little  trouble, 
and  was  able  to  meet  in  good  order  the  bands  which 
came  to  retrieve  their  neglect  by  fierce  charges.  They 
were  led  by  the  renowned  orders  of  Tigers  and  Eagles, 
conspicuous  in  their  corresponding  gear,  and  eager  t') 
maintain  the  reputation  which  hail  gained  for  them 
their  insignia.  ^layehuatzin,  lord  of  Cuitlalu^ac,  was 
also  among  the  prominent  leaders,  but  the  cavalry 
soon  obliged  him  to  turn  in  flight,  and  enabled  the 


"I  knew  three  of  tlicin,  writes  Bcmal  Diaz.     'Las  entcrramos  en  vna 
Iglosia,  quo  ao  (lizc  iiora  lo8  ALirtires.'  Hist.  I'crdad.,  l't'3. 
^*  Foi-  a  full  deacri[)tiou  see  Autice  Jiaccs,  ii.  3t)2  ct  acq. 


UPON  A  TEMPLE  SUMMIT. 


677 


infantry  to  capture  a  nunibor  of  the  shops  w1»i<!i 
lined  the  market,  and  l)i;gin  to  pillat^e.  Much  nioro 
determined  [)roved  the  division  under  tlie  Tiger  cap- 
tain, Coyohuehuetzin,  who  fell  back  and  maintained 
hiinsi!lf  on  the  Momuztli  edifice. 

While  the  main  portion  of  tlio  Spanish  forces  thus 
foujjfht  at  different  points  in  the  plaza  with  varvinuf  ad- 
vantaL,'e,  Captain  (jrutierre  de  Badajoz  was  ordered  to 
ca[)ture  the  great  temple  which  overl(X)ked  the  market. 
It  was  held  by  Temilotzin  and  Tlacatecatl,  who  fiercely 
disputed  his  advance.  Time  and  again  were  his  men 
driven  back,  or  sent  tumbling  down  the  stei)s,  bruised 
and  bleeding,  many  a  one  never  to  rise.  But  Badajoz 
})ersevered,  and  step  by  step  he  climbed  upward, 
sustained  by  reiinforcements,  till  after  two  hours  of 
hard  contest  the  summit  was  gained,  first  by  Alferez 
Montano.  Woe  now  to  the  defenders  remaining!  Not 
a  Spaniard  there  Init  had  WH>unds  to  show,  and  not 
one  who  did  not  strive  to  exact  blood  fur  blood.  ]  t 
was  a  repetition  of  the  aerial  combat  of  t]].o  year  befoi-o 
on  the  summit  of  the  central  temj)le.  Tluj  !\[i'xicans 
neither  expected  mercy  nor  aske<l  it;  rather  longed 
they  to  dedicate  their  last  breath  to  the  gods,  and 
g.un  i.)j  glorious  death  admission  into  the  alxxle  «»f 
the  1  lessed.  By  nine  o'(.'k)ck  in  the  forenoon  the 
tv/o  V  uoden  towers  holding  the  altars  and  idols  weie 
g;.ined,  and  th')  next  moment  dense  smoke  columns 
rojc  '<•  uinounce  the  victory  of  the  Spaniards.'"  J^ouil 
rose  the  Avail  of  the  natives  as  they  witnessed  the 
l)ortentous  result,  and  with  the  ivcklessness  of  des])air 
they  renewed  their  onslaught,  led  by  Axtxpieniziu 
and  the  Eagle  captain,  Quachic.     So  severely  pressed 

'*C()rt('.s  saw  tlio  siiKiko  from  liis  oanip,  from  vliich  lu;  was  ]in'].arim,'  to 
sttU'w  ( '(./Vrf.v,  '241.  llcrrera  leaves  the  iinpiessiun  that  Altne/.  MoiitanD 
'•(\ptniT(l  the  templn,  dee.  iii.  lib.  ii.  eap.  i.,  l)iit  he  was  prohalily  ""Iv  tlu'  lirst 
i  .  st('i)  oil  the  summit,  lienial  l)ia/,  wlio  fou^^ht  mider  Ahaiado,  states  dis- 
»i'  f'Lly  iu.-^t;  Hadajoz  K'd  tlie  party,  l>iit  he  is  ikj  donl)t  iiieorrect  in  adding,'  thut 
■■.'••  Iig!i!  on  the  top  continued  till  ingiit.  HIkI.  Vin/m/.,  \X{.  Tonpiemada,  i. 
f)U'),  lefers  to  the  temitle  as  the  Aeatliyacapan.  Duraii  makes  ('ortes  appeal 
to  the  ('lia)eans,  and  they  'tomando  lii  deliintoi'ii  del  J'ljereito,  y  eon  elloH 
Yxtlilxaehitl.  .  .j^anaron  el  Cue  gmndc'  Jlist.  Ind.,  MS.,  ii.  fllHJ.  Thiu  mutt 
be  a  Chalcau  vursiou. 


C78 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


was  Alvaratlo  that  he  was  obliged  to  call  down  Bada- 
joz  and  to  concentrate  his  forces,  abandoning  the 
several  temples  which  surrounded  the  large  pyramid. 
Encouraged  by  this  success  the  Mexicans  pushed 
tl»eir  advantage  from  all  sides,  and  unable  to  hold 
their  position  the  Spaniards  retired  with  considerable 
loss,  including  three  horses." 

Nothing  daunfod,  Alvarado  repeated  his  entry  on 
the  following  da  .md  met  with  comparatively  little 
opposition,  the  enc;  jing  evidently  discouraged  by 

the  fall  of  the  tempic  id  the  resolute  bearing  of  the 
S[)aniards.  He  now  passed  through  and  came  U})  to 
Cortes'  party,  by  whom  he  was  received  with  ringing 
and  repeated  cheers.  The  latter  had  just  captured 
the  last  canal  and  intrencliments  near  the  maiket- 
place,  after  a  sharp  struggle,  and  now  the  general  and 
his  doughty  lieutenant  entered  the  market  and 
ascended  the  lofty  pyramid,  on  which  the  royal 
banner  waved  a  proud  welcome,  while  beside  it  the 
still  impaled  heads  of  white  and  dusky  victims  re- 
called the  bitter  vengjance  yet  to  be  exacted.  Sur- 
veying the  city  beneath  him  on  all  sides,  Cortes  says: 
"It  seemed  undoubted  that  of  eight  parts  wc  had  gained 
seven."  The  late  magnificent  metropolis,  the  iinest 
and  largest  on  all  the  northern  continent,  displayed 
now  a  mass  of  ruins,  through  which  the  bi'oad  paths 
levelled  by  the  invaders  led  to  the  one  corner  which 
alone  remained  to  the  besieged,"  wherein,  amid  famine, 
pest,  and  putrefying  bodies,  they  huddled  in  pactked 
masses,  sending  forth  from  their  midst  the  groans  of 
dying  and  loud  lamentations,  in  an  atmosphere  so  pes- 
tiferous that  the  soldiers  who  entered  the  lately  aban- 
doned lanes  were  almost  stifled.     People  were  found 


^'^Oomnra,  Ifht.  Me.r.,  210.  CorWs  calls  thcin  wounded  merely.  Sahagun'.s 
iiativi!  vcrnion  of  tlio  plaza  fight  is  very  confusing,  and  mixed  with  tliat  of  the 
Btniggle  against  the  otlicr  divisions,  'y  toniaroii  los  hergantines  [two]  il  los 
osiiafiolos,  y  llovariinlos  A  nna  laguna  (pie  Ihunan  Amaiialco.'  Jlist.  Coiiq.  (cd. 
1840),  '2U2-3,     But  thia  niimt  bo  a  mistake. 

''  'Quo  se  llama  Atcnaiititi'di,  dondo  aiiora  csth,  edificada  la  Igleaia  de  la 
Conoi'pi'ion,  junto  do  la  Ailiarradii.'  'J'on/iieiiiiufn,  i.  r).").'{.  Tetenaniitl  ward, 
Bays  Sahaguu  in  one  edition.  Jiid,  Coik^.  led.  184J),  201). 


PEACH  PROPOSALS. 


679 


in  fliffcrcnt  stages  of  liungor  and  disease,  meeting  tlio 
soldiers  with  passive  indifference  in  the  recklessness 
of  despair.  Beyond  on  the  roofs  stalked  the  warriors, 
gaunt  and  yellow,  like  caged  and  starving  beasts. 

Cortes  felt  painfully  oppressed  on  beholding  so 
much  misery,  and  at  once  ordering  a  stay  of  hostili- 
ties he  sent  some  captive  chiefs  to  Quauhtemotzin  with 
peace  proposals,  showing  the  utter  futility  of  further 
resistance,  which  could  involve  only  a  needless  inflic- 
tion of  sufferinj.*  and  slautjhter,  and  embitter  .against  him 
and  his  the  besieging  forces.  He  was  prepared  to  forget 
all  })ast  animosit}^  and  respect  the  persons  and  prop- 
erty of  the  besieged,  and  his  rights  as  sovereign,  and 
demanded  in  return  only  the  renewal  of  allegiance 
already  offered  in  Montezuma's  time,  Quauhtemotzin 
scarcely  gave  the  messengers  time  to  speak,  before  he 
answered  solemnly:  "Tell  Malinche  that  I  and  mine 
elect  to  die.  We  will  intrust  oui'selves  neither  to  the 
men  who  commit,  nor  to  the  God  who  permits,  such 
atrocities  I" 

Struck  by  the  lofty  bearing  of  the  doomed,  and 
desirous  of  securing  the  treasure  winch  the  l»esiegc'd 
assured  him  would  all  l)e  cast  into  the  water  beftjre 
his  tinners  should  touch  it,  Cortes  again  sent  a 
proposal,  formally  attested  by  notary  and  witnesses, 
declaring  that  the  responsibility  for  the  terril)le  con- 
sequences which  nmst  follow  llie  rejection  of  his  olfcr 
would  I'all  wholly  on  the  besieg(Hl.  But  all  without 
avail.  And  when  the  priests  came  and  declared  the 
oracle,  "Appeased  l)y  sacrifice;  the  gods  have  prom- 
ised victory  after  three  days,"  Quauiitemotzin  made 
answer,  his  council  being  i)resent:  "It  is  well.  And 
since  it  is  so,  let  us  have  a  care  of  the  provisions,  and 
if  need  bo  die  fighting  like  men.  Let  no  one  hence- 
forth speak  of  peace  under  pain  of  death!" 

Preparations  were  accortlingly  matle  to  renew  hos- 
tilities at  the  designated  time,  on  which  occasion 
sacred  relics  were  to  be  brought  into  service  from  the 
paraphernalia  of  Huitzilopociitli,  one  a  twisted  snake 


680 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


scej)tro  r'ct  Vvith  mosaic,  called  the  Xiuhcoatl,  which 
was  said  to  become  alive  when  launched  aj^ainst  the 
foe  and  terrify  them  to  flight;  the  other  a  war-dress 
of  feathers  tipped  with  an  owl's  head  of  fearful  aspect, 
an  aegis  to  scatter  the  cnemy.^'* 

Cortes  on  his  side  was  not  impatient  to  brea-'  tho 
truce,  for  ho  knew  that  hunger  and  disease  were  cfli- 
ciently  fighting  his  battle,  and  he  was  besides  busy  con- 
structing in  the  market-place  a  catapult  which  was  to 
soon  end  his  labors  there  whatever  might  be  the  fur- 
ther decision  of  the  Mexicans.  The  idea  had  been 
suggested  by  a  soldier  named  Sotclo,  who  boasted  of 
military  science  acquired  during  the  Italian  wars; 
and  since  powder  was  becoming  scarce  the  necessary 
carpenters  weru  readily  furnished  to  construct  tho 
machine.  "Behold!"  cried  the  Tlascaltecs,  pointing 
it  out  to  the  Mexicans,  "behold  a  monster  mecbanism 
which  will  quickly  annihilate  you!"  But  on  trial  it 
proved  a  failure. 

Then  messengers  were  again  despatched  to  Quauh- 
t'Mnotzin  to  talk  of  peace,  and  were  told  that  they 
h..  )uld  have  an  answer  soon.  Next  day  the  Span- 
ish scjitinels  observed  a  groat  commotion  among  the 
]\Iexicans  and  a  gathering  of  armed  masses.  They 
gave  due  notice  of  this,  but  before  the  troops  were 
fully  prepared  the  enemy  came  rushing  from  their  i-e- 
treats  with  a  suddenness  that  threw  the  first  opposing 
lines  in  disorder,  a  number  being  wounded  and  several 
killed,  at  least  among  the  auxiliaries."  The  troops 
quickly  rallied,  however,  under  cover  of  the  artillery, 
and  Cortes  resolved  to  inflict  chastisement.    Alvarado 


'^This  or  a  third  relic  bore  tlic  name  of  MamallnmEili.  Saliagnn  also 
refers  to  a  divine  bow  and  arrow.  ll'iKt.  ('oin/.,  r»3-4.  IJiit  liia  editions  vary 
in  text:  see  that  of  1840,  'JlO-Ti.  Tiiu  Herjient  was  involved  oven  iifter  the 
(Hinijuest,  snys  the  pious  friar,  and  he  heard  Father  Temhleijuc  rehite  that  lie 
one  day  opened  his  window  <huing  a  storm  and  ha<l  his  lel't  eye  injured  by 
a  ray  of  lightning,  whieh  daniaged  the  house  and  adjoining  ehureli.  This 
ray,  the  Mexicans  assured  him,  was  tho  Xiuheontl,  conjured  np  by  the  sor^ 
cerers,  for  they  had  seen  it  issue  in  tho  form  of  a  big  snake  tin'ough  the  door. 
The  editor  IJustamanto  tells  an  ecpialiy  impressive  stiny  in  connection  with 
an  attempt  to  account  for  the  snake  and  li^htidng. 

'"Ouo  being  killed  and  two  horses  wounded.  liernal  Diaz,  loo.  cit. 


illSERY  AND  DESPAIR. 


GSl 


was  oixlored  to  attaclc  a  largo  ward  oontaiiiinjjf  over  a 
thousand  buildings,  while  the  remaining  i'orees  should 
turn  against  the  main  (]uarter.  Incitetl  by  the  presence 
of  the  mystic  owl  and  the  sacred  snake -bearer,  the 
jMcxicans  fought  with  an  indil^erencc  to  fate  that 
turneil  the  war  into  a  butchery.  Wluni  the  survivors 
were  driven  back  it  was  ascertained  that  over  twelve 
thousand  Mexicans  had  been  killed  or  captured. 

The  promised  victory  had  proved  a  disastrous  de- 
feat, and  even  the  most  hopeful  Mexican  sank  into  the 
deptlis  of  despair.  This  feeling  was  greatly  fostered 
by  a  strauLje  occurrence  about  this  time,  wliicli  the 
native  records  describe  as  a  tiery  whirlwind,  resolving 
into  llames  and  sparks.  It  rose  with  great  noise  in 
the  north,  after  sunset,  revolved  over  the  doomed 
quarter  and  disappeared  in  the  lake,  leaving  the  natives 
overwlielmed  witii  a])[)rehensions.-" 

Their  eyes  were  fully  opened  to  the  situation.  And 
in  pondering  on  the  dreadful  past  and  present,  the 
dreadful  i'uture  became  dim,  even  its  terrors  growing 
every  day  fainter.  They  had  been  passive  under  the 
|)ain  of  wounds  and  under  hardships  indescribable; 
but  when  at  last  frenzied  motliers  and  fathers  seized 
upon  their  own  oifspring  to  still  the  Jiangs  of  hunger 
over  wliich  sane  minds  no  longer  had  control;  when 
others  began  furtively  to  look  about  for  less  closely 
allied  beings  whereon  to  feed,  then  indeed  a  stranger 
and  more  terrible  fear  came  over  them."^ 


When  Cortes  returned  with  full  force  on  Ihc  ("'llow- 
ing  day  to  renew  the  tight,  ci-owds  of  misciable  bi'ings 
came  forth,  repulsive  in  their  (Muaciated  and  haggard 
appearance,  careless  of  their  lives  yet  clamoiing  for 

^"SiilhKjmi,  Il'ig'.  Coil'/.  (o(l.  1S40K  'il.'?.  'I'lu!  editor  l')ns!.iin.iiiti'  s]ii;iliH  of 
a  similar  pliunoiiii'iion  in  Mii'lKiacjiii  in  iS'J't.    /(/.  (cd.  |S-J!M,  (iS. 

'•"  '  l>o  losiiifiDS  iiii([Ui'(liiii:ulii.',  (jiif  las  liii.siiiasiuiulros  y  jiailrcs  los  ('(iiuiaii,' 
is  tlio  statoiiK'lit  (if  tlio  native  iccurdM.  /(/.,  I'Kt.  Vet  'J'onjui  inaila,  i.  ."i7'J, 
assnnios  that  t\w  Mexicans  woidd  not  cat  of  tlicir  own  race.  'I'lioiisandn  iuul 
already  died  of  Htaivalion  without  toneiiinj^  tl\e  tiesh  of  countiyincn,  tli()U)j;li 
priests  |iai'toolv  <if  cliilih'en  saciiliced  duiinj,' ordinary  festivals;  lint  at  last  tho 
Bei-u|)li^  among  the  iimasus  was  ovtTcoiuo  by  iluspair.  Seu  .^  alien  Uuces,  ii, 
])us.sini. 


632 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


morcy  and  for  bread.  Moved  by  the  appeal,  no  ordered 
them  not  to  be  injured,  and  proceeded  to  answer 
certain  chiefs  who  had  summoned  him  to  a  parley. 
*'Son  of  heaven!"  they  cried,  "within  one  brief  day 
and  night  the  tireless  orb  returns.  Why  dost  not 
thou  also  finish  thy  task  as  quickly?  Kill  us,  so  that 
wo  may  no  longer  suffer,  but  enter  paradise  and  join 
the  happy  throng  already  sent  thither I"^-  He  told 
them  that  in  their  hands  was  the  remedy.  They  had 
but  to  cease  their  insane  opposition,  and  their  suffering 
would  cease,  for  he  would  give  them  food  and  respect 
their  persons  and  property.  No  satisfactory  answer 
was  returned.  They  were  evidently  afraid  to  speak  of 
peace,  though  eager  for  it.  Cortes  felt  convinced  that 
the  emperor  and  a  few  leading  nobles  were  the  only 
persons  holding  back,  and  willing  to  spare  the  people 
he  again  resolved  on  an  appeal. 

A  distinguished  captive  was  prevailed  on  to  carry 
this  message  in  order  to  give  it  more  weight,"^  and  to 
use  his  inllucnce  with  the  emperor.  On  appearing 
before  Quauhtemotzin  the  noble  began  to  speak  of 
the  kind  tieatment  he  had  received  from  the  Span- 
iards. Praise  of  this  nature  hardly  accorded  with  the 
mood  of  the  ruler  or  with  the  views  he  wished  to 
impart,  and  no  sooner  did  the  envoy  allude  to  })eace 
than  he  was  ordered  away  with  an  imperious  sign  to  the 
stone  of  sacrifice."''  Any  fate  for  ruler  and  people  was 
botterthanto  fall  intothehands  of  Christian  civilization. 
At  the  same  time  the  warriors  faintly  threw  themselves 
against  the  Spaniards  with  shouts  of  "Death  or  liberty!" 
Tlie  attack  cost  the  besiegers  a  horse,  and  several  men 
were  wounded,  but  the  charge  was  easily  repelled,  and 
was  followed  up  by  further  slaughter.  That  night  the 
allies  encamped  within  the  city. 

^-Torque  no  acabas  cO  el  qno  noa  acabe?.  .Desscamos  la  mucrto  por  yr  a 
descanaur  cO  Quct(;alcouatlh,'  adds  (ioniara,  Hist.  Mex.,  '210-11. 

^^  Tlie  cliroiiiclers  call  him  an  iinuloof  the  Tczcucan  king,  but  thia  appears 
to  be  a  misinterpretation  of  Cortiis'  text,  >vhereiu  ho  says  that  such  an  undo 
had  eii4>tured  the  prisoner. 

■^'(  'or/i.i,  ('(rriu,i,  'J.')!.  This  was  partly  in  accordance  with  the  law  against 
nobles  who  returned  from  captivity,  nf3  already  instanced. 


rURTIIER  ATTEMPTS  AT  NEGOTIATION. 


683 


The  following  day  Cortc.s  again  approached  some 
nobles  at  an  intrenclmient  and  asked,  "Why  rcniahis 
the  emperor  so  stubborn?  Why  will  he  not  come  and 
speak  with  me,  and  stay  the  useless  slaughter  of  his 
subjects?"  Bound  by  superstitious  loyalty  to  their 
ruler,  weepingly  they  replied,  "We  know  not;  we  will 
speak  with  him;  we  can  but  die!"  Presently  they 
returned  to  say  that  Quauhtemotzin  would  i)resent 
himself  in  the  market-place  on  the  following  noon. 
Delighted,  Cortes  ordered  a  dais  to  be  preparcid  on 
the  raised  masonry  platform  recently  used  for  tho 
catapult,  together  with  choice  viands.  At  the  ap- 
pointed hour  the  Spanish  general  appeared  in  state, 
with  the  soldiers  drawn  up  in  line,  ready  to  do  honor 
to  the  distinguished  guest.  After  waiting  impatiently 
for  some  time,  they  saw  five  personages  approach,  who 
proved  to  be  the  bearers  of  excuses.  Quauhtemotzin 
could  not  come,  but  desired  t(»  learn  the  wishes  of 
Malinche.-^ 

Concealin<x  liis  chagrin,  Cortds  caused  tho  nobles  to 
bo  entertained,  and  then  he  sent  them  to  their  master 
with  assurance  of  good  treatment;  they  soon  returned 
with  presents,  and  said  the  emperor  would  not  ctmie. 
Again  they  were  sent,  and  again  their  cftbrts  were 
unavailing.  The  truth  is,  Cortes  desired  with  tho 
monarch  to  secure  his  treasure;  else  he  would  not 
long  have  stayed  his  bloody  hand.  On  the  other 
hand,  though  Quauhtemotzin's  conduct  might  be  at- 
tributed to  selfish  obstinacy,  he  well  knew  that  even 
for  his  people  death  was  to  be  scarcely  mo'e  feared 
than  capture;  now  they  might  at  once  enter  paradise, 
but  the  foreigners  souglit  them  but  to  enslave. 

Tho  following  day  the  five  nobles  again  kept  Cortes 
waiting  with  a  promise  that  the  emper<.)r  would  meet 
him.  The  hour  having  passed  without  his  a[)[)earance, 
the  allies,  who   had   been    kept  in  the   background 

^*  '  Tenia  muclio  miedo  tic  parecer  ante  ml,  y  tam1)inn  cataba  malo.'  Cort/n, 
Cartas,  2.'>;{.  '  Knipaclm,'  explains  Herrera,  doc.  iii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  vii.  Ho 
feared  to  be  shot,  liunial  Diaz,  lIUl,  VcrdaJ.,  104. 


CS4 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


durini^  the  negotiations,  were  called  forward  and  tlio 
order  was  given  tor  assault,  Sandoval  direeting  the 
fleet  along  the  shore  and  up  the  canals  to  the  rear. 
"Since  they  will  not  have  peace,  they  shall  have 
war!"  cried  Cortes.  Then  the  carnarjc  became  fearful. 
S|)aniards  and  auxiliaries  alike,  two  hundred  thousand 
strong  and  more,  so  it  was  said,  abandoned  themselvt'S 
to  the  butchery,  while  Satan  smiled  approval.  In 
helpless  despair,  like  cooped  beasts  in  the  shambles, 
they  received  the  death-blow  as  a  deliverance.-"  I 
will  not  ]>aint  the  sickening  details  so  often  told  of 
chasms  filled,  and  narrow  streets  blockaded  high  with 
the  dead  bodies  of  the  unoffending,  while  down  upon 
the  living  settled  desolation.  It  must  indeed  have 
been  appalling  when  he  who  had  brought  to  pass  such 
horroi-s  writes :  "  Such  was  the  cry  and  weeping  of 
children  and  women  that  not  one  amongst  us  but  was 
moved  to  the  heart."  Then  ho  attempts  to  throw 
upon  the  allies  the  blame  of  it.  "  Never,"  he  says, 
"was  such  cruelty  seen,  beyond  all  bounds  of  nature, 
as  among  these  natives."  Already,  before  this  mas- 
sacre of  forty  thousand"-''  the  streets  and  houses  were 
filled  with  human  putridity,  so  that  now  the  Span- 
iards were  forced  to  burn  that  quarter  of  the  city  to 
save  themselves  from  infection. 

Another  morrow  engenders  fresh  horrors.  The 
three  heavy  guns  are  brought  forward  to  assist  in  dis- 
lodging the  besieged.  Fearful  lest  the  emperor  escape 
him  in  canoes,  Cortes  directs  Sandoval  to  place  ves- 
sels on  the  watch  for  fugitives'  particularly  at  the 
basin  of  Tlatelulco,-^  into  which  it  is  proposed  to  drive 

^^  'Ni  tcnlan  ui  hallaban  floclias  iii  varaa  ni  picilras  con  que  nos  ofenilcr. . . 
No  teuiaii  paso  por  donde  andar  aiuo  por  euciiiia  do  los  imiertos  y  por  las  azo- 
teas.'  Cviirn,  Cartai,  254. 

'''  'Matiii'ou  y  iirendieron  mas  do  cnarenta  mil  dnimas.'  Id.  Ixtlilxochitl, 
Ilor.  Vnidda'len,  48,  raises  tlie  number  to  50,000,  wliilo  Duran  states  that 
over  40,000  men  and  women  perished  while  fleeing.  Hint.  Iiul.,  MS.,  ii.  510. 
What  pained  the  conquerors  most,  however,  was  the  sight  and  knowledge  of 
what  innuenso  quantity  of  booty  eluded  them  to  pass  into  tho  hands  of  those 
marauders. 

*•* '  Entre  la  Garita  del  Peralvillo,  la  place  de  Santiago  dc  Tlatclolco  ct  lo 
pont  d'Amaxac'    So  says  Pichardo.  IJumbokll,  Essui  I'oL,  i.  11)3.    '  Dondo  so 


MASSACRE  UPON  MASSACRE. 


688 


the  bosicijfod,  tliero  to  catch  the  kiiif^  and  nobles  with 
their  gold  and  jewels.  Of  a  truth  Cortes  doe.s  not 
wish  to  kill  the  miserable  remnant  of  this  so  lately 
proud  race — particulai'ly  if  thereby  he  loses  the  en- 
caged treasure.  So  ho  again  appeals  to  them,  and 
the  Cihuacoatl,-'  chief  adviser  of  the  emperor,  appears 
and  is  treated  with  great  courtesy.  After  a  time  he 
takes  his  departure,  then  for  the  first  time  declaring 
that  Quauhtemotzin  will  on  no  account  present  him- 
self "  Return  then,"  exclaims  Cortes  in  ill-suppressed 
anger,  "and  prepare  for  death,  invoked,  not  l)y  high 
and  holy  purpose,  but  by  obstinate  timidity!"*' 

Five  hours  are  thus  gained  by  the  wily  monarch 
for  the  escape  of  the  women  and  chiLh-en,  who  pour 
out  in  swarms,  the  fainting  supported  by  the  feeble, 
all  emaciated  and  haggard,  and  many  marked  by 
wounds  or  disease.  Seeing  which  the  allies  pounce 
upon  them,  all  stricken  and  defenceless  as  they  are, 
and  murder  them,  to  the  number  of  iifteen  thousand. 
And  the  same  number  perish  in  the  fall  of  broken 
bridges,  in  the  choked  canals,  and  from  the  tread  of 
their  fellow  fugitives.  How  glorious  is  war!  How 
noble  the  vocation !  How  truly  great  the  hero  of  such 
hellish  deeds!  Blush,  oh  sun!  for  making  such  to- 
morrows; for  lending  thy  light  to  human  intelligence 
by  which  to  do  such  diabolical  wickedness! 

Observing  no  signs  of  surrender,  Cortds  openec.  fire 
with  his  cannon  and  gave  the  signal  of  attack. 
Another  massacre  fijllowed,  the  Mexicans  display ing 
the  same  apathy  and  sullen  indifference  to  death  m..; 
on  other  late  occasions.  At  some  points,  howevei", 
large  bodies  surrendered,  and  the  remaining  Mexican 


cmbarcaban  para  Atzlapotzalco,'  adds  Bustamante.  Ixtlilxochitl,  Tfor.  Criol- 
ilculcs,  50. 

■•''■' Chimalpain  calls  him  Tlacotzin,  afterward  baptized  as  Juan  Velasquez, 
/list.  Com/.,  ii.  71.  'Ciguacoacin,  y  era  cl  Capitan  y  gobemador  de  todos  elloa, 
6  por  su  consejo  se  seguian  todas  las  cosas  de  la  guerra, '  says  Cortes,  Carton,  2.5,"), 

''"  Porque  les  queria  e(>ml)atir  y  acabar  de  matar.'  Cartoj^,  '2jG.  '  Pucs  eran 
barlmroa,  que  no  queria  dexar  hombre  vivo,  q  se  fuesseu.'  fferrein,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  ii.  cap  vii. 


cso 


THK  CONQUEST  ACIIIEVEP. 


quarters  were  fast  falling  into  the  conqueror's  hands 
Sandoval  on  his  side  was  closely  guarding  the  water 
IVont  and  ])rei)aring  to  cooperate.  ]^^ntering  tho  luir- 
hor  basin  with  a  portion  of  the  fleet,  he  hore  tlown  on 
the  canoes  with  a  crash,  u|)setting  the  greater  num- 
ber, tilled  chieily  with  nobles  and  their  faniilics.  of 
whom  a  large  portion  perished.  The  canoes  which 
escaped  scattered  in  different  directions,  into  canals  and 
corners,  most  of  them  however  turning  toward  a  nook 
of  the  basin  with  the  brigantines  in  hot  pursuit.  At 
this  momenta  few  boats  of  larger  build  emerged  from 
a  rc^treat  at  the  other  cntl  and  paddled  ra[)idly  toward 
the  open  lake. 

Warned  by  his  commander  to  watch  closely  for  the 
emperor,  Sandoval  had  not  failed  to  observ^e  the 
UKtvement,  and  he  immediately  directed  (larcia  do 
Ifolguin,  captain  of  the  fastest  vessel,  to  overhaul  the 
fugitives,  who  might  be  persons  of  note.  Aided  both 
by  sails  and  oars,  Holguin  speedily  gained  on  them, 
and  they  began  to  scatter  in  diiferent  directions,  evi- 
dently with  a  view  to  confuse  him;  but  a  captive  on 
board  indicated  one  as  most  likely  to  contain  the 
emj)eror."'''  On  approaching  it  the  archers  levelled 
their  cross-bows,  whereupon  a  sign  of  surrender  was 
made,  with  the  })leading  cry  that  Quauhtemotzin  was 
there.  As  the  overjoyed  Holguin  stepped  down  to 
secure  his  captives,  among  whom  were  the  young 
empress,  the  king  of  Tlacopan,  and  other  prominent 
personages,"''  the  monarch  bade  liim  respect  his  con- 

"TIio  distinguished  captive  siiid :  'Capitan  st'fior,  dAto  bncna  miina,  que 
nqucllos  indios. .  .son  esclavosilo(iuatiniU(,'in,  o  podrriHer(]U(''l  vaalli  Iniyendo, 
jxinnio  su  bandera  ya  no  paros!^o. '  (h'/eilo,  iii.  oKi.  A  eaiioo  of  twenty  rowers 
and  bearing  a  nuinltcr  of  people.  Gotiiom,  Hist.  (7oii(/.,  212.  Sec  also  I'ltiin- 
cvrt,  Tcntro  Mix.,  pt.  iii.  lO-i;  Clavijcro,  Sloria  M(ks.,  iii.  230.  A  small  canoe, 
says  Duran. 

^-Torqueniada,  i.  r)70-l,  followed  by  Clavigcro,  mentions  besides  Tetle- 
pantpietzaltzin,  king  of  Tlacopan,  the  fugitive  king  of  Tezcuco;  but  this  is 
doubtful,  as  wo  have  seen.  Ho  cnumerate.s  several  dignitaries.  Brasseur  do 
liourbourg  names  Tlaoahucpan,  son  of  Montezuma,  while  his  authority, 
Ixtlilxochitl,  stiites  that  his  nainesiike  captured  him  and  Tetlepanquetzaltzin 
in  another  canoe,  and  in  a  third  I'l-.pantzin  Oxomoc,  widow  of  Emperor  Cuit- 
lahiiatzin.  Jlor.  Cruihlmk.i,  50.  'Quahutimoc  se  pnso  en  ))ie  en  la  popa  <le  su 
canoa  para  pelear.  Mas  eomo  vioballestiis. .  .rindiose.'  doniarii,  llkt.  Me.r., 
213.    This  probably  assumed  fact  has  been  elaborated  by  some  writei's  into  au 


I 


CAPTIVK  AND  C'OXQUKROR. 


e§7 


sort  and  liis  ititimie.     As  for  himself,  ho  was  at  his 
disposal. 

C()i)duuto<l  hy  his  captor,  ho  passed  alon^f  tho  stroots 
to  the  presence  of  the  conqueror,  the  ohject  of  ten 
thousand  eyes,  for  rumor  ha<l  i)roceded  him.  Men 
rested  from  the  slauj^hter  to  gaze  at  him.  In  tho  dis- 
tance was  heard  tho  din  of  hattlc,  but  along  tho  caj)- 
tivo's  path  tliore  fell  a  hush.  His  was  a  striking 
figure.  The  grave,  carevvorn  face  hctokoncd  sutforing. 
He  wore  a  dingy  hlood-stained  roho,  and  tho  pallor 
which  overspread  a  naturally  fair  lace  was  yet  more 
heightened  hy  the  feverish  brilliancy  of  tho  (\yos,  now 
bent  dejectedly  on  tho  ground,  now  looking  straight 
bel'ore  him.  Ho  walked  with  a  firm  step,  and  young 
as  ho  was,  tho  majestic  dignity  of  tho  prince  and 
loader  impressed  every  beholder.  "]f(!  was  (juito  a 
gentleman,"  graciously  alKrms  Bernjil  J)ia7..  ('ortes 
had  stationed  himself  (m  tho  roof  of  a  high  building 
in  tho  Amaxac  ward,'"  thence  to  direct  operations, 
a!»d  now  ho  caused  a  dais  to  be  [»ropared,  and  a  table 
with  refreshments.  When  the  om[)eror  approached 
tho  guard  drew  up  in  lino,  and  tho  gen(;ral  advan(;od 
with  benign  dignity  and  led  him  to  a  seat  by  his 
side.  "  jMalincho,"  said  tho  ca[)tivo,  "I  have  done  all 
within  my  power  for  the  defence  of  my  people,  but 
the  gods  have  not  favored  mo.  My  empire  is  gone, 
my  city  is  destroyed,  and  my  vassals  are  dead.  For 
what  have  I  to  live?  Hid  mo  therefore  oi'  worthless 
existence."'*    Saying  this,  with  his  hand  ho  touched 

heroic  act.  The  incidnit  haa  l>cen  phiccil  by  tradition  na  occnrrint;  near  tlio 
hiter  I'ucntc  del  Cii'rigo.  Jlut  this  c;iii  Jiardly  i)e.  Sec  note  L'T.  Acturding 
to  IJenial  |)iuz,  Sandnval  came  up  siioi'tly  after,  on  h'arnin}^  the  news,  ami 
demanded  the  Hurrcndir  of  tlie  oaptivt  s  to  him  a.s  the  commander  i>(  tlie,  .'k^et, 
who  had  ordered  llol^'iiiii  to  inir.sue  tlie  canoes.  The  latter  refiiKcd,  and  ft 
delay  occurred,  during  whicii  anotJK  re  rew  hui  ried  to  hear  tht;  tiilinijH  to  Coi'ti'H 
and  claim  tho  rewai'd  gianted  for  first  repoits.  'J'wo  capt'iiiis  were  now  stiit 
to  8unnnon  the  disputiints  and  captives.  J/i.st.  \'r<l"(/..  !.").").  Corti's,  while 
according  in  his  letter  tlie  credit  of  the  capture  to  Holj'uin,  ])romised  to  refer 
the-  claim  to  tiie  king,  llolguia  hgurcs  some  years  later  as  rcgidor  and  estate 
owner  in  the  city. 

*' '  J"]sta  casa  era  de  un  princiiml  tlatilulcano  que  se  llaniaba  Aztaoatzin.' 
Sah'ii'Hii,  Hint.  CoiK].,  5"). 

'■**  The  versions  of  this  remarkable  Bpecch  vary  greatly.  '  Hahia  hecho 
todo  lu  (jue  dc  su  parte  era  ubligadu  para  defeuderse  il  si  yd  los  mtyos  hasta 


i 


OSS 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


u  dnjjfjj^or  in  the  boit  of  CortoH.  Tlio  gonornl  soui^hfc 
to  reassure  liim,  declariinx  tlmt  none  could  resist  the 
Christian's  (Jod.  lie  liad  jierfonned  liis  duty  hravely, 
like  a  jn^ood  j)rinee,  iuid  should  he  treated  as  such. 

Al(lioui»h  the  j^reat  end  was  thus  accomplisluvl, 
slaujj^hter  and  pillage  were  continued  until  lontj^  after 
vespers.  IJctore  the  troops  withdrew  to  their  respec- 
tive camps,  the  prisoners,  in<*ludinijf  the  pretty  em- 
press. Tecuichpo,  were  conducted  to  sate  (piarters  in 
Coyuhuaean.  Shortly  afterward  a  rain  set  in,  aidin-^ 
the  efforts  of  the  S[>aniards  to  check  tht;  auxiliaries 
in  tlieir  niaraudiiiiijs,  and  tliis,  developing;  toward  mid- 
niujht  into  a  furious  st()nn  with  linj^htnini"' and  thunder, 
seemed  to  the  homeless  Mexicans  to  he  the  xitiJicoatl 
of  lluitzilopochtii  and  the  tumult  of  departinij;  deities. 
To  the  conipUTors  this  tlashinjjf  and  thun<KMin_tj;  of 
heaven's  aitillei-v  was  the  salvo  attendiuijf  victory, 
which  was  celel)iat(>d  in  ftnistinijf  and  merrimi>nt  till 
came  late  slumber  with  visions  of  gold,  and  lands,  and 
vassals. 

Thus  ended  Tuesday,  the  l.^th  of  Aui^nist  l.'"*!!!, 
sacred  to  St  llippolytus,  and  accordingly  a(h)[>t(>d  by 
the  compUM'ors  as  ])atron  saint  of  the  city.  During 
colonial  rcij'nnc  the  day  was  annually  celebrated  by  a 
solemn  festival,  wheniu  the  h>ading  citizens  and  eth- 
cials  rode  on  horseback  in  procession  round  the  cit} , 

vciiir  CM  cinu'l  t'stmli),  quo  nhora  Ikmoso  ili^l  lo  quo  yo  quisiosc'  Corl(*s,  Curtrtit, 
'2^u.  '  I)i(,'i(''ii(l()lo  que  le  tliossc  do  ])uniilaii!i.s  <^  lo  inatiisso,  iHinjuo  no  <'iu 
i;H;on  que  viviosso  on  ol  niumlo  lionihro  quo  :;via,  ponlido  !;.  (ino'l  avin  i>oi- 
dido.'  adds  Oviodo,  iii.  4'J'J.  '  l'roi;untiir'.ido  jicv  los  oliripHtiaiios,  i^  dixo: 
No  mo  |iroj,'nntos  ohso;  <^  hi  nio  ()noroy;-i  nuitar;  niataiiuio  ya:  (juo  1  arto  ostoy 
do  vixii','  nays  anuthor  vovsion.  hi.,  517.  '  Ji'ia  niui  oonsolado  lulondo  sus 
dioHOM  ostalian,  ospooialnu".'.!"  liaviondo  niuorto  fi  luf.ios  do  U\\  ea]iitan.'  Ili'i- 
rcrni,  doo.  iii.  Ill),  ii.  om]).  vii.  '  Why  ho  Htubboml''  is  tlio  way  Oman  .-.jpons 
tlio  0(111  vcrsjiti. in  on  ('orti\s'  pfirt,  JliKt.  /ml.,  MS.,  ii.  WMK  ''ro_u;liotonii  oou 
quosto  |iui,'iialo  UMa  vita,  ol.o  non  pordoi  nolla  difosa  di'l  niio  J\ogiio.'  ('Itivi- 
<l<ri>,  S'vriti  .l/t.x.i.,  iii.  'J.'U).  Soo  also  Ix'lilxooliitl  uiulothors.  Writors  ^ou- 
orally  no  into  oostaoy  ovor  this  uttoranoo.  '  Maijnaniino,'  oxolainis  I'otor 
Martyi',  tioo.  v,  oap.  viii.  'lloroio,'  ojaoulatos  liustanianto  in  H\i|tport  of 
( 'hinial|>alu  V  onooiuinnt.  Hixt.  ''oik/.,  ii.  7">.  'Co  trait  ost  dijj;no  du  plus  lioau 
tonipa  do  la  <<rooo  ot  (U>  ]{oino.'  Iliniiliohll,  l\.isiii  /'o/.,  >.  MCI.  'A  spirit 
Mortliv  of  an  anoiont  Roman,'  oohoos  I'ro.'^'-.iit,  ,\l<r.,  iii.  'JtKi.  Horniil  Oiaz 
Bays  tlio  cinpoi'or  wept,  ami  with  him  hia  chiofa.   IHkI.  Writttd.,  15o. 


S 


TlIK  rivSTIIOLKS  KVACUATKD. 

luvuk'd  l»y  (he  vicoroy  aiul  llio  allcroz  lunyor  l)oar- 
iuLj  a  l)aniu>r  commomoirttivo  of  tl»o  ooiKjiu^st.'"  For 
St  vonty-livo  days  coiisccutivt'ly,  savH  (^ortoH,"'"  i\w  sioi^o 
liad  lx>on  wivathint;  its  coils  midst  almost  hourly  sorncs 
of  Moodshod,  wherein  nearly  one  thousand  Spaniards 
and  two  hundred  times  that  numlu^r  of  allies  liad  taken 
])ait,  one  hundred  or  tlu^reabout  of  the  form  >r  fallini»', 
und  many  thousands  anionj;"  the  latter."^ 

As  for  the  Mexicans,  most  of  the  early  authcuities 
assert  that  I'ully  one  huiulred  thousand  ptMished, 
l)esidt>s  those  \vho  dicnl  from  pest  an«l  famine.'^  At 
the  order  t»f  their  soveieiij^n,  afti>r  tlu"  proehunation  of 
pca(!e,  the  miserable  renmant  l)e<^an  to  evaeuati!  their 


''  Miido  n  few  ycnrs  Intor  liy  unlor  of  tlio  city  ciiuiumI.  Tf.  \v;i»  not,  an 
nmiiy  .sii|i]ios4',  tl\o  uiiuiii.tl  nIjuuIjuiI,  for  tliis  was  liidiUii  iluviiii;  two  ci-iitii- 
lios  iiiuoii^'  nililusli  ill  (lu>  iiiiivcisity,  as  Ntjitcil  in  its  rn'onls.  It,  now  «'\ists 
ii\  I  lii>  iiinsfiiin,  loniiiM,s;  a  (licoo  a)i<mt  a  y.iril  Hi|uai't',  wiiicli  shows  on  .no  siilo 
tlic  \  iijiin  of  tlii>  liinnaiMiIatc  Coni'i-ntion  witli  liaiuls  joini'd  in  piavi'i',  anil 
lu'aring  on  Iut  licail  a  I'lowii  of  golil  surroini<li'il  liy  ii  lialo  ami  a  I'ii'i'lr  of 
Htais;  on  till"  otlici' an>  tile  royal  arms.  llolKriiii,  lilni,  l.")7.  In  liis  ( '((/k/h./o, 
To,  this  author  .'iHsmiu's  it  to  Im-  th'"  stanilani  givrii  to  the  'riasi'alti'is,  liut 
Cailiaj.il  states  that  at  'I'lasi'a'.i  txists  lUiotlu'V  stiiinlaril  of  t 'oiti^s',  with  royal 
mills,  Jlisf.  Mix.,  ii.  (i;iT,  \uth  a  pii'turo  of  tin-  aliovo  naiiicil  viii,;iii.  Sco 
nlso  /iciiiiiiioii/.  CnuK  Mil').,  ii.  Itlo-ll.  Hy  order  of  .inly  .'U,  l.VJS,  thi>  city 
onimil  orders  linll-tiglitr.  ami  other  cntcrtjiiinm'nts  in  honor  of  the  day,  'e  ij 
tiiilose.'ihaljimn  los  i|  tovier'  a  liestias.'  I.iliroilr  <  'uliillo,  MS.,  lv'7. -.U.  Mex- 
ieans  ;iri'  never  seen  to  Khiir;:  ir.  the  jiroeessinn.  'Tan  profiimlo  estil  en  sum 
liniinos  la  heiida.'  Coro,  Trra.  .S(i//i).f,  i.  .'J;  iliinilioltll,  /■,'<«)/  Pol.,  i.  I'.I'J.  .\ 
minute  aeeoniit  of  the  eeremonies  on  the  oeeasiou  is  f;iveii  in  Mohiiiik'/iIiim 
Ili-'t.  Ailiiiln.  ColiUi.,  MS.,  ,tii,">,  eopied  from  the  .\rr/iirn  (I'lin ml. 

^"( 'oiintini;  from  May  .'lOth,  (Vn/d,*,  i',"i7,  and  .so  it  is  stateil  in  the  |,;r,int  to 
C<<rtes  of  Mseudo  di>  Annas.  l)nran  and  l\tlil\oeliitl  extend  it  to  Xil  and 
nnd  llernal  IHaz  to  itHdays.  '!)es]ines  de  ninehos  eonilintes,  y  nia.s  de  sessenia 
jielea-i  |ieli^rosisimas.'  Arostn,  llisl.  SnI.  li\iL,Wlt^. 

^' Over  (iO  soldiers  were  lost  in  tlu>  )i;reat  di'feat.  and  small  niimlier;! 
Mow  and  then,  while  the  aii\iliaries,  less  skilled  in  li^htin^'  and  iliii  liy  nn- 
nrnioii'd,  sni'e\iiiihed  in  hordes.  (Jomara  says  alioiil  .'i(t  soldiers,!!  horses, 
nnd  not  m.iny  Indians;  llenera  modilies  to  'a  little  over'  ,">(t;  'ror<|iieni.id.'i 
ndvanci's  to  'less  than  HV>,'  and  Claviu'ero  to  'more  tliaii  1(M)  .'<|iiiiiiaidH.' 
Herminde/,  in  his  F.aldili^t.  Mi ;'. ,  'Jli'J,  eomputes  smdi  eiirionslv  exact  liu'ines  nii 
107  Spaniards,  I,S,<»1.">  Tl.isci.lti'es,  and  ;t;t,-'l()  .V/t.rs.  IxtliKiMhill,  ever  ea-er 
to  enl;irL;e  n]ton  the  seivieis  of  his  raei',  ('l.iims  that  ,'1(>,(M**'  Te/iiiei'iis  fell  out 
of '_'(H), (KM)  employed,  /li>r.  ('nifrl'uli  n,  Til;  lint  this  is  evidently  ex.i.L',.,'- rated. 

'" '  l']n  tpio  mnrieron  inlinicos.'  Hoiiiiirn,  Ili.il.  Mr  i  \,  '2\'.\;  Hirnni,  dee. 
lii.  nil.  ii.  eat),  viii.;  ('/iiriiirrii.  Stnrin  .l/c.i.i.,  iii  '.'.'VJ  ,'l.  Unst.'imanti^  I'aisei 
the  nnmlier  killeil  to  '  li'iO.tMHt  at  least.'  <'hiniiili>iiin.  Nisi.  t'l^iKi.,  ii.  71; 
Ixtlilxoehitl,  loe,  eit.,  to  'JKMHH),  ineliidiiiL;  most  of  the  nolilcs  ;  while  Tonpie- 
inada,  i.  .'">77,  oliserves  'ipie  de  veinte  pjirtes,  no  cpiedo  \  na,  avieiulo  peneidi), 
y  niiierto  las  die/,  v  ntieve.' ho  anil  several  others  allowim;  the  estimate  of 
fully  .'UH),(HH(  inliahitJints.  'J'he  survivors  are  estimateil  at  from  ;U>,tHHt  peison* 
I)y  Toniuemada  to  "tt.tXH)  warriors  by  Oviodo,  iii.  51(1. 
IIlHl.  Mbx.,  Vol.  I.    4i 


690 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


pcst-liolcR,  and  to  seek  the  fields  adjacent,  now  lustrous 
green  under  refreshing  rains.  Ah !  it  was  pitiful,  life 
to  thera  now,  this  world  a  great  charnel-house  filled 
with  the  bones  of  their  loved  ones,  and  their  hearts 
dead  though  still  bleeding.  What  were  their  sins 
more  than  those  of  others,  that  they  should  be  so 
stricken,  that  they  should  be  so  ground  to  the  dust 
vs  hilc  the  conquerors  flushed  with  victory  were  exult- 
ing before  God  because  he  had  so  ordered  and  acccni- 
l)lished?  They  had  sacrificed  human  beings  on  the 
altars  of  their  gods,  sixty  thousand  in  one  year,  some 
said.  But  what  were  these  butcheries  of  the  Span- 
iards but  human  sacrifices,  of  more  than  six  times 
sixty  thousand  in  one  year!  Behold  them  as  they 
file  along  the  causeway,  the  very  sur<  striking  black 
and  stilling:  on  their  famine-stricken  forms  and  ai;o- 
nized  faces.  On  them,  then,  ye  conquerors!  Complete 
3'our  work ;  for  in  its  swift  continuance  is  their  earliest 
rest  !=^'' 

TJie  14th  of  August  the  troops  entered  the  surren- 
dered quarters  to  review  their  work  and  its  results.  "  I 
swear,"  writes  Bernal  Diaz,  "that  the  lake  and  houses 
and  abodes  were  so  full  of  bodies  and  heads  of  dead 
men  that  I  am  unable  to  convey  an  idea  thereof;  for 
in  the  streets  and  courts  of  Tlatelulco  there  were  no 
other  things,  and  we  could  walk  only  amidst  (had 
bodies."'"*  Many  became  sick  from  the  stench,  and 
Cortes  ordered  fires  to  be  lighted  to  purify  the  air. 
Natives  were  sent  to  bring  forth  the  dead,  and  with 
them  went  Spaniards  seeking  for  gold,  silver,  precious 

''•• '  IIi(;o  lierrnr  algunos  Honihres,  y  Mnpores  por  Esclavoa ;  h  todos  los 
<U'iii;is  ilcxi)  eu  lil)ert{iil.'  Toniiivnnii/a,  'u',\.  'A  niuclios  iiidios  6  indias,  por- 
(juo  I'ista'oaii  dados  \wv  traydorcs, '  saya  Ovicdo,  iii.  ,'»17.  Corti's  Btaycd  and 
iniiii.slii.'d  tliuse  who  took  slaves,  'ami(|UO  todavia  horracoii  on  lat'uniit  nljruuoa 
iiiaiici'hos  y  uiugoros.'  So  statea  tin;  native  record  of  Saliaguii,  J/i.if.  ('oiit[. 
(e,d.  1840),  "J.'U.  IJut  if  lio  punished  slave-takers  it  was  for  not  deelarini*  the 
eaptiire  to  the  royal  olUeial.  Diii'au  reduces  his  account  of  Spanish  lil)ei.il'ty 
to  an  alisurdity,  hut  nu)ro  from  politic  rt.'asous  than  bucauuo  he  had  not  at 
hand  better  evidence,  //(-Y,  liid.,  MS.,  ii.  510. 

*"  /iint.  Virilivl,  li)(i.  'lo sospetto,  che  da'  Mcssicnni  lascinti  fo8.soro  a  belli* 
poski  insopolti  i  eadaveri,  ))er  iscacciar  eoUa  puz^a  gli  Assediatoi'i.'  i'lavUicro, 
Storia  M  1.111.,  iii.  231.  But  this  is  unlikely.  A  severe  siege  will  produce 
such  re.'^ults. 


DISMISSAL  OF  THE  AUXILIARIES. 


601 


stones,  and  plumage,  leaving  textile  fabrics  and  otiiiT 
less  valued  effects  to  the  allies;  but  the  quantity 
known  to  have  been  obtained  fell  far  below  their 
extravagant  expectations,  and  in  their  disappointment 
the  soldiers  searched  the  persons  of  fugitives,  looking 
into  their  very  mouths  for  hidden  gold,  says  a  native 
record.  Bernal  Diaz  complains  that  the  brigantine 
creivs  had  already  plundered  the  wealthiest  persons, 
who  were  in  the  canoes,  and  had  sacked  the  treasure- 
houses  while  the  others  were  fighting.  They  in  their 
turn  affirmed  that  the  jNIexicans  had  cast  their  treas- 
ures into  the  lake.  The  mysterious  depths  harbor 
mauA^  secrets,  and  beneath  the  waters,  round  the 
famed  city  of  the  Aztecs,  tradition  still  places  glitter- 
ing deposits  of  untold  extent. 

Three  or  four  days  after  the  fall,  Cortes  passed  over 
to  Coyuhuacan  with  the  greater  part  of  his  forces, 
there  more  formally  to  celebrate  the  end  of  the  siege 
in  banqueting  and  thanksgiving.  A  feature  of  the 
performance  was  a  solemn  procession  by  all  the  sol- 
diers, bareheaded,  with  banners,  raising  their  voices 
in  j)raise  to  God,  who  had  given  thcni  the  victory, 
and  who  was  so  soon  to  be  worship[)<  d  from  gulf  to 
southern  sea.*^ 

The  services  of  the  allies  being  at  present  no  longer 
needed,  Cortes  assembled  them  to  sneak  farewell. 
He  dwelt  in  flattering  terms  on  their  brave  and 
effective  deeds.  He  promised  they  should  l)e  duly 
represented  to  his  majesty,  who  woukl  reward  them 
with  singular  privileges.  To  the  chie'fs  were  then 
given  shields,  robes,  and  other  articles,  with  promises 
of  more  lands  and  vassals.  Then  they  went  their 
way,  happy  in  tlu'ir  slaves  and  spoils,  liapj)y  in  the 
thought  of  humbled  foe,  ha[)py  in  the  promises  of  tlie 

*' l?ur  il  r>iaz  rel.atcs  that  nlllinnj^h  witio  nml  provisions  from  Cuha  wcrn 
abuixhintly  (Hsp'Misod  at  tiio  l)aiu|iift,  yet  tiicro  wan  not  room  for  oik;  tliinl 
of  tlic  Holilicrs,  ami  much  (liseontciit  grew  out  of  it,  jmrtly  from  tiio  ntt<'raiui's 
of  (Irnukeii  men.  A  dance  followed.  Fatlicr  Olmedo  complHinod  of  ko  mucli 
revelry  before  the  rendering  of  due  tlianka  to  God.  Corti^H  pleaded  that  hoI- 
diei's  nmst  be  allowed  some  license,  but  the  following  ilay  wua  set  apart  for 
religioua  acrvices.  Uii>t.  Verdcul.,  150. 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 

Spaniards;  they  did  not  know,  poor  simpletons,  that 
all  along  the  days  and  nights  of  this  terrible  siege, 
with  sword  and  lance  on  Aztec  breast,  they  had  been 
forging  their  own  fetters,  which  they  and  their  children 
long  must  wear.*^ 

The  conquest  of  Mexico  was  less  a  subjugation  by 
Spanish  soldiers  than  their  skilful  manoeuvring  of  New 
World  forces  against  one  another.  Had  Andhuac 
been  united  it  would  have  succumbed  less  readily, 
perhaps  never.  As  it  was,  while  the  native  nations 
were  slaying  each  other,  fighting  out  their  ancient 
feuds,  the  astute  Spaniards  laid  their  all -possessing 
hand  upon  the  country. 

Nor  was  any  apology  on  their  part  needed  before 
Christendom.  Mankind  to  this  day  have  not  become 
so  humane  and  just  as  not  to  find  excuse  for  any 
wrong  within  the  realms  of  strength  and  inclination. 
What  then  could  be  expected  of  an  age  and  nation 
wherein  it  was  not  uncommon  to  cloak  crime  under 
the  fair  garb  of  religion.  Hitherto  came  the  Span- 
iards to  murder  and  to  rob:  to  rob  and  murder  in 
the  name  of  charity  and  sweet  heaven.  No  excuses 
were  necessary,  however  convenient  to  that  end 
came  the  appeals  of  the  Cempoalans  groaning  under 
terrible  oppression  at  the  hand  of  a  race  delighting 
in  blood  and  extortion;  a  race  which  within  two  cen- 
turies had  risen  from  a  degrading  servitude  largely 
by  means  of  intrigue  and  treachery;  a  race  stamped 
with  ignoble  characteristics  born  of  serfdom,  and 
eager  to  retaliate  on  others  for  their  past  humilia- 
tion, yet  energetic,  enterprising,  and  advancing  with 
lapid  strides  along  the  pathway  of  indigenous  culture. 

*^  Bustamante  comments  on  the  non-fulfilmcnt  of  the  promises  to  Tlnscala, 
Baying  tliat  the  republic  was  rightly  served  for  lending  herself  to  tlic  invaders, 
Su/iuijun,  Hist.  Cou'i.,  144.  On  their  way  home,  says  Ixtlilxochitl,  the  Tins- 
caltecs  and  their  neighbors  plundered  Tezcuco  and  other  towns.  \\'ith  tho 
slaves  carried  home  by  his  namesake,  he  adds  consolingly,  tl>o  destroyed 
jialuces  of  Tezcuco  were  rebuilt.  lior.  Vrucldadci,  ij'2-',i.  The  Tlascaltecs 
'aun  lleuaron  hartas  cargas  do  tasajos  cecinados  do  Indios  ^lexii^anos,  (juo 
I'cpurticrou  entre  sua  parieutes. .  .por  tiestas.'  Bernal Diaz,  Uist.  I'trdad.,  lo7. 


Nox  o:\ixr:  licitum  iioxestum. 


Ambitious  to  rule,  tlicy  sent  their  armies  to  bring 
province  after  province  under  the  yoke.  Rapacious 
collectors  followed  to  press  the  substance  out  of  the 
people,  for  the  appetite  of  themselves  and  their 
masters.  Confiscation,  enslavement,  and  desolation 
marched  in  the  train,  and  the  fairest  hopes  of  the 
land  were  dragged  away  in  bondage,  and  to  bleed  on 
the  stone  of  sacrifice. 

To  all  these  appalling  evils  the  Totonacs,  among 
others,  were  exposed,  when  soldiers  appeared  on  their 
shores  bearing  aloft  the  symbol  of  charity,  of  deliver- 
ance. The  crushed  family  appealed  to  them,  also  the 
"writhing  slaves,  for  from  the  altars  of  hideous  idols 
rose  the  dying  shrieks  of  youths  and  maidens.  But  a 
short  time  before  knights  of  different  orders  swarmed 
over  Europe,  the  professed  champions  of  the  oppressed ; 
and  the  spirit  of  the  crusaders  still  lingered  in  Spain, 
in  form  if  nothing  more;  and  what  Christian  soldier 
could  unheedingly  view  such  outrages! 

Montezuma  and  his  people  were  inhuman  monsters, 
and  Grotius,  Montesquieu,  and  others  who  should 
know,  say  that  war  in  behalf  of  humanity  is  a  duty;*'* 
and  this  notwithstanding  the  remed/  be  tenfold  more 
iuliuman  than  the  disease. 

x^ot  that  the  Spaniards  were  insincere  in  their 
proffers  of  such  excuses;  duty  comes  to  us  in  the  color 
of  our  desires.  Moreover,  they  were  fresh  from  the 
Moorish  wars;  they  were  imbued  with  a  religious 
oxaltation  and  chivalric  sentiment  that  ])laced  before 
them  in  varied  light  duty  to  their  God,  their  king,  and 
themselves.  For  centuries  they  had  been  trained  to 
devote  life  and  possessions  to  advance  the  interests  of 
sovereign  and  church.  j\Iany  of  tlie  noblest  charac- 
teristics were  interwoven  in  the  nature  of  Cortes,  and 
also  with  admirable  distinctness  in  such  men  as  Juan 
Velazquez,  Sandoval,  and  Puertocarrero.  In  others 
we  find  the  dignity  of  the  hidalgo  upheld  without 

" '  Non  dubitamns  quin  justa  sint  ljt'lla...in  coa  qui  huiniiuain  curuom 
cpulautur,'  etc.  De  J  art  Belli,  lib.  ii.  cap.  xx. 


004 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


marked  stain,  and  this  notwithstanding  the  tendency 
to  intrigue,  the  disregard  for  truth  and  justice,  and  a 
yielding  to  certain  vices  on  the  part  of  leaders,  and 
the  greed  and  brutality  of  rank  and  file.  But  even 
among  the  common  soldiers,  in  fairness  we  cannot 
disregard  the  echo  of  noble  sentiment,  the  aspiration 
toward  high  emprise  there  present.  It  is  the  leader, 
however,  who  with  all  his  selfish  cruelties  and  un- 
])rincipled  trickeries  must  ever  remain  the  central 
fifTfure  of  our  admiration.  If  ever  there  was  a  hero, 
a  genius  of  war  worthy  the  adoration  of  war  wor- 
shippers, if  ever  there  were  grand  conception  and 
achievement,  all  were  vividly  displayed  in  the  mind 
and  person  of  Hernan  Cortds. 

An  able  French  writer,  comparing  the  siege  of 
Mexico  with  that  of  Troy,  depicts  Cortes  as  an 
Achilles  in  whom  were  combined  the  talents  of  Aii:a- 
momnon  and  Ulysses.** 

In  some  respects,  and  as  compared  with  his  com- 
panions, he  indeed  approached  the  deity  the  j\Iexi- 
cans  thought  him.  Behold  him  out  upon  this  venture, 
throwing  life  to  the  winds  that  waft  him  from  Cuba, 
sinking  his  ships  behind  him,  plunging  into  the  heart 
of  a  hostile  country,  and  with  a  handful  of  men  opposing 
powerful  armies,  quelling  insurrections,  capturing  his 
ca})tors,  turning  enemies  into  allies,  balancing  upon 
his  linger  contending  powers, and  after  the  grand  cata- 
cl3'sm  opened  by  him  on  the  central  plateau  has  spent 
itself,  he  quietly  pockets  the  prize.  No  Alexander, 
or  Scipio,  or  Cassar,  or  Napoleon  ever  achieved  results 
so  vast  with  means  so  insignificant.  It  was  indeed  a 
rare  piracy! 

Taken  as  a  whole,  the  testimony  of  eye-witnesses  and  the  early  chroniclers 
on  the  conquest  may  be  considered  as  fully  up  to  the  average  of  historical 
eviilcucc.  While  there  was  no  little  exaggeration,  and  some  downright 
mendacity,  such  were  the  number  of  the  witnesses,  the  time,  place,  and  cir- 
cumstances of  their  several  relations,  and  the  clearness  of  their  testimony, 
that  we  find  no  difficulty  with  regard  to  any  important  matters  in  determining 


**Alva.'ado  was  Ajax  ;  Maxixcatzin,  Nestor ;  Quauhtemotzin,  Hector.  C7ie- 
valki;  jHcx.  Aiickn,  'Jil'J-41. 


TESTIMONY  ON  THE  CONQUEST. 


G95 


truth  nnd  falsehood.  Wicn  in  aiUlition  to  tlic  writings  of  the  Spaniards  wo 
have  native  records  and  urcliitcctunil  remains  as  collateral  evidence,  every 
honest  searcher  after  truth  may  be  satisfied. 

In  regard  to  the  two  writers  hy  the  name  of  Diaz  who  accompanied 
the  first  expedition  to  Mexico,  I  have  spoken  of  the  Itine.rario  de  Orijalva 
of  the  priest,  and  before  closing  this  volume  I  will  review  the  I/istoria 
Vcrdaulera  of  the  soldier.  Following  these  were  the  memorials  of  the  rela- 
tives of  Velazquez,  wholly  unreliable ;  tlio  relation  of  the  Anonymous  Con- 
queror, whose  statements  were  for  the  most  imrt  true;  many  documents,  such 
as  the  Carta  del  Ejircilo,  and  Probanza  de  Lrjalde,  as  well  as  the  Cartax  d<; 
C'ortiis,  in  the  main  tnie,  but  which  may  properly  be  accepted  only  after  close 
scrutiny  and  careful  comparison ;  the  reports  of  Zurita,  and  the  innumerable 
impers  and  documents  lately  brought  to  light  by  Navarrete,  Ramirez,  Icazbal- 
ceta,  Temaux-Compans,  and  others,  and  published  as  Culecclon  de  Documeiiloi 
Incditos,  Coleccion  de  Docnmeutos  jiara  la  IJintoria  de  Mexico,  etc. ;  native  and 
Spanish  historians,  Tezozomoc,  Camargo,  and  Ixtlilxochitl ;  Duran,  Veytia, 
Sahagun,  Mcndieta,  and  LasCasas;  Oviedo,  Peter  Martyr,  and  Gomara;  ller- 
rci-a,  Torqucmada,  Solis,  and  Clavigcro;  Bustamante,  Robertson,  I'rescott, 
and  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg.  These  and  others  of  but  little  inferior  importance 
oli'er  ample  foundation  on  which  the  modern  historian  may  safely  rear  his 
superstructure. 

I  say  that  it  is  easy  enough  to  determine  truth  from  falsehood  in  such  a. 
study  as  this,  where  the  evidence  is  so  abundant  and  the  witnosses  are  so  widely 
separated.  When  Torqucmada  enters  into  a  long  ax'gument  to  show  that  the 
misery  wrought  by  the  conquest  was  the  punishment  by  God  for  the  vices  of 
the  Mexicans,  I  do  not  discuss  the  matter.  I  willingly  admit  that  the  ancient 
historian  knew,  if  indeed  he  knew  anything  about  it,  more  concerning  the 
mind  of  the  deity  than  the  modern,  though  the  hitter  might  ask  if  the  sufl'er- 
ings  of  the  Spaniards  were  not  in  like  manner  on  account  of  their  vices. 

The  books  treating  of  Cortijs'  achievements,  as  I  have  said,  form  an  im- 
mense aiTay,  as  may  be  expccteil  from  the  importance  and  interest  of  what 
Eobcrtsou  justly  terms  "the  most  memorable  event  in  the  conquest  of 
America,"  involving  the  subjugation  of  the  richest  and  most  advanced  conn 
try  therein,  the  fall  of  its  beautiful  ami  renowned  city,  and  one  of  the  most 
daring  campaigns  ever  undertaken.  The  narrative  reads  indeed  like  a  ro- 
mance rather  than  history  based  on  stern  facts,  and  it  is  not  strange  that 
men  have  arisen  who  seek  to  cast  <loubt,  not  alone  on  certain  incidents,  but  on 
the  main  features  of  the  achievement  and  the  field. 

One  method  of  doubt  has  been  to  lower  the  estimate  of  native  culture 
and  resources;  to  sneer  at  the  large  cities,  magnificent  palaces,  regal  state, 
certain  industrial  and  fme  arts,  picture-writing,  and  other  evidences  of  a  higher 
culture.  Such  statements  reveal  to  the  experienced  student  a  lamentable  dis- 
regard or  ignorance  of  evidence  extant,  of  ruins  witli  their  massive  form, 
their  beautifully  designed  ornamentation,  their  admirable  sculptured  and 
pla.stic  delineation  of  the  huinai  figure,  both  far  in  advance  of  the  conven- 
tional specimens  of  Egypt,  aiHi  ine  former  e(|ual  in  many  respects  to  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  higher  Greek  art.  The  picture-writing,  again,  reveals  the 
jihonetic  element  so  developed  as  to  endow  the  Mexicans  with  that  high  proof 


606 


Tin:  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


of  culture,  written  records,  applied  not  only  to  historic  incidents  nnd  common 
facts,  but  to  alistnict  subjects  of  philosophic,  scicntiilc,  and  poetic  nature,  as 
instanced  in  my  Native  Itaren. 

It  needed  not  tiie  oHicial  investigation  instituted  by  tlie  Spanish  govern- 
ment to  confirm  the  nmte  testimony  of  relics,  and  the  vivid  declaration  of 
clironiclers.  Native  records  exist  in  sufTicient  abundance  to  speak  for  them- 
selves ;  records  written  by  an<l  for  the  peopU^,  and  therefore  free  from  any 
suspicion  of  misrepresentation ;  rcconls  used  by  a  number  of  writers  for  ob- 
taining that  insight  into  csotcrio  features  of  Naluua  institutions  wliieli  could 
not  well  be  accjuired  by  Spaniards.  The  translation  of  tliese  records,  as  re- 
produced ill  the  volumes  of  Saliagun,  IxtlilxochitI,  Kingsborough,  and  others, 
with  copies  of  original  paintings,  have  been  carefully  used  both  for  tlie  Natire 
JiiKi's  and  the  iiistories  of  Mexico  and  (Guatemala,  and  introduced  indeed  inoro 
thoroughly  in  this  series  as  evidence  than  by  any  modern  writer  on  the  subject, 
not  excepting  the  learned  Abbe  IJraaseur  de  Bourbourg,  tliough  unlike  this 
entliusiast  I  have  not  allowe<l  myself  to  accept  this  evidence  with  tlie  samo 
non-critical  bias.  I  have  merely  used  it  for  wiiat  it  is  wortli,  after  ap[)lying 
severe  analytic  tests.  Certiiin  points  may  bo  covered  by  merely  one  or  two 
authorities ;  but  even  then  the  erudite  student  will  readily  determine  tlie  valuo 
of  the  testimony  from  internal  evidence,  while  in  tiie  generality  of  cases  lie 
will  liiid  a  number  of  versions  by  natives  and  Spaniards,  by  partisans  and 
rivals,  whose  contradictions  will  aid  him  in  determining  tlie  trutli. 


In  a  previous  bibliographic  note  I  have  pointed  out  the  many  internal 
evidences  furnished  by  the  letters  of  Cortt^'s,  of  undoubted  reliability  on  most 
points,  in  their  minuteness,  their  frank  soldierly  tone,  and  other  features. 
They  are  besides  confirmed  in  all  tlie  more  essential  points  by  the  contempo- 
raneous letters  from  the  municipality  of  Villa  Rica  and  the  army,  the  sworn 
depositions  before  the  royal  notary  by  leading  oflicers,  the  nfi^ratives  of  Andrt'^s 
de  Tiipia,  and  others.  Still  stronger  confirmation  is  given  in  the  complaints 
and  memorials  issued  by  enemies  and  rivals  of  the  great  captain,  who  in  their 
cfiForts  to  detract  from  his  character  and  achievements  provide  the  historian 
with  material  that  enables  him  to  avoid  the  pitfalls  abounding  even  in  the 
honest  narratives  of  partisans,  either  from  sympathy,  from  lack  of  thorough 
knowledge,  or  from  hearsay.  Such  testimony  is  abundant  in  the  residencia 
investigations  of  CortOs,  Alvarado,  Guzman,  and  others,  all  which  contain 
voluminous  testimony  on  the  most  important  questions.  Prescott's  oppor- 
tunities for  consulting  new  material  were  vastly  superior  to  those  of  his  pre- 
decessors. If  mine  have  been  correspondingly  greater,  it  may  perhaps  to  some 
extent  be  due  to  the  example  set  by  him  in  his  earnest  researches,  and  because 
since  tlie  publication  of  his  volumes,  private  individuals  and  learned  societies 
have  striven  with  increased  enthusiasm  to  bring  to  light  hidden  material, 
notiibly  from  the  rich  archives  of  Spain  and  certain  Latin- American  states. 

From  this  mass  of  what  may  be  termed  documentary  evidence  we  turn  to 
the  regular  historians  and  narrators,  beginning  with  Peter  Martyr  and  Oviedo, 
who  both  adhere  chiefly  to  Cortes,  though  the  latter  adds  other  versions  by 
different  eye-witnesses  Sahagun's  account  contains  a  strange  admixture  of 
native  absurdities  and  vague  recollectionaof  converted  soldiers.   A  more  com- 


THE  STANDARD  CHRONICLERS. 


607 


plcto  version  \a  given  liy  Oomnra,  the  l)iogmplicr  of  the  great  captain,  wlio  lia<l 
access  to  private  and  public  archives  and  individual  nairativcs  now  lout ;  but 
he  frequently  colors  the  incidents  to  the  credit  of  his  hero  and  his  profession. 
Nevertficless  the  value  of  the  text  is  testified  to  by  liis  Mexican  translator 
Chimalpain,  who  adds  some  interesting  facts  from  native  records  and  pijrsonal 
knowledge.  The  Tezcucan  writer  Ixtlilxochitl  also  follows  him  pretty  closely 
for  the  Spanish  side,  while  the  archives  left  him  by  his  royal  ancestors  and 
different  narratives  furnish  the  other  side,  frequently  absuril  and  higidy 
colored.  Camargo  gives  a  rather  brief  Tlascaltcc  version.  Gomara's  coloring, 
whicli,  in  accordance  with  the  method  of  most  historians,  leaves  the  credit  for 
achievements  with  the  leader,  roused  the  feelings  of  more  than  one  of  the 
soldiers  who  had  shared  in  the  glories  of  that  period,  ami  IJernal  Diaz 
promptly  began  to  write  his  celebrated  //intoria  Vcrdadera,  wliicli  professes 
to  tell  the  true  story  and  rectify  in  particular  the  so-c.allod  blunders  of 
Gomara.  Although  this  profession  is  not  always  to  bo  relied  on,  the  story  is 
most  valuable  from  its  exceeding  completeness,  its  many  new  facts,  and  its 
varied  version.  Not  long  after,  Herrera,  the  oflicial  historiographer,  began 
his  decades,  wherein  for  the  conquest  he  uses  the  material  already  printe<l, 
with  a  leaning  toward  Gomara,  yet  with  several  additional  narratives  to  per- 
fect his  own  revised  version,  notiibly  tliat  of  Ojeda,  a  leading  officer  under 
Cort(5s,  and  also  no  small  mass  of  material  from  the  archives  of  Spain.  Tor- 
quemada  copies  him  for  the  most  part,tliough  he  adds  mucli  native  testimony 
from  Saliagun,  from  a  Tezcucan  writer,  and  others,  making  Ids  account  of  tho 
conquest  the  most  complete  up  to  that  time.  Solis  elaborates  with  little 
critique,  and  witli  a  verboseness  and  grandiloquence  that  tire.  Votancurt's 
version  is  comparatively  brief,  with  few  additions,  and  Robertson's  is  a  brill- 
iant summary ;  but  Clavigero,  while  adding  not  mucli  to  Toniucmada's  bulky 
account,  presents  it  in  quite  a  new  form,  pruned  of  verboseness,  re-arranged 
in  a  masterly  manner,  and  invested  with  a  philosophic  spirit  altogether 
superior  to  anything  presented  till  Prescott's  time.  On  tlie  above  historians 
and  some  of  Cortes'  letters  are  founded  the  immense  array  of  minor  accounts 
and  summaries  on  the  conquest,  both  in  separate  and  embodied  foi-m,  some  of 
them  provided  with  occasional  observations,  but  for  tho  great  part  tl.ey  con- 
tain nothing  of  any  value  to  the  student.  Those  after  Prescott's  ti:ne  follow 
him  as  a  rule.  Mexican  accounts  might  naturally  be  expccteil  to  present 
useful  features,  but  such  is  hardly  the  case.  Alaman,  Ramirez,  Icazbalceta, 
Orozco  y  Berra,  Bustamante,  and  certain  writers  in  the  ]5olctin  of  tlie  Mexican 
Geographical  Society,  have  brought  to  light  several  documents  and  monographs 
bearing  on  particular  incidents  and  features;  but  no  complete  account  of  real 
value  has  been  written,  Carbajal's  pretentious  version  being  almost  wholly  a 
plagiarism  from  Clavigero,  Mora's  a  hasty  compilation,  and  so  on.  As  fov 
the  new  bulky  Spanish  version  by  Zamacois,  it  is  not  oidy  verbose  but  super- 
ficial and  narrow  in  its  researcii,  blundering  even  where  Prescott  pouits  the 
way,  and  representing  more  a  feuilleton  issue  than  a  h'    ary. 


Bemal  Diaz  del  Castillo  is,  as  I  have  said,  the  main  historian  of  the  con- 
quest, from  the  cxliiustive  thoroughness  of  his  material,  as  compared  with 
other  original  writers,  and  from  his  participation  in  all  its  leading  scenes, 


G03 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


Iiiclndiii!,'  the  discovery  voyages.  For  about  half  a  century  lie  snn'ives,  and 
f«t>a  coiru-nde  after  conirado  disappear  from  the  field  till  hut  five  of  Carte's' 
original  c  >  iipiiny  remain,  "nil  of  us  very  old,  suffering  from  infinnities,  and 
very  poor,  hurdencd  with  sons  and  dauglitors  to  marry,  and  grandchildren, 
and  with  hut  a  snmll  income;  an<l  thus  we  pivss  our  days  in  toil  \tu\  misery." 
He  is  not  so  hadly  ofF,  however,  as  he  would  have  us  believe,  for  a  comfortable 
I'ucomienda  supplies  every  want,  and  numerous  (lescendants  throng  round  to 
minister  to  Ida  comfort  and  listen  to  his  talcs.  But  as  ho  recalls  the  great 
iichievenu'iits  wherein  ho  participated,  ho  swells  with  the  importance  of  tiio 
events,  and  dwelling  on  the  nmltiplied  treasures  ho  has  assisted  to  capture,  tlio 
reward  sinks  to  insignificance.  It  is  hut  the  chronic  grumble,  however,  of  an 
old  soldier  th;it  half  the  continent  would  not  Nvtiafy,  Springing  from  a  jioor 
and  humble  family  of  Medina  del  Campo,  in  old  Castile,  ho  had  embarked  at 
an  early  age  with  the  expedition  of  Pedrarias  in  1514  to  seek  fortune  in 
Darien.  I''ailing  there,  ho  drifts  to  Cuba  in  time  to  join  the  discovery  parties 
of  Cordoba  and  Grijalva.  Subsecpicntly  ho  enlists  under  Cort«58  as  a  commnn 
soldier,  yet  somewhat  above  the  mass  in  the  favor  of  his  chief.  "Soldado  dis- 
tinguido,"  says  Juarros,  implying  higher  birth ;  but  this  is  doubtful.  There  is 
hardly  a  prominent  incident  of  the  conquest  in  which  ho  does  not  participate, 
being  present  in  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  nineteen  battles,  according  to 
his  enumei'ation,  whereof  many  a  scar  remains  to  bear  witness,  and  many  a 
trophy  to  attest  his  valor.  In  duo  time  he  receives  his  share  of  repartimientos 
of  land  and  serfs,  and  settles  in  Goazacoalco  as  regidor,  with  sufliciont  means 
to  feed  a  taste  that  procures  for  him  the  not  ill-esteemed  nickname  of  Dandy. 
From  his  life  of  contentment,  though  not  equal  to  his  claims,  he  is  torn  by 
the  Ilonilunis  exi>edition  under  Cortus,  who  gives  him  at  times  the  command 
of  a  small  party,  whence  comes  tho  sported  title  of  captain.  Afterward  for 
a  time  he  drifts  about,  and  finally  settles  in  Guatemala  city  with  tho  rank  of 
regidor  perpetuo,  and  with  a  respectable  cncomienda,  obtained  partly  through 
tlio  representations  of  Cortes  to  tho  king.  Ho  marries  Teresa,  daughter  of 
liartolonio  IJecerra,  one  of  the  founders  of  tho  city,  and  repeatedly  its  alcalde, 
and  has  several  children,  whoso  descendants  survive  to  witness  the  overthrow 
of  the  royal  banner  i^lanted  by  their  forefather.  Grandsons  figure  as  deans 
of  the  city  church,  and  an  historian  of  the  adopted  country  rises  in  Fuentes 
y  Guzman.  Pinelo,  Epitome,  ii.  604;  Gonzalez  Ddvila,  Teatro  Ecles.,  i.  177; 
JlcnwrUd  dc  Coixjuktadores,  in  Monnnwntos  Admin.  Munic,  MS.;  Juarros, 
Guat.,  i.  33S,  350;  Torquemada,  i.  351. 

The  leisure  afforded  him  in  Guatemala,  broken  by  little  save  the  inspec- 
tion of  his  estate,  gave  opportunity  for  indulging  in  the  reveries  of  by-gone 
days.  Histories  of  achievements  were  nearly  all  connected  with  the  great 
Cort(^'S,  filmed  on  every  lip ;  yet  that  fame  had  been  acquired  with  the  aid 
of  soldiei-s  who  like  himself  had  been  consigned  to  an  obscure  corner  of  tho 
vast  domains  conquered  by  them.  It  did  not  seem  riglit  to  tho  scaired 
veteran  that  the  fniits  of  combined  toil  should  fall  to  one  or  two  alone; 
that  he  himself  should  be  regarded  far  less  than  hundreds  of  upstarts  whose 
only  deeds  hail  been  to  reap  tho  Held  won  by  him  and  his  conn-ades.  Ho 
would  tt'W  his  tale  at  all  events;  and  forthwith  he  began  to  arrange  the  notes 
fonncd  during  his  career,  and  to  uplift  the  curtains  of  memory  for  rotrospec- 


BERNAL  DIAZ  AND  CLAVIGERO. 


coa 


tivo  vipws.  Wliilo  thus  occupied  !io  caino  upon  tl»c  history  hy  Ooinara,  nnd 
jicrcciviiijj  "his  great  rhctdric,  niul  my  work  »o  criulc,  I  stojipcd  writiii;;,  nnd 
L'M'ii  felt  aMlminod  to  K-t  it  appear  ninong  notable  persona."  liut  liiiding  tliat 
tht;  l)ioi;i'apher  of  Cortes  iiud  connnitted  many  lihmders,  and  hatl  colored  the 
narrative  on  behalf  of  Itit)  patron,  Ijo  again  seized  the  pen,  with  the  duiiblu 
jmrpose  of  correcting  8\ieh  errors  and  of  vindicating  hia  alighted  eonirades. 
Faithfully  he  carried  out  his  i)lan,  recording  name  after  name  of  brave  fellows 
who  shed  luatre  on  the  flag,  who  freely  risked  their  lives  in  gallant  encounters, 
or  who  gave  their  last  breath  for  church  and  king.  While  dwelling  loviii^'Iy 
on  liiunl>le  companions,  whose  cause  he  espoused,  he  detracts  little  from  the 
leaders  and  cavaliers.  He  describes  their  appearance  and  traits  with  a  graphic 
fidelity  that  seems  to  bring  them  before  us  in  jtcrson ;  ho  freely  accords  thcni 
eveiy  credit,  and  if  he  spares  not  their  vices  they  are  se'dom  brought  forward 
in  a  captious  or  ill-natured  spirit.  On  the  contrary,  ho  frecpu'ntly  covers  dis- 
agreeable facts  in  deference  to  the  dead.  This  general  fairness  of  dealing  is 
l)articularly  noticeable  in  regard  to  Corti's,  whom  nevertheless  ho  Bonietinies 
severely  criticises;  and  while  Diaz  assumes  for  his  sido  the  credit  of  many  a 
pujigestion  and  deed,  yet  ho  is  over  the  loyal  soldier,  nnd  frequently  takes  up 
tiie  cudgel  in  behalf  of  the  honored  leader  when  others  seek  to  assail  him.  Ho 
admires  the  great  captjiin  hardly  less  than  himself.  Indeed,  to  Bay  that  tiic 
cM  campaigner  was  vain  is  stating  it  niihlly.  Two  licentiates  who  read  tlio 
manuscript  pointed  this  out  to  him,  hut  ho  replied,  "Whom  does  it  harm? 
No  one  praises  an  old,  broken-down  soldier,  so  I  must  even  praise  myself.  It 
is  a  iluty  I  owe  not  only  to  my  fair  name  but  to  my  descendants."  He  r(^- 
vives  in  his  narrative  and  carries  us  back  with  him  to  those  stirring  days,  di'- 
picting  now  tho  hardships  of  the  march,  now  the  new  countries  and  races  that 
ap[)ear;  then  he  enters  into  the  heat  of  battle  with  a  fidelity  that  brings  the 
din  and  turmoil  vividly  before  us;  and  anon  we  sec  the  a<lventurer3  in  camp, 
in  their  social  relations,  relieved  by  pleasing  eiiisodcs.  lie  enters  thoroughly 
into  their  hopes  and  feelings,  deedd  and  life;  he  grows  eloquent  and  pathetic 
by  turns,  and  reveals  also  the  undercurrent  of  piety  and  zeal  which  pervailcd 
tho  rakish  crew.  Hero  is  tho  gossipy  frankness  of  Herodotus,  illumined  by 
many  a  (piaint  observation  and  many  a  blunt  sally.  Benial  Diaz  had  but  tho 
rudiments  of  education,  which  nevertheless  was  above  the  average  among  hii 
follow-soldiei-s ;  but  he  had  evidently  read  u  little  in  later  years,  to  judge  by 
liis  allusions  to  classic  history,  though  not  enough  to  acquire  more  than  a 
mediocre  proficiency  in  grammar.  There  is  a  mimiteness  of  detail  at  time;) 
Wearisome,  nnd  garrulous  digression  nnd  repetition  ;  but  a  simple  perspicuity 
jiervades  tho  whole  narrative,  which  makes  it  easy  to  follow,  wliile  tiie  frank- 
ness and  frequent  animation  are  pleasing.  Much  of  it  appears  to  have  Ik^cu 
dictated,  perhaps  to  some  one  of  his  children,  "cuyo  manuscrito  so  conserva 
en  el  nrchivo  do  esta  nninicipalitlad."  ,/('/,  in  Guata  A'/;;.,  June  '2-1,  ISOo.  It 
was  given  for  perusal  to  different  persons,  nnd  Bcvcral  copies  made;  but 
none  cai'cd  to  assume  its  publication.  Sixty  years  later,  however.  Friar 
Alonso  Remon,  chronicler  of  tho  Merced  order  in  Spain,  found  ono  set  in  the 
library  of  Ramirez  del  I'rado,  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  perceiving  tho 
importance  of  tho  narrative,  he  caused  it  to  be  printed  at  Mtulrid  in  Ui^I 
under  the  title  of  Ukloria  Verdadera  de  la  Cuwiuisla  de  la  Nueva-£apauu. 


700 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


Kctnon  dying  ihiring  tlio  publication,  Friar  Gabriel  Adarzo,  "nnno  ITydnm- 
tinus  priu'Hul,"  Anloiiio,  Jiib.  Jlisp,  Nova,  iii.  2'J4,  took  it  in  <harj,'o.  Several 
•liwrepuncies  inilioatu  that  revisions  liuvu  been  made,  and  Va/ipiez,  Chroii. 
O'iKit.,  5"J4,  wliose  jealousy  oa  a  friar  was  aroused  by  allusions  to  Father 
Ulmcdo,  Cortii*'  companion,  compared  the  print  with  tho  original  copy  and 
]ioin!.ed  out  several  diirerences,  A  Beeond  edition,  bearing  the  date  Uhi'2, 
though  pulilislied  later  ]irobably,  contains  an  additional  chapter  on  onieuH, 
which  apptars  in  others  of  thu  many  editions  and  translations  issued  in  diller- 
( at  countries,  even  of  late  years. 


Perhaps  tho  most  clear-sighted  writer  on  Mexico  during  the  last  century 
was  l-'mncisco  Javier  Clavigcro,  himself  a  native  of  tliat  country,  and  bom  at 
\'cni  Cruz  in  M'M.  llis  father  was  a  Ix'onesc,  whoso  olUcial  duties  called 
him  to  dillercnt  jMirts  of  the  country,  and  young  Francisco  profited  by  this 
to  ac<iuire  a  knowledge  of  its  resources  and  idioms.  Alter  a  novitiate  of  three 
years  at  the  Jesuit  college  of  Tepozotlan,  he  passed  to  that  at  I'uebla,  and 
there  studied  pliilosopliy  and  theology,  and  showed  particular  fondness  for 
languages,  both  classic  and  native.  IIo  taught  rhetoric  and  philosophy  in  tho 
principal  schools  of  the  country,  though  restricted  somewliat  by  the  suiieriors 
in  his  too  liberal  ideas,  for  which  Mexico  was  not  yet  considered  ripe.  Mean- 
while his  enthusiasm  centred  on  the  study  of  Ay.tcc  history  and  hieroglyphs, 
which  received  a  serious  check  in  tho  expulsion  of  J-jsuits  from  America  in 
17(i7.  JIo  sought  refuge  in  Italy,  staying  chiefly  at  liologna,  where  he  founded 
an  academy,  and  having  considerable  leisure  he  began  to  shape  the  results  of 
his  lato  studies,  impelled  in  no  small  degree  by  tho  wi  tings  of  De  I'auw  unil 
IJobertson,  \vhich  grated  on  his  patriotic  spirit.  They  were  prepared  iu 
Spanish,  but  the  authorities  giving  no  encouragement  for  their  publication  iu 
Spain,  an  Italian  translation  was  mode  and  issued  in  four  volumes,  as  Slona 
Antku  (Jal  McuKico,  Cesena,  1780,  dedicated  to  the  university  at  Mexico.  Sub- 
seipicntly  a  Spanish  version  a])pcared,  but  not  bcToro  several  editions  had 
been  published  in  England  and  other  countries.  The  first  volume  treats  of 
resources  and  ancient  history,  the  second  of  manners  and  customs,  the  third 
of  the  conquest,  and  the  fourth  consists  of  a  series  of  dissertations  on  the 
origin  of  the  Americans,  on  chronology,  physique,  languages  and  other  points. 
They  have  been  widely  quoted,  and  Francisco  Carbajal  de  Espinosa  has  shown 
such  appix'ciation  of  it  as  to  copy  almost  the  whole  text  in  what  he  calls  his 
IJitstoila  de  Mexico,  Mcx.,  1850,  2  vols.  Clavigero's  work  is  based  to  a  great 
extent  on  aboriginal  records  and  personal  observation,  and  the  old  chronicles 
have  been  largely  used ;  but  their  cumbrous  and  confused  material  is  hero 
ari-auged  in  a  manner  worthy  of  tho  liberal-minded  philosopher  and  rhetorician. 
Indeed,  no  previous  work  in  this  field  can  at  all  compare  with  it  for  coiu- 
prehcnsiveness  and  correctness,  depth  of  thought  and  clearness  of  expression. 
In  the  former  respect  he  greatly  surpasses  Robertson  and  in  the  latter  ho 
may  be  classed  as  his  equal.  His  death,  which  took  place  at  Bologna  in  1787, 
found  him  in  tho  midst  of  a  number  of  literary  projects,  called  forth  in  part 
by  tlic  success  of  the  Storla,  and  by  tho  different  subjects  which  ho  had  therein 
touched  but  lightly.  Among  these  works  was  the  Storia  della  California, 
issued  at  Venice  two  years  after  his  death.    It  will  be  noticed  in  due  order. 


"WILLIAM  n.  rilESCOTT. 


701 


There  ran  lie  no  more  fitting  dose  to  tliia  volume  on  the  confjucst  of 
Mexico  timn  a  trilmtn  of  esteoni  to  Williiun  Hickliii},'  I'lt-scott.  I  liuvo 
notctl  in  a  previous  volume  hia  ainial)lc  weukness,  incident  to  the  times 
ratlu.T  tliaii  Lo  llic  man,  of  intensifying  the  cliurticter  of  prominent  i>erK()na;^e!» 
BO  as  to  present  the  good  better  and  tlie  bad  worse  tiian  tliey  tnily  were,  iu 
order  to  render  his  iiiirrativo  stronger  fl'ii  more  interesting  tiiun  it  wouhl  lie 
otherwise;  but  this  is  nothing  as  compared  with  his  general  fairnesw,  united 
with  a  magnificent  style  and  philosophic  flow  of  thought.  1  have  noted  some  in- 
accuracies and  contradictions  in  his  history,  but  tliese  are  notliingas  compared 
witli  his  general  care  and  correctness  as  a  writer.  I  have  mentioned  material 
which  ho  lacked,  but  tiiis  is  nothing  as  compared  with  the  great  mass  of  fresji 
evidence  which  he  brought  to  enrich  his  sultject.  Words  fail  to  express  my 
admiration  of  the  man,  the  scholar,  the  author.  Apart  from  the  din  and  dust 
of  ordinary  life,  he  lived  as  one  in  the  world  but  not  of  it,  pure  of  mind,  gentlo 
of  heart,  and  surpassingly  eloquent. 

Mr  I'lescott  ..as  born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  May  4,  179G.  His  father, 
a  lawyer  of  rising  reputation,  then  thirty-four  years  of  age,  removed  his 
family  to  IJostnn  in  1808.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  William  entered  Harvard 
College.  While  engaged  ui  a  boyish  frolic  one  day  during  his  junior  year  a 
largo  hard  piece  of  bread,  thrown  probably  at  random,  struck  full  in  his  left 
eye,  forever  depriving  him  of  its  use.  Pursuing  his  studies  witli  his  wonted 
cheerfulness,  he  graduated  in  1814,  and  entered  upon  the  study  of  law  in 
his  father's  oflice.  In  I81.'5  a  rheumatic  inflammation  settled  in  his  riglit  eye, 
now  his  sole  deiicndencc,  causing  him  much  pain  ami  anxiety.  A  change  of 
climate  having  been  determined  upon,  ho  embarked  for  the  Azores,  <jn  a, 
visit  to  his  grandfather  Hickling,  then  United  States  consul  at  Saint  Michael. 
There  he  remained  about  six  months,  confined  the  greater  part  of  the  tiiiio 
to  a  dark  room.  In  April  1810  ho  embarked  for  London,  crossed  to  I'aris, 
made  the  usual  Italian  tour,  and  the  following  year,  his  eye  becoming  worse, 
lie  returned  home.  But  hope  for  the  restoration  of  his  sight  still  lingereii, 
and  the  marvellous  buoyancy  of  hia  spirits  never  deserted  him.  A  devoted 
sister  cheered  the  long  hours  of  his  solitudo  by  readings  from  his  favorito 
authors.  A  literary  venture  made  at  this  time  in  a  contribution  to  tlie  North 
American  lieriew  failed;  his  manuscript  was  returned,  and  his  sister,  alono  iu 
the  secret,  was  enjoined  to  silence. 

Leaving  his  darkened  chamber  and  mingling  again  with  society,  of  which 
he  was  ever  a  brigiit  ornament,  he  became  attached  to  a  daughter  of  Thomas 
C.  Amory,  a  Boston  merchant,  whom  he  married  on  his  twenty-fourtli  birthday. 

Mr  Prescott  now  abandoned  the  hope  of  the  entire  restoration  of  his  eye. 
If  by  restrictions  of  diet  and  dieting  and  by  pei-sistent  open-air  exercise  he 
might  preserve  a  partial  use  of  the  organ  he  wouhl  rest  content.  And  thus 
he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  At  times  ho  was  in  almost  total  darkness, 
but  ■)rdinarily  ho  could  read  and  revise  his  manuscripts ;  for  tho  puqiose  of 
writing,  however,  ho  was  obliged  to  use  a  noctograph. 

Possessing  strong  literary  tastes,  and  an  aversion  to  law,  Mr  Prescott  deter- 
mined upon  literature  as  a  pursuit,  and  in  1820,  with  the  aid  of  a  secretary,  ho 
began  a  systematic  course  of  readuig  for  a  history  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 
For  three  years  and  a  half  he  pursued  this  preparatory  labor;  iu  18'29  ho  begao 


702 


THE  CONQUEST  ACHIEVED. 


wi-iting,  publishing  the  work  in  1837.  Ten  of  the  best  years  of  his  life  Mr 
Prescott  claims  to  luive  devoted  to  this  book ;  and  for  the  use  of  the  stercotj-pc- 
plates,  which  Mr  Prescott  supplied  at  his  own  cost,  and  the  right  to  publish 
twelve  hundred  and  fifty  copies,  the  American  Stationers'  Company  agreed 
to  pay  tlio  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars.  But  money  was  not  tlie  author's 
object.  The  publication  in  London  was  offered  to  John  Murray  and  to  tiio 
Longmans,  and  was  declined  by  botli.  Bentley  finally  became  the  London  pul)- 
lisher.  Tlio  work  was  well  received  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic ;  it  was  trans- 
;  '.ted  into  .several  languages,  and  procured  for  the  author  at  once  a  world-wide 
reputation.  The  Conquent  of  Mexico  was  a  worthy  outgrowth  of  so  splendid  a 
creation  as  the  Ferdinand  and  iKuhella.  The  year  following  the  publication  (if 
liis  first  work,  and  after  having  sent  to  Spain  and  Mexico  for  materials  for 
histories  of  the  conquests  of  Mexico  and  Peru,  Mr  Prescott  learned  acciden- 
tally that  Mr  Irving  was  engaged  on  similar  work.  He  wrote  Ir\ing,  acquaint- 
ing him  of  the  fact,  and  tlic  latter  ret 'red  gracefully  from  the  field.  In  I84.j 
the  Conqued  of  Mexico  appeared,  under  the  auspices  of  tlie  Harpers,  who  paid 
S7500  for  the  use  of  the  plates  and  the  right  to  publish  5000  copies.  The 
Coii'iuc'Kt  of  Peru  was  published  in  I8i~;- Philip  the  Seccnd  in  1853-8;  and 
Ilobertson'n  Charles  the  Fifth  iu  1850.  Mr  Prescott  died  of  apoplexy  in  the 
sixty-third  year  of  his  age. 

For  his  Comiucst  of  Mexico,  besides  all  printed  material  extant,  Mr  Prescott 
drew  upon  a  large  mass  of  new  information  in  manuscript,  from  several  sources, 
notably  from  the  valuable  collection  of  Mufioz,  brought  together  foi'  an  in- 
tended history  of  America;  that  of  Vargas  Ponce,  obtained  chioily  from 
Seville  archives ;  that  of  Xavarrete,  president  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  History 
at  ^Madrid;  and  the  archives  of  Cort(5s'  heirs,  all  of  which  shed  new  light  on 
almost  every  section  of  the  subject.  His  deep  research,  manifest  throughout 
in  copious  foot-notes,  is  especially  displayed  in  the  very  appropriate  introduc- 
tion on  Mexican  civilization,  which  enables  the  reader  to  gain  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  people  whose  subjugation  he  follows.  Good  judgment  is 
also  attested  iu  tlie  dissertation  on  the  moot  question  of  the  oiigiu  of  this 
culture,  wlierein  he  prudently  abstains  from  any  decided  coucinsious.  The 
fact  of  occasional  inaccuracies  cannot  be  severely  criticised  when  we  consider 
the  intirmity  under  which  the  author  labored.  Since  his  time  so  great  a  mass 
of  material  had  licen  brought  to  light  that  the  aspect  of  history  is  much 
changed.  This  now  material- consists  partly  of  native  records,  and  it  is  duo 
to  his  unacquaintauco  with  these  records  that  a  great  lack  is  implit^d  iu  his 
pages.  Tlie  fact  that  Prescott  relied  t'o  much  on  Spanisli  mateiial  may  ac- 
count for  the  marked  bias  in  favor  of  the  conquerors  in  many  instances  where 
strict  impartiality  might  be  expected,  and  for  tlie  condemnatory  and  reilectivo 
assertions  which  at  times  appear  in  direct  contradiction  to  previous  lines  of 
thought.  At  times,  as  if  aware  of  this  tendency,  he  assumes  a  calmness  that 
ill  fitb  the  theme,  givini'  it  the  very  bias  he  seeks  to  avoid.  Yet  with  all  tliis 
it  is  safe  to  say  that  fev  liistories  havo  been  written  in  which  the  qualities  of 
philosopher  and  artist  are  so  happily  blended. 


